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Economy of the Soviet Union | starting enterprises organizations made rely economic methods profitable production rather follow orders state administration.soviet economy reached zenith estimated percent size united states terms estimated commodities like steel coal.official gdp soviet union billion gdp united states billion per capita income figures respectively.– value consumer goods manufactured retail prices billion rubles billion.era stagnation mids triggered nixon shock aggravated war afghanistan led period economic standstill . |
Economy of the Soviet Union | soviet military buildup expense domestic development kept soviet unions gdp level first half s. soviet planned economy structured respond adequately demands complex modern economy helped forge.massive quantities goods produced often meet needs tastes consumers.the volume decisions facing planners moscow became overwhelming.cumbersome procedures bureaucratic administration foreclosed free communication flexible response required enterprise level dealing worker alienation innovation customers suppliers.– corruption data fiddling became common practice among bureaucracy report satisfied targets quotas thus entrenching crisis.time effects central planning progressively distorted due rapid growth second economy soviet union.while modernized economies rapidly moving computerization soviet union fell behind. |
Economy of the Soviet Union | moscows decision copy ibm proved decisive mistake locked scientists antiquated system unable improve.enormous difficulties manufacturing necessary chips reliably quantity programming workable efficient programs coordinating entirely separate operations providing support computer users.one greatest strengths soviet economy vast supplies oil gas world oil prices quadrupled – rose – making energy sector chief driver soviet economy used cover multiple weaknesses.one point soviet premier alexei kosygin told head oil gas production things bad bread.give million tons oil plan.in economist former prime minister yegor gaidar wrote following looking back three decades hard currency oil exports stopped growing food supply crisis increased import equipment consumer goods ensured financial base arms race achievement nuclear parity united states permitted realization risky foreignpolicy actions war afghanistan.awareness growing crisis arose initially within kgb extensive network informants every region institution finger pulse nation.yuri andropov director kgb created secret department within kgb devoted economic analysis succeeded brezhnev sounded alarm forcefully soviet leadership. |
Economy of the Soviet Union | however andropovs remedy increased discipline proved ineffective.andropovs protege gorbachev assumed power determined ultimately unsuccessful assault economic crisis undertaken.the value consumer goods manufactured retail prices billion rubles .trillion.according cia estimates size soviet economy roughly half united states.comparisons countries see also references works cited cite lecturelastskinnerfirstbarbrayear reading external links andre gunder frank. |
Alberto Fernández | went wrong socialist east.entered public service adviser deliberative council buenos aires argentine chamber deputies.appointed chief cabinet ministers serving entirety presidency néstor kirchner early months presidency cristina fernández de kirchner.a member centerleft peronist justicialist party fernández partys candidate presidential election defeated incumbent president mauricio macri votes.presidency dominated covid pandemic argentina imposed strict lockdown measures suppress spread disease.in foreign policy early months presidency argentinas relations brazil suffered due conflict brazilian president jair bolsonaro.following bolivian general election fernández questioned conclusion organization american states reelection evo morales illegitimate due electoral fraud.early life career fernández born buenos aires son celia pérez first husband. |
Alberto Fernández | separated latter celia sister personal photographer juan domingo perón married judge carlos pelagio galíndez son senator radical civic union.alberto fernández barely knew biological father considers pelagio father.alberto fernández attended law school university buenos aires.graduated age later became professor criminal law.entered public service adviser deliberative council buenos aires argentine chamber deputies.became deputy director legal affairs economy ministry capacity served chief argentine negotiator gatt uruguay round. |
Alberto Fernández | nominated newly elected president carlos menem serve superintendent insurance fernández served president latin american insurance managers association cofounded insurance managers international association.also served adviser mercosur aladi insurance law involved insurance health services companies private sector.fernández named one ten outstanding young people argentina awarded millennium award one nations businessmen century among recognitions.time became politically close former buenos aires province governor eduardo duhalde.he elected june buenos aires city legislature conservative action republic ticket led former economy minister domingo cavallo.chief cabinet – gave seat appointed chief cabinet ministers president néstor kirchner upon taking office may retained post kirchners wife successor president cristina fernández de kirchner upon election .a new system variable taxes agricultural exports led argentine government conflict agricultural sector fernández acted governments chief negotiator. |
Alberto Fernández | negotiations failed however following vice president julio cobos surprise tiebreaking vote bill senate fernández resigned july .prepresidency named head city buenos aires chapter justicialist party minimized involvement front victory campaigns congress .fernández actively considered seeking justicialist party presidential nomination ahead general elections.ultimately endorsed president cristina kirchner reelection however.he campaign manager presidential candidacy sergio massa .presidential elections presidential campaign may cristina fernández de kirchner announced fernández would candidate president would run vice president alongside hosting first campaign rally santa cruz governor alicia kirchner sisterinlaw former kirchner.about month later seeking broaden appeal moderates fernández struck deal sergio massa form alliance called frente de todos wherein massa would offered role within potential fernández administration given key role within chamber deputies exchange dropping presidential race offering support. |
Alberto Fernández | fernández also earned endorsement general confederation labor receiving support exchange promising boost economy labor reform.general elections august fernández first place primary elections earning .vote compared incumbent president mauricio macris .. fernández thereafter held press conference said called macri say would help macri complete term bring calm society markets economic proposals run risk defaulting national debt.in october general election fernández presidency attaining .vote macris .exceeding threshold required win without need ballotage. |
Alberto Fernández | argentina presidential candidate win outright either garnering least percent vote winning percent vote points ahead nearest challenger.owed victory mainly carrying buenos aires province .million votes accounting almost nationwide margin .million votes.comparison daniel scioli carried countrys largest province votes four years earlier. |
Alberto Fernández | presidency inauguration fernández sworn december .economic policy december government established decree emergency occupational matters double compensation dismissal without cause six months.his first legislative initiative social solidarity productive recovery bill passed congress december.bill includes tax hikes foreign currency purchases agricultural exports wealth car sales well tax incentives production.amid worst recession nearly two decades provides day freeze utility rates bonuses nations retirees universal allocation per child beneficiaries food cards two million argentinas poorest families.also gave president additional powers renegotiate debt terms – argentina seeking restructure us billion debt private bondholders us billion borrowed macri international monetary fund. |
