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Humanities | humanistic invention sphere culture practice complementary scholarship important aspect humanities.truth meaning divide humanistic study natural sciences informs arguments meaning humanities well.distinguishes humanities natural sciences certain subject matter rather mode approach question.humanities focuses understanding meaning purpose goals furthers appreciation singular historical social phenomena—an interpretive method finding truth—rather explaining causality events uncovering truth natural world.apart societal application narrative imagination important tool reproduction understood meaning history culture literature.imagination part tool kit artists scholars helps create meaning invokes response audience. |
Humanities | since humanities scholar always within nexus lived experiences absolute knowledge theoretically possible knowledge instead ceaseless procedure inventing reinventing context text read in.poststructuralism problematized approach humanistic study based questions meaning intentionality authorship.wake death author proclaimed roland barthes various theoretical currents deconstruction discourse analysis seek expose ideologies rhetoric operative producing purportedly meaningful objects hermeneutic subjects humanistic study.exposure opened interpretive structures humanities criticism humanities scholarship unscientific therefore unfit inclusion modern university curricula nature changing contextual meaning.pleasure pursuit knowledge scholarship like stanley fish claimed humanities defend best refusing make claims utility. |
Humanities | fish may well thinking primarily literary study rather history philosophy.attempt justify humanities terms outside benefits social usefulness say increased productivity terms ennobling effects individual greater wisdom diminished prejudice ungrounded according fish simply places impossible demands relevant academic departments.furthermore critical thinking arguably result humanistic training acquired contexts.humanities even provide kind social cachet sociologists sometimes call cultural capital helpful succeed western society age mass education following world war ii.instead scholars like fish suggest humanities offer unique kind pleasure pleasure based common pursuit knowledge even disciplinary knowledge.pleasure contrasts increasing privatization leisure instant gratification characteristic western culture thus meets jürgen habermas requirements disregard social status rational problematization previously unquestioned areas necessary endeavor takes place bourgeois public sphere. |
Humanities | argument academic pursuit pleasure provide link private public realm modern western consumer society strengthen public sphere according many theorists foundation modern democracy.others like mark bauerlein argue professors humanities increasingly abandoned proven methods epistemology care quality arguments conclusions.favor indoctrination care conclusions quality arguments.. result professors students adhere rigidly limited set viewpoints little interest understanding opposing viewpoints.obtain intellectual selfsatisfaction persistent lapses learning research evaluation common.romanticization rejection implicit many arguments supporting humanities makings arguments public support humanities.joseph carroll asserts live changing world world cultural capital replaced scientific literacy romantic notion renaissance humanities scholar obsolete. |
Humanities | arguments appeal judgments anxieties essential uselessness humanities especially age seemingly vitally important scholars literature history arts engage collaborative work experimental scientists even simply make intelligent use findings empirical science.despite many humanities based arguments humanities within exact sciences called return.science popularizer bill nye retracted previous claims supposed uselessness philosophy.bill nye states “people allude socrates plato aristotle time think many us make references don’t solid grounding” said.“it’s good know history philosophy.” scholars biologist scott f. gilbert make claim fact increasing predominance leading exclusivity scientific ways thinking need tempered historical social context.gilbert worries commercialization may inherent ways conceiving science pursuit funding academic prestige etc. |
City | need examined externally.gilbert argues first successful alternative science commercialized march “progress.” approach taken liberal arts college model takes pride seeing science context integrating science humanities social sciences.see also references external links society history humanitiesinstitute comparative research human social sciences icr – japanthe american academy arts sciences – ushumanities indicators – usnational humanities center – usthe humanities association – uknational humanities alliancenational endowment humanities – usaustralian academy humanitiesnational american academy commission humanities social sciences archived wayback machinegames historical narratives jeremy antley – journal digital humanitiesfilm value humanitiesdefined permanent densely settled place administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily nonagricultural tasks.cities generally extensive systems housing transportation sanitation utilities land use production goods communication.density facilitates interaction people government organisations businesses sometimes benefiting different parties process improving efficiency goods service distribution.historically citydwellers small proportion humanity overall following two centuries unprecedented rapid urbanization half world population lives cities profound consequences global sustainability.presentday cities usually form core larger metropolitan areas urban areas—creating numerous commuters traveling towards city centres employment entertainment education.however world intensifying globalisation cities varying degrees also connected globally beyond regions. |
City | increased influence means cities also significant influences global issues sustainable development global warming global health.major influences global issues international community prioritized investment sustainable cities sustainable development goal .due efficiency transportation smaller land consumption dense cities hold potential smaller ecological footprint per inhabitant sparsely populated areas.therefore compact cities often referred crucial element fighting climate change.however concentration also significant negative consequences forming urban heat islands concentrating pollution stressing water supplies resources.other important traits cities besides population include capital status relative continued occupation city. |
City | example country capitals beijing london mexico city moscow nairobi new delhi paris rome athens seoul singapore tokyo washington d.c. reflect identity apex respective nations.historic capitals kyoto xian maintain reflection cultural identity even without modern capital status.religious holy sites offer another example capital status within religion jerusalem mecca varanasi ayodhya haridwar allahabad hold significance.cities jericho aleppo faiyum yerevan athens damascus argos among laying claim longest continual inhabitation.meaning city distinguished human settlements relatively great size also functions special symbolic status may conferred central authority. |
