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Enrico Letta	since march letta secretary democratic party pd.after working academic letta entered politics appointed cabinet minister community policies role held promoted become minister industry commerce crafts.left cabinet upon election chamber deputies.appointed secretary council ministers.letta one senior founding members democratic party elected deputy secretary.after italian general election produced inconclusive result following negotiations party leaders president giorgio napolitano gave task forming national unity government letta cabinet composed lettas pd centreright people freedom pdl centrist civic choice order mitigate economic social crises engulfing italy result great recession.following agreement parties letta resigned pd deputy secretary appointed prime minister italy april .
Enrico Letta	government tried promote economic recovery securing funding deal european union alleviate youth unemployment abolished party subsidies something seen watershed moment italian politics years depended upon public funds.letta also faced early stages european migrant crisis including lampedusa migrant shipwreck deadliest shipwreck recent history mediterranean sea response letta implemented operation mare nostrum patrol maritime borders rescue migrants.in november pdl leader silvio berlusconi attempted withdraw partys support government order bring change prime minister response cabinets centreright ministers chose leave pdl formed new party saying wished continue supporting letta.despite securing position election december matteo renzi pd secretary brought significant leadership tensions within pd public view.several weeks denying would seek change renzi publicly challenged letta position prime minister february .letta quickly lost support colleagues resigned prime minister february.following resignation letta initially retired politics leaving italy accept appointment dean school international affairs sciences po paris.
Enrico Letta	march pd secretary nicola zingaretti resigned growing tensions within party.many prominent members party asked letta become new leader days letta announced would return italy accept candidacy elected new secretary national assembly march .october letta elected chamber deputies siena district.early life education letta born pisa tuscany giorgio letta abruzzoborn professor mathematics taught probability theory university pisa member lincean academy national academy sciences anna banchi born sassari raised porto torres tuscan origins.born numerous family uncles fathers side include centreright politician gianni letta close advisor silvio berlusconi archeologist cesare letta one paternal aunts maria teresa letta served vice president italian red cross maternal greatuncle poet playwright gian paolo bazzoni.after spending part childhood strasbourg letta completed schooling italy liceo classico galileo galilei pisa.
Enrico Letta	degree political science received university pisa subsequently obtained phd santanna school advanced studies graduate school university status.from letta professor university carlo cattaneo near varese taught santanna school pisa hec paris .political career letta began political career christian democracy dc dominant centrist roman catholic party ruled italy almost fifty years.letta president youth european peoples party official youth wing european peoples party political party european level founded nationallevel christian democratic parties including italian dc used presidency help strengthen longterm connections among variety centrist parties europe since remained convinced supporter european union european integration.during ciampi cabinet headed carlo azeglio ciampi letta worked chiefofstaff minister foreign affairs beniamino andreatta andreatta leftleaning christian democrat economist letta already collaborating think tank known agenzia di ricerche e legislazione arel played highly influential role lettas political career.following collapse dc letta joined immediate successor italian peoples party ppi serving secretary general euro committee within ministry treasury became deputy secretary party fully allied centreleft.fall romano prodis first government letta appointed minister community policies cabinet massimo dalema age becoming youngest cabinet minister postwar italy.in letta became minister industry commerce crafts second government dalema position hold serving also cabinet giuliano amato.amatos government hold role minister foreign trade too.in italian general election letta elected chamber deputies member democracy freedom – daisy newly formed centrist formation italian peoples party joined.
Enrico Letta	following year appointed national responsible economic policies daisy.in letta elected member european parliament nearly votes within olive tree list joining alliance liberals democrats europe alde group.mep became member committee economic monetary affairs.letta served also committee relations maghreb countries arab maghreb union.in letta reelected chamber deputies appointed secretary council ministers second government romano prodi thereby succeeding uncle gianni letta held position outgoing cabinet silvio berlusconi.post became closest advisor prime minister prodi becoming one influential politicians within government.however prodis government fell two years following tensions within majority caused resignation minister justice clemente mastella.
Enrico Letta	following italian general election saw victory centreright letta returned post uncle berlusconi iv cabinet sworn in.leadership election candidacy together daisys members letta joined democratic party pd new centreleft party born union daisy democrats left.founding member party letta run first leadership election held open primary.announced candidacy july youtube video.weeks announcement compared pd wikipedia stating wikipedia even pd hundreds thousands members must bring contributions skills certain fields certainly important mine leaders centreleft.
Enrico Letta	support candidacy letta founded association centrist christian leftist group mainly composed former members daisy.lettas candidacy supported prominent members italian centreleft like francesco cossiga paolo de castro gianni pittella vito de filippo many former members daisy.moreover lettas faction composed politicians considered close prime minister romano prodi christian leftist professor founding father italian centreleft.however letta face politician worked formation democratic party unanimously considered future leader centreleft walter veltroni incumbent mayor rome.primary election veltroni landslide .votes followed former minister health rosy bindi .
Enrico Letta	letta ..after primary election veltroni appointed letta national responsible labour.may defeat election letta appointed shadow minister labour social policies second last shadow cabinet formed italy.deputy secretary democratic party leadership election letta supported eventual winner socialdemocrat pier luigi bersani appointed deputy secretary partys national convention.in june letta organized threeday meeting verona met within association entrepreneurs key leaders lega nord largest party veneto eastern lombardy.opinion poll among northern democrats released nord camp showed keener alliance lega nord berlusconis people freedom.letta praised roberto maroni umberto bossi.in italian general election centreleft alliance italy common good led bersani clear majority seats chamber deputies thanks majority bonus effectively trebled number seats assigned winning party popular vote narrowly defeated centerright alliance former prime minister berlusconi.
Enrico Letta	close behind new antiestablishment five star movement comedian beppe grillo became thirdstrongest force clearly ahead centrist coalition outgoing prime minister mario monti.senate political group party outright majority resulting hung parliament.on april bersani resigned secretary candidates president republic franco marini romano prodi defeated presidential election whole leadership pd including deputy secretary letta resigned positions.prime minister italy government formation following five inconclusive ballots italian presidential election incumbent president giorgio napolitano accepted reelected quirinal palace.eventually napolitano reluctantly agreed serve another term order safeguard continuity countrys institutions.napolitano easily reelected april receiving possible votes sworn april speech asked constitutional electoral reforms.after reelection napolitano immediately began consultations chairmen chamber deputies senate political forces failure previous attempt bersani establishment panel experts president dubbed wise men press order outline priorities formulate agenda deal persistent economic hardship growing unemployment.
