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Population control	main biotic factors affect population growth includefood – quantity quality food important.population growth decline species depends amount food availability.available food population grows meet it.less nutritious food less fertile species reproductive age becomes.snails example cannot reproduce successfully environment low calcium matter much food need mineral shell growth.predators – prey population becomes larger becomes easier predators find prey.
Population control	number predators suddenly falls prey species might increase number extremely quickly.competitors – organisms may require resources environment reduce growth population.instance plants compete light.competition territory mates drastically reduce growth individual organisms.parasites – may cause disease slow growth reproductive rate organisms within population.important abiotic factors affecting population growth includetemperature – higher temperatures speed enzymecatalyzed reactions increase growth.oxygen availability – affects rate energy production respiration.light availability – photosynthesis.light may also control breeding cycles animals plants.toxins pollutants – tissue growth reduced presence example sulphur dioxide reproductive success may affected pollutants estrogen like substances.direct human impacts ways humans control animal populations.often times humans indirectly controlling animal populations words humans aware actions controlling animal populations.
Population control	example new infrastructure roads lead animals displaced natural habitat.new habitats forced move may provide necessities require survival.result decreasing population result human actions.methods active population control animal euthanasia often used final resort controlling animal populations.tangipahoa parish louisiana parish performed mass euthanasia entire animal shelter population including cats dogs put death due widespread disease outbreak spread among animals.neutering another option available control animal populations.
Population control	annual spay day usa event established doris day animal league promote neutering pets especially animal shelters population remains controllable.wildlife contraception used regulate populations animals wild.examples several efforts made control population ticks act vectors number diseases therefore pose risk humans.see also animal trappinghuntingmalthusianismoverpopulation wild animalstrapneuterreturn feral catswildlife management references reading reducing availability food control feral pigeons changes population size composition.juan carlos senar montalovo thomas jordi pascual.pest management science.
Change UK	principal policy support second referendum european union membership would campaign remain eu.economic issues expressed commitment social market economy.in february seven mps resigned labour party sit independent group.dissatisfied labours leftward political direction jeremy corbyns leadership approach brexit handling allegations antisemitism within party.soon joined four mps including three governing conservative party disliked partys approach brexit perceived move rightward.april group registered political party name change uk – independent group appointed former conservative mp heidi allen leader compete european parliament election.following partys failure secure seats election six eleven mps including allen left party anna soubry took leader.
Change UK	four six formed independents grouping two defected liberal democrats.later three independents also joined liberal democrats.following legal dispute petition website change.org june party adopted name independent group change.three partys mps stood reelection general election.none reelected losing candidates former parties.
Change UK	december soubry announced partys dissolution.history formation group founded mps luciana berger ann coffey mike gapes chris leslie gavin shuker angela smith chuka umunna simultaneously announced resignations labour party february .rather forming party group coalition officially independent mps referring independent group.leslie shuker smith previously lost noconfidence motions brought constituency labour parties.berger two noconfidence motions brought withdrawn.
Change UK	ian murray planned resign alongside others pulled shortly launch.the media compared group gang four split labour party order found social democratic party .four seven founding members berger gapes shuker leslie labour cooperative party mps left parties.announcing resignations berger described labour become institutionally antisemitic leslie said labour hijacked machine politics hard left gapes said furious labour leadership complicit facilitating brexit.on day groups launch founding member angela smith appeared bbcs politics live programme said discussion racism recent history party ive left suggested black funny tin... know different... bame community.offending phrase partially uttered widely reported funny tinge.smith apologised shortly afterwards saying im upset misspoke badly.
Change UK	commentators noted irony given fact group formed response perceived racism.on february joan ryan announced departure labour party becoming first mp join groups formation.ryan previously lost vote noconfidence brought constituency party.february three conservative mps left party join group sarah wollaston heidi allen anna soubry citing handling brexit prime minister including red lines alienated remainers partys reliance european research group group supporting nodeal brexit democratic unionist party dup passing brexitrelated legislation saw takeover conservative party right wing ... hardline antieu mps lack concern conservative party vulnerable society reasons departure.umunna rejected notion merger liberal democrats soubry calling onenation conservatives likeminded lib dems join group.former conservative labour parliamentarians publicly declared switch allegiance new group february labour local councillors england left party intention aligning independent group.registration political party march group announced applied electoral commission register political party name change uk – independent group order able stand candidates uk participated may european elections.