City | term also refer either physical streets buildings city collection people dwell used general sense mean urban rather rural territory.national censuses use variety definitions invoking factors population population density number dwellings economic function infrastructure classify populations urban.typical working definitions smallcity populations start around people.common population definitions urban area city town range people u.s. states using minimum inhabitants.jurisdictions set minima.united kingdom city status awarded crown remains permanently. |
City | historically qualifying factor presence cathedral resulting small cities wells population st davids population .according functional definition city distinguished size alone also role plays within larger political context.cities serve administrative commercial religious cultural hubs larger surrounding areas.example settlement city names may meet traditional criteria named include broad top city pennsylvania population .the presence literate elite sometimes included definition.typical city professional administrators regulations form taxation food necessities means trade support government workers. |
City | arrangement contrasts typically horizontal relationships tribe village accomplishing common goals informal agreements neighbors leadership chief.governments may based heredity religion military power work systems canalbuilding fooddistribution landownership agriculture commerce manufacturing finance combination these.societies live cities often called civilizations.the degree urbanization modern metric help define comprises city population least inhabitants contiguous dense grid cells inhabitants per square kilometer.metric devised years european commission oecd world bank others endorsed march united nations... largely purpose international statistical comparison.etymology word city related civilization come latin root civitas originally meaning citizenship community member eventually coming correspond urbs meaning city physical sense. |
City | roman civitas closely linked greek polis—another common root appearing english words metropolis.in toponymic terminology names individual cities towns called astionyms ancient greek ἄστυ city town ὄνομα name.geography urban geography deals cities larger context internal structure.ref cities estimated cover land surface earth.site town siting varied history according natural technological economic military contexts.access water long major factor city placement growth despite exceptions enabled advent rail transport nineteenth century present worlds urban population lives near coast river.urban areas rule cannot produce food therefore must develop relationship hinterland sustains them.special cases mining towns play vital role longdistance trade cities disconnected countryside feeds them. |
City | thus centrality within productive region influences siting economic forces would theory favor creation market places optimal mutually reachable locations.center vast majority cities central area containing buildings special economic political religious significance.archaeologists refer area greek term temenos fortified citadel.spaces historically reflect amplify citys centrality importance wider sphere influence.today cities city center downtown sometimes coincident central business district. |
City | public space cities typically public spaces anyone go.include privately owned spaces open public well forms public land public domain commons.western philosophy since time greek agora considered physical public space substrate symbolic public sphere.public art adorns disfigures public spaces.parks natural sites within cities provide residents relief hardness regularity typical built environments. |
City | internal structure urban structure generally follows one basic patterns geomorphic radial concentric rectilinear curvilinear.physical environment generally constrains form city built.located mountainside urban structure may rely terraces winding roads.may adapted means subsistence e.g.agriculture fishing. |
City | may set optimal defense given surrounding landscape.beyond geomorphic features cities develop internal patterns due natural growth city planning.in radial structure main roads converge central point.form could evolve successive growth long time concentric traces town walls citadels marking older city boundaries.recent history forms supplemented ring roads moving traffic around outskirts town.dutch cities amsterdam haarlem structured central square surrounded concentric canals marking every expansion. |
City | cities moscow pattern still clearly visible.a system rectilinear city streets land plots known grid plan used millennia asia europe americas.indus valley civilisation built mohenjodaro harappa cities grid pattern using ancient principles described kautilya aligned compass points.ancient greek city priene exemplifies grid plan specialized districts used across hellenistic mediterranean.urban areas urbantype settlement extends far beyond traditional boundaries city proper form development sometimes described critically urban sprawl.decentralization dispersal city functions commercial industrial residential cultural political transformed meaning term challenged geographers seeking classify territories according urbanrural binary.metropolitan areas include suburbs exurbs organized around needs commuters sometimes edge cities characterized degree economic political independence. |
City | us grouped metropolitan statistical areas purposes demography marketing.cities part continuous urban landscape called urban agglomeration conurbation megalopolis exemplified boswash corridor northeastern united states.history cities characterized population density symbolic function urban planning existed thousands years.conventional view civilization city followed development agriculture enabled production surplus food thus social division labour concomitant social stratification trade.early cities often featured granaries sometimes within temple. |
City | minority viewpoint considers cities may arisen without agriculture due alternative means subsistence fishing use communal seasonal shelters value bases defensive offensive military organization inherent economic function.cities played crucial role establishment political power area ancient leaders alexander great founded created zeal.ancient times jericho çatalhöyük dated eighth millennium bc among earliest protocities known archaeologists.in fourth third millennium bc complex civilizations flourished river valleys mesopotamia india china egypt.excavations areas found ruins cities geared variously towards trade politics religion.large dense populations others carried urban activities realms politics religion without large associated populations. |
City | among early old world cities mohenjodaro indus valley civilization presentday pakistan existing bc one largest population sophisticated sanitation system.chinas planned cities constructed according sacred principles act celestial microcosms.ancient egyptian cities known physically archaeologists extensive.include known arab names el lahun workers town associated pyramid senusret ii religious city amarna built akhenaten abandoned.sites appear planned highly regimented stratified fashion minimalistic grid rooms workers increasingly elaborate housing available higher classes.in mesopotamia civilization sumer followed assyria babylon gave rise numerous cities governed kings fostering multiple languages written cuneiform. |
City | phoenician trading empire flourishing around turn first millennium bc encompassed numerous cities extending tyre cydon byblos carthage cádiz.in following centuries independent citystates greece especially athens developed polis association male landowning citizens collectively constituted city.agora meaning gathering place assembly center athletic artistic spiritual political life polis.rome first city surpassed one million inhabitants.authority empire rome transformed founded many cities coloniae brought principles urban architecture design society.in ancient americas early urban traditions developed andes mesoamerica.andes first urban centers developed norte chico civilization chavin moche cultures followed major cities huari chimu inca cultures. |
