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History of Israel	uproar un united states ussr agreement denouncing actions israel britain france.demand ceasefire reluctantly accepted november.at egypts request un sent emergency force unef consisting peacekeeping troops nations supervise ceasefire.first ever un peacekeeping operation.november un troops marked zone across sinai separate israeli egyptian forces.upon receiving us guarantees israeli access suez canal freedom access gulf aqaba egyptian action stop palestinian raids gaza israelis withdrew negev.
History of Israel	practice suez canal remained closed israeli shipping.conflict marked end westeuropean dominance middle east.nasser emerged victor conflict political battle however israeli military learnt need british french support order conquer sinai could conquer sinai peninsula days.israeli political leadership learnt israel limited time frame within operate militarily international political pressure would restrict israels freedom action.in two modernorthodox religiouszionist parties mizrachi hapoel hamizrachi joined form national religious party.party component every israeli coalition usually running ministry education.mapai victorious elections increasing number seats labour .
History of Israel	bengurion remained prime minister.in renewed skirmishes along israels borders continued throughout early s. arab league continued widener economic boycott dispute water rights river jordan basin.soviet backing arab states particularly egypt continuing build forces.israels main military hardware supplier france.rudolph kastner minor political functionary accused collaborating nazis sued accuser.kastner lost trial assassinated two years later.supreme court exonerated him.
History of Israel	may adolf eichmann one chief administrators nazi holocaust located argentina mossad later kidnapping bringing israel.put trial several months found guilty sentenced death.hanged person ever sentenced death israeli court.testimonies holocaust survivors trial extensive publicity surrounded led trial considered turning point public awareness holocaust.in herut noconfidence motion resurfaces lavon affair led bengurions resignation.bengurion declared would accept office lavon fired position head histadrut israels labour union organization.
History of Israel	demands accepted mapai election seats keeping bengurion pm slight reduction share seats.menachem begins herut party liberals came next seats each.mossad began assassinating german rocket scientists working egypt one reported missile program designed carry chemical warheads.action condemned bengurion led mossad director isser harel resignation.bengurion quit lavon affair.
History of Israel	attempts make party mapai support issue failed.levi eshkol became leader mapai new prime minister.– eshkol yigael yadin began excavating masada.egypt jordan syria developed unified military command.israel completed work national water carrier huge engineering project designed transfer israels allocation jordan rivers waters towards south country realization bengurions dream mass jewish settlement negev desert.
History of Israel	arabs responded trying divert headwaters jordan leading growing conflict israel syria.in israeli rabbinical authorities accepted bene israel india indeed jewish remaining indian jews migrated israel.strong jewish community cochin already migrated .bengurion quit mapai form new party rafi joined shimon peres moshe dayan.begins herut party joined liberals form gahal.mapai labour united elections winning seats maintaining levi eshkol prime minister.
History of Israel	bengurions rafi party received seats gahal got seats becoming second largest party.until israels principal arms supplier france however following withdrawal algeria charles de gaulle announced france would cease supplying israel arms refused refund money paid warplanes.february united states announced taking former french west german obligations maintain military stabilization middle east.included military hardware would tanks.may year us also agreed provide skyhawk tactical aircraft israel.security restrictions placed arabisraelis eased efforts made integrate israeli life.in black white tv broadcasts began.
History of Israel	may first public performance naomi shemers classic song jerusalem gold took place next weeks dominated israeli airwaves.two days later syria egypt jordan amassed troops along israeli borders egypt closed straits tiran israeli shipping.nasser demanded unef leave sinai threatening escalation full war.egyptian radio broadcasts talked coming genocide.may nasser declared battle general one basic objective destroy israel.
History of Israel	israel considered straits tiran closure casus belli.egypt syria jordan iraq signed defence pacts iraqi troops began deploying jordan syria egypt.algeria also announced would send troops egypt.egyptian troops tested chemical weapons yemenite civilians part egyptian intervention support rebels.israel responded calling civilian reserves bringing much israeli economy halt.israelis set national unity coalition including first time menachem begins party herut coalition.
History of Israel	national radio broadcast prime minister levi eshkol stammered causing widespread fear israel.calm public concern moshe dayan chief staff sinai war appointed defence minister.on morning dayan sworn june israeli air force launched preemptive attacks destroying first egyptian air force later day destroying air forces jordan syria.israel defeated almost successively egypt jordan syria.june arab forces routed parties accepted ceasefire called un security council resolutions .israel gained control sinai peninsula gaza strip golan heights formerly jordaniancontrolled west bank jordan river.
History of Israel	east jerusalem arguably annexed israel.residents given permanent residency status option applying israeli citizenship.annexation recognized internationally jordanian annexation also unrecognized except uk iraq pakistan.areas occupied remained military rule israeli civil law apply pending final settlement.golan also annexed .the result august arab league summit khartoum resolution according abd al azim ramadan left one option war israel.
History of Israel	november security council adopted resolution land peace formula called establishment lasting peace based israeli withdrawal territories occupied return end states belligerency respect sovereignty states area right live peace within secure recognized boundaries.resolution accepted sides though different interpretations basis subsequent peace negotiations.after soviet block except romania broke relations israel.antisemitic purges encouraged remnants polish jewry move israel.for first time since end british mandate jews could visit old city jerusalem pray western wall holiest site judaism denied access jordanians contravention armistice agreement.fourmeterwide public alley beside wall expanded massive plaza worshippers allowed sit use furniture first time centuries.hebron jews gained access cave patriarchs second holy site judaism first time since th century previously jews allowed pray entrance.
History of Israel	third jewish holy site rachels tomb bethlehem also became accessible.sinai oil fields made israel selfsufficient energy.in moshe levinger led group religious zionists created first jewish settlement town near hebron called kiryat arba.religious settlements .bengurions rafi party merged labourmapai alliance.bengurion remained outside independent.
History of Israel	compulsory education extended age citizens government embarked extensive program integration education.major cities children mainly sephardimizrahi neighbourhoods bused newly established middle schools better areas.system remained place .in march israeli forces attacked palestinian militia fatah base jordanian town karameh.attack response land mines placed israeli roads.israelis retreated destroying camp however israelis sustained unexpectedly high casualties attack viewed success.