Enrico Letta	april enrico letta invited form government president napolitano following weeks political deadlock.on april letta formally accepted task leading grand coalition government support centreleft democratic party centreright people freedom pdl silvio berlusconi centrist civic choice outgoing pm mario monti.government formed became first history italian republic include representatives major coalitions run latest election.close relationship uncle gianni letta one berlusconis trusted advisors perceived way overcoming bitter hostility two opposing factions.letta appointed angelino alfano secretary people freedom deputy prime minister.new government formally swornin april.
Enrico Letta	swearing ceremony man fired gunshots outside chigi palace wounded two carabinieri.attacker luigi preiti stopped arrested declared wanted kill politicians least hit symbol politics forced despair unemployed recently divorced.on april lettas government confidence vote chamber votes favour abstentions.following day confidence vote senate votes favour abstentions.first speech front parliament letta stressed necessity restore decency sobriety sense honor also advocated reduction politics costs.economic policies premiership letta face serious socioeconomic crisis caused great recession subsequent european debt crisis.
Enrico Letta	one major problems country huge youth unemployment valued around .face issue june letta scheduled summit chigi palace ministers economy finance labour italy germany france spain agree common eu policies reducing unemployment.weeks press conference conclusion council european union brussels letta announced italy would receive .billion euros eu funds fight youth unemployment.on may council ministers resolved sponsor bill abolish party subsidies widely considered revolution italian politics political parties heavily depended public funds.june letta within minister economic development flavio zanonato minister environment andrea orlando announced receivership ilva one largest steel makers europe duration months appointing enrico bondi receiver.on june government approved socalled action decree hiring policies enabling economic recovery.
Enrico Letta	decree later approved parliament july august confidence vote.reform harshly criticized antiestablishment five star movement.august government abolished imu italian tax real estate introduced technocratic government mario monti primary homes farm buildings .immigration policies result libyan syrian civil wars major problem faced letta upon becoming prime minister high levels illegal immigration italy.on october boat carrying migrants libya italy sank italian island lampedusa.reported boat sailed misrata libya many migrants originally eritrea somalia ghana.
Enrico Letta	emergency response involving italian coast guard resulted rescue survivors.october reported confirmed death toll searching boat bodies still missing figure deaths later reported becoming deadliest shipwreck occurred mediterranean sea.after lampedusa tragedy prime minister letta decided strengthen national patrolling sicilian channel authorizing operation mare nostrum military humanitarian operation whose purpose patrol maritime border provide relief migrants.operation two main purposes safeguard life sea combat illegal smuggling migrants.operation brought least migrants europe mainly africa middle east.operation ended months end premiership october .
Enrico Letta	foreign policies strong proeuropeanist politician letta built close relations prominent european leaders like angela merkel first foreign leader met days sworn april.letta built also warm relation french president françois hollande shared common view austerity policies considered outdated face economic crisis letta hollande often stressed necessity increase public expenditures investments.on june letta participated first g summit lough erne northern ireland.summit letta first bilateral meeting president united states barack obama.october letta invited white house president obama stated really impressed italian prime minister reforms plan.on september letta took part g summit saint petersburg.summit focused aftermath syrian civil war.
Enrico Letta	letta advocated diplomatic resolution crisis promoted united nations.september speech front united nations general assembly letta asked deep reform un security council.september government crisis september five ministers people freedom resigned orders leader silvio berlusconi pointing decision postpone decree prevented increase vat thus opening government crisis.following day letta meeting president napolitano discuss possible alternatives solve crisis.head state stressed would dissolve parliament possible alternatives.in following days dozens members pdl prepared defy berlusconi vote favour government prompting announce would back prime minister.
Enrico Letta	october government received votes favor senate favor chamber deputies.letta could thus continue grand coalition government.on november senate vote expulsion berlusconi parliament due conviction tax fraud court final instance court cassation occurred months before.sentenced gross imprisonment two years senate voted expel parliament barring serving legislative office six years.after expulsion parliament berlusconi disbanded pdl days refounding forza italia party withdrew support government.however interior minister angelino alfano follow former leader founding along ministers many members parliament new centreright party remaining government.government later key confidence votes december votes favour senate chamber.on january minister agriculture nunzia de girolamo resigned post due claims improper conduct linked scandal local healthcare system hometown benevento.
Enrico Letta	resignation accepted letta following day took ministerial role ad interim.resignation december mayor florence matteo renzi democratic party leadership election landslide immediately starting rumors possibility becoming new prime minister.january air le invasioni barbariche la tv channel interviewed tensions prime minister letta renzi tweeted hashtag enricostaisereno enrico dont worry reassure party colleague plotting anything him.the growing criticism slow pace italian economic reform left letta increasingly isolated within party.pds meeting february democratic party leadership voted heavily favour renzis motion new government new phase radical programme reforms.minutes party backed renzis proposal votes two abstentions letta went quirinal palace bilateral meeting president napolitano.in earlier speech renzi paid tribute letta saying intended put trial.
Enrico Letta	without directly proposing next prime minister said eurozones thirdlargest economy urgently needed new phase radical programme push badlyneeded reforms.motion put forward made clear necessity urgency opening new phase new executive.speaking privately party leaders renzi said italy crossroads faced either holding fresh elections new government without return polls.on february letta resigned office prime minister.following lettas resignation renzi formally received task forming new government president napolitano february formally sworn prime minister february.academic career letta resigned member chamber deputies voted new electoral law proposed prime minister renzi time announced would renew pds membership.in april letta moved paris teach sciences po higher education institute political science.
Enrico Letta	since september became dean paris school international affairs psia institute.along commitment sciences po also teaching periods university technology sydney school global policy strategy university california san diego.year letta launched scuola di politiche school politics course political science young italians.in letta supported constitutional reform proposed renzi reduce powers senate.year along jacques delors institute launched school political science focused european issues known académie notre europe.october joined new comitè action publique public commission reform state public administration france strongly supported president emmanuel macron.in march following victory nicola zingaretti pd leadership election letta announced would rejoin party four years.
