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Ra's al Ghul | nyssa offers cure theas bloodlust exchange oliver helping nyssa overthrow malcolm.oliver duels malcolm defeats him.however nyssa declines leagues leadership instead disbands it.season five talia seeks revenge oliver killing ras works adrian chase so.talia nyssa battle lian yu nyssa defeating talia.ras al ghul reappears legends tomorrow. |
Ra's al Ghul | episode left behind sara lance returns nanda parbat stranded .two years later rest legends team travel nanda parbat recover sara turns apprehended.rip hunter challenges ras trial combat two sides nominating kendra saunders sara champions.duel interrupted attack temporal bounty hunter chronos kills several league members.ras frees legends order preserve league defeat chronos releases sara league deducing future taught league period time. |
Ra's al Ghul | leaving sara advises ras al ghul ensure unborn daughter nyssa lian yu locate sara first time.gotham ras al ghul appears third fourth seasons gotham portrayed alexander siddig.version character addition leading league assassins also tied court owls although acolytes dispose court finished them.heroes rise destiny calling ras al ghul meets bruce wayne courts minions brainwashed entreats boy become heir.final test orders bruce kill butler alfred pennyworth. |
Ra's al Ghul | heroes rise heavydirtysoul bruce stabs alfred snaps conditioning ras tells use lazarus pit waters save alfred.subsequently praises bruce ability resist says yet given turning bruce heir.ras disappears.fourth season tries track ancient knife prophesied thing kill him.episode dark knight blades path begs bruce stab knife end suffering bruce refuses ras threatens kill everyone holds dear goading bruce stabbing apparently killing him. |
Ra's al Ghul | episode dark knight deaths beyond however ras loyal followers manage resurrect him.ras visits bruce selina reveals chose live could mold bruce dark knight gotham received vision cataclysmic event soon befall city.one bad day forms alliance psychopathic criminal jeremiah valeska also ambitions transforming gotham.mans land destroy bridges town isolating gotham rest world ras former lover protégé barbara kean mortally wounds dagger.dies tells bruce must choose whether remain simply bruce wayne become gothams dark knight. |
Ra's al Ghul | episode bane bruce wayne jim gordon learning theresa walker ras al ghuls daughter nyssa.titans titans episode hank dove dawn asks ras al ghul brought jason back dead using lazarus pit dick stated hes khadym.episode lazarus sword shown batmans trophy room batcave.episode troubled water gar reads one batmans journals learns ras al ghul discovered lazarus pit nepal syria.film live action liam neeson portrayed ras al ghul dark knight trilogy.ras al ghul first appears batman begins. |
Ra's al Ghul | ken watanabe portrayed decoy character.head millenniaold league shadows organization based himalayas dedicated keeping order justice world views decadent corrupt.films first act character goes henri ducard apparent servant decoy.ras acts bruce waynes mentor teaching stealth martial arts training protégé one day use batman.orders bruce execute murderer final test bruce refuses desperate prevent plan destroy gotham burns league shadows temple. |
Ra's al Ghul | bruce saves ras life decoy killed falling debris.films climax ras reveals identity bruce claiming immortal mastermind behind many ills plaguing gotham city final plan disperse jonathan cranes fearinducing toxin gothams water supply.finally reveals bruce league shadows tried destroy gotham via economic depression indirectly resulted murders bruces parents.final confrontation batman defeats ras leaves runaway train crashes bridge explodes killing him.ras al ghul next appears dark knight rises.josh pence plays characters young depiction flashbacks set years films events. |
Ra's al Ghul | ancient part world mercenary worked local warlord.fell love warlords daughter married secret.warlord found mercenary condemned prison known pit.daughter intervened behalf warlord exiled sentencing daughter life pit.unbeknownst mercenary wife pregnant child. |
Ra's al Ghul | wife killed attack prisoners daughter rescued bane later escaped pit went find father.ras turned league shadows prison killing several inmates freeing bane.even bane saved talias life ras saw bane reminder wife died excommunicated bane group.events film talia bane assumed leadership league shadows fathers death travel gotham finish work avenge death ras batman blamed imprisoned pit.ras resurrected pit hallucination bruce claiming immortal telling bruce heir carrying league shadows mission destroy gotham. |
Ra's al Ghul | recited pit prevalent chant deshi basara arabic دشي بسرعة moroccan language.animated ras al ghul appears batman red hood voiced jason isaacs.version responsible jason todds resurrection robin killed joker.batman travels stronghold question ras reveals planning ruin europes economy destroying financial centers hired joker provide batman robin distraction.joker went rogue however killed robin. |
Ra's al Ghul | plagued guilt ras resurrected jason via lazarus pit boy driven insane returned gotham city murderous vigilante red hood intent taking revenge joker.ras last seen watching news bulletin red hoods disappearance jokers return arkham asylum.ras al ghul appears son batman voiced giancarlo esposito.version depicted damian waynes mentor possible fatherfigure.films beginning dusan al ghul victims deathstrokes takeover.following death twelveyearold damian desperately attempts submerge grandfather lazarus pit talia al ghul states lazarus pit cannot save body damaged reviving ability.in batman vs. robin mentioned grandson damian says father ra al ghul much movie thrower. |
Ra's al Ghul | later told nightwing ra al ghul taught everything knew personal combat.ras al ghul appears return justice league vs. teen titans voiced terrence c. carson.followup son batman demon claiming ras al ghul encountered grandson second robin trigons hellish realm claims trigon lazarus pits creator usage would entail price form eternal servitude following recipients death.servant trigon shatters crystal raven intends use reimprison father.robin bonded raven four teen titans attacks demon ras ravens defense eventually slicing head.body dragged monolith horde trigons demons.ras al ghul originally planned appear lego batman movie idea cut.in teen titans judas contract damian said dick grayson grandfather wouldve impressed blood.ras al ghul appears batman vs. teenage mutant ninja turtles voiced cas anvar. |
Ra's al Ghul | appears new partner shredder foot clan.fight ace chemicals ras al ghul fights leonardo defeats nerve move splinter taught him.ras al ghul appears animated film injustice voice faran tahir.video games ras al ghul appears video game batman dark tomorrow voiced leslie.ras al ghulhenri ducard appears batman begins video game liam neeson reprising role film.ras al ghul appears dc universe online.lego series ras al ghul featured unlockable character lego batman video game.ras al ghul appears lego batman dc super heroes voiced steve blum.boss fight unlockable character found north metro station.the batman begins version ras al ghul henri ducard appears playable character lego batman beyond gotham via downloadable content.ras al ghul appears lego dc supervillains voiced jb blanc. |
Ra's al Ghul | first appearance second part level one t. rex mech batman joker flash go temple recruit deathstroke wage way tons league shadows ninjas.arkham series ras al ghul staple batman arkham franchise voiced dee bradley bakerin batman arkham asylum ras al ghuls body found zipped body bag morgue part arkham mansion near dr. penny youngs office.character bio gained scanning body.player returns morgue later game completing main story body gone likely taken league assassins resurrected lazarus pit.in batman arkham city batman infected jokers poisoned blood attempts collect sample ras al ghuls blood regenerative capabilities order find cure.heading wonder citys ruins batman ras fight dark knight refuses kill ras take place league assassins leader. |
Ra's al Ghul | long battle batman eventually defeats ras forcibly collects blood telling lazarus pit corrupted mind giving one chance end crusade.ras later revealed power behind arkham citys warden hugo strange seen professor possible successor instead batman.appears wonder tower kills strange failure protocol deactivated batman.however professors dying breath activates protocol selfdestruct protocol wonder towers command center.saved explosion batman ras rather captured stabs sword midfall landing arkham citys gate. |
Ra's al Ghul | player returns gate later game completing main story ras body gone sword remains.in batman arkham knight ras al ghuls sword placed gcpd evidence room prior game.gothams alleyways also graffiti says demons head return likely written league assassins.later ras appears side mission shadow war downloadable content dlc pack named season infamy released december .survived previous battle dark knight ras left sickly barely clinging life remains lazarus pit constantly pumped him.weakening ras inspires daughter nyssa raatko form rebel faction league shadows take control organization resulting war breaking ras loyalists within gotham. |
Ra's al Ghul | ultimately draws batmans attention soon discovers ras hideout elliot memorial hospital learns deteriorating condition.appealing batmans sense morality ras followers tell another purer lazarus pit within gotham ask use heal ras.upon finding second lazarus pit batman returns elliot memorial hospital talking alfred pennyworth options.alfred observes ras lived long already denying lazarus pit essentially allowing die natural causes rather actually killing batman returns chamber ras kept two choicesbatman gives lazarus pit sample ras point batman forced fight nyssa rebels.soon ras regains former strength fatally slashes nyssa treachery. |