City | norte chico civilization included many major population centers norte chico region northcentral coastal peru.oldest known civilization americas flourishing th century bc th century bc.mesoamerica saw rise early urbanism several cultural regions beginning olmec spreading preclassic maya zapotec oaxaca teotihuacan central mexico.later cultures aztec andean civilization mayan mississippians pueblo peoples drew earlier urban traditions.many ancient cities continue inhabited including major metropolitan cities mexico city location tenochtitlan ancient continuously inhabited pueblos near modern urban areas new mexico acoma pueblo near albuquerque metropolitan area taos pueblo near taos others like lima located nearby ancient peruvian sites pachacamac.jennéjeno located presentday mali dating third century bc lacked monumental architecture distinctive elite social class—but nevertheless specialized production relations hinterland. |
City | prearabic trade contacts probably existed jennéjeno north africa.early urban centers subsaharan africa dated around ad include awdaghust kumbisaleh ancient capital ghana maranda center located trade route egypt gao.middle ages remnants roman empire cities late antiquity gained independence soon lost population importance.locus power west shifted constantinople ascendant islamic civilization major cities baghdad cairo córdoba.th end th century constantinople capital eastern roman empire largest wealthiest city europe population approaching million. |
City | ottoman empire gradually gained control many cities mediterranean area including constantinople .in holy roman empire beginning th.century free imperial cities nuremberg strasbourg frankfurt basel zurich nijmegen became privileged elite among towns selfgovernance local lay secular lord granted selfgovernanace emperor placed immediate protection.cities far still part empire became part imperial estates governing empire emperor imperial diet.by thirteenth fourteenth centuries cities become powerful states taking surrounding areas control establishing extensive maritime empires.italy medieval communes developed citystates including republic venice republic genoa.northern europe cities including lübeck bruges formed hanseatic league collective defense commerce. |
City | power later challenged eclipsed dutch commercial cities ghent ypres amsterdam.similar phenomena existed elsewhere case sakai enjoyed considerable autonomy late medieval japan.in first millennium ad khmer capital angkor cambodia grew extensive preindustrial settlement world area covering sq km possibly supporting one million people.early modern west nationstates became dominant unit political organization following peace westphalia seventeenth century.western europes larger capitals london paris benefited growth commerce following emergence atlantic trade.however towns remained small.during spanish colonization americas old roman city concept extensively used. |
City | cities founded middle newly conquered territories bound several laws regarding administration finances urbanism.industrial age growth modern industry late th century onward led massive urbanization rise new great cities first europe regions new opportunities brought huge numbers migrants rural communities urban areas.england led way london became capital world empire cities across country grew locations strategic manufacturing.united states introduction railroads reduced transportation costs large manufacturing centers began emerge fueling migration rural city areas.industrialized cities became deadly places live due health problems resulting overcrowding occupational hazards industry contaminated water air poor sanitation communicable diseases typhoid cholera.factories slums emerged regular features urban landscape. |
City | postindustrial age second half twentieth century deindustrialization economic restructuring west led poverty homelessness urban decay formerly prosperous cities.americas steel belt became rust belt cities detroit michigan gary indiana began shrink contrary global trend massive urban expansion.cities shifted varying success service economy publicprivate partnerships concomitant gentrification uneven revitalization efforts selective cultural development.great leap forward subsequent fiveyear plans continuing today peoples republic china undergone concomitant urbanization industrialization become worlds leading manufacturer.amidst economic changes high technology instantaneous telecommunication enable select cities become centers knowledge economy.new smart city paradigm supported institutions rand corporation ibm bringing computerized surveillance data analysis governance bear cities citydwellers. |
City | companies building brand new masterplanned cities scratch greenfield sites.urbanization urbanization process migration rural urban areas driven various political economic cultural factors.th century equilibrium existed rural agricultural population towns featuring markets smallscale manufacturing.agricultural industrial revolutions urban population began unprecedented growth migration demographic expansion.england proportion population living cities jumped . |
City | world population lived cities.cultural appeal cities also plays role attracting residents.urbanization rapidly spread across europe americas since taken hold asia africa well.population division united nations department economic social affairs reported first time half world population lives cities.latin america urban continent four fifths population living cities including one fifth population said live shantytowns favelas poblaciones callampas etc.. batam indonesia mogadishu somalia xiamen china niamey niger considered among worlds fastestgrowing cities annual growth rates –.general developed countries global north remain urbanized less developed countries global south—but difference continues shrink urbanization happening faster latter group. |
City | asia home far greatest absolute number citydwellers two billion counting.un predicts additional .billion citydwellers million fewer countrydwellers worldwide urban population expansion occurring asia africa.megacities cities population multimillions proliferated dozens arising especially asia africa latin america.economic globalization fuels growth cities new torrents foreign capital arrange rapid industrialization well relocation major businesses europe north america attracting immigrants near far.deep gulf divides rich poor cities usually contain superwealthy elite living gated communities large masses people living substandard housing inadequate infrastructure otherwise poor conditions.cities around world expanded physically grow population increases surface extent creation highrise buildings residential commercial use development underground.urbanization create rapid demand water resources management formerly good sources freshwater become overused polluted volume sewage begins exceed manageable levels. |