Enrico Letta	year letta also served advisory board annual human development report united nations development programme undp cochaired thomas piketty tharman shanmugaratnam.spoke favour constitutional reform reduce number mps considering first step overcome perfect bicameralism.following retirement politics letta became advisor many corporations international organizations like abertis became member board directors amundi served member global advisory board since eurasia group senior advisor since publicis served within international advisory board since tikehau capital became member international advisory board.letta member many noprofit organizations like international gender champions igc british council reimagine europa trilateral commission presided european group aspen institute italia served executive committee associazione italia asean became chairman institut de prospective economique du monde méditerranéen ipemed.secretary democratic party january government crisis forced prime minister giuseppe conte resign national unity government led mario draghi formed.midst formation draghis government zingaretti heavily criticized partys minority management crisis strenuous support conte.march weeks internal turmoil zingaretti announced resignation secretary stating ashamed power struggles within party.in next days many prominent members pd including zingaretti also former prime minister paolo gentiloni former party secretary dario franceschini president emiliaromagna stefano bonaccini publicly asked former letta become new leader party.
Enrico Letta	following initial reluctancy letta stated needed days evaluate option.march officially accepted candidacy new partys leader.march national assembly pd elected letta secretary votes favour abstentions.on march letta appointed peppe provenzano irene tinagli deputy secretaries.following day appointed partys new executive composed eight men eight women.later month letta forced two democratic leaders parliament graziano delrio andrea marcucci resign proposed election two female leaders.
Enrico Letta	march senators deputies elected simona malpezzi debora serracchiani leaders senate chamber.in july letta announced intention run chamber deputies siena district remained vacant resignation pier carlo padoan.october letta byelection .votes returning parliament six years.concurrent local elections pd allies municipal elections milan bologna naples rome turin many major cities across country.as leader third political forces parliament letta played important role reelection incumbent president sergio mattarella.january fabio fazios talk show che tempo che fa letta stated favorable candidates presidency mario draghi sergio mattarella.
Enrico Letta	morning january fall possible candidacies letta asked leaders follow parliaments wisdom referring massive support mattarella received previous ballots.day main parties asked mattarella serve second term.despite initial firm denial mattarella accepted nomination reelected votes.personal life letta married gianna fregonara italian journalist three children giacomo lorenzo francesco.letta known fond listening dire straits playing subbuteo also avid supporter a.c. milan.addition native italian letta speaks french english fluently.
Mangalorean Catholics	electoral history firstpastthepost elections references notes external links personal profile enrico letta european parliaments database membersdeclaration pdf financial interests italiankonkani people speak konkani language.contemporary mangalorean catholics descend mainly new christians portuguese goa damaon migrated south canara throughout course goan inquisition portuguese–adil shahi wars mahratta sackings goa bombaybassein.learned tulu kannada whilst south canara retained konkani preserved much konkani ways living undergone christianisation goa.yearlong captivity seringapatam imposed tippu sultan de facto ruler kingdom mysore almost led community decimation.following tipus defeat death siege seringapatam british nizam hyderabad allies community resettled south canara east india company rule.although early assertions distinct identity date migration period developed mangalorean catholic identity emerged captivity.culture blend mangalorean goan cultures.
Mangalorean Catholics	younger mangalorean catholic generation present times diaspora persian gulf countries anglosphere described increasingly anglicised konkani culture lusoindian influence.ethnic identity roman catholics mangalore diocese newly formed udupi diocese erstwhile south canara district descendants generally known mangalorean catholics.diocese located southwestern coast india.comprises civil districts dakshina kannada udupi karnataka state kasaragod kerala state.region collectively referred south canara british raj partition india states reorganisation act .in portuguese ships arrived mangalore number local converts christianity slowly increased.
Mangalorean Catholics	however sizeable christian population exist second half th century largescale immigration christians goa south canara.reluctant learn local languages south canara continued speak konkani language brought goa local christians learn konkani converse them.migration skilled goan catholic agriculturists offered various land grants native bednore rulers south canara.observed traditional hindu customs conjunction newfound catholic practices preserved lifestyle.most migrants people lower economic strata left government economic jobs lands confiscated due heavy taxation portuguese goa.consequence wealth privileges goan migrants enjoyed mangalore began feeling superior landless kindred goa.
Mangalorean Catholics	captivity seringapatam – many died killed forcibly converted islam led formation separate common mangalorean catholic cultural identity among members group hitherto considered extension larger goan catholic community.longer selfidentified goan catholics.years captivity prosperity british italian jesuits followed migration employment bombay calcutta poona persian gulf arab states englishspeaking world enabled community restore identity.overwhelming majority mangalorean catholics goud saraswat brahmin lineage.historian alan machado prabhu estimates almost per cent mangalorean catholics goan origins.
Mangalorean Catholics	history premigration era records early existence christians south canara lost time deportation tipu sultan .hence known exactly christianity introduced south canara although possible syrian christians settled south canara kerala state south canara.italian traveller marco polo recorded considerable trading activities red sea canara coast th century.surmised foreign christian merchants visiting coastal towns south canara period commerce possible christian priests might accompanied evangelistic work.in april french dominican friar jordanus catalani severac southwestern france landed thana four friars.travelled bhatkal north canara port town coastal route thana quilon.
Mangalorean Catholics	first bishop india quilon diocese entrusted spiritual nourishment christian community mangalore parts india pope john xxii.according historian severine silva concrete evidence yet found permanent settlements christians south canara th century.advent portuguese region christianity began spread.in portuguese explorer vasco da gama landed group islands south canara voyage portugal india.named islands el padron de santa maria later came known st marys islands.portuguese explorer pedro álvares cabral arrived anjediva north canara eight franciscan missionaries.
Mangalorean Catholics	leadership frei henrique soares de coimbra missionaries converted natives christianity mangalore region.early part th century krishnadevaraya – ruler vijayanagara empire deccan granted commercial privileges portuguese canara coast.complete freedom worship belief propagation religious tenets vijaynagara empire.viceroyship lopo vaz de sampaio portuguese took possession mangalore.the portuguese franciscans slowly started propagating christianity mangalore.prominent local convert brahmin mahant shankarayya travelled wife kallianpur goa baptised portuguese viceroy assuming role godfather.
