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Danish West Indies | experienced west indies explorer jørgen iversen dyppel appointed governor.crossing ship faroese men women materials erect small village.stay bergen several norwegians joined several crew fled.arriving st. thomas construction fort began order defend new colony.six months original dead danish colonists receive reinforcements exiled prosecuted dutch englishmen. |
Danish West Indies | jørgen iversen dyppels fort completed named king christian v denmarknorway.addition defense fort christian also used town hall lutheran church meeting place locals.it difficult get manned ships sailed st. thomas stories long difficult crossing life west indies illness heat almost certain death.get enough people majority crew taken prisons improvement facilities.common one three die along way number died within six months arriving st. thomas.nicolai esmit holsten appointed governor iversen dyppel partly danish state owed money partly years experience west indies.esmit treated slaves directly sadistically went leash many pirates time ravaged west indies. |
Danish West Indies | esmit founded town taphus known charlotte amalie.name taphus background many inns esmit listed.esmit found could personally make lot money allowing pirates use st. thomas base many missions especially english french ships.britain objected danish government saying could keep colony order british would go take st. thomas.led nicolai esmit called home denmark.jørgen iversen dyppel persuaded king take second term danish west indies. |
Danish West Indies | obtaining crew iversen dyppels ship st. thomas proved difficult.danish officers wanted take part crossing dutch officers recruited instead.majority remaining crew picked copenhagens prisons.ship departed copenhagen november beginning major discrepancies iversen dyppel officers.two months sea ship arrived english channel crew made mutiny. |
Danish West Indies | iversen dyppel pregnant wife children killed thrown overboard.fate suffered officers exception mate forced take ship azores.island flores slaves young assistant torgersen rosenberg sailors set aside.rosenberg survived later returned denmark.st jan becomes part colony denmark established uninhabited island st. thomas protests britain spain. |
Danish West Indies | however agreement danish british kings governor british leeward islands instructed assist danish colonists.governor jørgen iversen dyppel made attempt years later colonize neighboring island st. jan british complicit protested attempt colonization.danes withdrew without giving hope gaining dominion island.in relations britain denmark cool due reign brothers adolph nicolai esmit gabriel milan.blatant trade pirates business britain trying put end to.addition countries asserted sovereignty island vieques. |
Danish West Indies | danes established military guard post island abandoned scottish expedition arrived vieques.danes upheld claim st. jan vieques despite foreign protests.in governor mikkel knudsen crone asked leadership copenhagen explore st. jan vieques governorship ended soil st. thomas began deplete plantation owners needed alternative land grow.management west indianguinean kompagni respond inquiry plans therefore implemented.following year new governor erich bredal reported many plantation owners st. thomas wanted move st. jan feared british reprisals.in british governor walter hamilton came st. thomas naval ship hms scarborough warned danes logging st. jan. west indianguinean kompagni copenhagen unaware britishs new ban danish operations st. jan. leadership copenhagen assumed two years silence british made time ripe danish colonization.addition company felt something done british sent expeditions vieques st. jan year perhaps map later annex islands. |
Danish West Indies | despite order annex st. jan nothing done bredal feared consequences british warning logging st. jan.in september british annexed vieques began rush gain control st. jan british also took control island.autumn governor hamilton pressured plantation owners anguilla tortola spanish town colonize st. croix instead.british plantation owners described st. jan small indestructible hilly island thus annexation st. jane low priority british.on march governor bredal annexed st. jan. danish flag hoisted carolina plantation coral bay.british responded sending naval ship st. thomas demanding withdrawal st. jan. claim rejected governor bredal british ordered use force withdrew.soon clearing forests construction plantations construction fort fortsberg initiated.hamiltons successor john hart asked colonial leadership london conquer st. jan danes told st. jan worth conflict. |
Danish West Indies | message sent west indianguineian kompagni stating one could consider island inhabited.first years tobacco cottonand sugar plantations built covered island.in britain reneduced claim st. jan recognized sovereignty danes.later history – first british invasion occupation danish west indies occurred french revolutionary wars end march british fleet arrived st thomas.danes accepted articles capitulation british proposed british occupied islands without shot fired.british occupation lasted april british returned islands denmark.the second british invasion danish west indies took place napoleonic wars december british fleet captured st thomas december saint croix december. |
Danish West Indies | danes resist invasion bloodless.british occupation danish west indies lasted november britain returned islands denmark.by danish west indies total population people.government islands governorgeneral whose jurisdiction extended danish colonies group.however islands formerly belonged great britain inhabitants english customs language.islands period consisted ofst. |
Danish West Indies | thomas population people sugar cotton chief exports.st. thomas city capital island free port chief station steampackets southampton england west indies.st.john population people.st.croix though inferior st. thomas commerce greater importance extent fertility people largest population.in referendum held denmark future islands become financial burden strategic concern.january according treaty danish west indies danish government sold islands united states million million current prices united states denmark exchanged respective treaty ratifications. |
Danish West Indies | danish administration ended march united states took formal possession territory renamed united states virgin islands.the united states interested islands since least s. united states finally acted islands strategic position near approach panama canal fear germany might seize use uboat bases world war i.at time u.s. purchase danish west indies colony include water island sold denmark east asiatic company private shipping company .company eventually sold island united states german occupation denmark.postage stamps st thomas hub west indies packet trade .denmark issued stamps danish west indies onward.religion danish west indies inhabited many different cultures traditions religions. |
Danish West Indies | king church worked closely together maintain law order church responsible peoples moral upbringing king led civil order.statesponsored religion denmark danish west indies always great deal religious freedom.danish authorities tended lenient towards religious beliefs required citizens observe danish holidays.freedom religion partially granted help settle islands shortage willing settlers europe.worked extent seeing large proportion settlers fact dutch british natives fleeing religious persecution.jews began settling colony first synagogue inaugurated. |
Danish West Indies | heyday midth century jewish community made half white population.one earliest colonial governors gabriel milan sephardic jew.in spite general tolerance religion many african religions recognized typically revolved around belief animism magic beliefs consistently met scorn regarded immoral subservient.widespread viewpoint one could convert slaves christianity could better life therefore many slaves converted.by population fourth people roman catholics along anglicans moravians protestant groups.decades moravians organized missions also taken charge educational system.society support illness old age. |
Danish West Indies | colony management permission adapt laws regulations local conditions thus regulations never published grounds regulations disadvantages advantages.release slaves triggered demands plantation owners danish state full compensation grounds property rights violated value slaves lost future one pay labor.danish state admitted compensation dollars per slave thus acknowledged slave release resulted financial loss owners.everyday life slaves changed significantly.job returned plantation offered oneyear contracts small cottage land money. |