History of Israel	despite heavy casualties palestinians claimed victory fatah plo formed part became famous across arab world.early fighting broke egypt israel along suez canal.retaliation repeated egyptian shelling israeli positions along suez canal israeli planes made deep strikes egypt – war attrition.– meir early levi eshkol died office heart attack golda meir became prime minister largest percentage vote ever israeli party winning seats election.meir first female prime minister israel first woman headed middle eastern state modern times.
History of Israel	gahal retained seats second largest party.in december israeli naval commandos took five missile boats night cherbourg harbour france.israel paid boats french refused supply them.july israelis shot five soviet fighters aiding egyptians course war attrition.following us worked calm situation august cease fire agreed.in september king hussein jordan drove palestine liberation organization country.september syrian tanks invaded jordan intending aid plo.
History of Israel	request us israel moved troops border threatened syria causing syrians withdraw.centre plo activity shifted lebanon cairo agreement gave palestinians autonomy within south country.area controlled plo became known international press locals fatahland contributed – lebanese civil war.event also led hafez alassad taking power syria.egyptian president nasser died heart attack immediately succeeded anwar sadat.increased soviet antisemitism enthusiasm generated victory led wave soviet jews applying emigrate israel.
History of Israel	.jews refused exit visas persecuted authorities.arrested becoming known prisoners zion.violent demonstrations israeli black panthers made israeli public aware resentment among mizrahi jews ongoing discrimination social gaps.us jewish mafia leader meyer lansky taken refuge israel deported united states.at munich olympics two members israeli team killed nine members taken hostage palestinian terrorists.
History of Israel	botched german rescue attempt led death rest along five eight hijackers.three surviving palestinians released west german authorities eight weeks later without charge exchange hostages hijacked lufthansa flight .israeli government responded air raid raid plo headquarters lebanon led future prime minister ehud barak assassination campaign organizers massacre.in new egyptian president anwar sadat expelled soviet advisers egypt.frequent invasion exercises egypt syria led israeli complacency threat countries.addition desire held responsible initiating conflict election campaign highlighting security led israeli failure mobilize despite receiving warnings impending attack.the yom kippur war also known october war began october jewish day atonement holiest day jewish calendar day adult jews required fast.
History of Israel	syrian egyptian armies launched wellplanned surprise attack unprepared israeli defense forces.first days great deal uncertainty israels capacity repel invaders.soviets americans orders henry kissinger rushed arms allies.syrians repulsed tiny remnant israeli tank force golan although egyptians captured strip territory sinai israeli forces crossed suez canal trapping egyptian third army sinai kilometres cairo.war cost israel dead resulted heavy arms bill sides made israelis aware vulnerability.
History of Israel	also led heightened superpower tension.following war israelis egyptians showed greater willingness negotiate.january extensive diplomacy us secretary state henry kissinger led disengagement forces agreement egyptian government may syrian government.the war catalyst oil crisis saudiled oil embargo conjunction opec countries trading israel.severe shortages led massive increases price oil result many countries broke relations israel downgraded relations israel banned participation asian games asian sporting events.state funding introduced elected parties.new system made parties independent wealthy donors gave knesset members power party funding however also made less dependent existing party structures able take funding elsewhere.
History of Israel	prior december elections gahal number rightwing parties united form likud led begin.december elections labour seats leaving golda meir prime minister.likud seats.in may palestinians attacked school maalot holding children hostage.twentytwo children killed.november plo granted observer status un yasser arafat addressed general assembly.
History of Israel	later year agranat commission appointed assess responsibility israels lack preparedness war exonerated government responsibility held chief staff head military intelligence responsible.despite report public anger government led golda meirs resignation.– rabin following meirs resignation yitzhak rabin chief staff six day war became prime minister.modern orthodox jews religious zionist followers teachings rabbi kook formed gush emunim movement began organized drive settle west bank gaza strip.november united nations general assembly guidance austrian secretary general kurt waldheim adopted resolution asserted zionism form racism.
History of Israel	general assembly rescinded resolution december resolution .march massive strike israeliarabs protest government plan expropriate land galilee.in july air france plane carrying people hijacked palestinian german terrorists flown uganda ruled idi amin dada.germans separated jewish passengers nonjewish passengers releasing nonjews.hijackers threatened kill remaining odd jewish passengers french crew refused leave.despite distances involved rabin ordered daring rescue operation kidnapped jews freed.
History of Israel	un secretary general waldheim described raid serious violation national sovereignty united nations member state meaning uganda.waldheim former nazi suspected war criminal record offending jewish sensibilities.in ongoing lebanese civil war led israel allow south lebanese cross border work israel.january french authorities arrested abu daoud planner munich massacre releasing days later.march anatoly sharansky prominent refusenik spokesman moscow helsinki group sentenced years hard labour.rabin resigned april emerged wife maintained dollar account united states illegal time opened rabin israeli ambassador.incident became known dollar account affair.
History of Israel	shimon peres informally replaced prime minister leading alignment subsequent elections.– begin surprise result likud led menachem begin seats elections labour got seats.first time israeli history government led left.key reason victory anger among mizrahi jews discrimination play important role israeli politics many years.talented small town mizrahi social activists unable advance labour party readily embraced begin.
History of Israel	moroccanborn david levy iranianborn moshe katzav part group mizrahi support begin.many labour voters voted democratic movement change seats protest highprofile corruption cases.party joined coalition begin disappeared next election.in addition starting process healing mizrahi–ashkenazi divide begins government included ultraorthodox jews instrumental healing zionist–ultraorthodox rift.begins liberalization economy led hyperinflation around inflation enabled israel begin receiving us financial aid.begin actively supported gush emunims efforts settle west bank jewish settlements occupied territories received government support thus laying grounds intense conflict palestinian population occupied territories.in november egyptian president anwar sadat broke years hostility israel visiting jerusalem invitation israeli prime minister menachem begin.sadats twoday visit included speech knesset turning point history conflict.
History of Israel	egyptian leader created new psychological climate middle east peace israel arab neighbours seemed possible.sadat recognized israels right exist established basis direct negotiations egypt israel.following sadats visit yom kippur war veterans organized peace movement encourage israeli governments make peace arabs.in march eleven armed lebanese palestinians reached israel boats hijacked bus carrying families day outing killing people including children.attackers opposed egyptian–israeli peace process.three days later israeli forces crossed lebanon beginning operation litani.