City | government local government cities takes different forms including prominently municipality especially england united states india british colonies legally municipal corporation municipio spain portugal along municipalidad former parts spanish portuguese empires commune france chile comune italy.the chief official city title mayor.whatever true degree political authority mayor typically acts figurehead personification city.city governments authority make laws governing activity within cities jurisdiction generally considered subordinate ascending order stateprovincial national perhaps international law.hierarchy law enforced rigidly practice—for example conflicts municipal regulations national principles constitutional rights property rights.legal conflicts issues arise frequently cities elsewhere due bare fact greater density.modern city governments thoroughly regulate everyday life many dimensions including public personal health transport burial resource use extraction recreation nature use buildings. |
City | technologies techniques laws governing areas—developed cities—have become ubiquitous many areas.municipal officials may appointed higher level government elected locally.municipal services cities typically provide municipal services education school systems policing police departments firefighting fire departments well citys basic infrastructure.provided less routinely less equal fashion.responsibility administration usually falls city government though services may operated higher level government others may privately run.armies may assume responsibility policing cities states domestic turmoil americas king assassination riots . |
City | finance traditional basis municipal finance local property tax levied real estate within city.local government also collect revenue services leasing land owns.however financing municipal services well urban renewal development projects perennial problem cities address appeals higher governments arrangements private sector techniques privatization selling services private sector corporatization formation quasiprivate municipallyowned corporations financialization packaging city assets tradable financial public contracts related rights.situation become acute deindustrialized cities cases businesses wealthier citizens moved outside city limits therefore beyond reach taxation.cities search ready cash increasingly resort municipal bond essentially loan interest repayment date. |
City | city governments also begun use tax increment financing development project financed loans based future tax revenues expected yield.circumstances creditors consequently city governments place high importance city credit ratings.governance governance includes government refers wider domain social control functions implemented many actors including nongovernmental organizations.impact globalization role multinational corporations local governments worldwide led shift perspective urban governance away urban regime theory coalition local interests functionally govern toward theory outside economic control widely associated academics philosophy neoliberalism.neoliberal model governance public utilities privatized industry deregulated corporations gain status governing actors—as indicated power wield publicprivate partnerships business improvement districts expectation selfregulation corporate social responsibility. |
City | biggest investors real estate developers act citys de facto urban planners.the related concept good governance places emphasis state purpose assessing urban governments suitability development assistance.concepts governance good governance especially invoked emergent megacities international organizations consider existing governments inadequate large populations.urban planning urban planning application forethought city design involves optimizing land use transportation utilities basic systems order achieve certain objectives.urban planners scholars proposed overlapping theories ideals plans formed.planning tools beyond original design city include public capital investment infrastructure landuse controls zoning. |
City | continuous process comprehensive planning involves identifying general objectives well collecting data evaluate progress inform future decisions.government legally final authority planning practice process involves public private elements.legal principle eminent domain used government divest citizens property cases use required project.planning often involves tradeoffs—decisions stand gain lose—and thus closely connected prevailing political situation.the history urban planning dates earliest known cities especially indus valley mesoamerican civilizations built cities grids apparently zoned different areas different purposes.effects planning ubiquitous todays world seen clearly layout planned communities fully designed prior construction often consideration interlocking physical economic cultural systems.society social structure urban society typically stratified. |
City | spatially cities formally informally segregated along ethnic economic racial lines.people living relatively close together may live work play separate areas associate different people forming ethnic lifestyle enclaves areas concentrated poverty ghettoes.us elsewhere poverty became associated inner city france become associated banlieues areas urban development surround city proper.meanwhile across europe north america racially white majority empirically segregated group.suburbs west increasingly gated communities forms privatopia around world allow local elites selfsegregate secure exclusive neighborhoods.landless urban workers contrasted peasants known proletariat form growing stratum society age urbanization. |
City | marxist doctrine proletariat inevitably revolt bourgeoisie ranks swell disenfranchised disaffected people lacking stake status quo.global urban proletariat today however generally lacks status factory workers nineteenth century provided access means production.economics historically cities rely rural areas intensive farming yield surplus crops exchange provide money political administration manufactured goods culture.urban economics tends analyze larger agglomerations stretching beyond city limits order reach complete understanding local labor market.as hubs trade cities long home retail commerce consumption interface shopping.th century department stores using new techniques advertising public relations decoration design transformed urban shopping areas fantasy worlds encouraging selfexpression escape consumerism.in general density cities expedites commerce facilitates knowledge spillovers helping people firms exchange information generate new ideas. |
City | thicker labor market allows better skill matching firms individuals.population density enables also sharing common infrastructure production facilities however dense cities increased crowding waiting times may lead negative effects.although manufacturing fueled growth cities many rely tertiary service economy.services question range tourism hospitality entertainment housekeeping prostitution greycollar work law finance administration.culture communications cities typically hubs education arts supporting universities museums temples cultural institutions.feature impressive displays architecture ranging small enormous ornate brutal skyscrapers providing thousands offices homes within small footprint visible miles away become iconic urban features. |
City | cultural elites tend live cities bound together shared cultural capital playing role governance.virtue status centers culture literacy cities described locus civilization world history social change.density makes effective mass communication transmission news heralds printed proclamations newspapers digital media.communication networks though still using cities hubs penetrate extensively populated areas.age rapid communication transportation commentators described urban culture nearly ubiquitous longer meaningful.today citys promotion cultural activities dovetails place branding city marketing public diplomacy techniques used inform development strategy attract businesses investors residents tourists create shared identity sense place within metropolitan area.physical inscriptions plaques monuments display physically transmit historical context urban places. |