Danish West Indies | employees plantation owners responsible slaves old age.slaves allowed change jobs year october .day referred day change .the slaves property rights property received official property rights eight years slave release.the military editlike things danish west indies rule west indiesguinea company military also subject company.state took islands army subordinated war chancellery remained special corps outside general danish defense organization.in defense reform carried denmark army danish west indies subordinated west indiesguinea chamber interest general customs.directly subordinated crown prince frederik . |
Danish West Indies | west indian military issues decided ministry war central board colony.the number soldiers danish west indies limited first part colonial period men.first military company men established.force men.american revolutionary war force consisted men number maintained military forces reorganized name west indian army.army consisted officers soldiers cavalry. |
Danish West Indies | west indies army disbanded replaced gendarmerie corps consisted private soldiers officers directly subordinate governor.corps stationed charlotte amalie st. thomas three places st. croix christiansted frederiksted kingshill .in addition companys later states army force also number locals militias consisted islands free inhabitants.militias larger army army men compared militias .the army danish west indies consisted danish soldiers volunteered usually six years.responsibility recruitment taken west indian recruitment copenhagen annually recruited men.conscripts denmark many also local craftsmen.the danish navy sailed lot west indies mark danish presence sovereignty. |
Danish West Indies | colony became well established visits navy became less frequent state took responsibility colony .fleet usually sent west indies turbulent periods french native american wars american revolutionary war – revolutionary wars – napoleonic wars –.navys activity danish west indies extensive period years two danish warships stationed islands.the last danish warship danish west indies cruiser corvette «valkyrien» sailed colony .captain commander henri konow took acting governor general one officially handed danish west indies united states .in total navys ships made voyages danish west indies period .stamps editcent stamp bit stamp danish west indies received stamps .stamps printed denmark appearance danish stamps except value stated cents. |
Danish West Indies | first stamp square cent stamp denmarks national coat arms depicted dark carmine red yellowed paper.stamps came white paper stamps perforated.in step colonys economic recovery greater need able communicate trading partners family government denmark.first permanent postal connection danish west indies denmark laid regulation .mail sent random ships.it uncommon small colonies far away homeland run popular denominations time time.improvisation colony administration necessary. |
Danish West Indies | cent stamp printed extra cent cent stamp printed additional cents.as result currency reform colony issued new stamps denomination francs bits.king christian ix depicted silhouette stamps denominations bit bit.franc franc franc stamps depicted sailing ship ingolf quay charlotte amalie.in portrait christian ix replaced frederik viii followed christian x .production islands increased small family farms grew become larger plantations.increased production made necessary obtain labour.st. thomas st. jan uninhabited labor picked outside. |
Danish West Indies | attempt use indians american mainland unsuccessful one tried get young danes emigrate st. thomas.wanted travel west indies free heard horrific stories crossing diseases could strike them.recruitment moved prisons prisoners long prison sentences death sentences promised freedom six years work plantation.signed agreement survived sixyear period.thus company turned gaze slaves guinea africa came first shipment african slaves.the number slaves increased rapidly six years later. |
Danish West Indies | even great growth shortage labor company leadership wanted slaves.supply slaves become great could always disposed surrounding islands.companys poor finances led slave ships sent across middle passage meet needs plantation owners.solve problem company management turned prince brandenburg great interests slave trade offered use st. thomas trading place slaves brought guinea.return west indianguinean kompagni would receive slaves introduced islands slaves resold. |
Danish West Indies | brandenburgs dense packers slave ships sent across middle passage often slaves board.st. thomas became one important trading places international human trafficking majority slaves sold surrounding islands.number slaves risen number whites amounted .brandenburgs suspended operations slaves st. thomas.the danish slave fort christiansborg gold coast guineatoday located ghanas capital accra.the company management realized profit opportunities triangular trade built several slave forts along gulf guinea christiansborg outside todays accra largest.company bought slaves local chiefs captured local tribal wars. |
Danish West Indies | exchange rumweapons gunpowder clothes company given slaves ivory gold.an important step taken company first time allowed private slave traders introduce slaves danish west indies.permission granted british model increase import slaves.purchase island st. croix led economic transition – production islands went emphasis cotton sugar.proved difficult get danes immigrate islands largely populated emigrated british catholics came via montserrat.addition supply slaves increased least private spanish slave traders. |
Danish West Indies | slaves danish west indies official figures slaves danish west indies probably low.plantation owners pay fixed amount tax per slave official figures taken tax lists.governor erich bredal complained many tax cheats hid slaves forest slave count.slaves lived poor conditions forced hard work almost without rights.slave owners could treat slaves much wanted slaves also costly investment perish. |
Danish West Indies | danger rebellion always present several uprisings took place danish west indies.the importation slaves banned plantation owners also become selfsufficient slaves gave birth enough children.slavery abolished years import ban governor peter von scholten connection slave rebellion frederiksted st. croix.in total slaves danish forts guinea sent islands west indies went danish west indies.the plantation owners made great fortunes time.schimmelmann family unique position becoming denmarks richest family th century due sugar trade west indies.family dominated economic life denmark – heinrich carl von schimmelmann minister finance denmark norway – son ernst heinrich von schimmelmann .demographics slaves outnumbered whites islands often large margins. |
Danish West Indies | saint thomas population expansion recorded blacks whites blacks whites blacks whites ratio slaves outnumbered whites .saint john blacks whites blacks whites ratio slaves outnumbered whites .saint croix slaves whites ratio well freedmen slaves whites ratio well freedmen.time freedmen many purchased freedom also outnumbered whites saint thomas saint john.slave trade trading african slaves part transatlantic slave trade denmark–norway around danish west india company chartered january law abolish slave trade came effect.by estimated danes bringing africans danish west indies yearly enslavement. |
Danish West Indies | transports continued end law crown prince regent frederik banned trade slaves came effect.slave codes laws regulations danish west indies based denmarks laws local government allowed adapt match local conditions.example things like animals land buildings regulated according danish law danish law regulate slavery.slaves treated common property therefore necessitate specific laws.in differentiation slaves property implied regulation stated slaves thus could behave inappropriately disobedient.general consensus slaves punished hard malnourished slaves would start rebel. |