Ra's al Ghul | batman tries fight ras steals one smoke bombs disappears.batman comforts nyssa dying moments closes eyes leaves.batman decides giving lazarus pit sample ras destroys equipment keeping alive.takes care loyalists nyssa arrives see father ultimately become.strike batman stops says take gcpd.nyssa satisfied lives word recalling forces gotham batman takes ras special cell gcpd straps gurney ras telling dark knight proud apparently breaking code. |
Ra's al Ghul | injustice ras al ghul appears unplayable support card ios version injustice gods among us.ras al ghul alluded injustice .mentioned several characters within opening dialogue matches particularly pitted damian wayne.ras briefly seen part black adams ending.black adam brings isis corpse lazarus pit following brainiacs attack ras blocks way prevent so.ras offers black adam use lazarus pit would help overthrow supermans newly restored regime return. |
Ra's al Ghul | despite differences black adam agrees two begin crusade superman.parodies ras al ghul appears robot chicken.episode password swordfish henri ducard voiced seth green trains henry heimlich save people choking food segment parodies batman begins.dee bradley baker later reprises role arkham video game franchise third dc comics special.segment batman chases lazarus pit ras uses rejuvenate younger. |
Ra's al Ghul | however batman continuously kicks causing age regress nothingness.batman quickly leaves wanting anyone know killed baby.miscellaneous ras al ghul appears batman adventures.arrived break fight batman sensei even allow sensei go batman.ras al ghul appears comic book tiein young justice.issue ras al ghul oversaw hijacking rocket cape canaveral original research payload replaced diamond lens would turn sun beams death beams would attack various cities. |
Ra's al Ghul | batman robin end fighting ras al ghul ended ras falling tower death.ubu talia able get ras back infinity island sensei used lazarus pit revive ras al ghul.emerging lazarus pit ras al ghul ordered sensei prepare weapon called serpent.issue ras al ghul arrived found sensei talia attacked clayface learned sensei monster operative matt hagen.ras al ghul stated clayface still member league shadows commanded sleep ordered sensei ship clayface gotham city bother batman demanded explanation talia clayface came be.in arrow tiein comic dark archer revealed ras al ghul league encounter similar organisation named hidden . |
Ra's al Ghul | encountered malcolm merlyn join years later darius searching ashkiri marker fact entire mountain hindu kush mountains vehicle flipped sandstorm knocking members.ras punished assassin losing hidden.member hidden darius revealed member league acting double agent.ras darius went enter ashkiri temple search lazarus pit hearts snow leopard gods hidden wanted protect temple them.time lourdes implied nyssas mother amina raatko malcolm also entered temple order seal temple. |
Ra's al Ghul | ras darius found lourdes attacked ashkiri gods left behind malcolm.ras saved darius killed due need sacrifice.lourdes became ras concubine ten years later saved hidden along son saracon.collected editions stories collected number volumesbatman tales demon collecting original ras al ghul stories dennis oneil neal adamsbatman birth demon dennis oneil norm breyfogle giving origin ras al ghuljla vol.tower babel mark waid ras goes justice league america isbn xbatman death maidens greg rucka klaus janson giving ultimate death ras al ghul isbn year one batman – ras al ghul devin k. grayson paul gulacy takes place year ras death death maidensbatman resurrection ras al ghul grant morrison peter milligan fabian nicieza paul dini chronicles ras al ghuls resurrection.batman arkham ras al ghul various anthology stories featuring ras al ghul throughout dc universe. |
John Blackman | see also list batman family enemiesalgol – name algol derives arabic رأس الغول ras alghūl.english name demons head direct translation ras head ghoul demon.eurasian nomadsalexander greatfu manchusecret societyterrorismeternal youthmandarin references external links ras al ghul dc comics official websitehttpsweb.archive.orgwebhttpwidely known voiceover work longrunning nine network comedy variety show hey hey saturday returning reunion specials brief relaunch .biography blackman grew victorian suburb mount waverley attended syndal primary school completed year syndal technical school .avid supporter fitzroy football club brisbane lions.leaving school home worked succession occupations customs clerk cash van salesman cigarette distributor sales representative perfume company spruiker myer bargain basement.age decided career radio.he worked radio since probably best known year stint announcer character voiceover nine networks hey hey saturday australias longest running variety show. |
John Blackman | one best known characters stick puppet known dickie knee.in joined gn goulburn announcer newsreader copy writer salesman record librarian.in joined ca canberra worked variety onair shifts months mid joined aw melbourne.evening announcer blackman worked reverend alex kenworthy number years nightline.in joined ak hosted morning show moved sydney join ue floating announcer three months.tcn sydney staff continuity announcer daytime newsreader national nine news alongside work hey hey saturday would line gtv melbourne every saturday announcing booth tcn.he returned ak melbourne host breakfast show .later year joined aw host breakfast show paul barber.barber parted company aw long afterwards blackman joined former atv newsreader staff announcer bruce mansfield. |
John Blackman | collaboration became one successful combinations australian radio history aw breakfast topping ratings consecutive years .after leaving aw controversial circumstances april blackman became part shortlived illfated cbc network ueak experiment december year contract renewed.from cohosted breakfast show uz rsn racing sport coodabeen champions member ian cover later wilbur wilde.in year hiatus radio blackman employed cohost ak breakfast show anna pinky pinkus denis donoghue lawyers guns money .in joined triple adelaide cohost john blackman jane reilly breakfast show december .other television shows blackman appeared announced include blankety blanks personality squares paul hogan show daryl somers tonight show holiday island family feud many others.blackman interviewed abcs talking heads .in blackman returned part hey hey saturday reunion specials revive voiceover role.despite respectable ratings shows contract renewed .from april may employed magic melbourne magic brisbane breakfast announcer .am .am initially cohost jane holmes resigned april personal reasons.blackman continued solo role may unceremoniously dumped macquarie media ltd.according mml coo adam lang “he’s respected highly regarded broadcaster style broadcasting excellent wasn’t working magic format.”significantly third radio survey released days later blackman actually increased melbourne audience .. |
John Blackman | cumulative audience listeners station average.corporate work blackman corporate host compere variety business award nights conferences social occasions.also regularly voices radio television advertisements.writing blackman authored several books including aussie slang aussie gags aussie gags dont come raw prawn best aussie slang aussie slang dictionary dickie knee bumper comic book.released pan macmillan australia. |
John Blackman | personal life blackman married twice.married second wife cecile december adult daughter.on christmas eve blackman suffered seizure brought golf ball size benign meningioma brain tumour.six hours surgery successfully removed alfred hospital melbourne full recovery.communitycharity work blackman member patrons council epilepsy foundation victoria.active australia day victoria ambassador. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | also past committee member past vicechairman variety – childrens charity currently honorary member.famous characters dickie knee – polystyrene head black hair blue cap stickalfred desk mikethe angel – small angelic creature made old barbie doll superimposed screendoctor ben dovercharlie – chinese characterthe giantthe man jupitermrs macgillicuddy – hideous old hag raspy voicenorman neumann – boom microphone moustache fact sennheiser mkhpsammy sanhiser – replacement normanbaby kangaroos – sounds bit like angel radio career gn morning show ca morning show aw evening show ak breakfast show ue night show gb breakfast – one weekak breakfast show aw breakfast show –akue cbc network breakfast show –uz breakfast show –ak breakfast show –triple adelaide breakfast show –gg mornings aw afternoon replacement denis walter aw fillin host aws nightline program onmagic magic breakfast television career hey hey saturday – – nine networkfamily feud – announcer shows nine networkdaytime newsreader tcn penthouse club hsv paul hogan show gtv daryl ossie show atv personality squares atv daryl somers tonight show gtv blankety blanks atv holiday island atv prisoner atv safeway new faces judge gtv worlds craziest inventions gtv toon time hits references external links official john blackman websitejohn blackman celebrity speakerfirst activity later came known banking goldsmiths dissolution english monasteries henry viii began accumulate significant stocks gold.th century many goldsmiths associated crown following seizure gold held royal mint tower london charles extended services gentry aristocracy royal mint longer considered safe place keep gold.goldsmiths came known ‘keepers running cash’ accepted gold exchange receipt well accepting written instructions pay back even third parties.instruction forerunner modern banknote cheque.around cloth merchant thomas smith opened first provincial bank nottingham. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | bank england founded.the governor company bank scotland established act parliament scotland july act erecting bank scotland opening business february .although established soon bank england bank scotland different institution.bank england established specifically finance defence spending english government bank scotland established scottish government support scottish business prohibited lending government without parliamentary approval.founding act granted bank monopoly public banking scotland years permitted banks directors raise nominal capital £ pound scots £ pound sterling gave proprietors shareholders limited liability final clause repealed made foreignborn proprietors naturalised scotsmen intents purposes whatsoever.john holland englishman one banks founders. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | first chief accountant george watson.th century period services offered banks increased.clearing facilities security investments overdraft protections introduced.act parliament restricted banks six partners issuing bank notes.effect keeping private banks small partnerships. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | joint stock investment companies already well established joint stock banks become well established following century.the industrial revolution growing international trade increased number banks especially london.new merchant banks facilitated trade growth profiting englands emerging dominance seaborne shipping.two immigrant families rothschild baring established merchant banking firms london late th century came dominate world banking next century.many merchant banks also established outside london especially growing industrial port cities manchester birmingham newcastle liverpool.provincial banks.industrialist turned banker fox fowler company could assist industry since provided local means payment also accepted deposits.a great impetus country banking came england threatened war bank england suspended cash payments. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | handful frenchmen landed pembrokeshire causing panic.shortly incident parliament authorised bank england country bankers issue notes low denomination.th century october new joint stock bank lancaster banking company formed.however earlier year bristol old bank converted private joint stock bank making first joint stock bank.quickly followed institutions manchester liverpool district banking company national provincial bank. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | national provincial first bank considered truly national bank twenty branches across england wales.in government introduced bank charter act regulate issuing bank notes.two banking collapses one another caused significant reputation damage consequence record keeping accounting improved.resulting new organisations became huge bureaucracies board directors general manager secretary army accounting clerks.in twenty smaller private banks formed new jointstock bank.leading partners new bank named barclay company already connected web family business religious relationships.company became known quaker bank family tradition founding families. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | bank eventually became barclays plc.th century wars decline match general depression time.banks fought back taking action recruit less wealthy customers introducing small saving schemes.it would take real recovery huge increase provincial branch offices emergence high street bank.relaxation controls mergers acquisitions led consolidation big five became big four along takeover several regional banks martins district bank national bank glyn mills william deacons.time government launched new banking service national girobank. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | banking act increased supervisory role bank england.introduction computing credit cards many new services continued drive expansion banks deregulation introduced competitiveness increased.banks improved services refurbished antiquated premises brought technology atm.st century currently banks united kingdom offer similar services distinguished differing interest rates.indeed recent trend advertise interest rates avoids banks offer advertised rates least customers.in office fair trading found banks exploiting penalty bank charges credit cards suggested banks restrict penalty maximum £.penalty charges liquidated damages illegal uk contract law unless represent real cost breach contract incurred unauthorised overdraft level bounced cheque.this ruling oft taken many customers extend personal bank accounts subsequently uk small claims court system flooded cases customers reclaiming ‘illegal’ penalties. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | reported nearly .million template letters take banks court downloaded website moneysavingexpert.com.october supreme court overturned previous rulings allowed oft investigate overdraft charges bringing end claims.although initially oft said would look ways pursue matter november year decided continue action.heads major british banks met governor bank england following days market pressure lenders stocks.bank england said march meeting participants agreed continue close dialogue objective restoring orderly market conditions.as october british banks shortterm liabilities equal gdp british national debt average leverage ratio assetsnet worth .the financial services banking reform act calls paradigmatic shift toward principle adopted us risk averse strategies. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | manifests form ringfencing retail banking protect consumers creating requirements certain amounts capital retained act buffer market instability.reform set support strengthening economy response financial crisis –.over past years banking system uk experienced dramatic shift total assets increasing gdp plausible uk banking system continue grow rapidly owing probable comparative advantage international banking services preeminence london financial centre.as dec number new banking licences secured e.g.atom bank tandem bank.in business insider came list profitable banks united kingdom stating banks becoming profitable facing challenges past years.top spot grabbed hsbc income £.billion followed lloyds profit £. |
Banking in the United Kingdom | billion.see also credit unions united kingdomuk banking law united kingdom bank rescue package united kingdom bank rescue packagebanks united kingdombanknotes pound sterlingbank regulationbanking standards boardbanking united statesbritish bankers associationfinancial institutionhistory banking references reading lane nicholas.fathers english banking.history today mar pp michie ranald c. british banking continuity change present oxford pp.online review external links history english clearing banks |
Central City Red Zone | february officially renamed cbd rebuild zone government agencies remained known red zone.gradually shrank size last cordons removed june days earthquake.background february earthquake february earthquake caused widespread damage across christchurch especially central city eastern suburbs damage exacerbated buildings infrastructure already weakened september earthquake aftershocks.earthquake struck lunchtime weekday caused devastation central city two large office buildings collapsed ctv building pgc house many historic building façades collapsed streets two buses crushed falling façades colombo street many people city mall trapped fallen masonry.total people died february earthquake died central zone alone ctv building pgc house buses colombo street others various cbd locations.authorities cleared central city people established cordon day earthquake denied access. |
Central City Red Zone | day earthquake government declared state national emergency stayed force april .colour confusion postchristchurch confusing colourcoding applied colour meaning different things different areas.central city red zone confused residential red zone.central city described area cordoned earthquake.eastern suburbs colour red refers land subject liquefaction related effect lateral spreading deemed uneconomic repair properties purchased crown called voluntary yet coercive scheme – residents free refuse governments buyout homes government cautioned remaining place would entail lack insurance infrastructure city services. |
Central City Red Zone | port hills red zoning refers land economic protect buildings risk rockfall land unstable due proximity cliffs crown offering buy land.properties zoned red port hills.as explained central city red zone divided outer orange zone accessible residents.eastern suburbs orange zone land yet assessed zoned either green blue red.orange zone port hills though land yet classified zoned white.white zone also applied central city initially geotechnical assessments carried many months.the avon loop located central city adds colour confusion. |
Central City Red Zone | march avon loop orange zone central city red zone.residential land zoning first announced june avon loop zoned orange.much avon loop eventually zoned red land central city initially central city red zone later became part residential red zone.cordon initial cordon established police new zealand army around perimeter along central city along bealey avenue fitzgerald avenue moorhouse avenue antigua street rolleston avenue park terrace.within days cordon checkpoints also manned australian police mostly new south wales police force australian federal police singapore armed forces.the cbd fringe large areas residential nature initial cordon saw many residents within restricted area. |
Central City Red Zone | last census people lived within three census zones avon loop cathedral square hagley park make central city.triangular area defined antigua street hagley avenue moorhouse avenue southwest central city outside cordon.much area residential though large areas occupied christchurch hospital hagley community college many industrial uses.hence residents initially affected red zone.cordoned area thus subdivided outer orange zone accessible residents access inner red zone people authorised first civil defence later canterbury earthquake recovery authority cera. |