Alberto Fernández | capital controls stayed effect prospect removed mcsi degraded country emerging market standalone market.organizations agricultural sector including sociedad rural argentina coninagro argentine agrarian federation argentine rural confederations rejected increase taxes agricultural exports.despite conflicts fernández announced threepoint increase withholding tax soybeans day opening regular sessions march generated major problems relationship government agricultural sector.argentina defaulted may failing pay million due date creditors.negotiations restructuring billion debt continue.the international monetary fund reported covid crisis would plunge argentinas gdp .percent countrys economy contracted .percent first quarter unemployment rising . |
Alberto Fernández | percent first three months year lockdown started.on august fernández reached accord biggest creditors terms restructuring bn foreign bonds breakthrough talks times looked close collapse since countrys ninth debt default may.on september part economic impact covid pandemic official reports showed yearonyear drop gdp second quarter biggest drop countrys history.investment went previous year.poverty rate rose second half highest since .child poverty reaches .minors years. |
Alberto Fernández | social policy december fernández announced would send bill discuss legalization abortion ratified support approval expressed wish sensible debate.however june stated attending urgent matters referring covid pandemic well debt restructuring hell send bill point.november fernándezs legal secretary vilma ibarra confirmed government would sending new bill legalization abortion national congress month.executive sent bill alongside another bill oriented towards womens health care days plan november .bill passed senate legalizing abortion argentina december .on march also announced restructuring federal intelligence agency afi including publications accounts made secret macri decree. |
Alberto Fernández | afi criticized targeting public figures political purposes.on august protests took place many cities across argentina measures taken fernández primarily justice reform bill government sent congress also among causes defense institutions separation powers governments quarantine measures perceived lack liberty increase crime raise state pensions.on september fernández signed necessity urgency decree decreto establishing employment quota trans travesti people national public sector.measure previously debated chamber deputies various prospective bills.decree mandates given point least public sector workers national government must transgender understood gender identity law.on july fernández signed another necessity urgency decree decreto mandating national registry persons renaper allow third gender option national identity cards passports marked x. measure applies noncitizen permanent residents possess argentine identity cards well.compliance gender identity law made argentina one countries world legally recognize nonbinary gender official documentation.on november fernández signed decree legalizing selfcultivation regulating sales subsidized access medical cannabis expanding upon bill legalized use research plant derivatives.june presidential campaign signaled intention legalize marijuana recreational purposes types drugs. |
Alberto Fernández | foreign relations administration argentinas relationship brazil become somewhat strained.brazilian president jair bolsonaro refused attend fernándezs inauguration accusing wanting create great bolivarian homeland border preparing provoke flight capital companies brazil.fernández bolsonaro first conversation video conference november presidents agreed importance cooperation role mercosur.donald trumps top adviser western hemisphere mauricio clavercarone crossed fernández saying want know alberto fernández defender democracy apologist dictatorships leaders region whether maduro correa morales.under fernández argentina retired lima group formed north south american nations address crisis venezuela subscribing groups statements resolutions.argentina voted favor united nations resolution back continuity un human rights office report human rights violations venezuela.fernández argentina withdrew recognition juan guaidó interim president venezuela. |
Alberto Fernández | january fernández administration revoked elisa trotta gamus credentials guaidós envoy argentina whose representation approved macri administration.however fernández also refused recognize maduros envoy stella lugos credentials foreign minister felipe solá asked return caracas.alberto fernández questioned conclusions organization american states reelection evo morales unconstitutional electoral fraud.fernándezs government recognized morales legitimate president bolivia granted asylum argentina december .november luis arces victory fernández personally accompanied morales argentine border bolivia wherein two leaders held public act celebrating moraless return home country.in january fernández traveled israel first presidential trip abroad.paid respects victims holocaust maintained bilateral meeting prime minister benjamin netanyahu thanked keeping hezbollah branded terrorist organization measure taken former president mauricio macri.regarding argentinas strained relations iran fernández publicly defended memorandum understanding argentina iran although critical prior taking office. |
Alberto Fernández | september fernández asked iran un general assembly cooperate argentine justice bring justice cause extradite iranian officials stand accused attack.stated officials found innocent could freely return iran otherwise face consequences actions.in january fernández elected president pro tempore community latin american caribbean states celac succeeding mexicos andrés manuel lópez obrador.position covid pandemic measures covid pandemic fernandezs government announced countrywide lockdown effect march march later extended april.lockdown renewed april may may june july july august august august september included several measures including travel transport citizen movement restrictions stayathome orders store closures reduced operating hours.responses outbreak included restrictions commerce movement closure borders closure schools educational institutions.announcement lockdown generally well received although concerns economic impact already delicate state argentinas economy analysts predicting least gdp decrease . |
Alberto Fernández | fernandez later announced billion pesos us.billion stimulus package worth countrys gdp.announced mandatory quarantine every person returned argentina highly affected countries government closed borders ports suspended flights.on march fernández asked chinese president xi jinping ventilators argentina available.included package announcement onetime emergency payment pesos us march lowerincome individuals whose income affected lockdown including retirees.banks excluded list businesses considered essential fernandezs lockdown decree remained closed central bank announced banks would open weekend starting april.due argentinas notoriously low level banking penetration many argentines particularly retirees possess bank accounts used withdraw funds pensions cash.decision open banks three days reducedhours basis sparked widespread outrage hundreds thousands retirees coronavirus highest risk group flocked bank branches order withdraw monthly pension emergency payment.due national lockdown economical activity suffered collapse nearly march according consultant firm. |
Alberto Fernández | highest drop construction sector versus march .every economical sector suffered collapse finance commerce manufacturing industry mining affected.agriculture sector least affected overall economic activity first trimester accumulates contraction.expected extension lockdown beyond april would increase collapse argentinian economy.march primary fiscal deficit jumped us million increase yeartoyear. |