History of Israel	passage united nations security council resolution calling israeli withdrawal creation united nations interim force lebanon unifil peacekeeping force israel withdrew troops.in september us president jimmy carter invited president sadat prime minister begin meet camp david september agreed framework peace israel egypt comprehensive peace middle east.set broad principles guide negotiations israel arab states.also established guidelines west bank–gaza transitional regime full autonomy palestinians residing territories peace treaty egypt israel.treaty signed march begin sadat president carter signing witness.treaty israel returned sinai peninsula egypt april .
History of Israel	final piece territory repatriated taba adjacent eilat returned thirdparty arbitration determined fell egyptian side border.arab league reacted peace treaty suspending egypt organization moving headquarters cairo tunis.sadat assassinated islamic fundamentalist members egyptian army opposed peace israel.following agreement israel egypt became two largest recipients us military financial aid iraq afghanistan overtaken them.in december israeli merkava battle tank entered use idf.iranian jews migrated israel escaping islamic revolution there.
History of Israel	june israeli air force destroyed osirak nuclear reactor france building iraq.three weeks later begin elections seats likud labour.ariel sharon made defence minister.new government annexed golan heights banned national airline flying shabbat.diverse set hightech industries developed israel.in decades following war israels border lebanon quiet compared borders neighbours.
History of Israel	cairo agreement gave plo free hand attack israel south lebanon.area governed plo independently lebanese government became known fatahland fatah largest faction plo.palestinian irregulars constantly shelled israeli north especially town kiryat shmona likud stronghold inhabited primarily jews fled arab world.lack control palestinian areas important factor causing civil war lebanon.in june attempted assassination shlomo argov ambassador britain used pretext israeli invasion aiming drive plo southern half lebanon.sharon agreed chief staff raphael eitan expand invasion deep lebanon even though cabinet authorized kilometre deep invasion.
History of Israel	invasion became known lebanon war israeli army occupied beirut time arab capital occupied israel.shia christian population south lebanon welcomed israelis plo forces maltreated lebanese resentment israeli occupation grew time shia became gradually radicalized iranian guidance.constant casualties among israeli soldiers lebanese civilians led growing opposition war israel.in august plo withdrew forces lebanon moving tunisia.bashir gemayel elected president lebanon reportedly agreed recognize israel sign peace treaty.however gemayal assassinated agreement could signed one day later phalangist christian forces led elie hobeika entered two palestinian refugee camps massacred occupants.
History of Israel	massacres led biggest demonstration ever israel war many people almost population gathering tel aviv.israeli public inquiry found israels defence minister sharon indirectly personally responsible massacres.also recommended never allowed hold post forbid prime minister.may agreement signed israel lebanon paving way israeli withdrawal lebanese territory stages.israel continued operate plo eventual departure kept small force stationed southern lebanon support south lebanon army may .
History of Israel	– shamir peres shamir ii september begin resigned succeeded yitzhak shamir prime minister.election inconclusive led power sharing agreement shimon peres alignment seats shamir likud seats.peres prime minister shamir .continual discrimination sephardi ultraorthodox jews ashkenazi ultraorthodox establishment led political activist aryeh deri leave agudat israel party join former chief rabbi ovadia yosef forming shas new party aimed nonashkenazi ultraorthodox vote.party seats first election contested next twenty years third largest party knesset.
History of Israel	shas established nationwide network free sephardi orthodox schools.severe famine ethiopia ethiopian jews secretly transported israel.natan sharansky famous russian human rights activist zionist refusenik denied exit visa released gulag return two soviet spies.in june israel withdrew troops lebanon leaving residual israeli force israelisupported militia southern lebanon security zone buffer attacks northern territory.since idf fought many years shia organization hezbollah became growing threat israel.july israels inflation buttressed complex index linking salaries reached per annum highest world.
History of Israel	peres introduced emergency control prices cut government expenditure successfully bringing inflation control.currency known old israeli shekel replaced renamed israeli new shekel rate old shkalim new shekel.october israel responded palestinian terrorist attack cyprus bombing plo headquarters tunis.growing israeli settlement continuing occupation west bank gaza strip led first palestinian intifada uprising lasted oslo accords despite israeli attempts suppress it.human rights abuses israeli troops led group israelis form btselem organization devoted improving awareness compliance human rights requirements israel.in august israeli government cancelled iai lavi project attempt develop independent israeli fighter aircraft.
History of Israel	israelis found unable sustain huge development costs faced us opposition project threatened us influence israel us global military ascendancy.september israel launched ofeq reconnaissance satellite orbit using shavit rocket thus becoming one eight countries possessing capacity independently launch satellites space two since developed ability.alignment likud remained neck neck elections seats.shamir successfully formed national unity coalition labour alignment.march alignment leader shimon peres engineered defeat government nonconfidence vote tried form new government.
History of Israel	failed shamir became prime minister head rightwing coalition.in soviet union finally permitted free emigration soviet jews israel.prior jews trying leave ussr faced persecution succeeded arrived refugees.next years one million soviet citizens migrated israel.although concern new immigrants tenuous connection judaism many accompanied nonjewish relatives massive wave migration slowly transformed israel bringing large numbers highly educated soviet jews creating powerful russian culture israel.in august iraq invaded kuwait triggering gulf war iraq large allied force led united states.iraq attacked israel scud missiles.
History of Israel	israel retaliate request us fearing israel responded iraq arab nations might desert allied coalition.israel provided gas masks palestinian population israeli citizens netherlands united states deployed patriot defence batteries israel protection scuds.may hour period beta israel ethiopian jews secretly airlifted israel.coalitions victory gulf war opened new possibilities regional peace october us president george h.w.bush soviet union premier mikhail gorbachev jointly convened historic meeting madrid israeli lebanese jordanian syrian palestinian leaders.
History of Israel	shamir opposed idea agreed return loan guarantees help absorption immigrants former soviet union.participation conference led collapse rightwing coalition.– rabin ii peres ii elections labour party led yitzhak rabin significant victory seats promising pursue peace promoting rabin tough general pledging deal plo way.left zionist party meretz seats arab communist parties meaning parties supporting peace treaty full albeit small majority knesset.later year israeli electoral system changed allow direct election prime minister.