Central City Red Zone | residents living inner red zone access buildings find accommodation elsewhere.a vehicle recovery programme initiated police around march .cars bicycles transferred secured compound within hagley park vehicle owners could retrieve vehicles.on march business owners protested art gallery temporary headquarters civil defence lack access critical business property e.g.computer servers merchandise cash well lack communication buildings demolished without prior communication.demanded speak national controller civil defence john hamilton.hamilton would see business owners breached inner cordon protest simply walking past soldiers manning entrances within minutes police started arresting protesters pushed protesters back outside inner cordon. |
Central City Red Zone | next day government issued press release civil defence minister john carter stating foolish breach cordon around red zone.people died behind cordon.the employment new zealand army finished june army served days.cordon removed two days later june .many individual buildings still fenced deemed unstable authorities includes anglican cathedral cathedral square.over time role army personnel cordon entry points changed simply restricting access become guides tourists locals alike even locals knowing way around longer many landmarks demolished.timeline first time cera set target date removal red zone cordons september april removal announced.a red zone removal june first announced march ultimate removal date june. |
B'nai B'rith | references external links cbd cordon reduction – archive link fully functional cordon maps animated timelinevideo press cordon storminga bloggers reflection central city red zonechildren covenant jewish service organization.bnai brith states committed security continuity jewish people state israel combating antisemitism forms bigotry.although organizations historic roots stem system fraternal lodges units late th century fraternal organizations declined throughout united states organization evolved dual system lodges units.membership pattern became common contemporary organizations members affiliated contribution addition formal dues paying members.bnai brith members donors supporters around world. |
B'nai B'rith | history bnai brith founded aaron sinsheimers café new york citys lower east side october recent german jewish immigrants led henry jones.new organization represented attempt organize jews local community confront isaac rosenbourg one founders called deplorable condition jews newly adopted country.new groups purpose described constitution called traditional functions performed jewish societies europe visiting attending sick protecting assisting widow orphan.founders hoped soon would encompass jews united states happen since jewish organizations also forming around time.the germanspeaking founders originally named organization bundesbrüder german brothers covenant reflect goal fraternal order could provide comfort entire spectrum jewish americans.although early meetings conducted german short time english emerged language choice name changed bnai brith. |
B'nai B'rith | late th century translation changed contemporary inclusive children covenant.despite fraternal local beginnings bnai brith spoke jewish rights early history used growing national chain lodges way exercise political influence behalf world jewry.example circulated petitions urging secretary state daniel webster demand end jewish disabilities switzerland ongoing trade negotiations.bnai brith continued political work joining jewish delegations lobbying efforts american jews sought influence public policy domestic foreign.bnai brith also played crucial role transnational jewish politics.later spread organization around world made nerve center intrajewish communication mutual endeavor. |
B'nai B'rith | early organizations activities th th centuries dominated mutual aid social service philanthropy.keeping concerns protecting families organizations first concrete action establishment insurance policy awarding widows deceased members toward funeral expenses stipend week rest life.aid children child would also receive stipend male children assurance would taught trade.in covenant hall erected new york city first jewish community center united states also widely considered first jewish public library united states.one year later bnai brith established maimonides library.immediately following civil war—when jews sides battle left homeless—bnai brith founded bed cleveland jewish orphan home. |
B'nai B'rith | next several years organization would establish numerous hospitals orphanages homes aged.in devastating flood crippled baltimore bnai brith responded disaster relief campaign.act preceded founding american red cross years first many domestic relief programs.year bnai brith sponsored first overseas philanthropic project raising aid victims cholera epidemic ottoman palestine.in lodge established toronto followed soon another montreal lodge berlin.membership outside united states grew rapidly.soon lodges formed cairo jerusalem —nine years theodor herzl convened first zionist congress basel switzerland. |
B'nai B'rith | jerusalem lodge became first public organization hold meetings hebrew.after mass immigration eastern european jews united states bnai brith sponsored americanization classes trade schools relief programs.began period rapid membership growth change system representation questioning secret rituals common fraternal organizations.organizations u.s. membership numbered slightly bnai brith formed ladies auxiliary chapter san francisco.become bnai brith women broke away independent organization jewish women international.early th century response kishinev pogrom president theodore roosevelt secretary state john hay met bnai briths executive committee washington d.c. bnai brith president simon wolf presented draft petition sent russian government protesting lack opposition massacre. |
B'nai B'rith | roosevelt readily agreed transmit bnai brith lodges began gathering signatures around country.in first two decades th century bnai brith launched three todays major jewish organizations antidefamation league adl hillel bbyo originally bnai brith youth organization.later would take life varying degrees autonomy.a growing concern preservation jewish values immigration slowed native jewish population eastern european ancestry came maturity.rabbi benjamin frankel illinois established hillel organization campus university illinois urbanachampaign provide reform orthodox sabbath services classes judaism social events jewish college students.two years later approached bnai brith adopting new campus organization.bnai brith sponsorship hillel foundations enabled extend throughout united states eventually become international grow network campus student organizations.at virtually time hillel established sam beber omaha neb. |
B'nai B'rith | presented plan bnai brith fraternity jewish men high school.new organization called aleph zadik aleph imitation greekletter fraternities jewish youth excluded.aza became junior auxiliary bnai brith.in bnai brith women adopted junior auxiliary young women bnai brith girls bbg looseknit group organizations two organizations became bnai brith youth organization bbyo.bnai brith also involved jewish camping half century.bnai brith acquired acre camp pennsylvanias pocono mountains.originally named camp bnai brith facility would later named bnai brith perlman camp honor early bbyo leader anita perlman husband louis. |
B'nai B'rith | second camp added near madison wis. named founder aza camp became known bnai brith beber camp.beber camp became independent bnai brith.perlman camp functions jewish childrens camp leadership training facility.in bnai brith established vocational service bureau guide young people careers.evolved bnai brith career counseling service agency provided vocational testing counseling published career guides.mids program dissolved merged community agencies. |
B'nai B'rith | hanafi siege march – three buildings washington d.c. seized african american muslim gunmen led hamaas abdul khaalis took hostages killed radio journalist police officer.hour standoff hostages released district building city hall called john a. wilson building bnai brith headquarters islamic center washington.the gunmen several demands.wanted government hand group men convicted killing seven relatives – mostly children – takeover leader hamaas khaalis.also demanded movie mohammad messenger god destroyed considered sacrilegious.time magazine noted toll higher part tribute primary tactic u.s. law enforcement officials using thwart terrorists—patience.perhaps due courageous intervention three muslim ambassadors egypts ashraf ghorbal pakistans sahabzada yaqubkhan irans ardeshir zahedi. |
B'nai B'rith | community service earliest days hallmark organizations local efforts service communities members reside.meant raising money first jewish hospital philadelphia.st century community service efforts range delivering jewish holiday packages meals clothing elderly infirm distributing food medicine jewish community cuba.with graying american jewish population service seniors became major focus first become network senior residence buildings communities across united states internationally—making bnai brith largest national jewish sponsor housing seniors.u.s. facilities—built partnership department housing urban development hud—provide quality housing men women limited income age races religions.residents pay federally mandated rent based upon income.the beginning st century also saw senior service program expand become center senior services providing advocacy publications services address financial legal health religious social family concerns .in recent years bnai brith advocated health care reform social security medicare protection.bnai brith also includes domestic agenda tolerance issues advocating hate crimes legislation well sponsoring youth writing challenge diverse minds. |