Mangalorean Catholics	honoured mahant took name francisco de távora viceroy marques de távora.properties subsequently taken hindu relatives viceroy instructed factor mangalore get property restored.canara placed ecclesiastic jurisdiction bishop goa portuguese strong presence.missionaries soon arrived gained converts.number local converts south canara continually increased .
Mangalorean Catholics	midth century portuguese faced resistance abbakka rani ullal queen bednore dynasty.put halt conversions.first battle abbakka rani portuguese fought emerged victorious drove portuguese south canara.migration era portuguese fleet afonso de albuquerque sent king manuel portugal wrested region goa sultan yusuf adil shah bijapur.diocese goa established.
Mangalorean Catholics	soon missionaries sent goa led conversion sizeable population roman catholicism.bulk christian settlers came three major migration waves towards south canara.migrations occurred periods great unrest goa inquisition occurred onwards portuguese–adil shahi wars portuguese–maratha wars occurred – –.factors led mass migrations disease epidemics famines natural calamities overpopulation poor living conditions heavy tax burdens social discrimination portuguese.in navarrese jesuit francis xavier cofounder society jesus arrived goa.discovered newly converted christians practising old hindu customs traditions.
Mangalorean Catholics	requested portuguese king joão iii install inquisition goa .many goan ancestors present mangalorean catholics fled goa inquisition began .king sebastião decreed every trace hindu customs eradicated inquisition.many goan christians uppercaste hindu origins attached caste practices want abandon them.converts refused comply forced leave goa settle outside portuguese dominion resulted first major wave migrations towards south canara.the christians left goa part skilled agriculturists abandoned irrigated fields goa achieve freedom.
Mangalorean Catholics	remainder skilled carpenters goldsmiths artisans merchants.time migration canara ruled keladi king shivappa nayaka –.evinced great interest development agriculture empire welcomed agriculturists kingdom giving fertile lands cultivate.recruited armies bednore dynasty.confirmed francis buchanan scottish physician visited canara .
Mangalorean Catholics	book journey madras countries mysore canara malabar stated princes house ikkeri given great encouragement christians induced settle tuluva.later identified probable mistake read .figure included second emigration christians goa.taxation policies keladi nayakas – enabled goan catholic migrants emerge prominent landowning gentry south canara.migrants usually brought capital goa invested new lands thereby indirectly contributing prosperity keladi kingdom.under provisional treaties portuguese bednore rulers padroado christians allowed build churches help foster growth christianity south canara.
Mangalorean Catholics	arrival british dutch halted activity portuguese gradually unable send required number missionaries mangalore.shivappa nayaka previously expelled portuguese forts little brought considerable changes ecclesiastical situation.appointment vicar apostolic mangalore felt holy see critical importance.nayaka pressured church authorities appoint native priest vicar apostolic resulted appointment fr.andrew gomez post however died nomination papers could reach mangalore.at recommendation vicar general verapoly mons.
Mangalorean Catholics	joseph sebastiani pope clement x appointed bishop thomas de castro goan theatine bishop fulsivelem vicar apostolic propaganda fide vicariate canara august purpose providing spiritual leadership canara christians.consecration first went calicut moved mangalore served .bishop de castro entered conflict archbishop goa dom frei antónio brandão disregarding padroado.consequently cede jurisdiction despite popes letter appointment.padroado–propaganda conflict ensued divided catholics canara two sides—those recognised authority padroado archbishop goa versus supported de castro.the portuguese refused recognise bishop de castros appointment vigorously opposed activities.
Mangalorean Catholics	archbishop brandãos sudden death july complicated matters cathedral chapter administering archdiocese goa following vacancy created death forbade canara catholics receiving sacraments bishop priests appointed him.turn bishop de castro excommunicated catholics obedient padroado authorities goa priests.holy see appointed another goan priest fr.joseph vaz vicar forane canara asked submit bishop de castro unless showed letter appointment.however convinced legitimacy fr.
Mangalorean Catholics	vaz submitted bishop de castro brought truce.managed persuade bishop delegate jurisdiction retaining post.catholics canara brought jurisdiction padroado archbishop goa.the milagres church one oldest churches south canara built bishop thomas de castro.church nossa senhora rosário de mangalore lady rosary mangalore erected portuguese bolar mangalore.churches nossa senhora de mercês de velala lady mercy ullal são francisco de assis st. francis assisi farangipet erected portuguese south canara around time.
Mangalorean Catholics	three churches mentioned italian traveller pietro della valle visited mangalore .in sultan bijapur ali adil shah entered alliance sultan ahmadnagar murtaza nizam shah zamorin calicut simultaneous attack portuguese territories goa chaul mangalore.attacked goa ended portuguese influence region.bijapur sultans especially renowned loathing christianity.fearing persecution many goan catholics fled south canara second wave migrations settled barcoor kallianpur cundapore basroor.next century continual migration goan catholics southwards considerable number catholics settled around mangalore moolki shirva pezar bantval cundapore kallianpur kirem.
Mangalorean Catholics	christian goud saraswat brahmins came wave belonged mostly shenvi subcaste.the attacks maratha empire goa midth century precipitated third major wave migrations.shivaji founder maratha empire attacked kudal town north goa began campaign goa.shivajis death april son sambhaji ascended throne.onslaught sambhaji along northern territories goa drove nearly christians homelands migrated south canara.migration increased fall portuguese province north included bassein chaul salsette direct threat existence goa –.according one estimate emigrations salcete district goa around rate annually.
Mangalorean Catholics	jesuit priests estimated christians emigrated bardez district goa going southward.goa government report presently panjim archives records around christians fled bardez tiswadi districts goa maratha invasion.maratha raids goa christians migrated south canara.new migrants given lands shirva kirem mundkur pezar hosabettu chowta kings moodbidri milagres bondel cordel banghel kings mangalore.during later years migration slowed maratha–mughal wars christians returned goa.according alan machado prabhu mangalorean catholics numbered .subsequent steady rise south canaras catholic population portuguese took advantage every opportunity extend control mangalorean catholics came identified portuguese interests.the portuguese sought expand power priests beginning empire priests accompanied portuguese delegations diplomatic missions occasion principal negotiators.