History of Israel	hoped would reduce power small parties extract concessions return coalition agreements.new system opposite effect voters could split vote prime minister interest based party vote result larger parties fewer votes smaller parties becoming attractive voters.thus increased power smaller parties.election system abandoned.on july israel carried weeklong military operation lebanon attack hezbollah positions.september israel palestine liberation organization plo signed oslo accords declaration principles south lawn white house.
History of Israel	principles established objectives relating transfer authority israel interim palestinian authority prelude final treaty establishing palestinian state exchange mutual recognition.dop established may date permanent status agreement west bank gaza strip would take effect.february baruch goldstein follower kach party killed palestinians wounded cave patriarchs hebron became known cave patriarchs massacre.kach barred participation elections grounds movement racist.subsequently made illegal.
History of Israel	israel plo signed gaza–jericho agreement may agreement preparatory transfer powers responsibilities august began process transferring authority israel palestinians.july jordan israel signed washington declaration formally ended state war existed since october israel–jordan treaty peace witnessed us president bill clinton.prime minister yitzhak rabin plo chairman yasser arafat signed israeli–palestinian interim agreement west bank gaza strip september washington.agreement witnessed president bill clinton behalf united states russia egypt norway european union incorporates supersedes previous agreements marking conclusion first stage negotiations israel plo.agreement allowed plo leadership relocate occupied territories granted autonomy palestinians talks follow regarding final status.return palestinians promised abstain use terror changed palestinian national covenant called expulsion jews migrated elimination israel.the agreement opposed hamas palestinian factions launched suicide bomber attacks israel.
History of Israel	rabin barrier constructed around gaza prevent attacks.growing separation israel palestinian territories led labour shortage israel mainly construction industry.israeli firms began importing labourers philippines thailand china romania labourers stayed without visas.addition growing number africans began illegally migrating israel.november farrightwing religious zionist opponent oslo accords assassinated prime minister yitzhak rabin.
History of Israel	february rabins successor shimon peres called early elections.april israel launched operation southern lebanon result hezbollahs katyusha rocket attacks israeli population centres along border.– netanyahu barak may elections first featuring direct election prime minister resulted narrow election victory likud leader binyamin netanyahu.spate suicide bombings reinforced likud position security.hamas claimed responsibility bombings.
History of Israel	despite stated differences oslo accords prime minister netanyahu continued implementation prime ministership saw marked slowdown peace process.netanyahu also pledged gradually reduce us aid israel.in september palestinian riot broke creation exit western wall tunnel.subsequent weeks around people killed result.january netanyahu signed hebron protocol palestinian authority resulting redeployment israeli forces hebron turnover civilian authority much area palestinian authority.in election july ehud barak labour party became prime minister.party largest knesset seats.
History of Israel	september supreme court israel ruled use torture interrogation palestinian prisoners illegal.march pope john paul ii arrived israel historic visit.on may israel unilaterally withdrew remaining forces security zone southern lebanon.several thousand members south lebanon army families left israelis.un secretarygeneral concluded june israel withdrawn forces lebanon accordance un security council resolution .lebanon claims israel continues occupy lebanese territory called shebaa farms however area governed syria israel took control.
History of Israel	shebaa farms provided hezbollah pretext maintain warfare israel.lebanese government contravention un security council resolution assert sovereignty area came hezbollah control.fall talks held camp david reach final agreement israelpalestine conflict.ehud barak offered meet palestinian teams requests territory political concessions including arab parts east jerusalem however arafat abandoned talks without making counterproposal.following withdrawal south lebanon israel became member western european others group united nations.prior israel nation un member group arab states would allow join asia group meant could member security council appoint anyone international court key un roles.
History of Israel	since december permanent member group.in july aryeh deri sentenced years prison bribe taking.deri regarded mastermind behind rise shas government minister age .political manipulation meant investigation lasted years.deri subsequently sued police officer alleged linked trafficaccident death motherinlaw key witness run new york driver employ associate deri.on september israeli opposition leader ariel sharon visited alaqsa compound temple mount following day palestinians launched alaqsa intifada.david samuels khaled abu toameh stated uprising planned much earlier.
History of Israel	october palestinians destroyed josephs tomb jewish shrine nablus.the arrow missile missile designed destroy ballistic missiles including scud missiles first deployed israel.peace process increasingly disarray ehud barak called special election prime minister.barak hoped victory would give renewed authority negotiations palestinians.instead opposition leader ariel sharon elected pm.election system directly electing premier abandoned.
History of Israel	– sharon failure peace process increased palestinian terror occasional attacks hezbollah lebanon led much israeli public political leadership lose confidence palestinian authority peace partner.felt many palestinians viewed peace treaty israel temporary measure only.many israelis thus anxious disengage palestinians.response wave suicide bomb attacks culminating passover massacre see list israeli civilian casualties second intifada israel launched operation defensive shield march sharon began construction barrier around west bank.around time israeli town sderot israeli communities near gaza became subject constant shelling mortar bomb attacks gaza.thousands jews latin america began arriving israel due economic crises countries origin.
History of Israel	january separate elections held knesset.likud seats .antireligion party shinui led media pundit tommy lapid seats secularist platform making third largest party ahead orthodox shas.internal fighting led shinuis demise next election.black hebrews granted permanent residency israel.
History of Israel	group begun migrating israel years earlier united states recognized jews state hence granted citizenship israels law return.settled israel without official status.onwards received citizens rights.the sharon government embarked extensive program construction desalinization plants freed israel fear drought.israeli desalinization plants largest kind world.in may israel launched operation rainbow southern gaza create safer environment idf soldiers along philadelphi route.september israel carried operation days penitence northern gaza destroy launching sites palestinian rockets used attack israeli towns.
History of Israel	jewish settlers evacuated gaza forcibly homes demolished.disengagement gaza strip completed september .military disengagement northern west bank completed ten days later.in sharon left likud formed new party called kadima accepted peace process would lead creation palestinian state.joined many leading figures likud labour.hamas palestinian legislative election first genuinely free palestinian elections.hamas leaders rejected agreements signed israel refused recognize israels right exist refused abandon terror occasionally claimed holocaust jewish conspiracy.