Alberto Fernández | due public spending combat pandemic drop tax collection due low activity context social isolation.schools closed year estimated .million kids abandoned school total.despite governments hard lockdown policy fernández harshly criticized following appropriate protocols himself.included traveling throughout country taking pictures large groups supporters without properly wearing mask respecting social distancing holding social gatherings union leaders.on september despite local governments still enforcing strict lockdown measures fernández stated lockdown thoughts instilled opposition part political agenda.fernández eased lockdown measures greater buenos aires november shifting social distancing phase.on january fernández became first latin american leader inoculated disease via recently approved gamcovidvac better known sputnik v. december fernández received booster dose vaccine.ginés gonzález garcía forced resign health minister february revealed provided preferential treatment covid vaccine close friends including journalist horacio verbitsky political figures. |
Alberto Fernández | succeeded second charge carla vizzotti.revelation met wide national condemnation supporters opposition argentina time received million doses vaccine population million.fernández tested positive covid april light fever.justicialist party chairmanship march fernández elected national congress justicialist party partys new national chairman succeeding josé luis gioja.fernández ran unopposed heading unidad federalismo list received support diverse sectors peronist movement including la cámpora.midterm elections confirming trend years primary elections frente de todos suffered major losses november legislative elections. |
Alberto Fernández | fdt lost majority senate first time nearly years peronists lost control upper house opposition juntos por el cambio coalition gained upper hand traditional peronist strongholds la pampa santa cruz.observers attributed loss widespread anger high inflation rising poverty.reduced pluralities houses congress meaning government engage negotiations pass initiative requiring legislative approval.controversies fernández engaged disputes users twitter presidency reactions regarded aggressive violent some.tweets show responding users expletives pelotudo argentinian slang asshole pajero wanker hijo de puta son bitch also called presidential candidate josé luis espert pajert word play last name argentine slang wanker. |
Alberto Fernández | december responded female user saying girl think doesnt worry me.better learn cook.maybe something right.thinking strong suit.in june told journalist cristina pérez go read constitution questioned attempts install governmentdesignated administration vicentín agricultural conglomerate.in interview netflix miniseries nisman prosecutor president spy fernández stated day doubt nisman committed suicide however became president fernández reportedly said convinced suicide doubting lot going lie.referring alberto nisman prosecutor investigating fernándezs vice president cristina fernández de kirchner suspected coverup irans participation amia bombing. |
Alberto Fernández | nisman accused fernández de kirchner secretly negotiating iranian officials cover complicity attack exchange oil reduce argentinas energy deficit.officially agreement called exchange argentinian grain iranian oil.nisman found dead apartment january hours scheduled present report congress.on june alberto fernández meeting business leaders alongside spanish prime minister pedro sánchez casa rosada.sought play argentinian ties europe said mexicans came indians brazilians came jungle argentines came ships.ships came europe. |
Alberto Fernández | fernández erroneously attributed quote mexican poet essayist diplomat octavio paz although originated lyrics local musician personal friend litto nebbia.faced negative backlash comments day fernández apologized twitter next day sent letter director national institute discrimination xenophobia racism inadi clarifying comments.in august revealed numerous visits presidential palace lockdown imposed early due covid pandemic visitors included actress dog trainer hairdresser well hosting birthday party first lady.personal life fernández married marcela luchetti fellow university buenos aires law student .separated .fernández luchetti single child tani fernández luchetti born known argentina drag performer cosplayer goes stage name dyhzy.fernández supporter argentinos juniors football team.since fernández relationship journalist stage actress fabiola yáñez fulfilled role first lady argentina since fernándezs presidency began. |
Strychnine poisoning | couple three dogs dylan named bob dylan fernández praised cited inspiration two dylans puppies prócer kaila.fernández also honorary professor tsinghua university.references external links website alberto fernández spanishbiography cidob spanishproduces dramatic painful symptoms known toxic reaction making quite noticeable common choice assassinations poison attacks.reason strychnine poisoning often portrayed literature film murder mysteries written agatha christie.the probable lethal oral dose humans .mgkg.similarly median lethal dose dogs cats rats ranges .. |
Strychnine poisoning | mgkg.presentation humans ten twenty minutes exposure bodys muscles begin spasm starting head neck form trismus risus sardonicus.spasms spread every muscle body nearly continuous convulsions get worse slightest stimulus.convulsions progress increasing intensity frequency backbone arches continually.convulsions lead lactic acidosis hyperthermia rhabdomyolysis. |
Strychnine poisoning | followed postictal depression.death comes asphyxiation caused paralysis neural pathways control breathing exhaustion convulsions.subject usually dies within – hours exposure.one medical student described experience letter lancetthree years ago reading examinationand feeling run down.took minims strychniasolution b.p.quantity dilute phosphoric acidwell diluted twice day. |
Strychnine poisoning | second day takingit towards evening felt tightness facialmuscles peculiar metallic taste mouth.wasgreat uneasiness restlessness felt desire walkabout something rather sit still read.i lay bed calf muscles began stiffen jerk.toes drew feet moved orturned head flashes light kept darting across eyes.i knew something serious developing crawledoff bed scrambled case room got outfortunately bromide potassium chloral.ihad confidence courage weigh guessedthe quantityabout gr.grains grams bromide potassium gr.chloralput tumbler water drankit off. |
Strychnine poisoning | whole body cold sweat anginousattacks precordial region feeling goingoff.call medical aid thought symptoms weredeclining.felt better lower limbs cold ice calf muscles kept tense werejerking.opisthotonos slight stiffness back neck.half hour later couldjudge took quantity bromide potassiumand chloral– little time lost consciousness andfell profound sleep awaking morning unpleasant symptoms headache c. desire tobe move slight feeling stiffness jaw.these worked day. |
Strychnine poisoning | treatment specific antidote strychnine.convulsions often triggered stimuli – body senses something neurons want fire aren’t controlled seizures occur – patients generally kept quiet dark rooms.treatment strychnine poisoning involves oral application activated charcoal infusion serves absorb poison within digestive tract yet absorbed blood.anticonvulsants phenobarbital diazepam administered control convulsions along muscle relaxants dantrolene combat muscle rigidity.patient survives past hours recovery probable.the treatment strychnine poisoning late th early th centuries administer tannic acid precipitates strychnine insoluble tannate salt anaesthetise patient chloroform effects strychnine worn off. |
Strychnine poisoning | detection biological specimens strychnine easily quantitated body fluids tissues using instrumental methods order confirm diagnosis poisoning hospitalized victims assist forensic investigation case fatal overdosage.concentrations blood urine symptoms often – mgl range.strychnine toxicity animals strychnine poisoning animals occurs usually ingestion baits designed use rodents especially gophers moles coyotes.rodent baits commonly available overthecounter coyote baits illegal united states.however since united states baits containing strychnine replaced zinc phosphide baits. |