Change UK	heidi allen appointed interim leader pending inaugural party conference planned september .the registration confirmed electoral commission april .partys proposed emblem however rejected commission inclusion tig acronym considered insufficiently wellknown use hashtag.on april centrist renew party formed failed win seats announced would supporting change uk – independent group european elections.change uk welcomed move said would accept applications renewapproved candidates become change uk candidates.european parliament election april announced meps julie girling richard ashworth joined change uk.meps elected conservative party suspended conservatives supporting motion european parliament saying sufficient progress made brexit negotiations allow trade talks start.
Change UK	ashworth girling members centreright european peoples party group european parliament.however may girling decided stand european elections encouraged remain supporters south west vote liberal democrats saying clearly lead remain party south west.girling change uk later said never member one meps.the party announced april would stand full slate candidates great britain european parliament elections including ashworth writer rachel johnson sister conservative mps jo boris johnson former bbc journalist gavin esler former conservative mps stephen dorrell neil carmichael former labour mep carole tongue former labour mps roger casale jon owen jones former liberal democrat mep diana wallis former deputy prime minister poland jacek rostowski.within day controversial tweets alleged racist nature two candidates—including top candidate scottish constituency—were discovered leading withdrawals.muslim council great britain antiracism charity tell mama condemned selection third candidate nora mulready said conflated islam terrorism legitimised far right dismissed mulready change uk smear campaign.prominent lgbt journalists condemned selection rostowski antigay marriage stance although believed since recanted homophobic remarks made samesex relationships.on may david macdonald earlier replaced joseph russo partys lead candidate scotland following controversy latters tweets defected party encouraged supporters vote scottish liberal democrats.interview times lead candidate south west england rachel johnson described party sinking ship criticised leadership structure said change uk terrible name.on may interim leader heidi allen suggested party might exist next general election hinted formation alliance liberal democrats.
Change UK	may said wollaston wanted advise remain supporters vote tactically liberal democrats european elections outside london south east england overruled party members.allen said threatened resign leader issue whether endorse liberal democrats regions.denied party disarray.between european parliament polling day count liberal democrats expected done much better vote change uk umunna said thought pact change uk liberal democrats next election would sensible.allen said would go one step implied wanted merger liberal democrats.however soubry criticised allens tactical voting comments idea imminent alliance liberal democrats describing talk alliance long way line.the party seats european elections garnering .
Change UK	vote overall.highest vote .london.closest winning seat south east england constituency got ..
Change UK	away seat.an internal party report supposedly critical mps supposedly talking partys prospects.resignations meeting partys mps june described amicable financial times fraught new statesman six partys mps – berger shuker smith umunna wollaston interim party leader allen – announced resignation party.five mps remained party brexit justice spokeswoman anna soubry becoming leader.in article shortly announcement resignations stephen bush new statesman described three viewpoints party group favouring merger liberal democrats including allen umunna group ideologically unsympathetic towards liberal democrats including gapes leslie ryan soubry group supported reverting loose collection independents could attract labour conservatives defectors would find difficult switch rival party – another new statesman article identified shuker group.financial times described longstanding split umunna leslie vied leading force within party choice allen interim leader made defuse tensions.in interview evening soubry said leaving wanted change uk become movement field candidates.new statesman commented mps links donors left partys finances secure.rumours continued left party would eventually join liberal democrats new statesman suggesting umunna wollaston allen best placed able win reelection liberal democrats.
Change UK	umunna joined liberal democrats june.july berger shuker smith allen along john woodcock formed nonparty group called independents.time election berger smith allen left grouping join liberal democrats.naming dispute change.org name change time partys registration petitions website change.org announced would challenge branding regarded hijacked identity.shortly announcing change uk soubry accidentally called party change.org parliament.
Change UK	threats website sue resulted party making application electoral commission june change name independent group change approved july.general election deregistration general election party announced seats would contest would broxtowe ilford south nottingham east soubry gapes leslie respectively seeking reelection.coffey ryan stand reelection.liberal democrats announced would stand soubry broxtowe.in election december three partys candidates lost seats soubry gapes came third seats leslie fourth.soubry highest vote share .. six former members allen stand election shuker stood independent candidate four stood liberal democrats.