Danish West Indies | borne slave insurrection st. john many plantation owners families killed akwamu including breffu suppressed later following year.frederick v denmark issued new regulations slaves guaranteed right separated children right medical support periods illness old age.however colonial government ability amend laws regulations according local conditions thus regulations never enacted colony grounds disadvantageous advantageous.slave insurrection slave insurrection st. john lasted november august one earliest longest slave rebellions americas.insurrection started november slaves primarily akwamus revolted plantation owners managers. |
Danish West Indies | slaves captured fort coral bay took control island.planters regained control end may akwamu defeated several hundred betterarmed french swiss troops sent april martinique french colony.colony militia continued hunt maroons finally declared rebellion end late august .emancipation sugar beet industry reduced profitability sugarcane.british slavery abolition act emancipated slaves neighboring british west indies fully effective .abolition danish west indies discussed governor von scholten seeking reforms since favor emancipation. |
Danish West Indies | scholarly consensus suggests von scholtens views influenced freecoloured mistress anna heegaard.king christian viii supported gradual abolition slavery ruled every child born unfree woman free birth slavery would end entirely years.ruling satisfied neither slaves plantation owners.meanwhile april france signed law abolish slavery colonies within two months slave insurrection martinique led immediate abolition martinique may guadeloupe may.the slaves danish west indies want wait freedom either.july freedman john gottlieb also known moses gottlieb general buddhoe admiral martin king among others led slave rebellion taking frederiksted saint croix.evening hundreds slaves gathered peaceably outside fort frederik refusing work next day demanding freedom.a.m. following morning slaves joined.on afternoon july known emancipation day peter von scholten order end rebellion prevent bloodshed damages went frederiksted announced immediate total emancipation slaves. |
Danish West Indies | went christiansted second rebellion formed fires set notices disseminated islands.general buddhoe worked governor officials end riots violence broken estates.in aftermath buddhoe said jailed exiled trinidad.governor von scholten also fared poorly.governor actually authority end slavery found situation needed take immediate action could wait communicating denmark.actions called back denmark face trial treason. |
Danish West Indies | first denied pension later cleared charges.when denmark abolished slavery many plantation owners wanted full reimbursement grounds assets damaged loss slaves fact would pay labor future.danish government paid fifty dollars every slave plantation owners owned recognized slaves release caused financial loss owners.postslavery lives formerly enslaved people changed little many continued bound plantation system contractual servitude.bound serve plantations previously enslaved.employees former slaves plantation owners responsibility receive food care employers. |
Danish West Indies | part sharecropping system formerly enslaved people received small hut little land money however onetime compensation change harsh working conditions.the fireburn labor riot considered largest labor revolt danish colonial history took place october .revolt began formerly enslaved continued live work slavelike conditions even though three decades passed since abolition slavery.mary leticia thomas today referred queen mary st. croix spearheaded revolt alongside three women axeline ‘agnes’ elizabeth salomon matilde mcbean susanna ‘bottom belly’ abrahamsson.fireburn uprising leaders continue meaningful role st. croix.marked year anniversary denmark selling colony danish west indies united states. |
Danish West Indies | centennial anniversary conversations legacy danish–norwegian colonization slavery reignited scandinavian mainstream.example artists jeannette ehlers la vaughn belle unveiled denmarks first statue black woman queen mary memorialize denmarks colonial impact.society see also kingdom denmarkdenmarkgreenlandfaroe islandslist governors danish west indies danish west indies status referendum danish west indies status referendum danish west indian islands sale referendumdanish indiadanish gold coastdanish slave trade references reading andersen astrid nonbo.reconquered islands figurations public memories slavery colonialism denmark –.international journal politics culture society no. |
Danish West Indies | .accessed may .http douglas v. et al.variation venues slavery freedom interpreting late eighteenthcentury cultural landscape st. john danish west indies using archaeological gis.international journal historical archaeology . |
Danish West Indies | –.blaagaard bolette b. whose freedom whose memories commemorating danish colonialism st. croix.social identities .–.christensen rasmus.‘against law god nature secular world’ conceptions sovereignty early colonial st. thomas .scandinavian journal history .gøbel erik. |
Danish West Indies | danish trade west indies guinea –.scandinavian economic history review ..onlinegreenpedersen sv e. scope structure danish negro slave trade.scandinavian economic history review . |
Danish West Indies | .onlinehall neville a.t. maritime maroons grand marronage danish west indies.origins black atlantic routledge pp..onlinehall neville. |
Danish West Indies | slave laws danish virgin islands later eighteenth century.annals new york academy sciences ..hvid mirjam louise.indentured servitude convict labour danish–norwegian west indies –.scandinavian journal history . |
Danish West Indies | .jensen niklas thode simonsen gunvor .introduction historiography slavery danish–norwegian west indies c. .scandinavian journal history.– –.doi....mulich jeppe. |
Danish West Indies | microregionalism intercolonial relations case danish west indies –.journal global history ..onlineodewale alicia h. thomas foster joshua m. torres.service danish king comparing material culture royal enslaved afrocaribbeans danish soldiers christiansted national historic site. |
Danish West Indies | journal african diaspora archaeology heritage ..richards helen.distant garden moravian missions culture slavery danish west indies .journal moravian history .onlineroopnarine lomarsh. |
Danish West Indies | contract labor migration agent revolutionary change danish west indies.labor history ..roopnarine lomarsh.indian indenture danish west indies springer .simonsen gunvor.sovereignty mastery law danish west indies –. |
Danish West Indies | itinerario ..simonsen gunvor.slave stories law representation gender danish west indies.isd llc online.sircar kumar k. emigration indian indentured labour danish west indian island st. croix –.scandinavian economic history review . |
Danish West Indies | .onlinewestergaard waldemar.danish west indies company rule supplementary chapter macmillan online.external links danish westindies primary source search portal maintained danish national archives.world statesmantransfer day.website denmarks consulate virgin islands transfer virgin islands denmark united states .reminiscences years residence island st. thomas west indies johan peter nissen history danish west indies . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | across world varying degrees cinemas movie theaters closed festivals cancelled postponed film releases moved future dates delayed indefinitely.due cinemas movie theaters closing global box office dropped billions dollars streaming seen significant increase popularity stock film exhibitors also dropped dramatically.many blockbusters originally scheduled released since midmarch postponed canceled around world film productions also halted.turn created openings independent cinema productions receive wider exposure.the chinese film industry lost us billion march closed cinemas lunar new year period sustains industry across asia.north america saw lowest box office weekend since march –.the highestgrossing film anime film demon slayer mugen train earned million worldwide. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | first time since topgrossing film given year earned less billion first time nonamerican film topgrossing film year.worldwide box office showed signs recovery increase revenue .despite stillongoing pandemic december release spiderman way home quickly became highestgrossing film sixth highestgrossing film time month theatrical release first film since earn billion worldwide.box office early march predicted global box office could lose us billion result pandemic.countries pandemic hotspots closed restricted cinemas movie theaters negatively affecting film revenue.attendance also lower regions. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | following pandemic mainland china cinemas closed january .first two months chinas box office us.million compared us.billion first two months .later result pandemic italy march italian government ordered cinemas closed month. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | closure box office tracking estimated drop weekend march – compared period previous year.growing pandemic france cinemas operating half capacity leaving strategic seats unavailable reduce proximity screens move followed days later irish northern irish cinema chain omniplex cinemas.march qatar also closed cinemas us march malaysia thailand march uk march australia new zealand march singapore march .state emergency declared tokyo six prefectures japan april cinemas closed.percentage box office losses outside mainland china january march – italy south korea hong kong philippines singapore taiwan.los angeles box office key movie market local economic backbone projected fall april compared figures based state emergency declared county start march . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | despite state emergency single screens within movie theatres hold people granted exemption ban mass public gatherings california.national association theatre owners representative california nevada announced theatres would stay open historically movie theatres remained open similar emergencies.however survey americans opening march weekend showed support closing movie theaters.march deadline reported movie theaters us closed due local rulings others inability keep open demand march national restrictions social gatherings cinemas across united states closed.however drivein theaters customers stay cars closed quickly grew popularity again.the opening march weekend saw dramatically lower box office weekend . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | opening march weekend saw release captain marvel alone earned us million domestically weekend compared weekends biggest film onward around us million.next weekend saw lowest total us box office intake since october –november weekend lower percentage drops weekend us.million.onward saw biggest weekendtoweekend drop pixar film making .million though still weekends biggest film one make million. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | march walt disney studios universal pictures announced would longer report box office figures.comscore therefore announced next day would indefinitely suspend reporting box office estimates charts.on march local transmission virus dropped china movie theaters began reopen reports – theaters opening next day authorities closed movie theaters country.scheduling awards three award ceremonies held coronavirus became widespread th magritte awards february th césar awards february rd japan academy film prize march .japanese academy prize ceremony went ahead march .however ceremony conducted without guests journalists. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | th seiyu awards cancelled live ceremony scheduled march tokyo instead broadcast winners nippon cultural broadcastings internet radio program.th golden raspberry awards initially intended take place planned march .however ultimately cancelled.ceremonys winners announced youtube channel march .the international indian film academy awards planned take place march canceled italian academys david di donatello ceremony postponed april may .american film institutes lifetime achievement ceremony honor julie andrews pushed back april summer. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | platino awards also postponed.the academy awards golden globe awards modified eligibility criteria editions usually require film screened theatrically minimum length time.hollywood foreign press association mentioned films released via nontheatrical means digital would eligible scheduled bona fide theatrical release los angeles march cutoff date determined.best foreign language film award would similarly offer eligibility films originally scheduled theatrical release country origin march date determined.rd academy awards would also allow films released via passwordprotected transactional video demand eligible originally scheduled theatrical release.cinemas sufficiently resumed operations requirement film screened least week would reinstated. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | addition los angeles eligible screenings would also allowed take place one five major u.s. cities.on june announced academy awards would pushed back two months february april cutoff eligibility could likewise extended december february .academy governors awards scientific technical awards postponed indefinitely.british academy film television arts bafta subsequently announced would follow suit postpone th british academy film awards april.june golden globe awards also delayed earlyjanuary february filling academy awards former date.screen actors guild awards also postponed january march .with delay grammy awards march citing current surge covid cases california january sag awards delayed april . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | sagaftra criticized recording academy respecting scheduling award presentations.in canada pandemic shutdown forced cancellation th canadian screen awards quebec cinema awards.programs ultimately announced winners virtual livestreaming canadian screen awards presenting film winners may quebec cinema awards presented june .august neither academy canadian cinema television québec cinéma announced plans ceremonies.the omicron variant los angeles new york city particular u.s. epicenters led disruption awards season january .th critics choice awards postponed march day th british academy film awards th annie awards delayed march th golden globe awards held strict covid protocols hfpa beneficiaries attendance.ceremony already downsized nontelevised event due boycotts organization media companies creatives including regular broadcaster nbc lack diversity among membership. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | festivals many festivals events cancelled postponed.postponements include thessaloniki documentary festival set begin march rescheduled june beijing international film festival planned april postponed indefinitely prague international film festival moved late march sometime later bentonville film festival set april – may moved august istanbul international film festival set april – postponed later date tribeca film festival.cinequest film creativity festival twoweek festival march experienced low attendance first week postponed second week august .th beverly hills film festival scheduled april – postponed indefinitely.th fajr international film festival scheduled april – tehran postponed plans organize event late spring. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | metro manila summer film festival originally scheduled april – also postponed decision place metro manila epicenter covid pandemic philippines community quarantine announced however later cancelled.canceled events include swiss international film festival forum human rights planned early march red sea international film festival held first time march march south southwest sxsw would included film screenings bfi flare london lgbtiq film festival nickelodeons slimefest festival qumra doha film institutes international directors conference hong kong filmart large film market event national association theatre owners cinemacon lilles series mania television festival.nd edition ebertfest th edition cleveland international film festival cancelled.new jerseys global film festival garden state film festival scheduled march – cancelled inperson asbury parkbased festival however proceeding original schedule realtime livestreaming online format.th karlovy vary international film festival canceled postponed organizers later announced plans hold unofficial ½ edition november cancelled due reinstatement restrictions country.the cannes film festival sent invitations march despite france implementing limits public gatherings beyond scheduled dates cannes television festivals canneseries miptv chose run however canneseries rescheduling october miptv canceling event.march festival de cannes announced cannot held scheduled dates may –. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | several options considered order preserve running main one simple postponement cannes end junebeginning july .cannes main venue converted temporary homeless shelter.some festivals including tribeca sxsw reelabilities tcm classic film festival greenwich international film festival created new online programming lieu inperson festival.toronto international film festival also planned proceed least partially online july tiff programmers announced much smaller normal lineup feature films screened drivein theatre venues online.within industry suggested pandemic contained major events reschedule lessimportant business events festivals may permanently removed industry calendars allow important events happen may deemed unnecessary great effect felt cancellations ease finances industry enters recession brought coronaviruscaused losses.the tribeca film festival youtube worked several international partner film festivals launch one global film festival international online festival films screening free youtube may june .due unprecedented interruption film productions caused pandemic locarno film festival switzerland asked directors including lucrecia martel lav diaz select films festivals year history retrospective screened online physical locations.the toronto international film festival announced would make masks optional attendees seated film screenings.actions criticized creating potential superspreader event social nature festival could increase risk covid transmission.reversed decision within hours citing surge new cases ontario.the tribeca film institute fundraising educational nonprofit suspended operations september due uncertainties surrounding new reality. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | tribeca film festival operates parent company continue.the provincetown international film festival associated nonprofit laid newly hired ceo eight staff members due pandemic.the san diego international film festival held october screened online drivein screens.in september announced person covid attended several screenings toronto international film festival.films affected included dune bergman island humans.films theatrical releases january chinese blockbuster lost russia canceled theatrical release sent streaming platforms.made available watch free move said encourage people watch stay home.next day theaters china closed. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | january enter fat dragon also premiered online.lost russia streamed million accounts first three days release chinas highestgrossing film highestgrossing nonenglish film ever wolf warrior sold total million tickets worldwide.beginning february american films set premiere china february march officially canceled.chinese media companies began making films free online january.asian markets also saw chinese hong kong film distributors cancel exports lunar new year holiday including films vanguard detective chinatown rescue legend deification taiwanese film love love asian release moved april. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | cinemas asian countries without public restrictions increasing hygiene measures spokesperson one chain saying added hand sanitizer dispensers performed temperature checks staff moviegoers cleaned facilities frequently displayed public health warnings movie screens.lunar new year holiday large market film releases across asia stunted outbreak began rapidly spreading period time.at start march james bond film time die scheduled premiere march wide release april postponed november subsequently april .time die first film change planned release outside china early outbreak covid opened discussions dramatic implications film economy many productions avoided scheduling releases time th bond film new november date busy holiday release period leading low box office intake marchapril uncertain intake november.however postponement could reportedly generate publicity film also taking familiar november release slot past two bond films.also suggested highprofile films follow postpone releases creating similar effect. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | several films soon followed postponing releases worldwide heavily promoted polish slasher film w lesie dziś nie zaśnie nikt nobody sleeps woods tonight postponed march point future situation settled political documentary slay dragon theatrical release moved march april .the sequel peter rabbit runaway initially scheduled released united kingdom us late march early april respectively due uncertainty outbreak film postponed early august postponed december january respectively.sony pictures films production company said changes internationally coronavirus fears us release moved sync worries pirate copies rival childrens film dreamworksuniversals trolls world tour moved release date earlier weekend peter rabbit runaway initially planned released.trolls world tours forward rescheduling takes would time dies weekend distributed universal leaves biggest film april.other major films postponed releases certain countries.pixar film onward released opening march weekend opened areas affected coronavirus outbreak cinemas closed china also chose open south korea italy japan.march releases quiet place part ii mulan postponed releases affected areas too. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | prompted worry march film openings underperform blockbusters set release may specifically disneymarvels black widow universals f would move dates later calendar.mulan opening china aimed make money particularly concerning especially possibility pirate copies appear prevent chinese moviegoers going see cinemas released.comparatively quiet place part ii anticipated large chinese draw box office first film country total.on march announced global release quiet place part ii would delayed based widespread advice policies large gatherings first rescheduled september time labor day weekend new date april due continuous virus surging united states.day release indian film sooryavanshi initially scheduled release march postponed indefinitely release f pushed april .mulans march london premiere went ahead without red carpet march announced film removed release calendar rescheduled july taking release date another disney film jungle cruise delayed four weeks august . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | rescheduling options mulan removed release calendar again.disney also postponed releases antlers new mutants black widow.speculated films standalone moving black widow – first film marvel cinematic universe phase four – would affect development distribution future marvel cinematic universe marvel disney works disney holding early postponement announcement march postponed black widow may releases personal history david copperfield woman window.though earlier speculated black widow would able take marvels november release date planned eternals initially given new date.april black widow rescheduled november taking release date aforementioned eternals.three months later july disney announced antlers would get new release date february nearly year later original release. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | august disney announced cancelled theatrical release mulan liveaction remake north america would premiere film disney premier access instead.went theatrical release select countries including china.september disney postponed black widow may death nile december west side story december .result eternals also delayed november order maintain mcu continuity.warner bros. followed disney announcing postponement rest upcoming slate march .tenet pushed july july august held indefinitely. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | wonder woman pushed august october december scoob heights malignant delayed indefinitely.resulted scoob theatrical release north america film went straight video demand heights moved new release date june .prior march universal illumination announced minions rise gru pulled intended release date july due pandemic also due temporary closing french illumination mac guff animation studio response pandemic would leave films animation unfinished original date.april film rescheduled july taking planned release date sing year original date.the august release tenet marked first major american blockbuster film released theatrically.due safety concerns united states film premiered international markets staggered release model released select u.s. cities september . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | box office revenue reached million september modest million united states.in september sony pictures entertainment chairman tony vinciquerra stated company release big budget films theatres pandemic over.october time die delayed april due requirement film worldwide theatrical audience.came amid continued closures cinemas key u.s. markets los angeles new york city well reinstatement restrictions united kingdom due second wave.universal pictures held international distribution rights time die film f delayed may memorial day weekend cannibalize it.time die since postponed september uk october u.s. march f postponed june .the lack theatrical releases hollywood studios resulted anime film—demon slayer mugen train—becoming firstever nonhollywood film top annual worldwide box office. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | film benefited japans relative control pandemic time release popularity franchise reduced competition international films.with los angeles new york city allowed cinemas reopen march expected film distributors would confident releasing higherprofile films.month disney announced black widow would open theaters july would also available disney day premier access following release strategy used one companys films raya last dragon.two disneys films cruella jungle cruise also given hybrid release.despite united states progress vaccination spread delta variant intensified across country july .children younger could vaccinated covid number studios announced plans delay films targeting families pursue hybrid premium video ondemand pvodstreaming releases july paramount pictures cancelled release clifford big red dog initially scheduled september later rescheduled simultaneous release theaters paramount november year united artists releasings addams family also shifted hybrid release.august sony pictures also delayed release venom let carnage three weeks october citing delta variant. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | september paramount announced releases jackass forever top gun maverick mission impossible would delayed february may september respectively amid surging cases delta variant.september however sony decided move release date venom let carnage october following box office success shangchi legend ten rings.the success shangchi legend ten rings also led walt disney company deciding release rest films exclusively theaters.spiderman way home marvel cinematic universe film distributed sony pictures released december grossed million opening weekend.also became first film since star wars rise skywalker exceed gross billion global box office.earlyjanuary grossed . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | billion worldwide overtaking avengers eighthhighestgrossing film time.the popularity film well pandemicrelated factors cited box office failure another prominent holiday release steven spielbergs west side story despite positive reviews analysts argued film skewed towards older audience mainly adult women still hesitant see films theatres due covid risks especially recent emergence omicron variant may lacked prominent star argued trend live action musical films falling favor among audiences citing examples cats releases heights dear even hansen.early home media releases sequel frozen ii originally planned released disney june moved march .disney ceo bob chapek explained films powerful themes perseverance importance family messages incredibly relevant.march universal announced invisible man hunt emma – films theaters time – would available premium video demand early march suggested price us.each. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | suffering poor box office since release start march onward made available purchase digitally march added disney april .paramount announced march sonic hedgehog also planning early release video demand march .march warner bros. announced birds prey would released early video demand march .three days later studio announced way back would also available video demand date birds prey.april disney announced artemis fowl film adaptation novel name would released straight disney june skipping theatrical release entirely.chinese regulators well u.s. national association theatre owners highly discouraged film distributors engaging practice defense cinema industry.trolls world tour sequel film released directly videoondemand rental upon release april limited theatrical screenings u.s. via drivein cinemas. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | nbcuniversal ceo jeff shell told wall street journal april film reached million revenue stated company ruled performing releases formats cinemas reopen.on april response shells comments american chain amc theatres announced would cease screening universal pictures films effective immediately threatened similar actions exhibitor unilaterally abandons current windowing practices absent good faith negotiations us.july two companies announced agreement allowing universal option release film premium video demand minimum days theaters amc receiving cut revenue.universal later reached similar pacts cinemark theatres cineplex entertainment.in strategy called virtual cinema film distributors created new partnerships small movie theaters art houses provide portion online streaming sales including kino lorber film movement music box films hope runs high oscilloscope labs.warner bros. pictures announced december would simultaneously release slate films theatrical releases available streaming hbo max period one month.approach called project popcorn led many filmmakers production companies theater chains voice disappointment displeasure move especially since informed consulted move well regards contractual legal obligations.in march announced warner bros. would discontinue sameday releases part agreement studio reached cineworld operates regal cinemas would instead use day exclusive release window theaters.studio made similar deal amc theaters august .pixars luca went directly disney june along simultaneous limited run el capitan theatre. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | summer year paramount pictures announced would release paw patrol movie paramount day theatrical release.studio also decided cancel theatrical release rumble instead released streaming service december .walt disney studios motion pictures released encanto disney days exclusive theatrical run.january announced pixar film turning red would skipping theaters entirely would instead released disney march amid surge covid cases fueled omicron variant.productions film productions key outbreak zones predominantly china south korea italy changed schedules changed location shut completely.sony pictures closed offices london paris poland employee thought exposed virus. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | writers guild america sagaftra canceled inperson meetings.hengdian world studios dongyang china closed indefinitely.philippine movie studios star cinema regal entertainment cinema one originals also suspended shooting films effective march day quarantine metro manila cainta rizal enacted.several chinese hong kong films stopped production including blossoms upcoming film directed wong karwai scheduled shoot shanghai jia zhangkes next film planning begin filming china april put hold least next spring zhangke saying might even rewrite script polar rescue donnie yen film shut production end year.one first big production shutdowns mission impossible scheduled begin filming venice italy crew sent home sets left behind.actor tom hanks became infected coronavirus elvis presley biopic working queensland australia shut everyone production put quarantine.production company warner bros. began working australian public health services identify people may contact hanks wife rita wilson performing venues including sydney opera house shortly tested positive. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | marvel studios film shangchi legend ten rings also shooting australia first unit production temporarily suspended march due director destin daniel cretton selfisolating awaiting results coronavirus test came back negative.the association independent commercial producers aicp released set guidelines work place practices earlymay restrictions began lift across u.s. set included specific guidelines departments worksites involved productions.industry task force studios unions submitted report june various recommendations health safety guidelines cast crew productions.guidelines include regular testing wearing face coverings times filming actors practicing social distancing whenever possible reducing modifying scenes involving close contact recommending casting performed via videoconferencing selfrecorded video rather inperson.on june governor california gavin newsom announced film television production could resume state beginning june provided conditions permit approval received countys public health officials.newsom incorporated key guidelines task forces report.next day group unions including directors guild america international alliance theatrical stage employees international brotherhood teamsters sagaftra published page report detailing safety protocols agreed upon union film television productions including regular testing cast crew members closed sets access zones shooting limited hour sessions productions requiring onset health safety supervisor.on february announced blue sky studios computer animation studio acquired disney purchase st century fox would closed due economic impact pandemic business operations. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | closure blue sky also resulted cancellation film adaptation nimona reported complete.exhibitors stock exhibitors companies finance showing films cinemas theaters continued falling even global stock market rebounded.midweek march cinemark fell .amc .. day time die release postponed march amcs shares fallen two weeks.march cineworlds shares fell fell another march . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | falls result combination amc closing selected cinemas italy lack confidence market created time die moving release date new releases original opening weekend much draw moviegoers could result financial losses chains showing them.intheater advertising company national cinemedia also reported stock falling .march .by march cinemark amc national cinemedia stocks fallen since beginning month.cineworld worlds secondlargest cinema chain warned march multiple films pushed back releases extended disruption continuing falling stock could cause company collapse.in august california announced new colorcoded tier system would allow restrictions lifted specific counties based health metrics effective august .cinemas would allowed operate limited capacity county red substantial tier better. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | would scale patrons whichever smaller red counties patrons orange moderate counties hard maximum counties lowest yellow minimal tier.majority state still purple widespread tier onset system cinemas remained closed.health orders still superseded stricter rules local officials.on october time die delayed april reported cineworld considering suspending operations cinemas uk ireland us regal cinemas indefinitely citing lack tentpole releases impacting business.company confirmed move october ceo mooky greidinger stating expensive continue operating cinemas without consistent lineup new releases initially planned hold time die released argued continued closure cinemas state new york made studios reluctant release films due underperformance tenet.closures excluded seven regal locations california recently allowed reopen.although san francisco county began allow cinemas reopen october majority cinemas remain closed due boycott national association theatre owners californianevada due local guidelines prohibiting sale concessions. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | group stated restriction makes economically impossible members reopen significantly limits moviegoing experience audiences.cinemark announced later month would reopen selected cinemas bay area santa clara county operating compliance concessions prohibition.october new york announced allow cinemas outside new york city situated counties day average cases reopen october maximum capacity patrons perscreen.on november regal announced selected california new york locations recently reopened would close indefinitely november .day share prices amc cinemark disney rose early reports pfizer efficacy covid vaccine development company biontech.on march cinemas new york city given authorization reopen subject patron limit remainder state.march los angeles county moved purple red blueprint safer economy los angeles county department public health lacdph gave authorization cinemas resume operations area capacity. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | approximately cinemas la area resumed operations march chains independent cinemas expecting reopen next weeks opening godzilla vs. kong.two weeks later movie theaters los angeles began reopening capacity.march regal cinemas announced would reopen cinemas beginning april .april announced capacity new york cinemas would raised april .day california issued addendum orangetier counties would restricted hard cap patrons counties yellow minimal tier would allowed operate cinemas selected venues capacity attendees present proof full vaccination recent negative covid test.guidance also issued seating sections less physical distancing fully vaccinated.after filing chapter bankruptcy protection october march respectively studio movie grill alamo drafthouse cinema respectively emerged chapter lateapril earlyjune new funding underperforming locations closed along plans new theaters built. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | april decurion corporation parent company arclight cinemas cinerama dome pacific theaters announced would shutting locations due financial impact pandemic.two months later pacific theaters filed chapter bankruptcy.following months leases many former arclight cinemas pacific theaters locations acquired movie theater chains regal cinemas amc theaters landmark theaters.on may governors connecticut new jersey new york jointly announced planned lift capacity restrictions businesses may cinemas new york would limited many patrons may present must feet .social distancing groups.may los angeles county moved yellow minimal tier state health officials lacdph allow cinemas use option. |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | due progress vaccination new york california lifted capacity restrictions including cinemas june .by august however due spread delta variant waning vaccination rates nationwide new york city residents fullyvaccinated announced august effective september access indoor entertainment venues including cinemas restricted vaccinated.october los angeles announced starting november residents required show proof covid vaccination enter movie theaters.streaming services bbc noted popularity streaming services could increase especially people isolated home guardian suggesting nonblockbuster films may sent streaming quickly anticipated release catch market.one popular film stream contagion moved th mostwatched warner bros. film december become nd mostwatched film march entered top itunes film rentals ostensibly due similarities story bears outbreak.stock netflix increased march . |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema | platform released original docuseries pandemic prevent outbreak end january .disney went live india march via domestic service hotstar eighteen days set though disneys shares fallen march .insurance various trade publications media outlets insurance brokers front row insurance brokers inc. provided commentary impact covid pandemic cinema specifically film production insurance.covid made film production insurance difficult obtain many productions.many insurance companies added communicable disease exclusions policies meaning film insurance would cover losses caused covid. |
Thomism | film insurance solutions offering covid coverage came high premiums much higher productions used paying precovid.see also list films impacted covid pandemicchinese new year film – type family film designed blockbuster asia chinese new yearcorona film songbird film two major feature films pandemicimpact covid pandemic televisionimpact covid pandemic arts cultural heritagesocial impact covid pandemic references external links bbc talking movies coronavirus puts film industry turmoil march shoard catherine guardian one hour everything cancelled – coronavirus devastated film industry march burke kristin m. guardian reports death film industry greatly exaggerated april crucchiola jordan vulture movies delayed coronavirus — new release dates julyphilosophy aquinas disputed questions commentaries aristotle perhaps bestknown works.in theology summa theologica amongst influential documents medieval theology continues central point reference philosophy theology catholic church.encyclical doctoris angelici pope pius x cautioned teachings church cannot understood without basic philosophical underpinnings aquinas major theses capital theses philosophy st. thomas placed category opinions capable debated one way another considered foundations upon whole science natural divine things based principles removed way impaired must necessarily follow students sacred sciences ultimately fail perceive much meaning words dogmas divine revelation proposed magistracy church.thomistic philosophy overview thomas aquinas held practiced principle truth accepted matter found.doctrines drew greek roman islamic jewish philosophers.specifically realist i.e. |