City | cities jerusalem mecca rome indelible religious status hundreds years attracted pilgrims.patriotic tourists visit agra see taj mahal new york city visit world trade center.elvis lovers visit memphis pay respects graceland.place brands include place satisfaction place loyalty great economic value comparable value commodity brands influence decisionmaking process people thinking business in—purchasing brand of—a city.bread circuses among forms cultural appeal attract entertain masses.sports also play major role city branding local identity formation. |
City | cities go considerable lengths competing host olympic games bring global attention tourism.warfare cities play crucial strategic role warfare due economic demographic symbolic political centrality.reasons targets asymmetric warfare.many cities throughout history founded military auspices great many incorporated fortifications military principles continue influence urban design.indeed war may served social rationale economic basis earliest cities.powers engaged geopolitical conflict established fortified settlements part military strategies case garrison towns americas strategic hamlet program vietnam war israeli settlements palestine. |
City | occupying philippines us army ordered local people concentrated cities towns order isolate committed insurgents battle freely countryside.during world war ii national governments occasion declared certain cities open effectively surrendering advancing enemy order avoid damage bloodshed.urban warfare proved decisive however battle stalingrad soviet forces repulsed german occupiers extreme casualties destruction.era lowintensity conflict rapid urbanization cities become sites longterm conflict waged foreign occupiers local governments insurgency.warfare known counterinsurgency involves techniques surveillance psychological warfare well close combat functionally extends modern urban crime prevention already uses concepts defensible space.although capture common objective warfare cases spelt complete destruction city.mesopotamian tablets ruins attest destruction latin motto carthago delenda est. |
City | since atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki throughout cold war nuclear strategists continued contemplate use countervalue targeting crippling enemy annihilating valuable cities rather aiming primarily military forces.climate change infrastructure urban infrastructure involves various physical networks spaces necessary transportation water use energy recreation public functions.infrastructure carries high initial cost fixed capital pipes wires plants vehicles etc.lower marginal costs thus positive economies scale.higher barriers entry networks classified natural monopolies meaning economic logic favors control network single organization public private.infrastructure general every infrastructure project plays vital role citys capacity economic activity expansion underpinning survival citys inhabitants well technological commercial industrial social activities. |
City | structurally many infrastructure systems take form networks redundant links multiple pathways system whole continue operate even parts fail.particulars citys infrastructure systems historical path dependence new development must build exists already.megaprojects construction airports power plants railways require large upfront investments thus tend require funding national government private sector.privatization may also extend levels infrastructure construction maintenance.urban infrastructure ideally serves residents equally practice may prove uneven—with cities clear firstclass secondclass alternatives.utilities public utilities literally useful things general availability include basic essential infrastructure networks chiefly concerned supply water electricity telecommunications capability populace.sanitation necessary good health crowded conditions requires water supply waste management well individual hygiene.urban water systems include principally water supply network network sewerage system sewage stormwater. |
City | historically either local governments private companies administered urban water supply tendency toward government water supply th century tendency toward private operation turn twentyfirst.market private water services dominated two french companies veolia water formerly vivendi engie formerly suez said hold water contracts worldwide.modern urban life relies heavily energy transmitted electricity operation electric machines household appliances industrial machines nowubiquitous electronic systems used communications business government traffic lights streetlights indoor lighting.cities rely lesser extent hydrocarbon fuels gasoline natural gas transportation heating cooking.telecommunications infrastructure telephone lines coaxial cables also traverse cities forming dense networks mass pointtopoint communications.transportation cities rely specialization economic system based wage labour inhabitants must ability regularly travel home work commerce entertainment. |
City | citydwellers travel foot wheel roads walkways use special rapid transit systems based underground overground elevated rail.cities also rely longdistance transportation truck rail airplane economic connections cities rural areas.historically city streets domain horses riders pedestrians sometimes sidewalks special walking areas reserved them.west bicycles velocipedes efficient humanpowered machines short mediumdistance travel enjoyed period popularity beginning twentieth century rise automobiles.soon gained lasting foothold asian african cities european influence.western cities industrializing expanding electrifying time public transit systems especially streetcars enabled urban expansion new residential neighborhoods sprung along transit lines workers rode work downtown.since midtwentieth century cities relied heavily motor vehicle transportation major implications layout environment aesthetics. |
City | transformation occurred dramatically us—where corporate governmental policies favored automobile transport systems—and lesser extent europe.rise personal cars accompanied expansion urban economic areas much larger metropolises subsequently creating ubiquitous traffic issues accompanying construction new highways wider streets alternative walkways pedestrians.however severe traffic jams still occur regularly cities around world private car ownership urbanization continue increase overwhelming existing urban street networks.the urban bus system worlds common form public transport uses network scheduled routes move people city alongside cars roads.economic function also became decentralized concentration became impractical employers relocated carfriendly locations including edge cities.cities introduced bus rapid transit systems include exclusive bus lanes methods prioritizing bus traffic private cars. |
City | many big american cities still operate conventional public transit rail exemplified everpopular new york city subway system.rapid transit widely used europe increased latin america asia.walking cycling nonmotorized transport enjoy increasing favor pedestrian zones bike lanes american asian urban transportation planning influence trends healthy cities movement drive sustainable development idea carfree city.techniques road space rationing road use charges introduced limit urban car traffic.housing housing residents presents one major challenges every city must face.adequate housing entails physical shelters also physical systems necessary sustain life economic activity. |