Change UK	lost seats berger performing best coming second .standing different constituency finchley golders green.soubry announced december management council agreed deregister electoral commission begin process closing independent group change.party tweeted right shine spotlight britains broken politics.taken stock voice parliament begin process winding party.thanks stood us.
Change UK	party formally deregistered electoral commission july .reactions labour party february labour leader jeremy corbyn responded disappointed actions mps leaving labour.labour shadow chancellor john mcdonnell said independent group mps responsibility resign fight byelections elected labour mps seek approval electorate new platform.labour party figures stressed reflection deputy leader tom watson imploring party change order stave defections.jon lansman founder momentum said personal sympathy berger hate abuse suffered.
Change UK	however six former labour mps opinion malcontents opposed corbyns leadership.labour mp ruth george asked respond facebook comment suggesting groups financial backers israelis replied support state israel supports conservative labour friends israel luciana chair possible would condemn suggest especially groups financial backers revealed.jewish groups said indulging antisemitic conspiracy theory apologised withdrew comment.on february labour announced would back moves second eu referendum coming weeks move interpreted part reaction threat defections independent group.on march mps passed motion put forward labour remove gapes well nontig independent ian austin seats foreign affairs select committee held part labour partys allocation.replaced labour mps conor mcginn catherine west.gapes called move sad day independence select committees labour said right party filled allocation seats committees.conservative party february prime minister conservative leader theresa may stated saddened departure anna soubry sarah wollaston heidi allen.
Change UK	former conservative prime minister david cameron wrote statement twitter respected disagreed three mps decision party needs strong voices every level party calling modern compassionate conservatism saw conservative party return office.liberal democrats february breakaway liberal democrats leader vince cable said party would work form party would subsumed them.february cable later added offered hand friendship new independent group sees way forward collaborative arrangement confederation groups lot common.february cable also suggested liberal democrats might put candidates members independent group future elections.february former liberal democrat leader tim farron said radio interview entirely possible two groups could merge form new centrist political party.on february cable contacted members independent group seek support proposed parliamentary motion second brexit referendum.
Change UK	liberal democrats signalled support amendment along scottish national party plaid cymru.in march reported business insider liberal democrats independent group held discussions possibility forming electoral alliance joint candidates would stand umbrella.cable proposed standing joint candidates greens change uk common policy seeking second referendum brexit european parliament elections parties rejected idea.april unverified internal change uk document memo leaked describing plans target liberal democrat donors members attempt supplant liberal democrats.part change uk objectives specified memo mergers pacts alliances.april cable said change uk thrown away opportunities european parliament election pooled strength lib dems change uk agreed nonaggression pact discourage friendly fire.liberal democrats came second european elections change uk failed win seats liberal democrats suggested would make clear would welcome change uk mps joining party umunna wollaston berger smith allen subsequently did.
Change UK	structure aims party launched group independent mps convenor initially gavin shuker spokesperson initially chuka umunna.established without formal policy platform.march structure changed group applied registration political party heidi allen leader interim basis annual conference could held.partys registration confirmed april .june allen left party anna soubry replaced leader.
Change UK	july party employed one member staff fulltime basis staff employed european parliament election campaign.chris leslie described party offering home centreleft liberal one nation tradition.party expressly proeuropean supporting calls referendum uks membership european union considered centrist.partys slogan politics broken.lets change stated aimed pursue evidenceled policies rather led ideology group tolerant differing opinions.specific stated values included diverse mixed social market economy freedom press environmentalism devolution subsidiarity opposition brexit.mps supported second referendum eu.
Change UK	although party never published manifesto listed eleven values including government must whatever takes protect national security britain great country people rightly proud.shuker stated back wellregulated business return expect provide decent secure wellpaid jobs leslie stressed group pronato.on march sarah wollastons amendment calling second eu referendum called speaker house commons first tig amendment called.first time parliament opportunity directly vote second referendum.however peoples vote best britain campaigns advised supporters vote amendment labour party whipped mps abstain amendment fell –.funding group supported aims independent group tig ltd previously named gemini ltd nontrading company started shuker registered england wales.