Thomism | unlike skeptics believed world known is.often affirmed aristotles views independent arguments largely followed aristotelian terminology metaphysics.wrote comprehensive commentaries aristotle respectfully referred simply philosopher.he also adhered neoplatonic principles example absolutely true first something essentially essentially good call god ... everything called good inasmuch participates way certain assimilation... thomistic theses decree postquam sanctissimus july pope pius x declared theses formulated teachers various institutions ... clearly contain principles important thoughts aquinas.principal contributors churchs official statement theses thomism include dominican philosopher theologian edouard hugon pontifical university saint thomas aquinas angelicum jesuit philosopher theologian guido mattiussi pontifical gregorian university.ontology potency act divide way whatever either pure act necessity composed potency act primary intrinsic principles.since act perfection limited except potency capacity perfection. |
Thomism | hence order act pure act exist order unique unlimited act.whenever finite manifold entered true composition potency.consequently one god unique simple alone subsists absolute being.things participate nature whereby restricted constituted essence really distinct principles.a thing called esse.god creature called beings univocally wholly equivocally analogically analogy attribution proportionality.in every creature also real composition subsisting subject added secondary forms i.e.accidental forms. |
Thomism | composition cannot understood unless really received essence distinct it.besides absolute accidents also relative accident relation.although reason character relation signify anything inhering another nevertheless often cause things hence real entity distinct subject.a spiritual creature wholly simple essence.yet still twofold composition spiritual creature namely essence substance accidents.however corporeal creature composed act potency even essence.act potency order essence designated names form matter respectively.cosmology neither matter form produced corrupted included category otherwise reductively substantial principles.although extension quantitative parts follows upon corporeal nature nevertheless body substance quantified. |
Thomism | substance indivisible indeed point indivisible falls outside order dimensions indivisible.quantity gives substance extension really differs substance truly accident.the principle individuation i.e.numerical distinction one individual another specific nature matter designated quantity.thus pure spirits cannot one individual specific nature.by virtue bodys quantity body circumscriptively place one place alone circumscriptively matter power might brought bear.bodies divided two groups living others devoid life.case living things order subject essentially moving part essentially moved part substantial form designated name soul requires organic disposition i.e. |
Thomism | heterogeneous parts.psychology souls vegetative sensitive orders cannot subsist produced themselves.rather principles whereby living thing exists lives since wholly dependent upon matter incidentally corrupted corruption composite.on hand human soul subsists itself.infused sufficiently disposed subject created god.nature incorruptible immortal.this rational soul united body manner substantial form body. |
Thomism | virtue soul man man animal living thing body substance being.therefore soul gives man every essential degree perfection moreover gives body share act whereby exists.from human soul naturally issue forth powers pertaining two orders organic nonorganic.organic powers among senses composite subject.nonorganic powers soul alone subject.hence intellect power intrinsically independent bodily organ.intellectuality necessarily follows upon immateriality furthermore manner distance matter higher degree intellectuality. |
Thomism | adequate object understanding general.present state union soul body quantities abstracted material conditions individuality proper object human intellect.therefore receive knowledge sensible things.since sensible things actually intelligible addition intellect formally understands active power must acknowledged soul power abstracts intelligible likeness species sense images imagination.through intelligible likenesses species directly know universals i.e.natures things.attain singulars senses also intellect beholds sense images. |
Thomism | ascend knowledge spiritual things analogy.the precede intellect follows upon it.necessarily desires presented good every respect satisfying appetite.freely chooses among many goods presented desirable according changeable judgment evaluation.consequently choice follows final practical judgment.cause final one. |
Thomism | god perceive immediate intuition god exists prove priori.prove posteriori i.e.things created following argument effects cause namely things moved cannot adequate source motion first unmoved mover production things world causes subordinated one another first uncaused cause corruptible things equally might absolutely necessary things less live understand according degrees living understanding maximally understanding maximally living maximally finally order things separated intellect ordered organized things directs end.the metaphysical motion divine essence correctly expressed saying identified exercised actuality subsistent itself.reason infinite unlimited perfection.by reason purity god distinguished finite beings.hence follows first place world could come god creation secondly even way miracle finite nature given creative power directly attains finally created agent way influence effect unless moved first cause. |
Thomism | metaphysics aquinas says fundamental axioms ontology principle noncontradiction principle causality.therefore contradict two laws could theoretically exist even said incorporeal.predication aquinas noted three forms descriptive language predicating univocal analogical equivocal.univocality use descriptor sense applied two objects groups objects.instance word milk applied milk produced cows female mammal.analogy occurs descriptor changes meaning.example word healthy analogical applies person animal enjoys good health food drink promotes health.equivocation complete change meaning descriptor informal fallacy example word bank applied river banks financial banks. |
Thomism | modern philosophers call ambiguity.further usage definition aquinas gives genus plus difference sets apart genus itself.instance aristotelian definition man rational animal genus animal sets apart man animals rationality.existence twofold one essential existence substantial existence thing example man exists existence simpliciter.accidental existence example man white existence secundum quid.in thomist philosophy definition prinicple two parts refers quiddity literally whatness refers esse latin be.quiddity means essence form nature may may exist whereas esse refers existence reality. |
Thomism | essence exists.being divided two ways substances another accidents.substances things exist per se right.accidents qualities apply things shape color accidents must include definition subject outside genus.exist things aquinas holds metaphysics primarily study substances primary mode being.the catholic encyclopedia pinpoints aquinas definition quiddity expressed definition.quiddity form thing makes object form actuality matter matter becomes something actual something individual also form causes matter be. |
Thomism | thus consists two parts prime matter matter without form substantial form causes substance characteristics.instance animal said whose matter body whose soul substantial form.together constitute quiddityessence.all real things transcendental properties oneness truth goodness things final cause therefore purpose etc.causality aristotle categorized causality four subsets metaphysics integral part thomismin one sense term cause means something intrinsic thing comes bronze statue silver goblet genera these.another sense means b form pattern thing i.e. |
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