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Blockade of the Gaza Strip | israels unilateral disengagement plan gaza strip israel longer troops stationed within gaza.israel retained control gazas airspace coastline border territory.egypt control border gaza.israel egypt also control flow goods out.israel controls fuel imports gaza also controls majority electricity used gaza approximately supplies israeli electrical grid. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | series attacks israeli ground forces – israel–gaza conflict well rocket attacks israel crossborder attacks gazan militant groups israeli troops.in september citing intensification qassam rocket attacks israel restricted transfer electricity fuel supplies gaza.israel stated purpose blockade pressure hamas ending rocket attacks deprive supplies necessary continuation rocket attacks.israel argues legally responsible gaza beyond whatever necessary avoid humanitarian crisis.a us congressional research service report claimed differing views israel concerning gaza blockade ... israelis equate security survival peace.israels leaders appear believe blockade gaza strip among security deterrence measures brought quiet.... date gaza flotilla incident israeli killed terrorist crossborder rocket attack year. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | therefore israeli government reluctant abandon blockade tactic ... perspective.israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu maintained blockade necessary prevent weapons reaching gaza.said it’s obligation—as well right accordance international law common sense—to prevent weaponsfrom entering air sea land.referring gaza flotilla added blockade breached flotilla would followed dozens hundreds ships.amount weapons transported aboard ship totally different saw get tunnels.argued consequences israels failure maintain blockade would iranian port gaza dozen kilometers tel aviv jerusalem.an israeli government document stated country right decide chooses engage economic relations give economic assistance party conflict wishes operate using economic warfare. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | israeli government spokesman added blockade intended bring political goal israel could lift embargo altogether long hamas remains control gaza.speaking dov weisglass advisor israeli prime minister ehud olmert allegedly said idea put palestinians diet make die hunger.although quote widely reported original quote appears like appointment dietician.palestinians get lot thinner wont die.weisglass denied report.according us diplomatic cables obtained wikileaks organization diplomats stationed us embassy tel aviv briefed israelis blockade gaza strip.one cables states part overall embargo plan gaza israeli officials confirmed ... multiple occasions intend keep gazan economy brink collapse without quite pushing edge. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | egypt egyptegypts argument cannot open rafah crossing unless palestinian authority headed mahmoud abbas controls crossing international monitors present.egypt foreign minister ahmed aboul gheit said hamas wants border opened would represent egyptian recognition groups control gaza.course something cannot said would undermine legitimacy palestinian authority consecrate split gaza west bank.according sharif elmusa associate professor political science american university cairo israel wants gaza fade egypt.egyptian authorities determined avoid opening rafah crossing without ending israeli siege would ultimately serve israels goal displacing gaza problem onto egypt.secondly cairos concern hamas rule violence spill sinai threaten tourism leaving egypt vulnerable us israeli accusations ineffectively fighting terrorism.following events gaza flotilla raid may egypt opened borders gaza reported former egyptian president hosni mubarak caught need appease growing public anger israels actions necessity maintaining close relationship israel. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | friendship needed secure bn american aid annually money many analysts believe mubaraks former regime depended.while israel contends blockade necessary prevent smuggling weapons gaza egypt argues needed prevent smuggling gaza sinai.in israelgaza conflict israel claimed underground attack tunnels discovered israelgaza border used militants order infiltrate israel.also claimed tons cement required construct tunnels originally designated humanitarian aid diverted.united states united statesalthough united states officially supports blockade secretary state hillary clinton met israeli minister defence ehud barak february urged ease blockade.united states long pressing israel ease restrictions gaza.speaking gaza flotilla raid occurred may clinton stated situation gaza unsustainable unacceptable. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | regards impending second gaza flotilla clinton stated gaza flotilla necessary useful.june secretary state hillary clinton said humanitarian needs hamascontrolled area must met along legitimate israeli security concerns.united nations united nationson january united nations human rights council released statement calling israel lift siege gaza strip allow continued supply food fuel medicine reopen border crossings.according jerusalem post th time less two years council condemned israel human rights record regarding palestinian territories.proceedings boycotted israel united states. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | prior u.n. undersecretarygeneral humanitarian affairs john holmes described blockade collective punishment saying understand security problems need respond collective punishment people gaza believe appropriate way that.on december following statement described embargo gaza crime humanity united nations special rapporteur richard a. falk prevented entering palestinian territories israeli authorities expelled region.israeli ambassador united nations itzhak levanon said mandate special rapporteur hopelessly unbalanced redundant best malicious worst.in august u.n. human rights chief navi pillay criticised israel blockade page report calling violation rules war.in march united nations secretarygeneral ban kimoon stated blockade gaza causing unacceptable suffering families living unacceptable unsustainable conditions.a un fact finding mission september led south african judge richard goldstone goldstone report concluded blockade possibly crime humanity recommended matter referred international criminal court situation improved six months.in may un office coordination humanitarian affairs stated formal economy gaza collapsed since imposition blockade.also stated restrictions imposed civilian population continuing blockade gaza strip amount collective punishment violation international humanitarian law.in june united nations envoy middle east former uk prime minister tony blair stated policy gaza counterproductive israel allow material rebuild homes sanitation power water systems allow business flourish.fact damage position hamas harming people gaza.people harmed quality service poor people cannot work. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | also called hamas stop terrorism coming gaza.month robert serry un special envoy middle east peace process also said flotilla crisis latest symptom failed policy.situation gaza unsustainable current policy unacceptable counterproductive requires different positive strategy.closure blockade gaza strip needs come end.welcome international consensus gaza.in september palmer report un investigative committee flotilla gaza said israels naval blockade gaza legal international law criticised nature israeli raid. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | later month five independent u.n. rights experts reporting u.n. human rights council rejected conclusion saying blockade subjected palestinians gaza collective punishment flagrant contravention international human rights humanitarian law.european union european unionin may eu commissioner humanitarian aid kristalina georgieva said european union united nations calling immediate sustained unconditional opening crossings flow humanitarian aid commercial goods persons.un secretarygeneral humanitarian affairs emergency relief valerie amos meeting tel aviv israeli defence minister ehud barak.said interview israels ynet believes humanitarian crisis...was artificially created blockade added idea flotilla correct action take favor attempts help people way.turkey turkeyturkish prime minister recep tayyip erdoğan made harsh comments blockade especially following gaza flotilla raid. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | erdoğan raised possibility trying forcibly breach blockade sending turkish navy escort future flotilla trying visit gaza himself.turkish government made clear opposes blockade regards illegal flotilla raid issued demand safe passage.however turkish foreign minister ahmet davutoğlu said turkey willing normalize relations israel lifted blockade.following israels easing blockade turkish foreign ministry called positive insufficient step said turkey considers israels inhuman blockade gaza represents threat regional peace stability considers blockade must entirely lifted.ireland irelandafter visiting gaza march irish foreign minister micheál martin described israeli blockade palestinianruled gaza inhumane unacceptable called european union countries increase pressure israel lift blockade. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | michael martin first eu foreign minister enter gaza year.said achieved blockade enrich hamas marginalize even voices moderation.united kingdom united kingdomdavid cameron uk prime minister prime ministers questions stated friends israel – count friend israel – saying israelis blockade actually strengthens hamass grip economy gaza interests lift allow vital supplies get through.... everything un resolution absolutely clear need end blockade open gaza.july cameron called israel relax blockade. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | said humanitarian goods people must flow directions.gaza cannot must allowed remain prison camp.response ephraim sneh former israeli minister said cameron right – gaza prison camp control prison hamas.im totally double standards nation fights taliban showing solidarity brothers hamas.nick clegg deputy prime minister united kingdom speaking gaza flotilla raid criticized blockade saying events last hours confirm mind hear william hague david cameron done everyone government view blockade gaza neither sustainable tenable present form.also commented needed confirmation unjustified untenable blockade gaza reminded overnight need lift blockade. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | going gaza humanitarian catastrophe.course israel every right defend citizens attack must move towards lifting blockade gaza soon possible.william hague foreign secretary said prepared speech house commons blockade gaza unacceptable unsustainable view british government including previous government restrictions gaza lifted – view confirmed united nations security council resolution called sustained delivery humanitarian aid called states alleviate humanitarian economic situation current israeli restrictions counterproductive israels long term security.acting labour leader harriet harman also stated blockade must end.humanitarian organizations human rights watch argues israel still occupying power responsible gaza fourth geneva convention seeks protect civilian population.amnesty international said blockade constitutes collective punishment international law must lifted immediately occupying power israel duty international law ensure welfare gazas inhabitants including rights health education food adequate housing.on march several international aid groups including amnesty international care international uk oxfam issued report saying humanitarian situation gaza strip acute time since beginning israeli occupation .critical palestinian militants firing rockets gaza israel acknowledging israel right obligation protect citizens said occupying power gaza also legal duty ensure gaza civilians access food clean water electricity medical care.urged israel lift blockade characterizing collective punishment . |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | million residents territory.according international committee red cross hardship faced gazas .million people cannot addressed providing humanitarian aid.sustainable solution lift closure.icrc also referred blockade collective punishment imposed clear violation israels obligations international humanitarian law.in may euromediterranean human rights monitor issued report discussing situation gaza months israel–gaza conflict.report touched continuity gaza blockade cost relief recovery reconstruction due last summers war reached billion international donors pledged . |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | billion gazas reconstruction million disbursed early april.report also shed light unrwa financial crises threatened stability operation gaza probably affect humanitarian situation gaza strip.report accused egyptian authorities joining israel imposing gaza siege.according report egypt closed rafah crossing time days beginning may year.worlds attention shifted away pressing issues report warned international community reshoulder responsibilities gaza blow another war. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | euromediterranean human rights monitor urgently calls international community take practical steps end blockade gaza.monitor also called egyptian government open rafah crossing without restrictions.finally monitor called support palestinian call commercial seaport gaza guarantees free import export goods private international travel.nongovernmental organizations justus weiner avi bell proisraeli lobby group jcpa said israels combat actions blockade cannot considered collective punishment.cite article b protocol additional geneva conventions august says bar collective punishment forbids imposition criminaltype penalties individuals groups basis anothers guilt commission acts would otherwise violate rules distinction andor proportionality. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | according weiner bell blockade involve imposition criminaltype penalties violation rules distinction proportionality.the islamic action front iaf jordanian islamist group criticized egypt blockade accused collaborating israel united states.egyptian authorities ...increasing suffering palestinians gaza building steel wall closing border crossings gaza said hamzah mansour member shura council iaf.gideon rose council foreign relations written blockade serves secondary aim undermine hamas making life unpleasant gazas residents.individuals jimmy carter – june former president jimmy carter met hamas leaders gaza three hours.meeting former palestinian prime minister ismail haniyeh hamas officials president carter spoke forcefully economic blockade gaza.responsibility terrible human rights crime lies jerusalem cairo washington throughout international community. |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | abuse must cease crimes must investigated walls must brought basic right freedom must come carter tells crowd awards ceremony un refugee school pupils.pope benedict xvi – pope benedict visit bethlehem may specifically mentioned plight gazans saying please assured solidarity immense work rebuilding lies ahead prayers embargo soon lifted.jimmy carter mary robinson august height israel–gaza conflict called un mandated lifting blockade.international relief following israel–gaza conflict donors conference held egypt different countries committed donate total sum us.billion.september turkey proposed sending powership gaza ease shortage electricity december israel rejected proposal stating infrastructure gaza compatible ship.see also criticism israeli governmentgaza–israel conflictrocket mortar attacks southern israelisrael egypt–gaza strip barrieregypt–gaza barrierlegal assessments gaza flotilla raidegyptisrael relations notes references external links gisha – legal center freedom movementthe gaza flotillas come ground rules setting – jerusalem issues briefguide gaza blockade guide eased gaza blockade – bbcgaza . |