Change UK	berger stated seven founders funded launch themselves.the group claimed thousands donors gave small amounts within days launch.february david garrard previously major donor labour party reported given financial support group amount reported sunday telegraph £.million.significant donation group later made crossbencher lord myners former city minister labour prime minister gordon brown.the party entitled parliamentary financial assistance opposition parties short money available political parties established middle parliamentary term.a report partys auditors published part groups accounts filed companies house may found bank statements records donors inappropriately destroyed staff members groups winding could satisfactorily reconstructed.auditors stated nothing come attention suggest material errors financial statements unable determine whether adjustments financial statements might found necessary scope work limited.
Change UK	response soubrys partner neil davidson acted partys treasurer stated party absolutely nothing hide.leadership time groups formation gavin shuker named groups convener chuka umunna spokesperson.group used collective approach leadership umunna saying members group have... responsibility provide leadership.registration party mandated formal leader.allen appointed interim leader party officially formed march intention permanent leader would elected party conference september.
Change UK	allen left party june anna soubry took leadership role.members elected bodies members parliament mps remained party dissolution mps left party frontbench team heidi allen announced frontbench team appointment interim leader march .representation levels government february labour councillors ten councils also left party intended align independent group.two former labour councillors brighton hove council left party form independent group february aligning parliamentary group.resignations party labour councillors barnet bexley derby salford stafford southwark conservative councillors south bucks calderdale.
Change UK	unknown many councillors supported change uk many gave reasons labour mps left party alleged antisemitism labour corbyns leadership brexit.richard ashworth mep elected conservative european peoples partyaffiliated independent since joined change uk april .european parliament election following month ashworth first list candidate change uk south east england reelected list gaining .votes.electoral history see also list british politicians crossed floorlist labour party uk breakaway parties reading james dennison..
Label (control)	niche parties react losing niche cases brexit party green party change uk.parliamentary affairs volume pages – references external links official websiteusually static control interactivity.label generally used identify nearby text box widget.labels respond events mouse clicks allowing text label copied standard userinterface practice.labels usually cannot given focus.there also similar control known link label.unlike standard label link label looks acts like hyperlink selected activated.
Extreme programming	control may features changing colour clicked hovered over.referencestype agile software development advocates frequent releases short development cycles intended improve productivity introduce checkpoints new customer requirements adopted.other elements extreme programming include programming pairs extensive code review unit testing code programming features actually needed flat management structure code simplicity clarity expecting changes customers requirements time passes problem better understood frequent communication customer among programmers.methodology takes name idea beneficial elements traditional software engineering practices taken extreme levels.example code reviews considered beneficial practice taken extreme code reviewed continuously i.e.practice pair programming.history kent beck developed extreme programming work chrysler comprehensive compensation system c payroll project.
Extreme programming	beck became c project leader march .began refine development methodology used project wrote book methodology extreme programming explained published october .chrysler cancelled c project february seven years daimlerbenz acquired company.ward cunningham another major influence xp.many extremeprogramming practices around time methodology takes best practices extreme levels.example practice testfirst development planning writing tests microincrement used early nasas project mercury early s. shorten total development time formal test documents acceptance testing developed parallel shortly software ready testing.
Extreme programming	nasa independent test group write test procedures based formal requirements logical limits programmers write software integrate hardware.xp takes concept extreme level writing automated tests sometimes inside software modules validate operation even small sections software coding rather testing larger features.origins two major influences shaped software development internally objectoriented programming replaced procedural programming programming paradigm favored developers.externally rise internet dotcom boom emphasized speedtomarket company growth competitive business factors.rapidly changing requirements demanded shorter product lifecycles often clashed traditional methods software development.the chrysler comprehensive compensation system c started order determine best way use object technologies using payroll systems chrysler object research smalltalk language gemstone data access layer.chrysler brought kent beck prominent smalltalk practitioner performance tuning system role expanded noted several problems development process.took opportunity propose implement changes development practices based work frequent collaborator ward cunningham.
Extreme programming	beck describes early conception methodsthe first time asked lead team asked little bit things thought sensible like testing reviews.second time lot line.thought damn torpedoes least make good article asked team crank knobs things thought essential leave everything else.beck invited ron jeffries project help develop refine methods.jeffries thereafter acted coach instill practices habits c team.information principles practices behind xp disseminated wider world discussions original wiki cunninghams wikiwikiweb.various contributors discussed expanded upon ideas spinoff methodologies resulted see agile software development.