B'nai B'rith | annual writing contest asks high school students create childrens book dedicated message ending intolerance bigotry.winners earn college scholarships publication distribution books schools libraries communities.bnai brith also sponsors enlighten america program centerpiece pledge individuals take refrain using slang expressions telling jokes based race sexual orientation gender nationality physical mental challenges would serve demean another.bnai brith also produces distributes smarter kids – safer kids booklet english spanish meant guide parents discussions children potential dangers.antidefamation activities americanbased international bnai brith organization founded antidefamation league bnai brith adl response attacks jews united states.announcement creation adl mentioned leo frank lynching particular.adl independent organization.in australia new zealand local bnai brith human rights arm called bnai brith antidefamation commission adc. |
B'nai B'rith | dedicated eliminating defamation jewish people combating racism intolerance prejudice.seeks secure justice fair treatment citizens alike.educational programs publications since bnai brith published bnai brith magazine oldest continually published jewish periodical united states.bnai brith also publishes program guides local jewish education programs year sponsors unto every person name.program includes community recitations names holocaust victims usually yom hashoah holocaust remembrance day.in organization turned formerly exhibit hall washington d.c. headquarters bnai brith klutznick national jewish museum.museum featured extensive collection jewish ceremonial objects art decades featured correspondence president george washington moses seixas sexton touro synagogue newport rhode island. |
B'nai B'rith | although organizations move building rented offices necessitated closing museum public view select pieces collection still display bnai briths current headquarters available viewing appointment.scholarships bnai brith international awards scholarships emerging scholars.first bnai brith recipient university miami dagmar r. henney later became known research theoretical mathematics.every year bnai brith awards sally r. schneider scholarship deserving jewish female graduate student studying field benefit humankind.scholarship worth named sally schneider longtime bnai brith member passionate proisrael advocacy womens education.local bnai brith lodges also award scholarships.bnai brith great lakes holds annual golf classic proceeds fund several college scholarships year. |
B'nai B'rith | philatelic services affiliation united states postal service bnai brith philatelic service involved releasing series first day issue stamps relating prominent jewish entrepreneurs philanthropists entertainers various jewish organizations throughout country.disaster relief bnai brith responded natural manmade disasters since assisted victims cholera epidemic palestine.bnai brith later raised funds distributed affected great chicago fire galveston texas flood great san francisco earthquake .in recent years bnai brith disaster relief fund responded earthquakes haiti chile japan tsunami multiple tornadoes subsequent flooding hit six states south midwest .bnai brith also opened disaster relief fund following fires raged mount carmel northern israel another fund help victims worst drought hit east africa years.much money bnai brith raises disaster relief focused longterm rebuilding meeting needs beyond initial responders provide.aftermath hurricane katrina u.s. gulf coastregion bnai brith raised million distributing money among various projects fiveyear span. |
B'nai B'rith | projects included rebuilding homes houses worship restoring parks.in haiti bnai brith raised shoes medicine health supplies needs immediately following january earthquake struck island nation.year following disaster bnai brith israaid initiated haiti grows program trained farmers theory practice sixmonth period.farmers learned new agricultural techniques allowed increase number crops could grow well yield crops.following hurricane sandy fall bnai briths young professional network new york immediately began assisting cleanup.members descended upon rockaways course several days helped remove debris sand buildings extract moldy drywall insulation pull water damaged furniture appliances area homes.bnai brith also held planned several fundraisers future rebuilding projects.working israaid zionist humanitarian organization brings together israeli jewish organizations form coordinated responses wake humanitarian crises bnai brith disaster relief fund allocated funds survivors flooding japan.the bnai brith disaster relief fund also helped two domestic disasters one california hawaii fall . |
B'nai B'rith | wildfires struck communities southern california summer fall bnai brith contributed muchneeded disaster recovery assisting costs food utility bills medical supplies idyllwild help center.normally help center charity thrift store helps needy individuals families costs food utilities housing basic needs.aftermath wildfires center stepped help fire victims.hawaii bnai brith provided assistance ahava aina synagogue eruption kilauea volcano damage tropical storm.in may bnai brith center senior services css held annual bnai brith managers service coordinators training meeting puerto rico still recovering damage caused hurricane maria.choosing hold meeting puerto rico css team wanted contribute puerto ricos shortterm recovery volunteering day service local nonprofits trip longterm economic recovery bringing business island. |
B'nai B'rith | international affairs bnai brith present founding united nations san francisco taken active role world body ever since.organization granted nongovernmental organizational ngo status many years jewish organization fulltime representation united nations.credited leading role u.n. reversal resolution equating zionism racism.bnai briths ngo role limited united nations agencies.bnai brith also worked extensively officials state department congress foreign governments support efforts organization security cooperation europe osce combat antisemitism.members latin american countries organization first jewish group accorded civil society status organization american states oas advocated democracy human rights throughout region. |
B'nai B'rith | bnai briths role latin america dates turn th century grew considerably influx jewish refugees nazi europe.in addition advocacy efforts bnai brith maintains program community service throughout latin america.cooperation brothers brother foundation bnai brith distributed million worth critically needed medicine books supplies argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela following economic disaster struck much latin america.program distributed million medicine supplies.europe bnai brith membership europe grown —nearly half u.s. membership—and next decade formation lodge shanghai number represented organizations entry far east.shanghai lodge established bnai brith foundation polyclinic later renamed shanghai jewish hospital. |
B'nai B'rith | international expansion come close rise nazism.beginning nazi era six bnai brith districts europe.eventually nazis seized nearly bnai brith property europe.bnai brith europe refounded .members basel zurich lodges representatives lodges france holland survived holocaust attended inaugural meeting.new european bnai brith district merged united kingdom district become consolidated bnai brith europe active involvement institutions european union. |
B'nai B'rith | bnai brith europe comprised lodges countries including former communist eastern europe.in response would later become known holocaust bnai brith president henry monsky convened conference pittsburgh major jewish organizations find common platform presentation case civilized nations world.next four years conference established machinery saved untold numbers lives assisted postwar reconstruction european jewish life helped spur public opinion support united nations partition plan palestine recommended partition mandate palestine jewish state arab state.israel middle east prior creation state israel president harry s. truman resisting pressure various organizations declined meetings jewish leaders.bnai brith president frank goldman convinced fellow bnai brith member eddie jacobson longtime friend business partner president appeal truman favor.jacobson convinced truman meet secretly zionist leader chaim weizmann meeting said resulted turning white house support back favor partition ultimately de facto recognition israeli statehood.in addition founding jerusalem lodge life israel prime focus organization. |
B'nai B'rith | among jerusalem lodges noted contributions citys first free public library midrash abarbanel.in bnai brith became first major american jewish organization hold convention israel.six weeks signing camp david accords israel egypt bnai brith first jewish group visit egypt invitation president anwar sadat.in nearly nations removed embassies jerusalem response passage knesset jerusalem law extending israeli sovereignty entire city.bnai brith responded establishment bnai brith world center jerusalem serve permanent official presence bnai brith jerusalem.awards presidential gold medal awarded bnai brith every years honor recipients commitment jewish people state israel.recipients included david bengurion john f. kennedy george h. w. bush stephen harper golda meir. |
B'nai B'rith | gold medal given former austrian chancellor franz vranitzky australian prime minister john howard former german chancellor willy brandt former u.s. presidents harry s. truman gerald r. ford dwight d. eisenhower.edwin palmer ep hoyt editor publisher denver post years given bnai brith man year award tireless humanitarian work bigotry defense jewish people.the bnai brith book award established .first recipient ronald sanders work downtown jews.other awards include jewish heritage award award outstanding contribution relations jewish people.see also bbyobnai brith canadaworld jewish congress references reading wilhelm cornelia .independent orders bnai brith true sisters pioneers new jewish identity –. |