Strychnine poisoning | common domestic animal affected dog either accidental ingestion intentional poisoning.the onset symptoms minutes ingestion.symptoms include seizures sawhorse stance opisthotonus rigid extension four limbs.death usually secondary respiratory paralysis.treatment detoxification using activated charcoal pentobarbital symptoms artificial respiration apnea.in western nations special license needed use possess strychnine agricultural use.notable instances notable incidents probably involved strychnine poisoning listed here. |
Strychnine poisoning | alexander great may poisoned strychnine contaminated wine bc.christiana edmunds chocolate cream poisoner laced chocolates strychnine.poisoned number people murdered fouryearold boy brighton s.margot begemann friend vincent van gogh attempted suicide ingesting strychnine .in late th century serial killer thomas neill cream used strychnine murder several prostitutes streets london.walter horsford hanged murdering cousin strychnine hed sent pretence otherwise harmless abortifacient.implicated two murders also involved mailing women suspected pregnant him.belle gunness la porte indiana also known lady bluebeard allegedly used strychnine murder victims turn th century.jane stanford cofounder stanford university wife california governor leland stanford died strychnine poisoning .last recorded words jaws stiff.horrible death die. |
Strychnine poisoning | murderer never identified.french inventor jeanpierre vaquier poisoned alfred jones husband lover mabel jones putting strychnine hangover cure byfleet surrey .vaquier hanged crime.hubert chevis lieutenant british army died suspicious circumstances eating partridge laced strychnine blackdown camp surrey .poisoner never identified.yoshio nishimura prominent japanese expatriate president japanese association died strychnine poisoning shortly arriving police headquarters singapore questioning special branch .coroner rendered open verdict.incident speculated connected espionage.in delta blues legend robert johnson died drinking bottle whiskey allegedly laced strychnine. |
Strychnine poisoning | account johnsons death disputed died several days alleged poisoning.oskar dirlewanger notorious leader ss sturmbrigade dirlewanger second world war known murdered several jewish women stripping naked injected strychnine.officers watched convulse death entertainment.in october successful wax museum owner patsy wright died taking cold medicine laced strychnine.story featured segment unsolved mysteries suggested someone close wright knew habit taking nighttime cold medicine trouble sleeping laced cold medicine strychnine.case remains unsolved.a woman san diego california poisoned strychnine husband .though dialed mention name address rescue workers difficulty locating victim. |
Strychnine poisoning | persistence part dispatcher rescue workers allowed locate extract victim eventually died hospital.turgut özal th president republic turkey said assassinated strychnine poisoning.special investigation former presidents death commissioned.body exhumed testing results inconclusive.in hannes hirtzberger mayor spitz lower austria reported poisoned local wine producer helmut osberger using strychnine.hirtzberger barely survived suffered permanent disability.the body david lytton found saddleworth moor north west england december consumed lethal dose strychnine.identity remained mystery january . |
Strychnine poisoning | folklore mount chocura white mountains new hampshire named native american chief reputedly died near summit hunted posse response killing spree went on.one account says cause attacks death young son accidental dose strychnine care friendly white settler.some pentecostal snake handlers united states claim drunk strychnine order demonstrate faith following biblical passage shall take serpents drink deadly thing shall hurt them...mark music cyanide sweet tooth suicide shinedown mentions woman addicted substances taking strychnine.in song im gonna kill hank green sings wanting put someone strychnine diet.in end things come mudvayne sings killing entire world strychnine.the sonics song strychnine later covered cramps fuzztones consumption strychnine.in song love us manic street preachers strychnine mentioned.strychnine mentioned hannah furys song necklace marie antoinette.tom lehrers song poisoning pigeons park mentions feeding strychnine pigeon.in composing boys night outs concept album trainwreck patient poisons entire family dinner table strychnine.in visions twisted insane mentions strychnine twice.in bomb song darwin deez sings people sick strychnine water.strychnos nuxvomica natural source strychnine mentioned hill poison tree death metal band miseration.strychnine.sixth studio album belgian death metal band aborted takes title strychnine.i killed robert johnson stone foxes mentions killing man strychnine.immortal technique song thats is.yeasayer mentions deadly quaker buttons song chemistry seeds strychnine tree strychnos nuxvomica l..graham parker song harridan yore contains lyrics tiny vial strychnine hung around neckbrazilian artist elis regina song tiro ao álvaro sings subject teu olhar mata mais do...que veneno estriquinina literally gaze kills strychinine poison.in coyote little brother american folksinger peter la farge sings environment strychnined kill coyote populations.in mountain goats song antidote strychnine narrator sings trying find antidote poisoned strychnine.fictional instances strychnine also served inspiration several books movies tv series.literature william s. burroughs novel naked lunch strychnine described hot shot poisonous shot heroin sold informants.in anne green gables miss cuthbert warned adopting orphan girl story girl poisoned entire adopted family putting strychnine well.in agatha christie’s novel mysterious affair styles mrs. emily inglethorp killed strychnine poisoning.in agatha christies short story coming mr quin mr appleton died strychnine poisoning.in agatha christie’s story garden grow miss amelia barrowby killed strychnine poisoning.the joker makes cameo appearance dc comics elseworld graphic novel gotham gaslight serial killer tries kill strychnine poison causes muscle contractions leave permanent grin. |
Strychnine poisoning | additionally derivative strychnine cited key ingredient jokers deadly toxic gas main continuity.in james herriott novels creatures great small things wise wonderful main characterlocal veterinarian deals several victims strychnine poisoning dogkiller attacks neighborhood dogs.in fox hunter chapter william le queuxs secrets foreign office strychnine derivative suspected murder beatrice graham attempted murder protagonist duckworth drew.poison applied pins concealed grahams fur shawl drews hotel towel.in gabriel garcia marquez’s novel one hundred years solitude colonel aureliano buendía survived strychnine poisoning.herb die softly christopher pike.in peter robinsons novel cold grave chief constable riddle’s daughter emily accidentally killed cocaine laced lethal dose strychnine.in hans scherfigs novel stolen spring high school student kills teacher strychninetainted malt drop.in manga spiral suiri kizuna kyou shirodaira illustrated eita mizuno main character ayumu narumi takes strychnine threatened rio takeuchi test luck game.in sign four sir arthur conan doyle bartholomew sholto killed poison dart.dr. watson confirms strychnine poisoning causing tetanus thus devilish grin dead sholtos face.in invisible man h.g.wells invisible man relates took strychnine sleeping aid.strychnine says grand tonic...to take flabbiness man.in count monte cristo alexandre dumas saintmérans servant barrois consecutively poisoned death ingested beverages containing strychnine. |
Strychnine poisoning | death barrois depicted symptoms acute convulsions asphyxia severe pain ringing ears visual glares precipitated touch.in anubis gates protagonist combats strychnine poisoning eating ash cinder fireplace remembering carbon neutralizes strychnine stomach.in ghoul serial killer police procedural michael slade woman essentially tortured death strychnine poisoning.tied spreadeagle waterbed ropes suffers escalating muscle spasms.undulations fluid mattress encourages agonizing spasms death ensues.police detectives examining crime scene later note rope loops tied bedposts flattened force put upon victims contortions.in stephen kings novel mr mercedes brady hartsfield plans poison dog using hamburger laced strychninebased gopher poison.mother finds eats hamburger brady comes home find suffering agonizing convulsions. |