Extreme programming	also xp concepts explained several years using hypertext system map xp website http circa .beck edited series books xp beginning extreme programming explained isbn spreading ideas much larger audience.authors series went various aspects attending xp practices.series included book critical practices.current state xp generated significant interest among software communities late early seeing adoption number environments radically different origins.the high discipline required original practices often went wayside causing practices thought rigid deprecated reduced even left unfinished individual sites.example practice endofday integration tests particular project could changed endofweek schedule simply reduced testing mutually agreed dates.
Extreme programming	relaxed schedule could avoid people feeling rushed generate artificial stubs pass endofday testing.lessrigid schedule allows instead development complex features period several days.meanwhile agiledevelopment practices stood still xp continues evolve assimilating lessons experiences field use practices.second edition extreme programming explained november five years first edition beck added values practices differentiated primary corollary practices.concept goals extreme programming explained describes extreme programming softwaredevelopment discipline organizes people produce higherquality software productively.xp attempts reduce cost changes requirements multiple short development cycles rather long one.in doctrine changes natural inescapable desirable aspect softwaredevelopment projects planned instead attempting define stable set requirements.extreme programming also introduces number basic values principles practices top agile programming framework.activities xp describes four basic activities performed within software development process coding testing listening designing.
Extreme programming	activities described below.coding advocates xp argue truly important product system development process code – software instructions computer interpret.without code working product.coding used figure suitable solution.coding also help communicate thoughts programming problems.programmer dealing complex programming problem finding hard explain solution fellow programmers might code simplified manner use code demonstrate mean.
Extreme programming	code say proponents position always clear concise cannot interpreted one way.programmers give feedback code also coding thoughts.testing testing central extreme programming.extreme programmings approach little testing eliminate flaws lot testing eliminate many flaws.unit tests determine whether given feature works intended.programmers write many automated tests think might break code tests run successfully coding complete.
Extreme programming	every piece code written tested moving next feature.acceptance tests verify requirements understood programmers satisfy customers actual requirements.systemwide integration testing encouraged initially daily endofday activity early detection incompatible interfaces reconnect separate sections diverged widely coherent functionality.however systemwide integration testing reduced weekly less often depending stability overall interfaces system.listening programmers must listen customers need system business logic needed.must understand needs well enough give customer feedback technical aspects problem might solved cannot solved.communication customer programmer addressed planning game.
Extreme programming	designing point view simplicity course one could say system development doesnt need coding testing listening.activities performed well result always system works.practice work.one come long way without designing given time one get stuck.system becomes complex dependencies within system cease clear.
Extreme programming	one avoid creating design structure organizes logic system.good design avoid many dependencies within system means changing one part system affect parts system.values extreme programming initially recognized four values communication simplicity feedback courage.new value respect added second edition extreme programming explained.five values described below.
Extreme programming	communication building software systems requires communicating system requirements developers system.formal software development methodologies task accomplished documentation.extreme programming techniques viewed methods rapidly building disseminating institutional knowledge among members development team.goal give developers shared view system matches view held users system.end extreme programming favors simple designs common metaphors collaboration users programmers frequent verbal communication feedback.
Extreme programming	simplicity extreme programming encourages starting simplest solution.extra functionality added later.difference approach conventional system development methods focus designing coding needs today instead tomorrow next week next month.sometimes summed arent gonna need yagni approach.proponents xp acknowledge disadvantage sometimes entail effort tomorrow change system claim compensated advantage investing possible future requirements might change become relevant.
Extreme programming	coding designing uncertain future requirements implies risk spending resources something might needed perhaps delaying crucial features.related communication value simplicity design coding improve quality communication.simple design simple code could easily understood programmers team.feedback within extreme programming feedback relates different dimensions system developmentfeedback system writing unit tests running periodic integration tests programmers direct feedback state system implementing changes.feedback customer functional tests aka acceptance tests written customer testers.get concrete feedback current state system.
Extreme programming	review planned every two three weeks customer easily steer development.feedback team customers come new requirements planning game team directly gives estimation time take implement.feedback closely related communication simplicity.flaws system easily communicated writing unit test proves certain piece code break.direct feedback system tells programmers recode part.customer able test system periodically according functional requirements known user stories.quote kent beck optimism occupational hazard programming.