Rhinoplasty | wayne state university press.external links official websitetwo types plastic surgery used – reconstructive surgery restores form functions nose cosmetic surgery changes appearance nose.reconstructive surgery seeks resolve nasal injuries caused various traumas including blunt penetrating trauma trauma caused blast injury.reconstructive surgery also treat birth defects breathing problems failed primary rhinoplasties.rhinoplasty may remove bump narrow nostril width change angle nose mouth address injuries birth defects problems affect breathing deviated nasal septum sinus condition.in closed rhinoplasty open rhinoplasty surgeries – plastic surgeon otolaryngologist ear nose throat specialist oral maxillofacial surgeon jaw face neck specialist creates functional aesthetic facially proportionate nose separating nasal skin soft tissues nasal framework altering required form function suturing incisions using tissue glue applying either package stent immobilize altered nose ensure proper healing surgical incision.history treatments plastic repair broken nose first mentioned edwin smith papyrus transcription text dated old kingdom bce.the ebers papyrus c. bc ancient egyptian medical papyrus describes rhinoplasty plastic surgical operation reconstructing nose destroyed rhinectomy. |
Rhinoplasty | mutilation inflicted criminal religious political military punishment time culture.rhinoplasty techniques described ancient indian text sushruta samhita sushruta nose reconstructed using flap skin cheek.during roman empire bc – ad encyclopaedist aulus cornelius celsus c. bc – ad published tome de medicina medicine c. ad described plastic surgery techniques procedures correction reconstruction nose body parts.at byzantine roman court emperor julian apostate – ad royal physician oribasius c. – ad published volume synagogue medicae medical compilations th century ad described facialdefect reconstructions featured loose sutures permitted surgical wound heal without distorting facial flesh clean bone exposed wound debridement remove damaged tissue forestall infection accelerate healing wound use autologous skin flaps repair damaged cheeks eyebrows lips nose restore patients normal visage.in italy gasparo tagliacozzi – professor surgery anatomy university bologna published curtorum chirurgia per insitionem surgery defects implantations technico–procedural manual surgical repair reconstruction facial wounds soldiers.illustrations featured reattachment rhinoplasty using biceps muscle pedicle flap graft attached weeks postprocedure weeks postattachment surgeon shaped nose.in great britain joseph constantine carpue – published descriptions two rhinoplasties reconstruction battlewounded nose repair arsenicdamaged nose.cf.carpues operation.in germany rhinoplastic technique refined surgeons berlin university professor surgery karl ferdinand von gräfe – published rhinoplastik rebuilding nose wherein described historical plastic surgery procedures technically innovative freegraft nasal reconstruction tissueflap harvested patients arm surgical approaches eyelid cleft lip cleft palate corrections.dr. von gräfes protégé medical surgical polymath johann friedrich dieffenbach – among first surgeons anaesthetize patient performing nose surgery published die operative chirurgie operative surgery became foundational medical plastic surgical text see strabismus torticollis. |
Rhinoplasty | moreover prussian jacques joseph – published nasenplastik und sonstige gesichtsplastik rhinoplasty facial plastic surgeries described refined surgical techniques performing nosereduction rhinoplasty via internal incisions.in united states otolaryngologist john orlando roe – performed first modern endonasal rhinoplasty closed rhinoplasty management saddle nose deformities.in early th century freer killian pioneered submucous resection septoplasty smr procedure correcting deviated septum raised mucoperichondrial tissue flaps resected cartilaginous bony septum including vomer bone perpendicular plate ethmoid bone maintaining septal support .cm margin dorsum .cm margin caudad innovations technique became foundational standard septoplastic procedure.a. rethi introduced open rhinoplasty approach featuring incision nasal septum facilitate modifying tip nose.peer metzenbaum performed first manipulation caudal septum originates projects forehead.maurice h. cottle – endonasally resolved septal deviation minimalist hemitransfixion incision conserved septum thus advocated practical primacy closed rhinoplasty approach.a. sercer advocated decortication nose dekortication des nase technique featured columellarincision open rhinoplasty allowed greater access nasal cavity nasal septum.the endonasal rhinoplasty usual approach nose surgery padovan presented technical refinements advocating open rhinoplasty approach seconded wilfred s. goodman later jack p. gunter s. goodman impelled technical procedural progress popularized open rhinoplasty approach. |
Rhinoplasty | gunter reported technical effectiveness open rhinoplasty approach performing secondary rhinoplasty improved techniques advanced management failed nose surgery.anatomy human nose structures nose plastic surgical correction structural anatomy nose comprises a. nasal soft tissues b. aesthetic subunits segments c. blood supply arteries veins d. nasal lymphatic system e. facial nasal nerves f. nasal bone g. nasal cartilages.a. nasal soft tissues nasal skin – like underlying boneandcartilage osseocartilaginous support framework nose external skin divided vertical thirds anatomic sections glabella space eyebrows bridge tip corrective plastic surgery nasal skin anatomically considered theupper third section – skin upper nose thin subcutaneous fat layer thicker relatively distensible flexible mobile tapers adhering tightly osseocartilaginous framework becomes thinner skin dorsal section bridge nose.middle third section – skin overlying bridge nose middorsal section thinnest least distensible nasal skin adheres support framework.lower third section – skin lower nose thicker less mobile sebaceous glands especially nasal tip.subcutaneous fat layer thin.nasal lining – vestibule human nose lined mucous membrane squamous epithelium tissue transitions become columnar respiratory epithelium pseudostratified ciliated lashlike tissue abundant seromucous glands maintains nasal moisture protects respiratory tract bacteriologic infection foreign objects.nasal muscles – movements human nose controlled groups facial neck muscles set deep skin four functional groups interconnected nasal superficial aponeurosis—the superficial musculoaponeurotic system smas—which sheet dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue covers invests forms terminations muscles.movements nose affected elevator muscle group – includes procerus muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle.the depressor muscle group – includes alar nasalis muscle depressor septi nasi muscle.the compressor muscle group – includes transverse nasalis muscle.the dilator muscle group – includes dilator naris muscle expands nostrils two parts dilator nasi anterior muscle ii dilator nasi posterior muscle. |
Rhinoplasty | b. aesthetics nose – nasal subunits nasal segments plan map execute surgical correction nasal defect deformity structure external nose divided nine aesthetic nasal subunits six aesthetic nasal segments provide plastic surgeon measures determining size extent topographic locale nasal defect deformity.surgical nose nine aesthetic nasal subunits tip subunitcolumellar subunitright alar base subunitright alar wall subunitleft alar wall subunitleft alar base subunitdorsal subunitright dorsal wall subunitleft dorsal wall subunitin turn nine aesthetic nasal subunits configured six aesthetic nasal segments segment comprehends nasal area greater comprehended nasal subunit.surgical nose six aesthetic nasal segments dorsal nasal segmentthe lateral nasalwall segmentsthe hemilobule segmentthe softtissue triangle segmentsthe alar segmentsthe columellar segmentusing coordinates subunits segments determine topographic location defect nose plastic surgeon plans maps executes rhinoplasty procedure.unitary division nasal topography permits minimal precise cutting maximal correctivetissue coverage produce functional nose proportionate size contour appearance patient.hence percent aesthetic subunit lost damaged defective destroyed surgeon replaces entire aesthetic segment usually regional tissue graft harvested either face head tissue graft harvested elsewhere patients body. |
Rhinoplasty | c. nasal blood supply – arteries veins like face human nose well vascularized arteries veins thus supplied abundant blood.principal arterial bloodvessel supply nose twofold branches internal carotid artery branch anterior ethmoidal artery branch posterior ethmoidal artery derive ophthalmic artery ii branches external carotid artery sphenopalatine artery greater palatine artery superior labial artery angular artery.the external nose supplied blood facial artery becomes angular artery courses superomedial aspect nose.sellar region sella turcica turkish chair dorsal region nose supplied blood branches internal maxillary artery infraorbital artery ophthalmic arteries derive internal common carotid artery system.internally lateral nasal wall supplied blood sphenopalatine artery behind anterior ethmoid artery posterior ethmoid artery behind.nasal septum also supplied blood sphenopalatine artery anterior posterior ethmoid arteries additional circulatory contributions superior labial artery greater palatine artery.three vascular supplies internal nose converge kiesselbach plexus little area region anteroinferiorthird nasal septum front below. |
Rhinoplasty | furthermore nasal vein vascularisation nose generally follows arterial pattern nasal vascularisation.nasal veins biologically significant vesselvalves direct circulatory communication cavernous sinus makes possible potential intracranial spreading bacterial infection nose.hence abundant nasal blood supply tobacco smoking therapeutically compromise postoperative healing.d. lymphatic system nose pertinent nasal lymphatic system arises superficial mucosa drains posteriorly retropharyngeal nodes back anteriorly front either upper deep cervical nodes neck submandibular glands lower jaw nodes glands neck jaw.e. nerves nose sensations registered human nose derive first two branches cranial nerve v trigeminal nerve. |