Strychnine poisoning | dies mouth twisted grin.in jack londons short story story jees uck neil bonner poisoned eating biscuits laced strychnine amos pentley.neil survives sends amos frozen wilderness death.in jack londons short story meat partnersincrime matt jim successfully steal diamonds pearls unscrupulous jewel merchant.overcome greed characters want eliminate unknowingly poison strychnine.in jack londons short story moonface unnamed protagonistnarrator develops deep obsessive hate neighbor always cheerful even dire situations.poisons neighbors dog strychnine beefsteak effort make even least bit unhappy.neighbor despite death dog continues unreasonably merry joyful forcing protagonist create devious plan. |
Strychnine poisoning | onscreen film blueprint murder stepmother stopped beginning kill family members insurance money.norman bates mother lover killed strychnine alfred hitchcocks psycho .sheriff comments ugly way die.in j. lee thompsonss movie cape fear max cady poisons sam bowdens dog strychnine.at end movie office space milton mentions waiter yes wont leaving tip cause could... could shut whole resort down.sir ill take travelers checks competing resort.could write letter board tourism could place condemned.could put... could put... strychnine guacamole. |
Strychnine poisoning | salt glass big grains salt.in wes andersons grand budapest hotel madame desgoffeundtaxis found dead strychnine poisoning.later bottle labeled strychnine poison seen desk assassin son dmitris employ.in rituparno ghoshs bengali film shubho mahurat adaptation agatha christies mirror crackd side side veteran actress padmini chowdhury played sharmila tagore commits series murders variously administering strychnine victims.upon exposed ranga pishima played rakhee gulzar padmini also commits suicide using strychninein bollywood film detective byomkesh bakshy council member gajanand sikdaar killed adding strychnine breakfast reveal murderers name protagonist bakshy.bottle strychnine found nephew sukumars room.later revealed mistress angoori devi poisoned framed sukumar orders beloved yang guang.in film wild geese roger moores character shawn flynn poisoned son crime lord making eat drugs transport laced strychnine.in film red dog red kelpie believed poisoned deliberately strychnine.in film jaws mr. hooper planned kill shark injection strychnine nitrate administered shark dart. |
Strychnine poisoning | onscreen television murder monk episode mr. monk secret santa carried poisoning bottle port strychnine.in new york undercover season episode – sign times – serial killer kills young men raves giving strychninelaced ecstasy.inmates popular tv series wire given cocaine heroin doses laced strychnine.in season office dwight tells angela aunt poisoned nurse strychnine.in season glades episode gladeiators victim poisoned moisturizer laced strychninebased rat poison.in season “father brown” episode “the time machine” murderer used strychnine kill two people make look like suicide.in season er episode humpty dumpty patient comes strychnine poisoning diagnosed dr. gabriel lawrence.in season game thrones episode lion rose king joffrey dies poison.symptoms resemble strychnine poisoning.in tenth episode haunting hill house luke crain nearly dies injecting strychnine rat poison spell malevolent ghost.in season b popular australian prison series wentworth inmate sheila bausch marta dusseldorp given one final choice fellow inmate lou kelly kate box – ingest vial strychnine throat slit.bausch opts former.bausch subsequently euthanised marie winter susie porter end pain suffering caused poisoning.references external links cdc emergency preparedness response facts strychninethe merck veterinary manual strychnine poisoning introduction |
Danish West Indies | islands belonged united states since purchased .water island part danish west indies danish state sold east asiatic company private shipping company.the danish west india guinea company annexed uninhabited island saint thomasin st. john .saint croix purchased french west india company.danish company went bankrupt king denmark–norway assumed direct control three islands.britain occupied danish west indies – – napoleonic wars.danish colonizers west indies aimed exploit profitable triangular trade involving export firearms manufactured goods africa exchange slaves transported caribbean work sugar plantations.caribbean colonies turn exported sugar rum molasses denmark. |
Danish West Indies | economy danish west indies depended slavery.rebellion slavery officially abolished leading near economic collapse plantations.in danish parliament first debated sale increasingly unprofitable colony.denmark tried several times sell exchange danish west indies late th early th centuries united states german empire respectively.islands eventually sold million dollars united states took administration march renaming islands united states virgin islands.history foundation beginning th century great colonial powers primarily spain france england netherlands colonized caribbean none powers shown interest st. thomas. |
Danish West Indies | danish king gave dutchman johann de villum royal letter privilege gave exclusive rights trade denmark west indies.danish merchants saw opportunities trade island ship fortuna came copenhagen valuable cargo.merchants persuaded frederick iii denmark norway found caribiske kompagni.on may erik nielsen smit appointed governor july sailed crew copenhagen ship eendragt.task colonize st. thomas.island previously populated indians spaniards transported islands slaves. |
Danish West Indies | february first cargo sugar cocoa cinnamon pokkenholt went copenhagen.likely goods purchased islands.colonization attempt became difficult first thought.erik nielsen smit died short time shortage food island regularly looted pirates.last survivors returned home denmark.in christian v came throne following year west indianguinetic kompagni established privileged company gained monopoly trade st. thomas denmark. |
Danish West Indies | experienced west indies explorer jørgen iversen dyppel appointed governor.crossing ship faroese men women materials erect small village.stay bergen several norwegians joined several crew fled.arriving st. thomas construction fort began order defend new colony.six months original dead danish colonists receive reinforcements exiled prosecuted dutch englishmen. |
Danish West Indies | jørgen iversen dyppels fort completed named king christian v denmarknorway.addition defense fort christian also used town hall lutheran church meeting place locals.it difficult get manned ships sailed st. thomas stories long difficult crossing life west indies illness heat almost certain death.get enough people majority crew taken prisons improvement facilities.common one three die along way number died within six months arriving st. thomas.nicolai esmit holsten appointed governor iversen dyppel partly danish state owed money partly years experience west indies.esmit treated slaves directly sadistically went leash many pirates time ravaged west indies. |
Danish West Indies | esmit founded town taphus known charlotte amalie.name taphus background many inns esmit listed.esmit found could personally make lot money allowing pirates use st. thomas base many missions especially english french ships.britain objected danish government saying could keep colony order british would go take st. thomas.led nicolai esmit called home denmark.jørgen iversen dyppel persuaded king take second term danish west indies. |
Danish West Indies | obtaining crew iversen dyppels ship st. thomas proved difficult.danish officers wanted take part crossing dutch officers recruited instead.majority remaining crew picked copenhagens prisons.ship departed copenhagen november beginning major discrepancies iversen dyppel officers.two months sea ship arrived english channel crew made mutiny. |