Political history of the Philippines | million people trapped despair – international committee red cross– may .htm behind headlines israeli humanitarian lifeline gaza – israel ministry foreign affairslocked humanitarian impact two years blockade gaza strip – united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs occupied palestinian territorysan remo manual international law applicable armed conflicts sea june partial list items prohibitedpermitted gaza strip may gishathe hardline grocery items queen rania jordan huffington post june pressure mounts israel ease gaza blockade – audio report npr june eu gaza blockade esra bulut carolin goerzig – european union institute security studiesthe legal basis israels naval blockade gaza ruth lapidoth.jerusalem center public affairs.march .supervillains themed criminals central rogues gallery foes lesser renown alphabetical order issue date first appearance see also list batman family enemieslist superman enemieslist wonder woman enemieslist flash enemieslist green lantern enemieslist marvel family enemieslist aquaman enemiesarrival spanish settlers began period spanish expansion led creation captaincy general philippines governed manila.technically part new spain philippines functioned mostly autonomously.reliance native leaders help govern led creation elite class known principalia.spanish control never firmly established much claimed territory inland islamic regions remaining effectively independent.the th century saw significant social change development distinct filipino identity among mestizo elite.members educated ilustrado class influenced liberal ideas launched propaganda movement. |
Political history of the Philippines | rejection spanish authorities led national awakening emergence independence movement revolution became entwined spanish–american war.revolutionaries declared independence spain ceded philippines united states .subsequent philippine–american war later actions united states established effective administration entire archipelago introduced political structures reflected united states.the preexisting elite entrenched within new political system dominant nacionalista party steadily gained control institutions.autonomous commonwealth philippines established giving philippines constitution powerful president.plans independence interrupted japanese invasion world war ii. |
Political history of the Philippines | japanese established nominally independent second philippine republic american allied reconquest restored commonwealth led full independence .period saw emergence twoparty system liberal party nacionalistas exchanging control country.parties led elites shared similar politics.early presidents contend leftwing rural hukbalahap rebellion.the twoparty system came end president ferdinand marcos declared martial law .despite strengthening communist islamic separatist rebellions marcos retained firm control country economic issues disenchantment corruption led greater opposition. |
Political history of the Philippines | opponents consolidated around corazon aquino widow assassinated opposition politician.marcos declared winner snap election military public protests led people power revolution removed marcos installed aquino.new constitution increased limits presidential power including creating singleterm limit.since unstable multiparty system emerged national level challenged series crises including several attempted coups presidential impeachment two public mass movements.period also saw political power decentralized local government establishment autonomous bangsamoro region muslim mindanao. |
Political history of the Philippines | prespanish era arrival ferdinand magellan philippines split numerous barangays small states linked regionwide trade networks.– name barangay thought come word balangay refers boats used austronesian people reach philippines.societies three classes nobility freemen serfs slaves.led powerful individuals called datus although different cultures used different terms.arrival hindu influence increased power indianized datus. |
Political history of the Philippines | – first large state sulu adopted islam th century.– system spread nearby sultanate maguindanao kingdom maynila.ferdinand magellans death partly attributed dispute lapulapu rajah humabon control cebu.spanish captaingeneral miguel lópez de legazpi established settlement cebu .maynila conquered manila subsequently became center spanish administration. |
Political history of the Philippines | spain gradually conquered majority modern philippines although full control never established muslim areas south cordillera highlands.spanish era colonization governance spanish rule barangays consolidated urban towns aiding control shift sedentary agricultural society.nonetheless barangay structures retained becoming known barrio used means record community identity.rule spanish era dominated church especially friars spanish religious orders.local priests often held powers towns carrying spanish orders collecting taxes. |
Political history of the Philippines | areas population consolidated towns priests travelled villages.ultimate power held king council indies philippines part new spain.however due distance new spain spain captaincy general philippines functioned practically autonomously royal decrees limited effect.philippines governor judicial body established .direct spanish rule extend far beyond manila. |
Political history of the Philippines | due small number spanish officials islands numbered tens locals relied upon administration.existing datus coopted manage barangays nominate individuals provincial government.– representatives catholic church continued significant direct spanish presence.several revolts erupted spain defeated.– revolts tondo conspiracy led greater local participation bureaucracy bringing local elites patronage system prevent rebellion. |
Political history of the Philippines | establishment towns created administrative positions local elites could fill.– traditional native elites along native officeholders highvalue tax payers became part group known principalia.group could make recommendations spanish governor regarding administrative appointments although held direct power.municipal officeholders status allowed avail government patronage gain special permits exemptions.– time elite class became culturally distinct gaining education unavailable intermarrying spanish officials chinese merchants. |
Political history of the Philippines | – preexisting trading networks blocked spanish authorities trade instead going spanish colonies new world.despite increasing economic activity archipelago remained divided regional identity language.– areas remained effective spanish control including much mindanao sulu archipelago palawan.conflict areas spanish throughout spanish period.– cordillera highlands firm spanish control limited lowland fringes. |
Political history of the Philippines | inward migration escape spanish control increase trade saw settlements interior areas increase population political complexity.in process beginning late th century would continue remainder spanish rule government tried shift power friars independent religious orders towards secular clergy catholic priests.priests included local mestizos even indios.– th century philippine ports opened world trade shifts started occurring within filipino society.joseph bonaparte became king spain liberal constitution cadiz adopted giving philippines representation spanish cortes.however spanish overthrew bonapartes philippine indeed colonial representation spanish cortes rescinded. |