Rhinoplasty | nerve listings indicate respective innervation sensory distribution trigeminal nerve branches within nose face upper jaw maxilla.the indicated nerve serves named anatomic facial nasal regions ophthalmic division innervation lacrimal nerve – conveys sensation skin areas lateral orbital eye socket region except lacrimal gland.frontal nerve – conveys sensation skin areas forehead scalp.supraorbital nerve – conveys sensation skin areas eyelids forehead scalp.supratrochlear nerve – conveys sensation medial region eyelid skin area medial region forehead skin.nasociliary nerve – conveys sensation skin area nose mucous membrane anterior front nasal cavity.anterior ethmoid nerve – conveys sensation anterior front half nasal cavity internal areas ethmoid sinus frontal sinus b external areas nasal tip rhinion anterior tip terminal end nasalbone suture.posterior ethmoid nerve – serves superior upper half nasal cavity sphenoids ethmoids.infratrochlear nerve – conveys sensation medial region eyelids palpebral conjunctiva nasion nasolabial junction bony dorsum.maxillary division innervation maxillary nerve – conveys sensation upper jaw face.infraorbital nerve – conveys sensation area eye socket external nares nostrils.zygomatic nerve – zygomatic bone zygomatic arch conveys sensation cheekbone areas.superior posterior dental nerve – sensation teeth gums.superior anterior dental nerve – mediates sneeze reflex.sphenopalatine nerve – divides lateral branch septal branch conveys sensation rear central regions nasal cavity.the supply parasympathetic nerves face upper jaw maxilla derives greater superficial petrosal gsp branch cranial nerve vii facial nerve.gsp nerve joins deep petrosal nerve sympathetic nervous system derived carotid plexus form vidian nerve vidian canal traverses pterygopalatine ganglion autonomic ganglion maxillary nerve wherein parasympathetic nerves form synapses serve lacrimal gland glands nose palate via upper jaw maxillary division cranial nerve v trigeminal nerve.f. bony anatomy nose upper portion nose paired nasal bones attach frontal bone.side superolaterally paired nasal bones connect lacrimal bones side inferolaterally attach ascending processes maxilla upper jaw. |
Rhinoplasty | back posterosuperiorly bony nasal septum composed perpendicular plate ethmoid bone.vomer bone lies back posteroinferiorly partially forms choanal opening nasopharynx upper portion pharynx continuous nasal passages.floor nose comprises premaxilla bone palatine bone roof mouth.the nasal septum composed quadrangular cartilage vomer bone perpendicular plate ethmoid bone aspects premaxilla palatine bones.lateral nasal wall contains three pairs turbinates nasal conchae small thin shellform bones superior concha ii middle concha iii inferior concha bony framework turbinates.lateral turbinates medial wall maxillary sinus. |
Rhinoplasty | inferior nasal conchae turbinates meatus space names correspond turbinates e.g.superior turbinate superior meatus et alii.internal roof nose composed horizontal perforated cribriform plate ethmoid bone pass sensory filaments olfactory nerve cranial nerve finally behind posteroinferior cribriform plate sloping angle bony face sphenoid sinus.g. cartilaginous pyramid nose cartilaginous septum septum nasi extends nasal bones midline bony septum midline posteriorly along bony floor.septum quadrangular upper half flanked two triangulartotrapezoidal cartilages upper lateralcartilages fused dorsal septum midline laterally attached loose ligaments bony margin pyriform pearshaped aperture inferior ends upper lateralcartilages free unattached. |
Rhinoplasty | internal area angle formed septum upper lateralcartilage constitutes internal valve nose sesamoid cartilages adjacent upper lateralcartilages fibroareolar connective tissue.beneath upper lateralcartilages lay lower lateralcartilages paired lower lateralcartilages swing outwards medial attachments caudal septum midline medial crura intermediate crus shank area.finally lower lateralcartilages flare outwards side superolaterally lateral crura cartilages mobile unlike upper lateral cartilages.furthermore persons present anatomical evidence nasal scrolling—i.e.outward curving lower borders upper lateralcartilages inward curving cephalic borders alar cartilages.external nose external nasal anatomy form nasal subunits—the dorsum sidewalls lobule soft triangles alae columella—are configured differently according race ethnic group patient thus nasal physiognomies denominated african platyrrhine flat wide nose asiatic subplatyrrhine low wide nose caucasian leptorrhine narrow nose hispanic paraleptorrhine narrowsided nose. |
Rhinoplasty | respective external valve nose variably dependent upon size shape strength lower lateral cartilage.internal nasal anatomy midline nose septum composite osseocartilaginous structure divides nose two similar halves.lateral nasal wall paranasal sinuses superior concha middle concha inferior concha form corresponding passages superior meatus middle meatus inferior meatus lateral nasal wall.superior meatus drainage area posterior ethmoid bone cells sphenoid sinus middle meatus provides drainage anterior ethmoid sinuses maxillary frontal sinuses inferior meatus provides drainage nasolacrimal duct.the internal nasal valve comprises area bounded upper lateralcartilage septum nasal floor anterior head inferior turbinate.narrow leptorrhine nose narrowest portion nasal airway. |
Rhinoplasty | generally area requires angle greater degrees unobstructed breathing correction narrowness width nasal valve increased spreader grafts flaring sutures.nasal analysis surgical management nasal defects deformities divides nose six anatomic subunits dorsum ii sidewalls paired iii hemilobules paired iv soft triangles paired v alae paired vi columella.surgical correction reconstruction comprehend entire anatomic subunit affected defect wound deformity thus entire subunit corrected especially resection cutting defect encompasses percent subunit.aesthetically nose—from nasion midpoint nasofrontal junction columellalabial junction—ideally occupies onethird vertical dimension persons face ala ala ideally occupy onefifth horizontal dimension persons face.the nasofrontal angle frontal bone nasion usually degrees nasofrontal angle acute male face female face.nasofacial angle slope nose relative plane face approximately – degrees. |
Rhinoplasty | nasolabial angle slope columella philtrum approximately – degrees male face approximately – degrees female face.therefore observing nose profile normal show columella height visible nasal aperture mm dorsum rectilinear straight.observed wormseye view alar base configures isosceles triangle apex infratip lobule immediately beneath tip nose.facially proportionate projection nasal tip distance noses tip face determined goode method wherein projection nasal tip – percent distance nasion nasofrontal junction tipdefining point.columellar double break might present marking transition intermediate crus lowerlateral cartilage medial crus.the goode method determines extension nose facial surface comprehending distance alar groove tip nose relating measurement nasaltip projection length nasal dorsum. |
Rhinoplasty | nasal projection measurement obtained delineating right triangle lines parting nasion nasofrontal juncture alar–facial–groove.second perpendicular delineation traverses tipdefining point establishes ratio projection nasal tip hence range ..ideal nasaltiptonasallength projection.simulations planning used communicate patients existing deformities plan propose desired approach. |
Rhinoplasty | dimensional cameras allow photographic capture inspection analysis modification understand existing nasal anatomy communicate potential result patient.patient characteristics determine patients suitability undergoing rhinoplasty procedure surgeon clinically evaluates complete medical history anamnesis determine physical psychological health.prospective patient must explain physician–surgeon functional aesthetic nasal problems suffer.surgeon asks ailments symptoms duration past surgical interventions allergies drugs use drugs abuse prescription commercial medications general medical history.furthermore additional physical suitability psychological suitability—the patients psychological motive undergoing nose surgery critical surgeons preoperative evaluation patient.the complete physical examination rhinoplasty patient determines physically fit undergo tolerate physiologic stresses nose surgery. |
Rhinoplasty | examination comprehends every existing physical problem consultation anaesthesiologist warranted patients medical data.specific facial nasal evaluations record patients skintype existing surgical scars symmetry asymmetry aesthetic nasal subunits.external internal nasal examination concentrates upon anatomic thirds nose—upper section middle section lower section—specifically noting structures measures nasal angles external nose projects face physical characteristics nasofacial bony soft tissues.internal examination evaluates condition nasal septum internal external nasal valves turbinates nasal lining paying special attention structure form nasal dorsum tip nose.furthermore warranted specific tests—the mirror test vasoconstriction examinations cottle maneuver—are included preoperative evaluation prospective rhinoplasty patient.established maurice h. cottle – cottle maneuver principal diagnostic technique detecting internal nasalvalve disorder whilst patient gently inspires surgeon laterally pulls patients cheek thereby simulating widening crosssectional area corresponding internal nasal valve. |