Danish West Indies | iversen dyppel pregnant wife children killed thrown overboard.fate suffered officers exception mate forced take ship azores.island flores slaves young assistant torgersen rosenberg sailors set aside.rosenberg survived later returned denmark.st jan becomes part colony denmark established uninhabited island st. thomas protests britain spain. |
Danish West Indies | however agreement danish british kings governor british leeward islands instructed assist danish colonists.governor jørgen iversen dyppel made attempt years later colonize neighboring island st. jan british complicit protested attempt colonization.danes withdrew without giving hope gaining dominion island.in relations britain denmark cool due reign brothers adolph nicolai esmit gabriel milan.blatant trade pirates business britain trying put end to.addition countries asserted sovereignty island vieques. |
Danish West Indies | danes established military guard post island abandoned scottish expedition arrived vieques.danes upheld claim st. jan vieques despite foreign protests.in governor mikkel knudsen crone asked leadership copenhagen explore st. jan vieques governorship ended soil st. thomas began deplete plantation owners needed alternative land grow.management west indianguinean kompagni respond inquiry plans therefore implemented.following year new governor erich bredal reported many plantation owners st. thomas wanted move st. jan feared british reprisals.in british governor walter hamilton came st. thomas naval ship hms scarborough warned danes logging st. jan. west indianguinean kompagni copenhagen unaware britishs new ban danish operations st. jan. leadership copenhagen assumed two years silence british made time ripe danish colonization.addition company felt something done british sent expeditions vieques st. jan year perhaps map later annex islands. |
Danish West Indies | despite order annex st. jan nothing done bredal feared consequences british warning logging st. jan.in september british annexed vieques began rush gain control st. jan british also took control island.autumn governor hamilton pressured plantation owners anguilla tortola spanish town colonize st. croix instead.british plantation owners described st. jan small indestructible hilly island thus annexation st. jane low priority british.on march governor bredal annexed st. jan. danish flag hoisted carolina plantation coral bay.british responded sending naval ship st. thomas demanding withdrawal st. jan. claim rejected governor bredal british ordered use force withdrew.soon clearing forests construction plantations construction fort fortsberg initiated.hamiltons successor john hart asked colonial leadership london conquer st. jan danes told st. jan worth conflict. |
Danish West Indies | message sent west indianguineian kompagni stating one could consider island inhabited.first years tobacco cottonand sugar plantations built covered island.in britain reneduced claim st. jan recognized sovereignty danes.later history – first british invasion occupation danish west indies occurred french revolutionary wars end march british fleet arrived st thomas.danes accepted articles capitulation british proposed british occupied islands without shot fired.british occupation lasted april british returned islands denmark.the second british invasion danish west indies took place napoleonic wars december british fleet captured st thomas december saint croix december. |
Danish West Indies | danes resist invasion bloodless.british occupation danish west indies lasted november britain returned islands denmark.by danish west indies total population people.government islands governorgeneral whose jurisdiction extended danish colonies group.however islands formerly belonged great britain inhabitants english customs language.islands period consisted ofst. |
Danish West Indies | thomas population people sugar cotton chief exports.st. thomas city capital island free port chief station steampackets southampton england west indies.st.john population people.st.croix though inferior st. thomas commerce greater importance extent fertility people largest population.in referendum held denmark future islands become financial burden strategic concern.january according treaty danish west indies danish government sold islands united states million million current prices united states denmark exchanged respective treaty ratifications. |
Danish West Indies | danish administration ended march united states took formal possession territory renamed united states virgin islands.the united states interested islands since least s. united states finally acted islands strategic position near approach panama canal fear germany might seize use uboat bases world war i.at time u.s. purchase danish west indies colony include water island sold denmark east asiatic company private shipping company .company eventually sold island united states german occupation denmark.postage stamps st thomas hub west indies packet trade .denmark issued stamps danish west indies onward.religion danish west indies inhabited many different cultures traditions religions. |
Danish West Indies | king church worked closely together maintain law order church responsible peoples moral upbringing king led civil order.statesponsored religion denmark danish west indies always great deal religious freedom.danish authorities tended lenient towards religious beliefs required citizens observe danish holidays.freedom religion partially granted help settle islands shortage willing settlers europe.worked extent seeing large proportion settlers fact dutch british natives fleeing religious persecution.jews began settling colony first synagogue inaugurated. |
Danish West Indies | heyday midth century jewish community made half white population.one earliest colonial governors gabriel milan sephardic jew.in spite general tolerance religion many african religions recognized typically revolved around belief animism magic beliefs consistently met scorn regarded immoral subservient.widespread viewpoint one could convert slaves christianity could better life therefore many slaves converted.by population fourth people roman catholics along anglicans moravians protestant groups.decades moravians organized missions also taken charge educational system.society support illness old age. |
Danish West Indies | colony management permission adapt laws regulations local conditions thus regulations never published grounds regulations disadvantages advantages.release slaves triggered demands plantation owners danish state full compensation grounds property rights violated value slaves lost future one pay labor.danish state admitted compensation dollars per slave thus acknowledged slave release resulted financial loss owners.everyday life slaves changed significantly.job returned plantation offered oneyear contracts small cottage land money. |
Danish West Indies | employees plantation owners responsible slaves old age.slaves allowed change jobs year october .day referred day change .the slaves property rights property received official property rights eight years slave release.the military editlike things danish west indies rule west indiesguinea company military also subject company.state took islands army subordinated war chancellery remained special corps outside general danish defense organization.in defense reform carried denmark army danish west indies subordinated west indiesguinea chamber interest general customs.directly subordinated crown prince frederik . |
Danish West Indies | west indian military issues decided ministry war central board colony.the number soldiers danish west indies limited first part colonial period men.first military company men established.force men.american revolutionary war force consisted men number maintained military forces reorganized name west indian army.army consisted officers soldiers cavalry. |