History of Israel	withdrawal hamas victory left status gaza unclear israel asserted longer occupying power continued control air sea access gaza although exercise sovereignty ground.egypt insisted still occupied refused open border crossings gaza although free so.in april ariel sharon incapacitated severe hemorrhagic stroke ehud olmert became prime minister.– olmert ehud olmert elected prime minister party kadima seats israeli legislative election.mahmoud ahmadinejad officially elected president iran since iranian policy towards israel grown confrontational.israeli analysts believe ahmadinejad worked undermine peace process arms supplies aid hezbullah south lebanon hamas gaza developing nuclear weapons possibly use israel.
History of Israel	iranian support hezbollah nuclear arms program contravention un security council resolutions .iran also encourages holocaust denial.following israeli withdrawal lebanon hezbollah mounted periodic attacks israel lead israeli retaliation.similarly withdrawal gaza led incessant shelling towns around gaza area minimal israeli response.failure react led criticism israeli right undermined government.on march israel carried operation palestinian authority prison jericho order capture ahmad saadat several palestinian arab prisoners located assassinated israeli politician rehavam zeevi .
History of Israel	operation conducted result expressed intentions newly elected hamas government release prisoners.june hamas force crossed border gaza attacked tank capturing israeli soldier gilad shalit sparking clashes gaza.on july hezbollah attacked israel lebanon shelled israeli towns attacked border patrol taking two dead badly wounded israeli soldiers.incidents led israel initiate second lebanon war lasted august .israeli forces entered villages southern lebanon air force attacked targets across country.israel made limited ground gains launch operation changing direction lasted days disputed results.
History of Israel	shortly un ceasefire came effect israeli troops captured wadi saluki.war concluded hezbollah evacuating forces southern lebanon idf remained positions could handed lebanese armed forces unifil.in education made compulsory age citizens .refugees genocide darfur mostly muslim arrived israel illegally given asylum.illegal immigrants arrived mainly africa addition foreign workers overstaying visas.numbers migrants known estimates vary .an american billionaire casino owner sheldon adelson set free newspaper israel hayom express intention reducing influence dominant centreleft newspaper yediot ahronot accelerating rightward shift israeli politics supporting netanyahu.in june hamas took control gaza strip course battle gaza seizing government institutions replacing fatah government officials own.
History of Israel	following takeover egypt israel imposed partial blockade grounds fatah fled longer providing security palestinian side prevent arms smuggling terrorist groups.september israeli air force destroyed nuclear reactor syria.february israel launched military campaign gaza response constant firing qassam rockets hamas militants.july hezbollah swapped bodies israeli soldiers ehud goldwasser eldad regev kidnapped exchange lebanese terrorist samir kuntar four hezbollah prisoners bodies palestinian arab lebanese fighters.olmert came investigation corruption led announce july would stepping prime minister following election new leader kadima party september .tzipi livni election unable form coalition olmert remained office general election.
History of Israel	israel carried operation cast lead gaza strip december january response rocket attacks hamas militants leading decrease palestinian rocket attacks.– netanyahu ii legislative election likud seats kadima however rightwing camp majority seats president shimon peres called netanyahu form government.russian immigrantdominated yisrael beiteinu came third seats labour reduced fourth place seats.israeli billionaire yitzhak tshuva announced discovery huge natural gas reserves coast israel.on may international incident broke mediterranean sea foreign activists trying break maritime blockade gaza clashed israeli troops.struggle nine turkish activists killed.
History of Israel	late september took place direct negotiations israel palestinians without success.defensive countermeasure rocket threat israels civilian population end march israel began operate advanced mobile air defence system iron dome southern region israel along border gaza strip.on july largest social protest history israel began hundreds thousands protesters variety socioeconomic religious backgrounds israel protested continuing rise cost living particularly housing deterioration public services country health education.peak demonstrations took place september people demonstrated across country.in october deal reached israel hamas kidnapped israeli soldier gilad shalit released exchange palestinians arabisraeli prisoners.march secretarygeneral popular resistance committees zuhir alqaisi senior prc member two additional palestinian militants assassinated targeted killing carried israeli forces gaza.palestinian armed factions gaza strip led islamic jihad popular resistance committees fired massive amount rockets towards southern israel retaliation sparking five days clashes along gaza border.in may prime minister benjamin netanyahu reached agreement head opposition shaul mofaz kadima join government thus cancelling early election supposed held september.
History of Israel	however july kadima party left netanyahus government due dispute concerning military conscription ultraorthodox jews israel.in june israel transferred bodies palestinian suicide bombers militants part mark regev spokesman netanyahu described humanitarian gesture pa chairman mahmoud abbas help revive peace talks reinstate direct negotiations israel palestinians.october united states israel began biggest joint air missile defence exercise known austere challenge involving around us troops region along idf personnel expected last three weeks.germany britain also participated.response hundred rocket attacks southern israeli cities israel began operation gaza november targeted killing ahmed jabari chief hamas military wing airstrikes twenty underground sites housing longrange missile launchers capable striking tel aviv.january construction barrier israeliegyptian border completed main section.benjamin netanyahu elected prime minister likud yisrael beiteinu alliance seats legislative election formed coalition government secular centrist yesh atid party rightist jewish home livnis hatnuah excluding haredi parties.
History of Israel	labour came third seats.july good gesture restart peace talks palestinian authority israel agreed release palestinian prisoners jail since oslo accords including militants killed israeli civilians.april israel suspended peace talks hamas fatah agreed form unity government.following escalation rocket attacks hamas israel started operation gaza strip july included ground incursion aimed destroying crossborder tunnels.differences budget jewish state bill triggered early elections december .israeli elections netanyahu renewed mandate prime minister likud obtained seats formed rightwing coalition government kulanu jewish home orthodox parties shas united torah judaism bare minimum seats required form coalition.
History of Israel	zionist union alliance came second seats.wave lonewolf attacks palestinians took place particularly stabbings.on december president donald trump formally announced united states recognition jerusalem capital israel followed united states recognition golan heights part israel march .march palestinians gaza initiated great march return series weekly protests along gaza–israel border.in april amid coronavirus pandemic three consecutive elections less year netanyahu benny gantz able establish unity government rotating prime ministership netanyahu would serve first later replaced gantz.late israel normalised relations four arab league countries united arab emirates bahrain september known abraham accords sudan october morocco december.may tensions escalated jerusalem israel hamas traded blows gaza eleven days.