Rhinoplasty | maneuver notably facilitates patients inspiration result positive cottle sign—which generally indicates airflowcorrection surgically effected installed spreadergraft.said correction improve internal angle nasal valve thus allow unobstructed breathing.nonetheless cottle maneuver occasionally yields falsepositive cottle sign usually observed patient afflicted alar collapse patient scarred nasalvalve region.surgical rhinoplasty limited evidence single dose corticosteriods decreases oedema bleeding first two days post operation difference maintained this.swelling edema take least year diminish. |
Rhinoplasty | certain adjuncts including fat grafting may help quicken time edema bruising resolution.open rhinoplasty versus closed rhinoplasty plastic surgical correction congenital acquired abnormalities nose restores functional aesthetic properties surgeons manipulations nasal skin subcutaneous underlying cartilageandbone support framework mucous membrane lining.technically plastic surgeons incisional approach classifies nasal surgery either open rhinoplasty closed rhinoplasty procedure.open rhinoplasty surgeon makes small irregular incision columella fleshy exteriorend nasal septum columellar incision additional usual set incisions nasal correction.closed rhinoplasty surgeon performs every procedural incision endonasally exclusively within nose cut columella. |
Rhinoplasty | procedural differences except columellar incision technical procedural approaches open rhinoplasty closed rhinoplasty similar yet closed rhinoplasty procedure featuresreduced dissection cutting nasal tissues—no columellar incisiondecreased potential excessive reduction cutting nasaltip supportreduced postoperative edemadecreased visible scarringdecreased iatrogenic inadvertent damage nose surgeonincreased availability effecting situ procedural technical changespalpation allows surgeon feel interior changes effected noseshorter operating room timequicker postsurgical recovery convalescence patient ethnic nose open rhinoplasty approach affords plastic surgeon advantages ease securing grafts skin cartilage bone importantly securing nasal cartilage properly better make appropriate assessment remedy.procedural aspect especially difficult revision surgery rhinoplastic corrections thickskinned ethnic nose person color.study ethnic rhinoplasty universal preoperative classification system nasal tip reports nasaltip classification system based upon skin thickness proposed aid surgeon determining open rhinoplasty closed rhinoplasty best correct defect deformity afflicting patients nose.cause cause open closed approaches rhinoplastic correction resolve nasal pathologies diseases intrinsic diseases extrinsic nose ii unsatisfactory aesthetic appearance disproportion iii failed primary rhinoplasty iv obstructed airway v congenital nose defects deformities.congenital abnormalities cleft lip palate combination cleft lip cheiloschisis cleft palate palatoschisis individually.congenital nasal abnormalitiesgenetically derived ethnicnose abnormalities acquired abnormalities allergic vasomotor rhinitis – inflammations mucous membrane nose caused allergen caused circulatory nervous system disorders.autoimmune system diseasesbites – animal humanburns – caused chemicals electricity friction heat light radiation.connectivetissue diseasesinflammatory conditionsnasal fracturesnasoorbitoethmoidal fractures – damages nose eyesockets damage bones walls nasal cavity ethmoid bone separates brain nose.neoplasms – malignant benign tumorsseptal hematoma – mass usually clotted blood septumtoxins – chemical damages caused inspired substances – e.g. |
Rhinoplasty | powdered cocaine aerosol antihistamine medications et cetera.traumatic deformities caused blunt trauma penetrating trauma blast trauma.venereal infection – e.g.syphilis ultrasonic rhinoplasty recently ultrasonic rhinoplasty introduced massimo robiony become alternative traditional rhinoplasty.ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses piezoelectric instruments reshape atraumatically nasal bones also known rhinosculpture.ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses piezoelectric instruments scrapers rasps saws affect bones stiff cartilages ultrasonic vibrations instruments used dental surgery.use piezoelectric instruments requires extended approach isial one allowing visualize whole bony vault reshape rhinosculpture mobilize stabilize bones controlled osteotomies. |
Rhinoplasty | surgical procedure rhinoplastic correction performed person sedation general anaesthesia local anaesthesia initially local anaesthetic mixture lidocaine epinephrine injected numb area temporarily reduce vascularity thereby limiting bleeding.generally plastic surgeon first separates nasal skin soft tissues osseocartilagenous nasal framework reshapes sutures incisions applies either external internal stent tape immobilize newly reconstructed nose facilitate healing surgical cuts.occasionally surgeon uses either autologous cartilage graft bone graft order strengthen alter nasal contours.autologous grafts usually harvested nasal septum insufficient cartilage occur revision rhinoplasty either costal cartilage graft rib cage auricular cartilage graft concha ear harvested patients body.rhinoplasty requires bone graft harvested either cranium hips rib cage moreover neither type autologous graft available synthetic graft nasal implant used augment nasal bridge. |
Rhinoplasty | main types grafts support reposition nasal tip centralmedial limb tripod either columellar strut septal extension graft.useful effective septal extension graft seg shown impart greater control less changes time.photographic records benefit patient physician–surgeon photographic history entire rhinoplastic procedure established beginning preoperative consultation continuing surgical operation procedures concluding postoperative outcome.record beforeandafter physiognomies nose face patient specific visual perspectives required photographs nose viewed anteroposterior fronttoback perspective lateral view profiles wormseye view birdseye view overhead threequarterprofile views.photograph a.– open rhinoplasty rhinoplastys end plastic surgeon sutured closed incisions corrected new nose dressed taped splinted immobile permit uninterrupted healing surgical incisions. |
Rhinoplasty | purpleink guidelines ensured surgeons accurate cutting defect correction plan.photograph b.– open rhinoplasty new nose prepared paper tape order receive metal nasalsplint immobilize maintain correct shape new nose.photograph c. – open rhinoplasty preliminary taping nose custommade metal nasalsplint designed cut formed surgeon emplaced immobilize protect tender tissues new nose convalescence.photograph d. – open rhinoplasty taping emplacement metal splint dressing new nose complete rhinoplasty procedure.patient convalesces wound dressing removed week postprocedure.photograph .– open rhinoplasty incisions endonasal nose thus hidden. |
Rhinoplasty | skinincision columella aids plastic surgeon precisely suturing hide scar—except columellar incision reddot guideline across nasal base.columellar incision allows surgeon view size shape condition nasal cartilages bones corrected.photograph .– open rhinoplasty nasal interior.scissors indicate lower lateral cartilage blue one wingshaped cartilages conform tip nose.jagged red delineation indicates locale columellar incision. |
Rhinoplasty | skin lifted boneandcartilage framework surgeon performs nasal correction tasks.photograph .– open rhinoplasty narrow tip toowide nose surgeon first determines cause excess nasal width.suture emplaced narrow tip nose.red delineation indicates edge nosetip cartilage narrowed surgeon tightens folded cartilage apex.suture light blue ends needle white tweezers green hold nasal cartilage place suturing.photograph . |
Rhinoplasty | – nasal hump excision black delineation indicates desired nosereduction outcome straight nose.nasal hump bone red scalloped grey line cartilage blue scalloped grey line.surgeon cuts cartilage portion hump scalpel chisels bone portion osteotome bone chisel.chiselling away main mass nasal hump osteotome surgeon sculpts refines smoothens cut nasal bones rasps files.types rhinoplasty – primary secondary plastic surgical praxis term primary rhinoplasty denotes initial firsttime reconstructive functional aesthetic corrective procedure. |
Rhinoplasty | term secondary rhinoplasty denotes revision failed rhinoplasty occurrence – per cent rhinoplasty operations hence revision rhinoplasty.corrections usual secondary rhinoplasty include cosmetic reshaping nose functional breathing deficit aggressive rhinoplasty asymmetry deviated crooked nose areas collapses hanging columella pinched tip scooped nose more.although revision rhinoplasty procedures open approach correction technically complicated usually nasal support structures either deformed destroyed primary rhinoplasty thus surgeon must recreate nasal support cartilage grafts harvested either ear auricular cartilage graft rib cage costal cartilage graft.resultscan good performed experienced practitioner.plastic surgery procedures unpredictability biologic systems heal different ways.nasal reconstruction reconstructive rhinoplasty defects deformities plastic surgeon encounters must restore normal function form appearance include broken displaced nasal bones disrupted displaced nasal cartilages collapsed bridge nose congenital defect trauma blunt penetrating blast autoimmune disorder cancer intranasal drugabuse damages failed primary rhinoplasty outcomes. |
Rhinoplasty | rhinoplasty reduces bony humps realigns nasal bones cut dissected resected.cartilage disrupted suturing resuspension structural support use cartilage grafts camouflage depression allow reestablishment normal nasal contour nose patient.bridge nose collapsed ribcartilage earcartilage cranialbone grafts used restore anatomic integrity thus aesthetic continuity nose.augmenting nasal dorsum autologous cartilage bone grafts preferred artificial nose prostheses reduced incidence histologic rejection medical complications.surgical anatomy nasal reconstruction human nose sensory organ structurally composed three types tissue osseocartilaginous support framework nasal skeleton ii mucous membrane lining iii external skin. |
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