Mangalorean Catholics	treaties signed keladi nayakas progressively incorporated clauses increased authority priests local catholic population making obedient priests matters christian laws well granting priests authority punish violations.portuguese promised refrain slaughtering cows halt forcible conversions factories.terms treaties always honoured portuguese result whenever hostilities broke keladis portuguese catholic settlers often harassed arrested nayakas.postmigration era captivity seringapatam capital kingdom mysore community catholics.community severely harassed following two decades churches destroyed priests house confiscated.
Mangalorean Catholics	destruction undertaken name wodeyar king kanthirava narasaraja finance minister.priests house returned church .relations wodeyars mangalorean catholics improved antichristian outburst.resident priest expelled forbidden preach.several antichristian outbursts followed.
Mangalorean Catholics	better relations two groups.from onwards hyder ali distinguished soldier mysore army took de facto control throne kingdom mysore wodeyar dynasty.hyder occupied mangalore .mangalorean catholics numbered .february british captured mangalore hyder.toward end hyder son tipu sultan defeated british recaptured mangalore fort.
Mangalorean Catholics	conquest hyder informed mangalorean catholics helped british conquest mangalore.hyder believed behaviour christians amounted treachery sovereign.the christians alleged helped general mathews sum rs..hyder summoned portuguese officer several christian priests mangalore suggest punishment mangalorean catholics treachery.portuguese officer suggested death penalty catholics helped british fitting punishment people betrayed sovereign.
Mangalorean Catholics	hyder exhibited diplomatic stance imprisoned christians rather killing them.later opened negotiations portuguese.result agreement suspicion clergy christians removed.hyders regime mangalorean catholic community continued flourish.hyders death second anglomysore war december british captured fort again.hyder succeeded son tipu sultan.
Mangalorean Catholics	tipu laid several assaults mangalore fort january resulted failure.fort finally delivered tipu british capitulated january .tipu received highly exaggerated reports role mangalorean catholics help british second anglomysore war.minimise british threat kingdom sultanultawarikh due rage islam began boil breast tipu banished mangalorean catholic community lands imprisoned seringapatam capital empire.captivity mangalorean catholics seringapatam began february ended may remains disconsolate memory history.soon treaty mangalore tipu gained control canara.issued orders seize christians canara confiscate estates deport seringapatam jamalabad fort route.
Mangalorean Catholics	accomplished secret wellplanned move ash wednesday february .accounts number captives differ ranging .generally accepted figure per tipus records.forced climb nearly feet dense jungles gorges western ghat mountain ranges along two routes one group travelled along bantwalbelthangadikulshekarvirajpetcoorgmysore route along gersoppa falls shimoga route.miles km mangalore seringapatam journey took six weeks.according barcoor manuscript written kannada mangalorean catholic barcoor return seringapatam onethird died march seringapatam due hunger disease ill treatment soldiers.
Mangalorean Catholics	camp jamalabad fort mangalorean catholic leaders thrown fort.christian churches south canara except hospet church hospet monte mariano church farangipet razed ground land owned captured christians taken tipu distributed among favourites.freed belongings disappeared deserted lands cultivated bunts.after arriving seringapatam christian captives made forcibly embrace islam tortured sentenced death.young men refused embrace islam disfigured cutting noses upper lips ears.seated asses paraded city thrown dungeons seringapatam.
Mangalorean Catholics	historian praxy fernandes author storm seringapatam incredible story hyder ali tippu sultan states contrary popular belief christians kept manacled dungeons seringapatam.ludwig von pastor german historian author history popes close middle ages.volume emphasises saying countless mangalorean catholics hanged including women children clinging around necks.others trampled dragged elephants.ablebodied young men drafted army circumcised converted islam.young women girls distributed wives muslim officers favourites living seringapatam.
Mangalorean Catholics	according mr. silva gangollim survivor captivity person escaped seringapatam found tipu ordered cutting ears nose feet one hand punishment.persecutions continued .followed brief relaxation period catholic families managed escape coorg cannanore tellicherry.persecutions resumed .british modern eras battle seringapatam may british army officers george harris david baird arthur wellesley stormed fortress breached town seringapatam tipu killed action.
Mangalorean Catholics	death fourth anglomysore war mangalorean catholics freed captivity.– mangalorean catholics taken captive – made christians.historian alan machado prabhu mentions survived captivity christians.british general arthur wellesley helped return south canara resettle lands.remaining christians freed thousand went malabar hundreds settled coorg.according francis buchanan returned mangalore vicinity migrated malabar.
Mangalorean Catholics	gazetteer bombay presidency mentions persons returned south canara north canara.according genealogist michael lobo present mangalorean catholic community descended almost entirely small group survivors.later british took south canara.took census region.people living south canara christians.thomas munro appointed first collector canara june .
Mangalorean Catholics	passed three orders respect estates christians taken nonchristians captivity.assistance church support munro christians able recover lands estates.fr.josé miguel luis de mendes goan catholic priest appointed vicar lady rosary mangalore december .took interest reestablishment community .
Mangalorean Catholics	later british general john goldsborough ravenshaw appointed collector south canara.took active part restoration catholic communitys former possessions recovery estates.constructed church completed .in catholic households population .population almost doubled .according various parish books mangalorean catholics numbered south canara mangalore bantval moolki cundapore barcoor.
Mangalorean Catholics	churches earlier destroyed tipu rebuilt .community prospered british jurisdiction archbishop goa recommenced.the opening protestant german basel mission mangalore brought many handicraft industries cotton weaving tilemanufacturing region led largescale rise employment.– political situation portugal turmoil.antonio feliciano de santa rita carvalho portuguese priest appointed archbishopelect goa september without authorisation pope gregory xvi.many mangalorean catholics accept leadership carvalho instead submitted vicar apostolic verapoly travancore continued jurisdiction roman catholic archdiocese goa daman.