Art therapy	–present bennett lapid unity government collapsed budget new elections took place naftali bennett signed coalition agreement yair lapid different parties opposed netanyahu right center left whereby bennett would serve prime minister september lapid would assume role november .israeli arab party raam included government coalition first time decades.demographics see also references reading external links facts israel history israel ministry foreign affairsisrael profile – timeline bbc news onlinehistory israel knesset websiteofficial website israel state archiveshistory israel curlieart therapy creative arts therapy profession originated fields art psychotherapy may vary definition.there three main ways art therapy employed.first one called analytic art therapy.analytic art therapy based theories come analytical psychology cases psychoanalysis.analytic art therapy focuses client therapist ideas transferred art.another way art therapy utilized art psychotherapy.
Art therapy	approach focuses psychotherapist analysis clients artwork verbally.last way art therapy looked lens art therapy.art therapists practicing art therapy believe analyzing client’s artwork verbally essential therefore stress creation process art instead.different approaches art therapy art therapists client goes journey delve inner thoughts emotions use paint paper pen clay sand fabric media.art therapy used help people improve cognitive sensory motor function selfesteem self awareness emotional resilience.may also aide resolving conflicts reduce distress.current art therapy includes vast number approaches personcentered cognitive behavior gestalt narrative adlerian family.
Art therapy	tenets art therapy involve humanism creativity reconciling emotional conflicts fostering selfawareness personal growth.history history mental health treatment art therapy combining studies psychology art emerged much later new field.type unconventional therapy used cultivate selfesteem awareness improve cognitive motor abilities resolve conflicts stress inspire resilience patients.invites sensory kinesthetic perceptual sensory symbolization address issues verbal psychotherapy cannot reach.although art therapy relatively young therapeutic discipline roots lie use arts moral treatment psychiatric patients late th century.art therapy profession began midth century arising independently englishspeaking european countries.
Art therapy	art used time various reasons communication inducing creativity children religious contexts.early art therapists published accounts work acknowledged influence aesthetics psychiatry psychoanalysis rehabilitation early childhood education art education varying degrees practices.the british artist adrian hill coined term art therapy .hill recovering tuberculosis sanatorium discovered therapeutic benefits drawing painting convalescing.wrote value art therapy lay completely engrossing mind well fingers…releasing creative energy frequently inhibited patient enabled patient build strong defence misfortunes.suggested artistic work fellow patients.
Art therapy	began art therapy work documented book art versus illness.the artist edward adamson demobilised ww joined adrian hill extend hills work british long stay mental hospitals.early proponents art therapy britain include e. m. lyddiatt michael edwards diana raphaelhalliday rita simons.british association art therapists founded .u.s.art therapy pioneers margaret naumburg edith kramer began practicing around time hill.naumburg educator asserted art therapy psychoanalytically oriented free art expression becomes form symbolic speech ... leads increase verbalization course therapy.
Art therapy	edith kramer artist pointed importance creative process psychological defenses artistic quality writing sublimation attained forms created successfully contain ... anger anxiety pain.early proponents art therapy united states include elinor ulman robert bob ault judith rubin.american art therapy association founded .national professional associations art therapy exist many countries including brazil canada finland lebanon israel japan netherlands romania south korea sweden.international networking contributes establishment standards education practice.diverse perspectives exist history art therapy complement focus institutionalization art therapy profession britain united states.definitions various definitions term art therapy.
Art therapy	british association art therapists defines art therapy form psychotherapy uses art media primary mode expression communication.also add clients referred art therapist need previous experience art art therapist primarily concerned making aesthetic diagnostic assessment clients image.the american art therapy association defines art therapy integrative mental health human services profession enriches lives individuals families communities active artmaking creative process applied psychological theory human experience within psychotherapeutic relationship.uses regulated mental health profession art therapy employed many clinical settings diverse populations.increasingly recognized valid form therapy.art therapy also found nonclinical settings well art studios creativity development workshops.
Art therapy	licensing art therapists vary state state recognizing art therapy separate license licensing related field professional counseling mental health counseling.art therapists must masters degree includes training creative process psychological development group therapy must complete clinical internship.art therapists may also pursue additional credentialing art therapy credentials board.art therapists work populations ages wide variety disorders diseases.art therapists provide services children adolescents adults whether individuals couples families groups.using evaluative psychotherapy skills art therapists choose materials interventions appropriate clients needs design sessions achieve therapeutic goals objectives.
Art therapy	use creative process help clients increase insight cope stress work traumatic experiences increase cognitive memory neurosensory abilities improve interpersonal relationships achieve greater selffulfillment.activities art therapist chooses clients depend variety factors mental state age.art therapists may draw upon images resources archive research archetypal symbolism incorporate historical art symbols work patients.depending state province country term art therapist may reserved professionals trained art therapy hold master doctoral degree art therapy certification art therapy obtained graduate degree related field.professionals mental health counselors social workers psychologists play therapists optionally combine artmaking basic psychotherapeutic modalities treatment.
Art therapy	therapists may better understand clients absorption information assessing elements artwork.a systemic literature review compiled evaluated different research studies listed below.overall survey publication revealed high level variability incorporating talk therapy limited number studies done certified art therapists made difficult generalize findings.despite limitations art therapy extent proved efficacy relieving symptoms improving quality life.general illness artmaking common activity used many people cope illness.art creative process alleviate many illnesses cancer heart disease influenza etc.. form therapy helps benefit suffer mental illnesses well chronic depression anxiety disorders bipolar disorders etc.. difficult measure efficacy art therapy treats various mental illnesses different degrees although people escape emotional effects various illness art making many creative methods.sometimes people cannot express way feel difficult put words art help people express experiences.
Art therapy	art therapy people explore past present future experiences using art form coping.art refuge intense emotions associated illness limits imagination finding creative ways express emotions.hospitals started studying influence arts patient care found participants art programs better vitals less difficulty sleeping.artistic influence need participation program studies found landscape picture hospital room reduced need narcotic pain killers less time recovery hospital.addition either looking creating art hospitals helped stabilize vital signs speed healing process general bring sense hope soul patient.family care workers doctors nurses also positively affected.using art therapy also good way general illnesses express feelings emotions art may may difficult explain feelings words.