Danish West Indies | west indies army disbanded replaced gendarmerie corps consisted private soldiers officers directly subordinate governor.corps stationed charlotte amalie st. thomas three places st. croix christiansted frederiksted kingshill .in addition companys later states army force also number locals militias consisted islands free inhabitants.militias larger army army men compared militias .the army danish west indies consisted danish soldiers volunteered usually six years.responsibility recruitment taken west indian recruitment copenhagen annually recruited men.conscripts denmark many also local craftsmen.the danish navy sailed lot west indies mark danish presence sovereignty. |
Danish West Indies | colony became well established visits navy became less frequent state took responsibility colony .fleet usually sent west indies turbulent periods french native american wars american revolutionary war – revolutionary wars – napoleonic wars –.navys activity danish west indies extensive period years two danish warships stationed islands.the last danish warship danish west indies cruiser corvette «valkyrien» sailed colony .captain commander henri konow took acting governor general one officially handed danish west indies united states .in total navys ships made voyages danish west indies period .stamps editcent stamp bit stamp danish west indies received stamps .stamps printed denmark appearance danish stamps except value stated cents. |
Danish West Indies | first stamp square cent stamp denmarks national coat arms depicted dark carmine red yellowed paper.stamps came white paper stamps perforated.in step colonys economic recovery greater need able communicate trading partners family government denmark.first permanent postal connection danish west indies denmark laid regulation .mail sent random ships.it uncommon small colonies far away homeland run popular denominations time time.improvisation colony administration necessary. |
Danish West Indies | cent stamp printed extra cent cent stamp printed additional cents.as result currency reform colony issued new stamps denomination francs bits.king christian ix depicted silhouette stamps denominations bit bit.franc franc franc stamps depicted sailing ship ingolf quay charlotte amalie.in portrait christian ix replaced frederik viii followed christian x .production islands increased small family farms grew become larger plantations.increased production made necessary obtain labour.st. thomas st. jan uninhabited labor picked outside. |
Danish West Indies | attempt use indians american mainland unsuccessful one tried get young danes emigrate st. thomas.wanted travel west indies free heard horrific stories crossing diseases could strike them.recruitment moved prisons prisoners long prison sentences death sentences promised freedom six years work plantation.signed agreement survived sixyear period.thus company turned gaze slaves guinea africa came first shipment african slaves.the number slaves increased rapidly six years later. |
Danish West Indies | even great growth shortage labor company leadership wanted slaves.supply slaves become great could always disposed surrounding islands.companys poor finances led slave ships sent across middle passage meet needs plantation owners.solve problem company management turned prince brandenburg great interests slave trade offered use st. thomas trading place slaves brought guinea.return west indianguinean kompagni would receive slaves introduced islands slaves resold. |
Danish West Indies | brandenburgs dense packers slave ships sent across middle passage often slaves board.st. thomas became one important trading places international human trafficking majority slaves sold surrounding islands.number slaves risen number whites amounted .brandenburgs suspended operations slaves st. thomas.the danish slave fort christiansborg gold coast guineatoday located ghanas capital accra.the company management realized profit opportunities triangular trade built several slave forts along gulf guinea christiansborg outside todays accra largest.company bought slaves local chiefs captured local tribal wars. |
Danish West Indies | exchange rumweapons gunpowder clothes company given slaves ivory gold.an important step taken company first time allowed private slave traders introduce slaves danish west indies.permission granted british model increase import slaves.purchase island st. croix led economic transition – production islands went emphasis cotton sugar.proved difficult get danes immigrate islands largely populated emigrated british catholics came via montserrat.addition supply slaves increased least private spanish slave traders. |
Danish West Indies | slaves danish west indies official figures slaves danish west indies probably low.plantation owners pay fixed amount tax per slave official figures taken tax lists.governor erich bredal complained many tax cheats hid slaves forest slave count.slaves lived poor conditions forced hard work almost without rights.slave owners could treat slaves much wanted slaves also costly investment perish. |
Danish West Indies | danger rebellion always present several uprisings took place danish west indies.the importation slaves banned plantation owners also become selfsufficient slaves gave birth enough children.slavery abolished years import ban governor peter von scholten connection slave rebellion frederiksted st. croix.in total slaves danish forts guinea sent islands west indies went danish west indies.the plantation owners made great fortunes time.schimmelmann family unique position becoming denmarks richest family th century due sugar trade west indies.family dominated economic life denmark – heinrich carl von schimmelmann minister finance denmark norway – son ernst heinrich von schimmelmann .demographics slaves outnumbered whites islands often large margins. |
Danish West Indies | saint thomas population expansion recorded blacks whites blacks whites blacks whites ratio slaves outnumbered whites .saint john blacks whites blacks whites ratio slaves outnumbered whites .saint croix slaves whites ratio well freedmen slaves whites ratio well freedmen.time freedmen many purchased freedom also outnumbered whites saint thomas saint john.slave trade trading african slaves part transatlantic slave trade denmark–norway around danish west india company chartered january law abolish slave trade came effect.by estimated danes bringing africans danish west indies yearly enslavement. |
Danish West Indies | transports continued end law crown prince regent frederik banned trade slaves came effect.slave codes laws regulations danish west indies based denmarks laws local government allowed adapt match local conditions.example things like animals land buildings regulated according danish law danish law regulate slavery.slaves treated common property therefore necessitate specific laws.in differentiation slaves property implied regulation stated slaves thus could behave inappropriately disobedient.general consensus slaves punished hard malnourished slaves would start rebel. |
Danish West Indies | borne slave insurrection st. john many plantation owners families killed akwamu including breffu suppressed later following year.frederick v denmark issued new regulations slaves guaranteed right separated children right medical support periods illness old age.however colonial government ability amend laws regulations according local conditions thus regulations never enacted colony grounds disadvantageous advantageous.slave insurrection slave insurrection st. john lasted november august one earliest longest slave rebellions americas.insurrection started november slaves primarily akwamus revolted plantation owners managers. |
Danish West Indies | slaves captured fort coral bay took control island.planters regained control end may akwamu defeated several hundred betterarmed french swiss troops sent april martinique french colony.colony militia continued hunt maroons finally declared rebellion end late august .emancipation sugar beet industry reduced profitability sugarcane.british slavery abolition act emancipated slaves neighboring british west indies fully effective .abolition danish west indies discussed governor von scholten seeking reforms since favor emancipation. |