City | home ownership represents status modicum economic security compared renting may consume much income lowwage urban workers.homelessness lack housing challenge currently faced millions people countries rich poor.ecology urban ecosystems influenced density human buildings activities differ considerably rural surroundings.anthropogenic buildings waste well cultivation gardens create physical chemical environments equivalents wilderness cases enabling exceptional biodiversity.provide homes immigrant humans also immigrant plants bringing interactions species never previously encountered other. |
City | introduce frequent disturbances construction walking plant animal habitats creating opportunities recolonization thus favoring young ecosystems rselected species dominant.whole urban ecosystems less complex productive others due diminished absolute amount biological interactions.typical urban fauna include insects especially ants rodents mice rats birds well cats dogs domesticated feral.large predators scarce.cities generate considerable ecological footprints locally longer distances due concentrated populations technological activities.one perspective cities ecologically sustainable due resource needs.another proper management may able ameliorate citys ill effects. |
City | air pollution arises various forms combustion including fireplaces wood coalburning stoves heating systems internal combustion engines.industrialized cities today thirdworld megacities notorious veils smog industrial haze envelop posing chronic threat health millions inhabitants.urban soil contains higher concentrations heavy metals especially lead copper nickel lower ph soil comparable wilderness.modern cities known creating microclimates due concrete asphalt artificial surfaces heat sunlight channel rainwater underground ducts.temperature new york city exceeds nearby rural temperatures average – °c times – °c differences recorded.effect varies nonlinearly population changes independently citys physical size. |
City | aerial particulates increase rainfall –.thus urban areas experience unique climates earlier flowering later leaf dropping nearby country.poor workingclass people face disproportionate exposure environmental risks known environmental racism intersecting also racial segregation.example within urban microclimate lessvegetated poor neighborhoods bear heat fewer means coping it.one main methods improving urban ecology including cities natural areas parks gardens lawns trees.areas improve health wellbeing human animal plant population cities.generally called urban open space although word always mean green space green space urban greening. |
City | wellmaintained urban trees provide many social ecological physical benefits residents city.a study published natures scientific reports journal found people spent least two hours per week nature percent likely satisfied life percent likely good health zero exposure.study used data almost people uk.benefits increased minutes exposure.benefits applied men women ages well across different ethnicities socioeconomic status even longterm illnesses disabilities.people get least two hours — even surpassed hour per week — get benefits.the study latest addition compelling body evidence health benefits nature.many doctors already give nature prescriptions patients.the study didnt count time spent persons yard garden time nature majority nature visits study took place within two miles home. |
City | even visiting local urban green spaces seems good thing dr. white said press release.two hours week hopefully realistic target many people especially given spread entire week get benefit.world city system world becomes closely linked economics politics technology culture process called globalization cities come play leading role transnational affairs exceeding limitations international relations conducted national governments.phenomenon resurgent today traced back silk road phoenicia greek citystates hanseatic league alliances cities.today information economy based highspeed internet infrastructure enables instantaneous telecommunication around world effectively eliminating distance cities purposes international markets highlevel elements world economy well personal communications mass media. |
City | global city global city also known world city prominent centre trade banking finance innovation markets.saskia sassen used term global city work global city new york london tokyo refer citys power status cosmopolitanism rather size.following view cities possible rank worlds cities hierarchically.global cities form capstone global hierarchy exerting command control economic political influence.global cities may reached status due early transition postindustrialism inertia enabled maintain dominance industrial era. |
City | type ranking exemplifies emerging discourse cities considered variations ideal type must compete globally achieve prosperity.critics notion point different realms power interchange.term global city heavily influenced economic factors thus may account places otherwise significant.paul james example argues term reductive skewed focus financial systems.multinational corporations banks make headquarters global cities conduct much business within context.american firms dominate international markets law engineering maintain branches biggest foreign global cities.global cities feature concentrations extremely wealthy extremely poor people.economies lubricated capacity limited national governments immigration policy functionally defines supply side labor market recruit low highskilled immigrant workers poorer areas. |
City | cities today draw globally available labor force.transnational activity cities increasingly participate world political activities independently enclosing nationstates.early examples phenomenon sister city relationship promotion multilevel governance within european union technique european integration.cities including hamburg prague amsterdam hague city london maintain embassies european union brussels.new urban dwellers may increasingly simply immigrants transmigrants keeping one foot telecommunications travel old new homes.global governance cities participate global governance various means including membership global networks transmit norms regulations. |
City | general global level united cities local governments uclg significant umbrella organization cities regionally nationally eurocities asian network major cities federation canadian municipalities national league cities united states conference mayors play similar roles.uclg took responsibility creating agenda culture program cultural policies promoting sustainable development organized various conferences reports furtherance.networks become especially prevalent arena environmentalism specifically climate change following adoption agenda .environmental city networks include c cities climate leadership group world association major metropolises metropolis united nations global compact cities programme carbon neutral cities alliance cnca covenant mayors compact mayors iclei – local governments sustainability transition towns network.cities world political status meeting places advocacy groups nongovernmental organizations lobbyists educational institutions intelligence agencies military contractors information technology firms groups stake world policymaking.consequently also sites symbolic protest.united nations system united nations system involved series events declarations dealing development cities period rapid urbanization.the habitat conference adopted vancouver declaration human settlements identifies urban management fundamental aspect development establishes various principles maintaining urban habitats.citing vancouver declaration un general assembly december authorized united nations commission human settlements habitat centre human settlements intended coordinate un activities related housing settlements.the earth summit rio de janeiro resulted set international agreements including agenda establishes principles plans sustainable development. |