Art therapy	art helps give security emotions comfortable sharing emotions others trust canvas sheet paper hold onto emotions.cancer diagnosis many studies conducted benefits art therapy cancer patients.art therapy found useful supporting patients stress things chemotherapy treatment.art therapists conducted studies understand cancer patients turn art making coping mechanism tool creating positive identity outside cancer patient.women study participated different art programs ranging pottery card making drawing painting.programs helped regain identity outside cancer lessened emotional pain ongoing fight cancer also gave hope future.in study involving women facing cancerrelated difficulties fear pain altered social relationships found engaging different types visual art textiles card making collage pottery watercolor acrylics helped women major ways.
Art therapy	first helped focus positive life experiences relieving ongoing preoccupation cancer.second enhanced selfworth identity providing opportunities demonstrate continuity challenge achievement.third enabled maintain social identity resisted defined cancer.finally allowed express feelings symbolic manner especially chemotherapy.another study showed participated types activities discharged earlier participate.furthermore another study revealed healing effects art therapy female breast cancer patients.studies revealed relatively shortterm art therapy interventions significantly improved patients’ emotional states perceived symptoms.studies also shown emotional distress cancer patients reduced utilizing creative process.
Art therapy	women made drawings throughout treatment process also yoga meditating actions combined helped alleviate symptoms.another study participants looked efficacy mindfulnessbased art therapy combining meditation art.study used measurements quality life physical symptoms depression anxiety evaluate efficacy intervention.yielded positive results significant decrease distress significant improvement quality life.a review studies investigating use art therapy cancer patients wood molassiotis payne investigated symptoms emotional social physical global functioning spiritual concerns cancer patients.found art therapy improve process psychological readjustment change loss uncertainty associated surviving cancer.also suggested art therapy provide sense meaningmaking physical act creating art.
Art therapy	given five individual sessions art therapy per week art therapy shown useful personal empowerment helping cancer patients understand boundaries relation needs people.turn art therapy treatment felt connected others found social interaction enjoyable individuals receive art therapy treatment.furthermore art therapy improved motivation levels ability discuss emotional physical health general wellbeing increased global quality life cancer patients.in sum relatively shortterm intervention art therapy individualized patients potential significantly improve emotional state quality life reducing perceived symptoms relating cancer diagnosis.disaster relief art therapy used variety traumatic experiences including disaster relief crisis intervention.art therapists worked children adolescents adults natural manmade disasters encouraging make art response experiences.
Art therapy	suggested strategies working victims disaster include assessing distress posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd normalizing feelings modeling coping skills promoting relaxation skills establishing social support network increasing sense security stability.ff ff dementia art therapy proven help patients suffering dementia backgrounds.important art tools easy use relatively simple understand since mobility also problem.art therapy helps behavioral issues appear affect worsening mental abilities.tentative evidence supports benefits respect quality life.
Art therapy	art therapy clear results affecting memory emotional wellbeing scales.however alzheimers association states art music enrich peoples lives allow self expression.autism art therapy increasingly recognized help address challenges people autism evidenced sources.art therapy may address core symptoms autism spectrum disorders promoting sensory regulation supporting psychomotor development facilitating communication.art therapy also thought promote emotional mental growth allowing self expression visual communication creativity.
Art therapy	schizophrenia systematic review art therapy add treatment schizophrenia found unclear effects.group art therapy shown improve symptoms schizophrenia.studies concluded art therapy improve clinical global impression global assessment functioning showed use haptic art materials express one’s emotions cognitions perceptions group setting lowered depressing themes may improve selfesteem enforce creativity facilitate integrative therapeutic process people schizophrenia.studies reveal cognitive behavioral therapy proven effective disorder.geriatric patients studies conducted regev reveal geriatric art therapy significantly useful helping depression elderly although particularly successful among dementia patients.
Art therapy	group therapy versus individual sessions proved effective.trauma children art therapy may alleviate traumainduced emotions shame anger.also likely increase trauma survivors sense empowerment control encouraging children make choices artwork.art therapy addition psychotherapy offered reduction trauma symptoms psychotherapy alone.because traumatic memories encoded visually creating art may effective way access them.art therapy children may able make sense traumatic experiences form accurate trauma narratives.
Art therapy	gradual exposure narratives may reduce traumainduced symptoms flashbacks nightmares.repetition directives reduces anxiety visually creating narratives helps clients build coping skills balanced nervous system responses.works longterm art therapy interventions.children experienced trauma may benefit group art therapy.group format effective helping survivors develop relationships others experienced similar situations.group art therapy may also beneficial helping children trauma regain trust social selfesteem.
Art therapy	usually participants undergo art therapy group interventions positive experiences give internal feelings validation.veterans posttraumatic stress disorderart therapy established history used treat veterans american art therapy association documenting use early .sources trauma combat veterans may benefit art therapy access memories engage treatment.randomized control trial found art therapy conjunction cognitive processing therapy cpt beneficial cpt alone.walter reed army medical center national intrepid center excellence veteran association institutions use art therapy help veterans ptsd.bereavement number therapists use art therapy assist recently experienced death loved one.
Art therapy	proposed particularly beneficial clients find difficult verbalize feelings loss shock may use creative means express feelings.example used enable children express feelings loss may lack maturity verbalize bereavement.eating disorders art therapy may help people anorexia weight improvements may help depression level.traumatic negative childhood experiences result unintentionally harmful coping mechanisms eating disorders.result clients may cut emotions selfrejecting detached strengths.
Art therapy	art therapy may provide outlet exploring inaccessible strengths emotions important persons eating disorders may know vocalize emotions.art therapy may beneficial clients eating disorders clients create visual representations art material progress made represent alterations body provide nonthreatening method acting impulses.individuals eating disorders tend rely heavily defense mechanisms feel sense control important clients feel sense authority art products freedom expression controllable art materials.controllable media pencils markers colored pencils along freedom choice media clients eating disorders create boundaries around unsettling themes.another systematic literature review found conclusive evidence art therapy resulted significant weight loss patients obesity well helping range psychological symptoms.ongoing daily challenges suffer mental illness physical disease also tested patients ongoing daily challenges highintensity jobs financial constraints personal issues.findings revealed art therapy reduces levels stress burnout related patients professions.