Political history of the Philippines | philippines directly governed ministry overseas.political turmoil spain led governors appointed philippines often lacking experience country.significant political reforms began couple decades seeing creation cabinet governorgeneral division executive judicial power.– societal changes spain philippines led expansion philippine bureaucracy civil service positions predominantly educated living urban areas although highest levels continued remain hand born spain.combined shifting economy saw complex social structures emerge new upper middle classes. |
Political history of the Philippines | – changing economy also brought poverty led raiding founding civil guard.education reforms expanded access higher education.th century also saw attempts establish control mountain tribes interior although success remained limited.better success south spanish gained control seas coasts obtained surrender sultanate sulu .– national awakening revolution latin american wars independence renewed immigration led shifts social identity term filipino shifting referring spaniards born iberian peninsula philippines term encompassing people archipelago. |
Political history of the Philippines | identity shift driven wealthy families mixed ancestry developed national identity served claim status equal spanish peninsulares insulares.spanish served common language growing local elite shared western educational background despite varied ethnolinguistic origins.came manila.class educated individuals became known ilustrados.group included individuals studied local universities spanish ones came variety socioeconomic backgrounds. |
Political history of the Philippines | gained prominence philippine administration became increasingly involved politics.– added third group elites two existing groups urban bureaucracy municipal elites.liberal reforms ideas taken root spain resisted conservative religious orders influence throughout philippines.prominent ilustrados especially studied spain launched propaganda movement.loose movement sought reform spanish administration philippines. |
Political history of the Philippines | – restoration philippine representation cortes one grievances raised ilustrados.part campaign secular selfgovernment full part spain – well equality born spain born philippines.much campaigning took place madrid rather philippines.liberal reforms rejected saw movement beginning national awakening members began return philippines.small change occurred spain passed maura law providing limited measure local autonomy. |
Political history of the Philippines | – authoritarian backlash propaganda movement led official suppression.– divisions emerged among supported ideals movement.one group emerged katipunan created predominantly members manilas urban middle class rather ilustrados.individuals often less wealthy made ilustrados less invested existing political structures.katipunan advocated complete philippine independence began philippine revolution . |
Political history of the Philippines | revolution gained support municipal elite outside major cities found significantly greater control spanish administrative religious authorities forced revolutionaries.despite ilustrados opposing revolution many implicated spanish authorities arrested imprisoned.execution josé rizal december leader ilustrados disapproved revolution rebellion intensified.– katipunan cavite several battles spaniards split magdiwang magdalo factions.conference held unite two factions instead caused division led execution andres bonifacio leader katipunan bonifacios death passed control katipunan emilio aguinaldo. |
Political history of the Philippines | – part shift middle class elite leadership within rebellion.nonetheless spanish military superiority unable overcome growing political support revolution emerged outside manila throughout archipelago.– provisional constitution set last two years soon superseded agreement spaniards revolutionaries pact biaknabato.pact provided aguinaldos surrender exile hong kong amnesty payment indemnities spaniards revolutionaries.however sides eventually violated agreement. |
Political history of the Philippines | spanish–american war reached philippines may battle manila bay.aguinaldo returned exile set new government proclaimed independence philippines june kawit cavite.aguilnaldo gained support even ilustrados opposed initial revolution.war americans prompted spanish governor offer autonomous government however americans defeated spanish august mock battle manila took control city.aguinaldo proclaimed revolutionary government convened congress september barasoain church malolos. |
Political history of the Philippines | unicameral congress aimed enticing support revolutionaries.approved declaration independence approved malolos constitution inaugurate first philippine republic.first philippine republic reflected liberal ideas time valuing private property rights limiting voting highclass men reflecting growing influence elite initially antielite movement.discussions first constitution saw calls visayas federalism.however idea included final constitution constitutional questions overtaken centralizing forces military events. |
Political history of the Philippines | – december spain ceded sovereignty philippines united states treaty paris ended short war powers.american era conquest consolidation philippine–american war erupted february skirmish manila.united states set military civil governments capital areas pacified.nine days conquest manila civil administration initiated involvement local ilustrados.– rural areas coopting municipal elites taken spanish removed resistance american rule. |
Political history of the Philippines | aguinaldo captured april palanan isabela.rejected proposals federal system autonomy favor easily controlled centralized system americans gave filipinos limited selfgovernment local level – holding first municipal elections passed philippine organic act introduce national government – regularize civilian rule designating philippine commission legislative body membership consisting americans appointed u.s. president.– first provincial elections took place .judicial system saw cayetano arellano appointed first filipino chief justice supreme court.– judicial system whole modelled american system american judges shaped early case law. |
Political history of the Philippines | – u.s. president theodore roosevelt ended u.s. hostilities proclaimed full complete pardon amnesty revolutionaries july abolished office u.s. military governor philippines.april philippine president gloria macapagal arroyo proclaimed philippine–american war ended april surrender general miguel malvar.american belief importance rule law defined political approach philippines laws constitutional traditions replicated new possessions applying americans natives alike.also served justification taking possession islands along theory yet incapable democratic selfgovernance.– schurman commission assessing islands reported president various peoples islands lacked common nationhood.however small number elites led independence movement considered highlyeducated able. |
Political history of the Philippines | – wealth education considered likely acquiesce american rule compared middle class.– elite minority seen key gaining acceptance american rule americans appropriated selected narratives veneration josé rizal.– hierarchical social structure existed spanish rule coopted united states democracy introduced manner threaten power existing elites.actions included filipinos within government structures taken demonstrations american commitment local involvement governance.elites benefited redistribution friar lands. |