Mangalorean Catholics	parishes south canara divided two groups—one goa verapoly.under leadership joachim pius noronha mangalorean catholic priest john joseph saldanha mangalorean catholic judge mangalorean catholics sent petition holy see establish mangalore separate vicariate.conceding request pope gregory xvi established mangalore separate vicariate february verapoly carmelites.mangalore mission transferred french carmelites bull dated january .regime carmelites mangalorean catholics constantly sent memorandums holy see send jesuits mangalore start institutions higher education since students frequently go bombay madras educational purposes.pope leo xiii brief september handed mangalore mission italian jesuits naples reached mangalore december .the italian jesuits played important role education health social welfare community.
Mangalorean Catholics	built st. aloysius college st aloysius chapel st. josephs seminaryand many institutions churches.january pope leo xiii established diocese mangalore considered important landmark communitys history.later half th century many mangalorean catholics involved mangalore tile industry coffee plantations trade plantation products.prospered british competed local brahmins offices service british.overwhelming majority mangalorean catholics continued remain agriculturists.during later th century started migrating urban areas especially bombay bangalore calcutta karachi madras mysore poona.
Mangalorean Catholics	mangalorean catholics came bombay economic necessity.first permanent settlement mangalorean catholics bombay recorded s. first mangalorean catholic settlement madras recorded s. joachim alva mangalorean catholic politician actively participated uniting mangalorean catholic community british indian independence movement.in mangalorean catholics accounted total christians south canara.numbered .midth century victor fernandes bishop mangalore erected large cross nanthoor near padav hills former outskirts mangalore honour memory mangalorean catholic martyrs died march year captivity seringapatam.coastal communication increased bombay mangalore introduction ships londonbased trade firm shepherd.
Mangalorean Catholics	ships facilitated entry mangalorean catholics bombay.mangalore diocese estimated population mangalorean catholics total south canara population .amounts .per cent population.notable postindependence era event pertaining mangalorean catholics occurred southern karnataka made national headlines attacks christian religious institutions september .
Mangalorean Catholics	geographical distribution roman catholic diocese mangalore estimates population mangalorean catholics areas comprise historical south canara total population approximately .per cent population.regions india significant proportion mangalorean catholics characterised presence mangalorean catholic organisations celebration unique mangalorean catholic monti fest festival bangalore chennai delhi kolkata mumbai pune hyderabad chikkamagaluru hassan ranchi.mangalorean catholics found kodagu kerala tiny pockets concentrated thalassery kasargod kannur kochi.mainly descended catholics fled persecution roundup tipu sultan.
Mangalorean Catholics	mangalorean catholic diaspora scattered across globe.many mangalorean catholics found persian gulf arab states middle east.mangalorean catholic association sydney mcas estimated around mangalorean catholic families live sydney australia lot second generation families.many multiracial married anglosaxon spanish italian greek ethnicities.mangalorean genealogist michael lobo estimated approximately half mangalorean catholics still reside mangalore towns south canara district.
Mangalorean Catholics	remaining half per cent reside parts karnataka mostly bangalore per cent reside mumbai neighbouring areas per cent reside persian gulf countries per cent reside parts india remaining per cent reside parts world.culture architecture german missionary plebot set first tile factory mangalore .called basel mission tile factory.mangalorean catholics learnt technique preparing mangalore tiles.albuquerque tile factory first indian mangalore tile factory started south canara pascal albuquerque panemangalore .
Mangalorean Catholics	since mangalorean catholics actively involved manufacturing tiles.alvares tile factory established mangalore simon alvares mangalorean catholic bombay .– twelve mangalore tile manufacturing factories mangalore six owned christians.tiles prepared hard clay great demand throughout india myanmar sri lanka even shipped east africa middle east europe australia.tiles recommended government buildings india still define mangalores skyline characterise urban setting.
Mangalorean Catholics	urban rural housing follows traditional variety laterite brick structures mangalore tile roofing steeply sloped roofs.inside house spacious hall present large verandah present front house.traditional houses tend spacious porticos red cement terracotta floors fruit trees outside house.old catholic houses south canara bear traces portuguese influence.tall windows pointed roofs verandahs portuguese influenced architectural features centuryold houses.
Mangalorean Catholics	cuisine historically mangalorean catholic diet completely vegetarian.changed th century advent westernisation meat came consumed increasingly community especially amongst elite.coconut curry leaves common ingredients curries.sannadukra maas sanna idli fluffed toddy yeast dukra maas pork one popular dishes mangalorean catholic community.rosachi kadi ros curry fish curry made coconut milk ros traditional curry served ros ceremony.
Mangalorean Catholics	patrode dish colocasia leaves stuffed rice dal jaggery coconut spices popular.kuswar sweet delicacies prepared christmas include around varieties sweets.fish rice form staple diet mangalorean catholics.parboiled rice known red rice traditional rice eaten preferred raw rice.names surnames bilingual names variants konkani english like zuãuñ portuguese joão meaning john mornel magdalene common among mangalorean catholics.
Mangalorean Catholics	mangalorean catholic names males follow second declension.among women names follow first declension among young girls names follow second declension.portuguese surnames like dsouza coelho pinto common among mangalorean catholics generally follow second declension.european surnames found.mangalorean catholics use native language konkani forms surnames konkanilanguage contexts along portuguese forms englishlanguage contexts soz kuel pint instead sousa coelho pinto.
Mangalorean Catholics	families use original konkani brahmin surnames prabhu kamath naik shenoy shet.original surnames actually names five classes persons lord cultivator merchant warrior writer.four goud saraswat brahmin surnames exception shet used trace origins daivadnya brahmins goa.ancestral preconversion surnames mangalorean catholics called paik konkani.capture tradition many reverted paik surnames use hyphenated names consisting postconversion surnames conjunction ancestral ones.
Mangalorean Catholics	mudartha unique mangalorean catholic surname found among catholics hail udupi.language literature mangalorean catholics speak konkani language retained mother tongue despite migration language central communitys identity.speak dialect known mangalorean catholic konkani ethnologue broadly identifies mangalore dialect.the mangalorean catholic dialect sanskrit influences preserves many features maharashtri shauraseni magadhi dialects prakrit.it also liberally uses loanwords tulu kannada languages.written kannada script.dialect distinguish nouns kannada konkani developed language practical business.