Extreme programming	feedback treatment.courage several practices embody courage.one commandment always design code today tomorrow.effort avoid getting bogged design requiring lot effort implement anything else.courage enables developers feel comfortable refactoring code necessary.
Extreme programming	means reviewing existing system modifying future changes implemented easily.another example courage knowing throw code away courage remove source code obsolete matter much effort used create source code.also courage means persistence programmer might stuck complex problem entire day solve problem quickly next day persistent.respect respect value includes respect others well selfrespect.programmers never commit changes break compilation make existing unittests fail otherwise delay work peers.
Extreme programming	members respect work always striving high quality seeking best design solution hand refactoring.adopting four earlier values leads respect gained others team.nobody team feel unappreciated ignored.ensures high level motivation encourages loyalty toward team toward goal project.value dependent upon values oriented toward teamwork.rules first version rules xp published wells xp website.
Extreme programming	rules given categories planning managing designing coding testing.planning managing designing called explicitly counter claims xp doesnt support activities.another version xp rules proposed ken auer xpagile universe .felt xp defined rules practices subject variation ambiguity.defined two categories rules engagement dictate environment software development take place effectively rules play define minutebyminute activities rules within framework rules engagement.here rules incompletecodingthe customer always availablecode unit test firstonly one pair integrates code timeleave optimization lastno overtimetestingall code must unit testsall code must pass unit tests released.when bug found tests created bug addressed bug error logic test writtenacceptance tests run often results published principles principles form basis xp based values described intended foster decisions system development project.principles intended concrete values easily translated guidance practical situation.
Extreme programming	feedback extreme programming sees feedback useful done frequently promptly.stresses minimal delay action feedback critical learning making changes.unlike traditional system development methods contact customer occurs frequent iterations.customer clear insight system developed give feedback steer development needed.frequent feedback customer mistaken design decision made developer noticed corrected quickly developer spends much time implementing it.unit tests contribute rapid feedback principle.
Extreme programming	writing code running unit test provides direct feedback system reacts changes made.includes running unit tests test developers code running addition unit tests software using automated process initiated single command.way developers changes cause failure portion system developer knows little nothing automated allunittest suite reveal failure immediately alerting developer incompatibility change parts system necessity removing modifying change.traditional development practices absence automated comprehensive unittest suite meant code change assumed harmless developer would left place appearing integration testing – worse production determining code change caused problem among changes made developers weeks even months previous integration testing formidable task.assuming simplicity treating every problem solution extremely simple.
Extreme programming	traditional system development methods say plan future code reusability.extreme programming rejects ideas.the advocates extreme programming say making big changes work.extreme programming applies incremental changes example system might small releases every three weeks.many little steps made customer control development process system developed.embracing change principle embracing change working changes embracing them.
Extreme programming	instance one iterative meetings appears customers requirements changed dramatically programmers embrace plan new requirements next iteration.practices extreme programming described practices grouped four areas finescale feedback pair programmingplanning gametestdriven developmentwhole team continuous process continuous integrationrefactoring design improvementsmall releases shared understanding coding standardscollective code ownershipsimple designsystem metaphor programmer welfare sustainable pace controversial aspects practices xp heavily debated.proponents extreme programming claim onsite customer request changes informally process becomes flexible saves cost formal overhead.critics xp claim lead costly rework project scope creep beyond previously agreed funded.changecontrol boards sign potential conflicts project objectives constraints multiple users.xps expedited methods somewhat dependent programmers able assume unified client viewpoint programmer concentrate coding rather documentation compromise objectives constraints.
Extreme programming	also applies multiple programming organizations involved particularly organizations compete shares projects.other potentially controversial aspects extreme programming includerequirements expressed automated acceptance tests rather specification documents.requirements defined incrementally rather trying get advance.software developers usually required work pairs.there big design front.design activity takes place fly incrementally starting simplest thing could possibly work adding complexity required failing tests.critics compare debugging system appearance fear result redesign effort redesigning requirements change.a customer representative attached project.role become singlepointoffailure project people found source stress.also danger micromanagement nontechnical representative trying dictate use technical software features architecture.critics noted several potential drawbacks including problems unstable requirements documented compromises user conflicts lack overall design specification document.