Art therapy	containment term containment within art therapy therapeutic settings used describe client experience within safety privacy trusting relationship client counselor.term also equated within art therapy research holding confining issue within boundaries visual expression like border circumference mandala.creation mandalas symptom regulation new approach within field art therapy numerous studies conducted order assess efficacy.purpose purpose art therapy essentially one healing.art therapy successfully applied clients physical mental emotional problems diseases disorders.
Art therapy	type visual art art medium employed within therapeutic process including painting drawing sculpting photography digital art.art therapy may include creative exercises drawing painting certain emotion creative journaling freestyle creation.one proposed learning mechanism increased excitation consequence strengthening neuronal connections.typical session art therapy take place variety different settings.art therapists may vary goals art therapy way provide art therapy depending upon institutions clients needs.assessment clients strengths needs art therapy may offered either individual group format according better suited person.
Art therapy	art therapist dr. ellen g. horovitz wrote responsibilities vary job job.wholly different one works consultant agency opposed private practice.private practice becomes complex far reaching.primary therapist responsibilities swing spectrum social work primary care patient.includes dovetailing physicians judges family members sometimes even community members might important caretaking individual.
Art therapy	like psychotherapists private practice art therapists find important ensure therapeutic relationship sessions occur week space time.art therapy often offered schools form therapy children creativity interest art means expression.art therapy benefit children variety issues learning disabilities speech language disorders behavioral disorders emotional disturbances might hindering childs learning.similar psychologists work schools art therapists able diagnose problems facing student clients individualize treatment interventions.art therapists work closely teachers parents order implement therapy strategies.artbased assessments art therapists professionals use artbased assessments evaluate emotional cognitive developmental conditions.
Art therapy	also many psychological assessments utilize artmaking analyze various types mental functioning betts .art therapists professionals educated administer interpret assessments rely simple directives standardized array art materials malchiodi betts .first drawing assessment psychological purposes created german psychiatrist fritz mohr malchiodi .researcher florence goodenough created drawing test measure intelligence children called drawaman test malchiodi .key interpreting drawaman test details child incorporated drawing intelligent malchiodi .
Art therapy	goodenough researchers realized test much personality intelligence malchiodi .several psychiatric art assessments created used ever since malchiodi .notwithstanding many art therapists eschew diagnostic testing indeed writers hogan question validity therapists making interpretative assumptions.recent literature however highlights utility standardized approaches treatment planning clinical decisionmaking evidenced source.below examples art therapy assessments mandala assessment research instrument assessment person asked select card deck different mandalas designs enclosed geometric shape must choose color set colored cards.person asked draw mandala card choose oil pastel color choice.artist asked explain meanings experiences related information related mandala drew.
Art therapy	test based beliefs joan kellogg sees recurring correlation images pattern shapes mandalas people draw personalities artists.test assesses gives clues persons psychological progressions current psychological condition malchiodi .the mandala originates buddhism connections spirituality help us see links transpersonal art.house–tree–person housetreeperson test client asked make drawing includes house tree person therapist asks several questions each.example reference house buck wrote questions happy house house made regarding tree questions include old tree tree alive concerning person questions include person happy person feel housetreeperson test projective personality test type exam test taker responds provides ambiguous abstract unstructured stimuli often form pictures drawings.measure aspects person’s personality interpretation drawings responses questions selfperceptions attitudes.
Art therapy	outsider art relation fields art therapy outsider art widely debated.term art brut first coined french artist jean dubuffet describe art created outside boundaries official culture.dubuffet used term art brut focus artistic practice insaneasylum patients.english translation outsider art first used art critic roger cardinal .both terms criticized social personal impact patients artists.art therapy professionals accused putting enough emphasis artistic value meaning artists works considering medical perspective.led misconception whole outsider art practice addressing therapeutical issues within field aesthetical discussion.outsider art contrary negatively judged labeling artists work i.e.
Nursultan Nazarbayev	equation artist genius insane.moreover businessrelated issues term outsider art carry misunderstandings.outsider artist part specific art system add positive value artists work well personal development also imprison within boundaries system itself.see also artistic freedombibliotherapycomic book therapyexpressive therapylist psychotherapieslist therapies references external links media related art therapy wikimedia commonsone longestruling nonroyal leaders world led kazakhstan nearly three decades excluding chairmanship security council end presidency.named first secretary communist party kazakh ssr elected nations first president shortly independence soviet union.in working factory steel worker nazarbayev joined communist party soviet union cpsu prominent member komsomol fulltime worker party.nazarbayev prime minister kazakh ssr.tenure appointed first secretary communist party kazakhstan qkp powerful position .april nazarbayev appointed kazakhstans first president supreme soviet.
Nursultan Nazarbayev	supported russian president boris yeltsin attempted coup august soviet hardliners.soviet union fell apart soviet coup detat failed though nazarbayev went great lengths maintain close economic ties russia introducing kazakhstan commonwealth independent states cis eventually eurasian economic union eeu.nazarbayev ruled dictatorship kazakhstan human rights abuses severe dissent suppressed elections free fair.countrys first open direct presidential election held appeared alone ballot opposing candidates vote.april referendum extended nazarbayevs term august year constitutional referendum held allowed new draft constitution kazakhstan greatly strengthened presidential powers.nazarbayev reelected second term constitutional amendment granted run president indefinitely.
Nursultan Nazarbayev	announced reforms encourage multiparty system attempt counter ruling nur otans oneparty control lower house mazhilis .led reinstatement various parties parliament following legislative elections although little influence opposition parties supported voted government nur otan still dominantparty control mazhilis.nazarbayev reelected last time fifth term almost vote middle economic crisis ran virtually unopposed.january nazarbayev proposed constitutional reforms would delegate powers parliament kazakhstan.may parliament approved constitutional amendment allowing nazarbayev lead security council life.in march resigned presidency amid antigovernment protests succeeded kassymjomart tokayev close ally nazarbayev overwhelmingly following snap presidential elections june .

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