Political history of the Philippines | turn ilustrado views filipino society influenced americans.initial american policy favored local governance introduced elections local level later built upwards.effect entrenching local elites national system often relied upon help govern american administration.process meant politicians built provincial power bases early years able compete national level politicians manila.– rural areas support revolution opposition american rule persisted among poorer population would later shift support socialist ideas – conflict american elite rule. |
Political history of the Philippines | – however antisedition law limited early development political ideas.american forces continued secure extend control islands suppressing attempted extension philippine republic – securing sultanate sulu establishing control interior mountainous areas resisted spanish conquest.last military resistance outside mindanao ended .military rule muslim moro province animist mountain province ended coming control civilian government manila.wove southern mindanao country tightly ever previously although inhabitants remained distinct minority.divisions christians muslims known moros archipelago coincided american economic interest mindanao. |
Political history of the Philippines | – american proposals split mindanao sulu archipelago palawan rest islands supported moro political leaders.– moro leaders believed mindanao rightfully spite large christian minority.moros remained concerned rule americans would replaced rule christian filipinos.proposals divide colony strongly opposed predominantly christian philippine legislature.– bureau nonchristian tribes created replacing direct rule american governor philippine government pursued policy gradually strengthening government mindanao supported immigration christian areas. |
Political history of the Philippines | – areas fully integrated philippine administrative structure.despite traditional political structures sultanates datus continued parallel structure mindanao sulu throughout american period beyond.development political institutions americans expanded local participation governance beyond allowed spanish rule – expanding representative government beyond merely advisory system existed spanish.political participation remained limited preexisting criteria status wealth addition literacy another consideration.federalist party formed landed elites advocated autonomy american rule although leaders hoped become state united states. |
Political history of the Philippines | – individuals considered traitors ongoing philippine revolution alliance american military led members party placed positions power levels branches government.– opposition began consolidate banner nacionalista party advocated independence regarded heir first philippine republic.– july first election philippine assembly held.led sergio osmeña assembly held predominantly nacionalista party opposed federalists renamed progresista party.– nacionalistas ended majority seats. |
Political history of the Philippines | due tight restrictions voting franchise .population participated election.nacionalista party would maintain electoral dominance independence even came include several former federalistas.legislation involving immigration currency coinage timber mining required approval united states president.despite ambitions independence nacionalista leaders developed collaborative relationships american officials. |
Political history of the Philippines | election united states president woodrow wilson appointment governorgeneral francis burton harrison led policy filipinization introduced part policy accelerate decolonization.filipinos included commission shifting membership five filipinos four americans.efforts also made bring locals civil service.commission replaced philippine senate jones law.body members elected sixyear terms two senatorial districts. |
Political history of the Philippines | elected however district consisting nonchristian areas mindanao cordilleras appointed governorgeneral.appointed senators fixed terms.legislative body power confirm appointments executive judicial branches.jones law envisioned eventual philippine independence territory achieved stable governance.american legislators continued disagree aim believing american rule could indefinite. |
Political history of the Philippines | – also saw voting franchise expand educated english spanish speakers include educated speakers native languages removal requirement property leading electorate including – population.filipinization policy resulted civil service staff filipinos.nacionalistadominated philippine assembly later philippine senate often odds governorgeneral.leadership grew powerful seizing state bodies using nationalism weaken american oversight.– establishment senate led nacionalistas forming opposing camps loyal osmeña unipersonalistas senate president manuel l. quezon colectavistas. |
Political history of the Philippines | despite division several independence missions sent washington d.c. onset great depression strengthened american desire grant independence philippines would reduce american liability territory.osrox mission led osmeña house speaker manuel roxas resulted hare–hawes–cutting act.however senate rejected new law tydings–mcduffie act marginally different importantly supported quezon approved paved way commonwealth philippines mandated u.s. recognition independence philippine islands tenyear transition period.the institutionalization elites role politics american system combined increase philippine population accruing land elite hands led breakdown transitional social relationships elite rest populace.rural areas especially central luzon class consciousnessbased political organization developed leading eventually peasant revolts s. – commonwealth era new constitution created act approved january adopted next day.first elections held september . |
Political history of the Philippines | quezon osmeña reconciled elected president vice president respectively .nacionalistas controlled unicameral national assembly entirety commonwealth understanding americans would grant independence near future.– voting franchise expanded include literate women period saw participation elections reach .local elections held different years legislative presidential elections.commonwealth religious freedom guaranteed although government national identity remained christian manilacentric. |
Political history of the Philippines | – national curriculum similarly sought impose single vision filipino identity across diverse ethnolinguistic groups islands.alongside tagalog established national language.the presidential system commonwealth government based united states.however dividing power three branches similarly constitution united states constitution gave philippine president significantly power politically economically accorded president united states.tensions executive legislature especially passing budgets immediately apparent new system.control budgets political appointments two biggest ways legislature could influence executive. |
Political history of the Philippines | budgetary control also provided members congress means generate political patronage pork barrel politics.seats legislature provided valuable access philippine national bank ability influence export quotas valuably sugar.often one family member became involved politics another managed family business.– sought restriction executive power american governors president quezon moved expand power.peasantled sakdal uprising fear newly formed communist party used justify centralizing power. |