City | habitat ii conference called cities play leading role program subsequently advanced millennium development goals sustainable development goals.in january un commission human settlements became umbrella agency called united nations human settlements programme unhabitat member united nations development group.the habitat iii conference focused implementing goals banner new urban agenda.four mechanisms envisioned effecting new urban agenda national policies promoting integrated sustainable development stronger urban governance longterm integrated urban territorial planning effective financing frameworks.conference european union concurrently approved urban agenda european union known pact amsterdam.unhabitat coordinates un urban agenda working un environmental programme un development programme office high commissioner human rights world health organization world bank.the world bank united nations specialized agency primary force promoting habitat conferences since first habitat conference used declarations framework issuing loans urban infrastructure.banks structural adjustment programs contributed urbanization third world creating incentives move cities.world bank unhabitat jointly established cities alliance based world bank headquarters washington d.c. guide policymaking knowledge sharing grant distribution around issue urban poverty. |
City | unhabitat plays advisory role evaluating quality localitys governance.banks policies tended focus bolstering real estate markets credit technical assistance.the united nations educational scientific cultural organization unesco increasingly focused cities key sites influencing cultural governance.developed various city networks including international coalition cities racism creative cities network.unescos capacity select world heritage sites gives organization significant influence cultural capital tourism historic preservation funding.representation culture cities figure prominently traditional western culture appearing bible evil holy forms symbolized babylon jerusalem. |
City | cain nimrod first city builders book genesis.sumerian mythology gilgamesh built walls uruk.cities perceived terms extremes opposites liberating oppressive wealthy poor organized chaotic.name antiurbanism refers various types ideological opposition cities whether culture political relationship country.opposition may result identification cities oppression ruling elite.political ideologies strongly influence narratives themes discourse cities. |
City | turn cities symbolize home societies.writers painters filmmakers produced innumerable works art concerning urban experience.classical medieval literature includes genre descriptiones treat city features history.modern authors charles dickens james joyce famous evocative descriptions home cities.fritz lang conceived idea influential film metropolis visiting times square marveling nighttime neon lighting.early cinematic representations cities twentieth century generally depicted technologically efficient spaces smoothly functioning systems automobile transport. |
City | however traffic congestion began appear films fast lady playtime .literature film forms popular culture supplied visions future cities utopian dystopian.prospect expanding communicating increasingly interdependent world cities given rise images nylonkong new york london hong kong visions single worldencompassing ecumenopolis.see also lists citieslist adjectivals demonyms citieslost citymetropoliscompact citymegacitysettlement hierarchyurbanization cities portal notes references bibliographyabrahamson mark .global cities.oxford university press. |
City | isbn ashworth g.j.war city.london new york routledge .isbn .bairoch paul .cities economic development dawn history present. |
City | chicago university chicago press.isbn .bridge gary sophie watson eds..companion city.malden blackwell . |
City | isbn brighenti andrea mubi ed..urban interstices aesthetics politics inbetween.farnham ashgate publishing.isbn .carter harold . |
City | study urban geography.fourth edition.london arnold.isbn curtis simon .global cities global order. |
City | oxford university press.isbn ellul jacques .meaning city.translated dennis pardee.grand rapids michigan eerdmans . |
City | isbn french original written earlier published later sans feu ni lieu signification biblique de la grande ville paris gallimard .republished isbn gupta joyetta karin pfeffer hebe verrest mirjam rostonen eds..geographies urban governance advanced theories methods practices.springer . |
City | isbn .hahn harlan charles levine .urban politics past present future.new york london longman.hanson royce ed.. perspectives urban infrastructure.committee national urban policy commission behavioral social sciences education national research council.washington national academy press .herrschel tassilo peter newman . |
City | cities international actors urban regional governance beyond nation state.palgrave macmillan springer nature.isbn jacobs jane .economy cities.new york random house inc.grava sigurd . |
City | urban transportation systems choices communities.mcgraw hill ebook.isbn james paul magee liam scerri andy steger manfred b. .urban sustainability theory practice circles sustainability.london routledge.kaplan david h. james o. wheeler steven r. holloway thomas w. hodler cartographer . |
City | urban geography.john wiley sons inc. isbn xkavaratzis mihalis gary warnaby gregory j. ashworth eds..rethinking place branding comprehensive brand development cities regions.springer. |
City | isbn .kraas frauke surinder aggarwal martin coy günter mertins eds..megacities global urban future.united nations international year planet earth book series.springer. |
City | isbn .latham alan derek mccormack kim mcnamara donald mcneil .key concepts urban geography.london sage.isbn .leach william .land desire merchants power rise new american culture. |
City | new york vintage books random house .isbn .levy john m. .contemporary urban planning.th edition.new york routledge taylor francis.magnusson warren. |
City | politics urbanism seeing like city.london new york routledge .isbn .marshall john u. .structure urban systems.university toronto press. |
City | isbn .marzluff john m. eric schulenberger wilfried endlicher marina alberti gordon bradley clre ryan craig zumbrunne ute simon .urban ecology international perspective interaction humans nature.new york springer sciencebusiness media.isbn .mcquillan eugene .law municipal corporations third edition. |
City | revised volume charles r.p.keating esq.wilmette illinois callaghan company.moholynagy sibyl .matrix man illustrated history urban environment.new york frederick praeger. |
City | isbn mumford lewis .city history origins transformations prospects.new york harcourt brace world.oflaherty brendan .city economics.cambridge massachusetts harvard university press. |
City | isbn .pacione michael .city critical concepts social sciences.new york routledge.isbn .paddison ronan ed.. |
City | handbook urban studies.london thousand oaks california new delhi sage publications.isbn x.room adrian .alphabetical guide language name studies.lanham london scarecrow press. |
City | isbn .rybczynski w. city life urban expectations new world smith michael e. earliest cities.urban life readings urban anthropology edited george gmelch walter zenner pp.–.th ed.waveland press prospect heights il.southall aidan . |