Danish West Indies | scholarly consensus suggests von scholtens views influenced freecoloured mistress anna heegaard.king christian viii supported gradual abolition slavery ruled every child born unfree woman free birth slavery would end entirely years.ruling satisfied neither slaves plantation owners.meanwhile april france signed law abolish slavery colonies within two months slave insurrection martinique led immediate abolition martinique may guadeloupe may.the slaves danish west indies want wait freedom either.july freedman john gottlieb also known moses gottlieb general buddhoe admiral martin king among others led slave rebellion taking frederiksted saint croix.evening hundreds slaves gathered peaceably outside fort frederik refusing work next day demanding freedom.a.m. following morning slaves joined.on afternoon july known emancipation day peter von scholten order end rebellion prevent bloodshed damages went frederiksted announced immediate total emancipation slaves. |
Danish West Indies | went christiansted second rebellion formed fires set notices disseminated islands.general buddhoe worked governor officials end riots violence broken estates.in aftermath buddhoe said jailed exiled trinidad.governor von scholten also fared poorly.governor actually authority end slavery found situation needed take immediate action could wait communicating denmark.actions called back denmark face trial treason. |
Danish West Indies | first denied pension later cleared charges.when denmark abolished slavery many plantation owners wanted full reimbursement grounds assets damaged loss slaves fact would pay labor future.danish government paid fifty dollars every slave plantation owners owned recognized slaves release caused financial loss owners.postslavery lives formerly enslaved people changed little many continued bound plantation system contractual servitude.bound serve plantations previously enslaved.employees former slaves plantation owners responsibility receive food care employers. |
Danish West Indies | part sharecropping system formerly enslaved people received small hut little land money however onetime compensation change harsh working conditions.the fireburn labor riot considered largest labor revolt danish colonial history took place october .revolt began formerly enslaved continued live work slavelike conditions even though three decades passed since abolition slavery.mary leticia thomas today referred queen mary st. croix spearheaded revolt alongside three women axeline ‘agnes’ elizabeth salomon matilde mcbean susanna ‘bottom belly’ abrahamsson.fireburn uprising leaders continue meaningful role st. croix.marked year anniversary denmark selling colony danish west indies united states. |
Danish West Indies | centennial anniversary conversations legacy danish–norwegian colonization slavery reignited scandinavian mainstream.example artists jeannette ehlers la vaughn belle unveiled denmarks first statue black woman queen mary memorialize denmarks colonial impact.society see also kingdom denmarkdenmarkgreenlandfaroe islandslist governors danish west indies danish west indies status referendum danish west indies status referendum danish west indian islands sale referendumdanish indiadanish gold coastdanish slave trade references reading andersen astrid nonbo.reconquered islands figurations public memories slavery colonialism denmark –.international journal politics culture society no. |
Danish West Indies | .accessed may .http douglas v. et al.variation venues slavery freedom interpreting late eighteenthcentury cultural landscape st. john danish west indies using archaeological gis.international journal historical archaeology . |
Danish West Indies | –.blaagaard bolette b. whose freedom whose memories commemorating danish colonialism st. croix.social identities .–.christensen rasmus.‘against law god nature secular world’ conceptions sovereignty early colonial st. thomas .scandinavian journal history .gøbel erik. |
Danish West Indies | danish trade west indies guinea –.scandinavian economic history review ..onlinegreenpedersen sv e. scope structure danish negro slave trade.scandinavian economic history review . |
Danish West Indies | .onlinehall neville a.t. maritime maroons grand marronage danish west indies.origins black atlantic routledge pp..onlinehall neville. |
Danish West Indies | slave laws danish virgin islands later eighteenth century.annals new york academy sciences ..hvid mirjam louise.indentured servitude convict labour danish–norwegian west indies –.scandinavian journal history . |
Danish West Indies | .jensen niklas thode simonsen gunvor .introduction historiography slavery danish–norwegian west indies c. .scandinavian journal history.– –.doi....mulich jeppe. |
Danish West Indies | microregionalism intercolonial relations case danish west indies –.journal global history ..onlineodewale alicia h. thomas foster joshua m. torres.service danish king comparing material culture royal enslaved afrocaribbeans danish soldiers christiansted national historic site. |
Danish West Indies | journal african diaspora archaeology heritage ..richards helen.distant garden moravian missions culture slavery danish west indies .journal moravian history .onlineroopnarine lomarsh. |
Danish West Indies | contract labor migration agent revolutionary change danish west indies.labor history ..roopnarine lomarsh.indian indenture danish west indies springer .simonsen gunvor.sovereignty mastery law danish west indies –. |
Danish West Indies | itinerario ..simonsen gunvor.slave stories law representation gender danish west indies.isd llc online.sircar kumar k. emigration indian indentured labour danish west indian island st. croix –.scandinavian economic history review . |
Danish West Indies | .onlinewestergaard waldemar.danish west indies company rule supplementary chapter macmillan online.external links danish westindies primary source search portal maintained danish national archives.world statesmantransfer day.website denmarks consulate virgin islands transfer virgin islands denmark united states .reminiscences years residence island st. thomas west indies johan peter nissen history danish west indies . |
Danish West Indies | islands belonged united states since purchased .water island part danish west indies danish state sold east asiatic company private shipping company.the danish west india guinea company annexed uninhabited island saint thomasin st. john .saint croix purchased french west india company.danish company went bankrupt king denmark–norway assumed direct control three islands.britain occupied danish west indies – – napoleonic wars.danish colonizers west indies aimed exploit profitable triangular trade involving export firearms manufactured goods africa exchange slaves transported caribbean work sugar plantations.caribbean colonies turn exported sugar rum molasses denmark. |
Danish West Indies | economy danish west indies depended slavery.rebellion slavery officially abolished leading near economic collapse plantations.in danish parliament first debated sale increasingly unprofitable colony.denmark tried several times sell exchange danish west indies late th early th centuries united states german empire respectively.islands eventually sold million dollars united states took administration march renaming islands united states virgin islands.history foundation beginning th century great colonial powers primarily spain france england netherlands colonized caribbean none powers shown interest st. thomas. |
Danish West Indies | danish king gave dutchman johann de villum royal letter privilege gave exclusive rights trade denmark west indies.danish merchants saw opportunities trade island ship fortuna came copenhagen valuable cargo.merchants persuaded frederick iii denmark norway found caribiske kompagni.on may erik nielsen smit appointed governor july sailed crew copenhagen ship eendragt.task colonize st. thomas.island previously populated indians spaniards transported islands slaves. |
Danish West Indies | february first cargo sugar cocoa cinnamon pokkenholt went copenhagen.likely goods purchased islands.colonization attempt became difficult first thought.erik nielsen smit died short time shortage food island regularly looted pirates.last survivors returned home denmark.in christian v came throne following year west indianguinetic kompagni established privileged company gained monopoly trade st. thomas denmark. |
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