Political history of the Philippines | originally unicameral legislature created however quezon pressed constitutional amendments would allow obtain second term restoration bicameral legislature.amendments passed – newly restored senate elected atlarge instead per district done precommonwealth era.quezon osmeña nacionalista party whole elections greatly increased margins.patronage quezon able maintain strong support among local elites.clout allowed pass several significant reforms aimed improving economic situation poor middle classes failing attempts land reform. |
Political history of the Philippines | transition commonwealth government american rule led civil service positions previously held americans filled political appointees practice explicitly allowed constitution.constitution also served protect american interests philippines effectively giving greater economic access foreign countries philippine economy remained tied american one even independence.– defence foreign affairs remained control united states legislation judicial decisions could reviewed united states.treatment commonwealth united states inconsistent sometimes treated separate country sometimes treated united states jurisdiction.nonetheless internationally gained acceptance distinct country. |
Political history of the Philippines | philippines already membership within universal postal union continued commonwealth.world war ii commonwealth became founding member international monetary fund world bank international civil aviation organization food agriculture organization united nations.– japanese invasion onset world war ii forced commonwealth government go exile subjected country puppet government.existing political parties merged kalibapi party created proclamation no.december . |
Political history of the Philippines | kalibapi became sole legal political party jose p. laurel declared president independent second philippine republic – october .municipal tax laws constitution remained force period continuity state bureaucracy commonwealth second republic.japanese rule governing policy win populace japanese cause thus reduce support united states unsuccessful.rural areas sudden vacuum elite power led formation new local governments remaining populace beginning hukbalahap rebellion.exiled leaders previous first commonwealth government provided limited support u.s. president president quezon member pacific war council participated along vice president osmeña members cabinet civic social activities promoting sale war bonds etc.the americans reconquered country osmeña succeeded quezon upon latters death restored commonwealth government. |
Political history of the Philippines | attending congress remaining living free members congress.– nacionalistas divided following war leadership struggle leading manuel roxas setting would later liberal party.roxas defeated osmeña presidential election became last president commonwealth.leftwing political movement spawned hukbalahap fight japanese suppressed former elite american support leading continuation rebellion new government.americans granted independence july roxas became first president new republic philippines. |
Political history of the Philippines | commonwealth constitution continued effect existing membership international organizations.independent era twoparty system impact war led weaker civil service reduction dominance manila provincial politicians gaining political power cases de facto autonomy.many leveraged provincial power engage national politics.– muslim leaders resisted japanese occupation rewarded local political office others successfully ran congress.eventually many throughout country collaborated japanese pardoned . |
Political history of the Philippines | – universal suffrage saw expansion voter participation although power remained concentrated hands small elite.despite landed elite continuing dominate legislature – diversifying postwar economy saw politicians primarily agricultural backgrounds come executive power.late largely brought end landbased cacique democracy patronage system.political offices became lucrative patronage became reliant access government funds.continued american economic military support lessened dependence executive legislature. |
Political history of the Philippines | changes shift overall shape filipino politics remained twoparty system dominated narrow elite.winner presidency tended also take control houses congress.– little policy difference two parties defections common.patronage fraud voter suppression common methods maintaining power.– roxas succumbed heart attack allowing vice president elpidio quirino rule country next six years winning . |
Political history of the Philippines | term office quirino sought significantly expand executive power.election concerns led national citizens movement free elections formed early example civil society organization prominently included world war ii veterans.movement supported united states desired philippines example democracy cold war reached asia catholic church.– quirinos liberal government widely seen corrupt easily beaten former defense secretary ramon magsaysay election.magsaysay oversaw surrender longrunning hukbalahap rebellion massively popular. |
Political history of the Philippines | magsaysay implemented plan settle surrendered hukbalahap rebels mindanao.cemented demographic shift mindanao muslim majority christian majority.expression classbased politics shifted towards moderate groups federation free farmers federation free workers.– election magsaysay killed plane crash.vice president carlos p. garcia succeeded election. |
Political history of the Philippines | continued magsaysays filipino first policy implemented austerity program.garcia defeated vice president diosdado macapagal liberal party .macapagal initiated return system free enterprise sought land reform electrification.however macapagals policies faced stiff opposition congress nacionalistas held majority.philippine civil service late becaming technocratic macapagal established program implementation agency directly president. |
Political history of the Philippines | body used manage projects relatively free congressional oversight.macapagal defeated senator ferdinand marcos.the growing diversifying economy led growth private business power expansion mass media.marcos infrastructure projects feature policy term first president reelected although election tainted violence allegations fraud vote buying.election saw similar election observation effort although receive much backing much impact.marcos opposed church business united states. |
Political history of the Philippines | significant protests first quarter storm – civil unrest heightened election.communist rebellion strengthened marcos rule – moro insurgency emerged mindanao tensions surrounding christian immigration combined empowered national government.local elections overturned muslim political dominance mindanao christian settlers previously voted traditional muslim leaders switched voting christian representatives.marcos dictatorship despite initiating constitutional convention marcos declared martial law .likely justify arresting political opponents marcos cited communist insurgency muslim separatism reasons move. |
Political history of the Philippines | one point communist rebels present one fifth countrys villages.meanwhile imposition military rule increased muslim resistance mindanao.– attempts end war mindanao led marcos alter political situation area.introduced code muslim personal laws formally recognized number sultans mindanao sulu.negotiations led insurgency replace demands independence demands autonomy. |
Political history of the Philippines | peace talks ultimately failed level violence subsided peak early s. – marcos framed government fighting rich landed elite traditionally dominated politics.relied growing technocratic civil service receptive arguments effectively run country martial law.first largescale government reorganization since independence shortly followed including purge existing civil service.– marcos also relied military gained increased power resources martial law period.end marcos rule quadrupled size. |