Mangalorean Catholics	kannada rootwords disappeared goan dialects due influence portuguese reentered mangalorean lexicon.– portuguese lexical items found mangalorean catholic dialect half related religious terminology.influence portuguese syntax found sets phrases prayers come premigration era.the mangalorean catholic dialect largely derived bardeskaar north goan dialect bears good degree intelligibility modern bardeskaar dialect spoken north goan christians north goan hindus south goan hindus slightly lesser extent standard konkani dialect.consequently differs dialect spoken goud saraswat brahmins south canara copiously derived bears good degree intelligibility modern sashtikaar south goan dialect spoken south goan christians north canara konkani hindus.much closer dialects goan hindus goan catholics.the italian jesuits arrived mangalore devoted study development konkani thus responsible revival konkani language mangalore.
Mangalorean Catholics	origin literature dates angelus francis xavier maffei italian jesuit published first english–konkani dictionary mangalore.published book konkani grammar revised version .first konkani periodical konknni dirvem konkani treasure published mangalore louis mascarenhas.popular konkani periodicals published mangalore include raknno guardian mons.sylvester menezes konkan daiz heritage konkani kannik donation raymond miranda.
Mangalorean Catholics	twentiethcentury literature focused themes like suffering mangalorean catholics year captivity seringapatam oppression goan catholics goa inquisition.first konkani novel karnataka aangel written kannada script joachim santan alvares.bombay—which small mangalorean catholic community—periodicals like sukhdukh ups downs g.m.b.rodrigues konknni yuvak konkani youth george fernandes poinnari traveller v.j.p.saldanha divo lamp j.b. moraes published.modern literature diverse includes themes indian politics books like ails socialists george fernandes historical awakening books sarasvatis children history mangalorean christians alan machado prabhu sexual desires revised kama sutra novel colonialism desire richard crasta.
Mangalorean Catholics	genealogist michael lobo published first genealogical encyclopedia mangalorean catholic community .genealogical encyclopaedia exceeds pages covers thousand families researched far ancestry traced.three offshoots thus far launched include mangaloreans worldwide – international directory distinguished mangalorean catholics mangalorean catholic community – professional history directory .william robert da silva translated first complete bible english konkani.work entitled baibol bible written kannada script published mangalorebased konkani bible committee .
Mangalorean Catholics	mangalore diocese also released konkani bible kannada script entitled pavitr pustak holy book made available online july .traditions festivals mangalorean catholics retained many indian customs traditions especially visible celebration marriage.culture traditional indian.though portuguese traded quite frequently mangalore priests arriving region portuguesethere develop community identified portugal portuguese culture.mangalorean catholics uniform rituals since belong patrilineal brahmin stock matrilineal nonbrahmin stock.
Mangalorean Catholics	marriage rites share many similarities shenvi subcaste goud saraswat brahmins.mainly prechristian marriage rites portuguese found objectionable prohibited goan inquisition.the roce anointing ceremony conducted one two days wedding celebrates last day virginity bride bridegroom involves parents blessing bride groom anointed roce mixture coconut milk coconut oil cross inscribed brides forehead.marriage traditions include soirik betrothal exchange paan pod betel leaves marriage ceremony known badalchen changing hands formal acceptance promise made brides father bridegrooms father give daughter marriage.bride adorned sado wedding sari pirduk wedding necklace.rites include onpnni vopsun diunche giving away bride formally father guardian bride porthoponn reinvitation brides house singing honvious hymns.
Mangalorean Catholics	nonmarriage traditions include novemjeevon partaking food prepared new corn novem blessing new harvests.in addition common christian festivals like christmas good friday easter community celebrates many festivals religious historical significance.monti fest one major festivals celebrated september.combines nativity blessed virgin mary blessing novem new crops.festival derives name monte mariano church farangipet south canara initiated fr.joachim miranda goan catholic priest farangipet .
Mangalorean Catholics	although tipu sultan destroyed churches canara spared monte mariano church deference friendship father hyder ali fr.miranda.attur jatre attur fest attur festival feast st. lawrence celebrated st. lawrence shrine outskirts karkala south canara.shrine existence since said history miracles.evkaristik purshanv eucharistic procession annual religious procession led bishop mangalore milagres church rosario cathedral.
Mangalorean Catholics	procession held first sunday new year gregorian calendar seeks blessings new year.costumes ornaments mangalorean catholic men traditionally wore long loosefrilled white black coats known kutanv similar moghul era sherwanis loose coats buttons zibbo loose shirt pudvem dhoti piece unstitched cloth usually around yards .long wrapped around waist legs knotted waist.turban called mundaas urmal usually flattened like coorgi turbans.long white piece cloth todop golden hem tied around head like turban particular manner could easily identified catholics.
Mangalorean Catholics	modern times however mode changed.older people seen wearing traditional dress churchgoing occasions.before marriage women used wear kirgi sari baju blouse.kirgi piece cloth longer four feet three feet wide.wrapped around body waist down.jacket long sleeves called baju used cover upper part body.
Mangalorean Catholics	dress sign brides virginity worn ros ceremony.kirgi wrapped around waist end sari thrown shoulder.wear sari end thrown shoulder known worl exclusive right married woman.married women used wear sarees general way.salwar kameez another form popular dress females.
Mangalorean Catholics	mangalorean catholic brides wedding sari known sado.usually redcoloured banarasi sari made finely woven silk decorated elaborate engravings.olden days bride wore head red cloth three feet square.gold ornaments absent days bride went church dressed virgin girl.modern times bride wears place kirgi red sari end sari thrown shoulder wrapped around waist.
Mangalorean Catholics	bride wears gold ornaments rings fingers earrings least two dantoni golden combs.ornaments worn bride olden days included kanti chakrasar kap karap mugud kanto dantoni.dantoni consist two ordinary combs upper part one plated gold worn hair sides head ears.way church bride wears white red flowers stuck hair.centre forehead bang gold chain placed pendant.pirduk mangalsutra necklace made black beads strung gold wire either single chain double chain connecting pendant.
Mangalorean Catholics	necklace worn long husband alive widow expected take off.highly prized womenas symbol married state.widow expected wear black sari remainder life allowed wear ornaments.bridegrooms dress early times consisted short loincloth handwoven cloth dhoti shawl cover shoulders red handkerchief head leis.later dress consisted white loincloth red gold hem todop shirt gold buttons coat kutanv shawl shoulders towel urmal head.