City | city time space.cambridge university press.isbn wellman kath marcus spiller eds..urban infrastructure finance management. |
City | chichester uk wileyblackwell.isbn .further readingberger alan s. city urban communities problems dubuque iowa william c. brown .chandler t. four thousand years urban growth historical census.lewiston ny edwin mellen press .geddes patrick city development glaeser edward triumph city best invention makes us richer smarter greener healthier happier new york penguin press isbn kemp roger l. managing americas cities handbook local government productivity mcfarland company inc. publisher jefferson north carolina london .isbn .kemp roger l. american governments work handbook city county regional state federal operations mcfarland company inc. publisher jefferson north carolina london.isbn .kemp roger l. city gown relations handbook best practices mcfarland company inc. publisher jefferson north carolina us london . |
City | isbn .monti daniel j. jr. american city social cultural history.oxford england malden massachusetts blackwell publishers .pp.isbn .reader john cities.vintage new york.robson w.a. |
City | regan d.e.ed.great cities world ed.vol.smethurst paul . |
City | bicycle – towards global history.palgrave macmillan.isbn .thernstrom s. sennett r. ed.nineteenthcentury cities toynbee arnold j. ed cities destiny new york mcgrawhill .pan historicalgeographical essays many images. |
Rhino (character) | starts athens ends coming world cityecumenopolis.weber max city .tr.external links world urbanization prospects website united nations population divisionurban population total – world bank website based un data.degree urbanization percentage urban population total population continent – statista based population reference bureau data.human geography curlieurban regional planning curliecreated writer stan lee artist john romita sr. first appeared amazing spiderman oct. .character russian thug underwent experimental procedure gave artificial skin covering superhuman strength.rebelling scientists responsible transformation rhino used newfound powers become successful criminal soon clashed superheroes like spiderman hulk.character typically portrayed dimwitted brute capable great destruction ultimately easily deceived.one spidermans prominent adversaries rhino adapted various forms media since original debut silver age comic books including animated television series video games.also featured marvel merchandise action figures trading cards.paul giamatti played version aleksei sytsevich uses rhinocerosthemed battle armor similar characters ultimate marvel incarnation film amazing spiderman . |
Rhino (character) | publication history described writer mike conroy famously one spidermans dimmest villains rhino debuted amazing spiderman – oct.–dec.thug hire working eastern bloc country.volunteers participate experiment bonds superstrong polymer skin well augmenting strength speed.character returned incredible hulk vol.june although apparently died end story revived incredible hulk vol. |
Rhino (character) | feb. becoming perennial opponent spiderman hulk.the character achieved significant exposure appearing solo capacity villain hire titles.significant appearances included starring limited series deadly foes spiderman – may–aug.flowers rhino storyline spidermans tangled web – oct.–nov.told characters perspective punisher war journal vol.– jan.–march rhino begins rethink lifestyle. |
Rhino (character) | also member multiple supervillain teams including emissaries evil sinister syndicate sinister six.fictional character biography origin early villainy aleksei sytsevich member russian mafia willingly underwent series chemical radiation treatments meant give artificial skin covering would grant superhuman strength.successfully completing treatment sytsevich rebelled eastern bloc agents gave powers destroying laboratory.subsequently hired kidnap colonel john jameson obtain extraterrestrial spores jameson exposed space mission sytsevich defeated superhero spiderman taken prison.after serving sentence rhino approached scientists augmentation.time used gamma radiation granted hulk abilities increase rhinos strength. |
Rhino (character) | also equipped durable acidproof suit would increase abilities.rhino agreed find kidnap bruce banner hulks human alter ego knowledge gamma radiation.despite rhinos training equipment easily defeated hulk placed coma.months later rhino revived leader planned interrupt banners wedding betty ross.leader intended transform banner hulk wanted rhino protect ensuing rampage.wedding rhino betrays leader attacks banner moment transforms. |
Rhino (character) | resulting chaos rhino comatose leader briefly takes mental control sytsevichs body combat hulk.leader abandons rhino hulk alien world return home rocket crashes arrival.the rhinos first collaboration villains occurs abomination activated gamma bomb hulkbuster base attempt destroy hulk.although attempt failed egghead recruited rhino supervillain team emissaries evil paired solarr search rare jewel.rhino solarr defeated defenders doctor strange doc samson.samson took rhino project p.e.g.a.s.u.s.part failed prison break involving moonstone blackout electro. |
Rhino (character) | transferred another facility miracle man attempted free rhino wanted stay p.e.g.a.s.u.s.medical treatment.rocket crash permanently affixed rhinos costume body wanted separated.thing successfully stopped miracle man took rhino medical facility within p.e.g.a.s.u.s.when treatments fail return rhino normal escapes p.e.g.a.s.u.s.joins sinister syndicate fighting spiderman multiple occasions. |
Rhino (character) | team falls apart rhino hired kingpin belief raise money surgery.hears kingpin tell group scientists remove rhino suit sytsevich kidnaps one children complete procedure.sytsevich requests removable suit justin hammer allowing continue life crime.civil war aftermath rhino accidentally kills security guard bank robbery humiliated punisher captured alyosha kravinoff son kraven hunter.punisher rescues rhino kravinoffs superhuman zoo convinced make amends. |
Rhino (character) | rhino sends letter money security guards widow aids punisher case.later rhino persuades punisher kill michael watts third stiltman.during gauntlet storyline rhino gives life crime surrendering police.s.h.i.e.l.d.removes rhino suit sentences years rykers island.released early good behavior upon release meets doctor tramma wants reinvent rhino. |
Rhino (character) | sytsevich declines tramma creates new rhino.spidermans persuasion sytsevich refuses fight new rhino.promise broken sytsevichs wife oksana killed griefstricken sytsevich kills new rhino.doctor octopus recruits rhino iteration sinister six.ends earth storyline rhino tells spiderman loss wife changed prepared die.doctor octopus selfdestructs lair rhino pins silver sable floor flooding corridor knowing spiderman blame fellow heros death. |
Rhino (character) | presumed drowned doctor octopus dying body spiderman meets oksana rhino afterlife.allnew alldifferent marvel part leadup dead clone conspiracy storyline rhino resurfaces survived apparent demise.jackal finds sytsevich hiding tahuexco guatemala persuades rhino bidding promise revived oksana.doctor octopus activates virus jackals clones causes rapidly decay oksana turns dust rhino goes griefstricken rampage.spiderman calms convincing move forward wifes sake two agree see help pain.in prelude hunted storyline rhino among animalthemed characters captured taskmaster black ant behalf kraven hunter. |
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