Political history of the Philippines | much funded u.s. military assistance doubled period.– convention finalized new constitution november .called semipresidential government approved shows hands citizen assemblies process meet requirements constitution constitutional change.supreme court ruled although procedure improper constitution come force.amendment no. |
Political history of the Philippines | gave executive lawmaking powers legislature.– beginning referendums voting age lowered .in presidential decree barrio subdivisions renamed barangays.integrated national police formed extending national control policing local level.marcos continued rule decree without elections interim batasang pambansa ibp legislature elected.marcos complete control bureaucracy local governments military press comelec. |
Political history of the Philippines | parliamentary local elections dominated marcos kilusang bagong lipunan party.unicameral ibp little power unable repeal presidential decrees declare confidence government.supreme court affirmed expansive executive powers claimed martial law.– marcos laid vision new society would represent end old oligarchies.changes implemented marcos sought eliminate regional power centers instead strengthen links national government general public. |
Political history of the Philippines | partially successful marcos relied local allies enforce martial law.political dynasties allied marcos stripped assets power many cases replaced local politics marcos allies.marcos ended martial law shortly visit country pope john paul ii although retained immense executive powers.– opposition groups still boycotted presidential election marcos easily maintaining tight control election process.martial law repealed marcos implemented system nominal autonomy regions mindanao. |
Political history of the Philippines | however seen largely toothless moro islamic liberation front operated shadow government areas.opponents marcos able consolidate united nationalist democratic organization.opposition leader benigno aquino jr. assassinated upon return country .time government marred weak economy rampant corruption loss political support.– united opposition participated parliamentary election made gains including defections ruling party. |
Political history of the Philippines | meanwhile economy entered period contraction.counter growing opposition marcos called snap election constitutional basis.opposition nominated benignos widow corazon candidate.marcos declared winner election opposition refused accept result alleging election rigged.people power revolution drove marcos power aquino became president following congress officially declaring election winner. |
Political history of the Philippines | post–people power era initially aquino governed freedom constitution setting constitutional commission replace constitution.freedom constitution declared aquino government installed direct exercise power filipino people assisted units new armed forces philippines.ibp abolished aquino exercised executive legislative powers.power used modify family code increase gender equality.constitution approved via plebiscite restored democracy along lines constitution although local elections became synchronized national elections term limits put place multiparty system replaced previous twoparty system. |
Political history of the Philippines | checks balances put place limit executive power many laws established martial law repealed.senate recreated.written aftermath people power movement new constitution introduced elements direct democracy possibility constitutional amendments though initiative referendum recall local elected officials provisions guaranteeing right civil society groups organize.new constitution cancel effect previous one unless otherwise stated laws established constitution remained effect.economic property expropriated elite families dictatorship returned them. |
Political history of the Philippines | legislative election saw elections senate seats instead usual saw proaquino parties win seats congress.electoral system meant members house together received votes.local officials initially appointed directly aquino divisions leftleaning groups opposed marcos related lack participation local elections contributed traditional elite recapturing elected office.political reform movements grown marcos played significant role revolution lost strength next years.aquinos government mired coup attempts high inflation unemployment natural calamities introduced limited land reform market liberalization. |
Political history of the Philippines | communist rebels broken antimarcos groups continued lowintensity rebellion.islamic separatists similarly continued campaign south.although initial peace negotiations saw limited success aquino eventually undertook total war policy insurrections.establishment autonomous region muslim mindanao armm saw little change ground.aquinos administration also saw pullout u.s. bases subic bay clark. |
Political history of the Philippines | new local government code shifted power resources lower levels government.aquino wish run reelection leading presidential election supported fidel v. ramos left party form rather nominated leader party ramon mitra.ramos albeit controversial circumstances allegations electoral fraud.elections first synchronized election presidential legislative local elections held simultaneously.election also saw senators elected – twelve lowest votes elected three years. |
Political history of the Philippines | following election system senators elected sixyear terms every three years began.ramos facing ongoing energy crisis inherited aquino administration resolved issue issuing contracts favorable power producers.ramos administration privatized government monopolies lowered economic regulation hosted apec summit reinstated death penalty signed party list system act repealed antisubversion law devolved power away national government local government code signed peace agreement moro national liberation front bore brunt asian financial crisis.ramos actively cooperated civil society groups social reform agenda bring serious reform.– unable fulfil desire amend constitution following opposition aquino sectors. |
Political history of the Philippines | asian financial crisis damaging image economy liberalism clear successor ramos – ramos vice president joseph estrada defeated formers party mate jose de venecia several others election comfortable margin running populist campaign appealed directly poorer voters.– meanwhile de venecias running mate gloria macapagal arroyo elected vice president.estrada wanted amend constitution reduce economic protectionism opposed aquino catholic church.administration launched allout war moro islamic liberation front saw government retaking camp abubakar main rebel encampment.– despite popular antirebel stance administration embroiled charges cronyism corruption scandal involving jueteng gambling led impeachment house representatives. |
Political history of the Philippines | – impeachment trial estradas allies senate successfully prevented evidence presented triggered massive protests.days later would called edsa ii armed forces philippines withdrew support estrada transferred allegiance vice president arroyo supreme court later ruled presidency vacant estrada left malacañang palace.arroyo sworn president january .four months later estrada officially charged plundering supporters launched mass movement laying siege presidential palace.however movement succeed protestors later expelled.– arroyos people power coalition majority seats elections therefore consolidated power. |