Mangalorean Catholics	bridegroom wore chakrasar neck chain around neck.wore pair sandals least pair socks.present mangalorean catholic couples opt white wedding bridegroom wears suit bride wears white wedding gown.traditional style wedding becoming exceedingly rare.historical society mangalorean catholics retained caste system ancestors goa.
Mangalorean Catholics	mainly divided four castes bamonns charodis sudirs gaudis.the biggest group bamonns converts priestly brahmin class.brahmin subcastes goud saraswat brahmins padyes daivadnyas especially goldsmiths merchants lumped christian caste bamonn.descendants goud saraswat converts comprised majority caste.bamonns divided castes according rank.mangalore subdivided sirudhegars highest class alhdhengars cutdhnangars dhivodegars nathnolegars sashragars puruvargars maidhegars.
Mangalorean Catholics	names taken villages belonged.group constituted landed gentry.accordance traditional hindu law allowed brahmin practice occupation except cultivation bamonns refrained cultivating lands leased tenants.the charodis secondlargest group converts kshatriya warrior class vaishya merchant class castes.generally engaged trade commercial vocations.artisan converts formed thirdbiggest group known sudirs konkani word shudras labour class.
Mangalorean Catholics	workers agricultural labourers engaged service professions.converts fisher caste residing around ullal kuloor places around seacoast called gaudis formed fourth group.cultivated lands bamonns highcaste hindus.minor castes included padvals historian severine silva assumes local jain converts.the mangalorean catholics constituted small community widely scattered across south canara district.rather closely knit united group goan catholic immigrants progeny associate native catholics account caste origin language even among strongly divided caste.
Mangalorean Catholics	hindus including indigenous brahmins mostly belonging shivalli havyaka kota subgroups bunts associate catholics would admit houses account religion.however close contact kept catholics hindus caste refugees goa.catholics would invite hindu cousins festivities birth celebrations weddings funeral feasts.hindus accepted invitations.unlike hindu counterpart highcaste mangalorean catholic consider polluted upon physical contact member lower caste members different castes fraternise invite home dinner.marriage members various castes permitted matches strictly discouraged elders.
Mangalorean Catholics	instance bamonn boy would marry bamonn girl charodi boy would marry charodi girl.bamonns charodis would invite neighbours friends belonging sudir gaudi castes special occasions weddings baptisms although latter would observe certain restrictions regards sitting eating.lower castes felt honoured invited usually accepted invitations.upper castes usually attend ceremonies lower castes even expressly invited.it difficult priests accompanied christian emigrants south canara look properly.thus gurkar system came existence.
Mangalorean Catholics	gurkars mangalorean catholic men good moral character selected headmen christian settlements.entrusted social religious supervision community.migration possible occupation mangalorean catholic agriculture since skilled farmers.every farmer practised carpentry quite primitive unskilled crafts industries nonexistent.mass celebrated latin sermon catechism explication mysteries delivered congregation konkani.the parishes grouped deaneries called varados.
Mangalorean Catholics	every parish divided wards parish councils present parishes.percent households parishes literate.widow remain indoors practically rest life.since highcaste hindu widows cannot remarry death husbands highcaste christians considered remarriage widow something unnatural.canon law allow remarriage widows therefore direct prohibition widows remarry society christians south canara.
Mangalorean Catholics	women courage go strict conventions community.widow remarried looked upon pitied shunned unlucky.illtreated made outcast stigma attached husband.succession property practised per hindu laws.by end th century however social categorization differentiation became manifested various factors apart caste.mangalorean catholic society become mobile owing factors education job affiliation nonagricultural jobs acquisition wealth cultivation cash crops intercaste marriages interreligious marriages migration metropolitan cities.
Mangalorean Catholics	songs music january konkani cultural event konkani nirantari held mangalore mangalorean catholic organisation mandd sobhann entered guinness book world records nonstop singing konkani hymns.mandd sobhann members sang hours surpassing old record hours held brazilian musical troupe communidade evangelica luterana são paulo lutheran evangelical community são paulo universidade luterana brasil lutheran university brazil.silver band started lawrence dsouza mangalore one oldest popular brass bands mangalore.wellknown konkani hymn riglo jezu molliant jesus entered garden gethsemene written fr.joachim miranda thcentury goan catholic priest held captive tipu sultan canara mission.mons.
Mangalorean Catholics	minguel placid colaco wrote devotional hymn jezucho mog jesus love translated latin hymn stabat mater konkani title khursa mullim bottom holy cross.joseph saldanhas shembor cantigo hymns raimundo mascarenhas deva daia kakultichea compassionate master popular.popular konkani hymns composed mangalorean catholics aika cristanv jana listen christian people utha utha praniya wake creatures sorgim thaun heaven.konkani pop music became popular indian independence .henry dsouza helen dcruz known konkani love duet kathrina love ballad garacho divo lamp house wilfy rebimbus sonnet mog tuzo kithlo axelom loved thee popular.konkani plays especially religious ones written staged mangalore th century prominent playwrights pedru john dsouza pascal sequeira bonaventure tauro.
Mangalorean Catholics	ghumat popular musical instrument played especially weddings.instrument form earthen pot open sides.one end covered skin wild animal left open.traditional theatre form called gumat performed eve marriage connection marriage celebrations decorated pandal stage.play conducted males belonging brides bridegrooms parties usually takes place two three nights.
Mangalorean Catholics	plays performed usually biblical stories morals presented purpose educating bride bridegroom.tradition almost completely died among present generation.the tradition voviyo wedding songs sung women ros important community.procedure elderly lady usually yejman wife master ceremonies known yejmani knows voviyos leads song rest women sing along.women whose husbands still living may sing.ancient times wedding songs expressed lofty sentiments gave vent feelings people marriage partners families invoking blessing god them.aprosachi vatli kasgran petli ruzai mai betli hea rosalagim.the ros brass plate made brass smith lady rosary ros ceremony.dimbi ami galeam santa kuru kadeam kurpa ami magieam amchea jezulagim.let us kneel make sign cross pray gods grace.akashim mod narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar.clouds sky coconut tree oily sign cross forehead bride.

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