Political history of the Philippines | arroyo put coup attempt central business district.arroyo served less four years president eligible reelection.faced fernando poe jr. friend estrada along three others slim plurality.months poe died december exposed via wiretapped conversations arroyo rigged election.national address arroyo said sorry lapse judgment. |
Political history of the Philippines | opposition let put two coup attempts.following election arroyo attempted change constitution create parliamentary system.gained significant momentum support house senate opposition close supreme court ruling civil society opposition led failure.– opposition united senate election easily arroyos allies still held house representatives.end presidency arroyo unpopular president since people power revolution administration widely viewed deeply corrupt. |
Political history of the Philippines | despite unpopularity mass movement replace arroyo.part due fatigue previous people power movements regarded failed cause enough change political system.election arroyos party nominated gilberto teodoro president however quarters suggested arroyo secretly supporting manny villar frontrunner time.race changed following death former president aquino led son benigno aquino iii launching campaign.allegations scandal led villar dropping polls falling first behind aquino behind estrada running following pardon arroyo. |
Political history of the Philippines | aquino embarked anticorruption drive saw economy grow maintained high levels popularity.also sought strengthen independent bodies supreme court ombudsman.overall benigno aquino administration politically stable seen relatively clean highest ratings since marcos.– however natural calamities along scams use pork barrel discretionary funds coming light led rising opposition final years administration.opposition became linked perceptions failure change within wider political system rather aquino himself. |
Political history of the Philippines | aquinos handpicked successor mar roxas decisively defeated davao city mayor rodrigo duterte presidential election.duterte ran populist platform winning votes various socioeconomic classes particularly strong appeal middle classes.duterte implemented massive war drugs led thousands deaths.opposition primarily liberal party proaquino figures opposed killings branding human rights abuses.duterte prioritized infrastructure spending sought end communist insurgency formally declaring communist party philippinesnew peoples army cppnpa terrorist group creating reintegration program former rebels granting amnesty eligible members. |
Political history of the Philippines | administration made peace moro islamic liberation front agreeing expand empower autonomy muslim areas replacing armm powerful bangsamoro region.opposition wiped midterms senatorial candidates lost handful winners lower house.duterte government largely continued aquinos economic policies including focused poor.political policies shown shift towards illiberal democracy politicization legal institutions less regard checks balances.– see also politics philippinestimeline philippine political history references reading kalaw maximo m. . |
Late Middle Ages | development philippine politics –.oriental commercial.late middle ages followed high middle ages preceded onset early modern period much europe renaissance.around centuries prosperity growth europe came halt.series famines plagues including great famine – black death reduced population around half calamities.along depopulation came social unrest endemic warfare.france england experienced serious peasant uprisings jacquerie peasants revolt well century intermittent conflict hundred years war.add many problems period unity catholic church temporarily shattered western schism. |
Late Middle Ages | collectively events sometimes called crisis late middle ages.despite crises th century also time great progress arts sciences.following renewed interest ancient greek roman texts took root high middle ages italian renaissance began.absorption latin texts started renaissance th century contact arabs crusades availability important greek texts accelerated capture constantinople ottoman turks many byzantine scholars seek refuge west particularly italy.combined influx classical ideas invention printing facilitated dissemination printed word democratized learning.two things would later lead protestant reformation.toward end period age discovery began. |
Late Middle Ages | expansion ottoman empire cut trading possibilities east.europeans forced seek new trading routes leading spanish expedition christopher columbus americas vasco da gama’s voyage africa india .discoveries strengthened economy power european nations.the changes brought developments led many scholars view period end middle ages beginning modern history early modern europe.however division somewhat artificial since ancient learning never entirely absent european society.result developmental continuity ancient age via classical antiquity modern age. |
Late Middle Ages | historians particularly italy prefer speak late middle ages rather see high period middle ages transitioning renaissance modern era.historiography periodization term late middle ages refers one three periods middle ages along early middle ages high middle ages.leonardo bruni first historian use tripartite periodization history florentine people .flavio biondo used similar framework decades history deterioration roman empire –.tripartite periodization became standard german historian christoph cellarius published universal history divided ancient medieval new period .for thcentury historians studying th th centuries central theme renaissance rediscovery ancient learning emergence individual spirit. |
Late Middle Ages | heart rediscovery lies italy words jacob burckhardt man became spiritual individual recognized such.proposition later challenged argued th century period greater cultural achievement.as economic demographic methods applied study history trend increasingly see late middle ages period recession crisis.belgian historian henri pirenne continued subdivision early high late middle ages years around world war i. yet dutch colleague johan huizinga primarily responsible popularising pessimistic view late middle ages book autumn middle ages .huizinga whose research focused france low countries rather italy despair decline main themes rebirth.modern historiography period reached consensus two extremes innovation crisis.generally acknowledged conditions vastly different north south alps term late middle ages often avoided entirely within italian historiography. |
Late Middle Ages | term renaissance still considered useful describing certain intellectual cultural artistic developments defining feature entire european historical epoch.period early th century – sometimes including – th century rather seen characterized trends demographic economic decline followed recovery end western religious unity subsequent emergence nation state expansion european influence onto rest world.history limits christian europe still defined th th centuries.grand duchy moscow beginning repel mongols iberian kingdoms completed reconquista peninsula turned attention outwards balkans fell dominance ottoman empire.meanwhile remaining nations continent locked almost constant international internal conflict.the situation gradually led consolidation central authority emergence nation state. |
Late Middle Ages | financial demands war necessitated higher levels taxation resulting emergence representative bodies – notably english parliament.growth secular authority aided decline papacy western schism coming protestant reformation.northern europe main articles denmark norway swedenafter failed union sweden norway – panscandinavian kalmar union instituted .swedes reluctant members danishdominated union start.attempt subdue swedes king christian ii denmark large numbers swedish aristocracy killed stockholm bloodbath . |
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