Extreme programming	scalability thoughtworks claimed reasonable success distributed xp projects sixty people.in industrial extreme programming ixp introduced evolution xp.intended bring ability work large distributed teams.practices flexible values.severability responses matt stephens doug rosenberg published extreme programming refactored case xp questioned value xp process suggested ways could improved.triggered lengthy debate articles internet newsgroups website chat areas.
Extreme programming	core argument book xps practices interdependent practical organizations willingable adopt practices therefore entire process fails.book also makes criticisms draws likeness xps collective ownership model socialism negative manner.certain aspects xp changed since publication extreme programming refactored particular xp accommodates modifications practices long required objectives still met.xp also uses increasingly generic terms processes.argue changes invalidate previous criticisms others claim simply watering process down.other authors tried reconcile xp older methodologies order form unified methodology.xp sought replace waterfall methodology example project lifecycles waterfall rapid application development rad that.
Extreme programming	jpmorgan chase co. tried combining xp computer programming methods capability maturity model integration cmmi six sigma.found three systems reinforced well leading better development mutually contradict.criticism extreme programmings initial buzz controversial tenets pair programming continuous design attracted particular criticisms ones coming mcbreen boehm turner matt stephens doug rosenberg.many criticisms however believed agile practitioners misunderstandings agile development.in particular extreme programming reviewed critiqued matt stephenss doug rosenbergs extreme programming refactored.see also agile software developmentcontinuous obsolescenceextreme manufacturingextreme project managementextreme programming practiceskaizenlist software development philosophiespair programmingscrum developmentsoftware craftsmanshipstandup meetingtimeboxing references reading ken auer roy miller.
Extreme programming	extreme programming applied playing win addison–wesley.ken auer ron jeffries jeff canna glen b. alleman lisa crispin janet gregory .testers extinct testers contribute xp teams.extreme programming agile methods — xpagile universe .lecture notes computer science.vol.
Extreme programming	.springerverlag.p. .doi..kent beck extreme programming explained embrace change addison–wesley.first edition .
Extreme programming	second edition cynthia andres .kent beck martin fowler planning extreme programming addison–wesley.alistair cockburn agile software development addison–wesley.martin fowler refactoring improving design existing code.with kent beck john brant william opdyke roberts .addisonwesley.harvey herela .case study chrysler comprehensive compensation system.galen lab u.c.irvine.jim highsmith.
Extreme programming	agile software development ecosystems addison–wesley.ron jeffries ann anderson chet hendrickson extreme programming installed addison–wesley.craig larman v. basili .iterative incremental development brief history computer ieee computer society –.matt stephens doug rosenberg .extreme programming refactored case xp apress.waldner jb..nanocomputers swarm intelligence.
Control of ventilation	iste –.external links gentle introductionindustrial extreme programmingproblems solutions xp implementationusing agile software process offshore development – thoughtworks experiences implementing xp large distributed projectsharmonized european union eu united states us therefore used benchmark comply regulatory requirements markets.implications iec software iec standard calls certain cautions using software particularly soup software unknown pedigree provenance.standard spells riskbased decision model use soup acceptable defines testing requirements soup support rationale software used.contents general requirements quality management systemrisk managementsoftware safety classification software development process software development planningsoftware requirements analysissoftware architectural designsoftware detailed designsoftware unit implementation verificationsoftware integration integration testingsoftware system testingsoftware release effect safety classification required development process documentation software maintenance process establish software maintenance planproblem modification analysismodification implementation software risk management process analysis software contributing hazardous situationsrisk control measuresverification risk control measuresrisk management software changessecurity reliability software quality software configuration management process configuration identificationchange controlconfiguration status accounting software problem resolution process prepare problem reportsinvestigate problemadvise relevant partiesuse change control processmaintain recordsanalyse problems trendsverify software problem resolutiontest documentation contents see also international electrotechnical commission ieclist iec standardsiec iso iso iso international standards automating software structural qualitytimetriggered system software architecture used many safetycritical systems references external links iec international electrotechnical commissionventilation facilitates respiration.respiration refers utilization oxygen balancing carbon dioxide body whole individual cells cellular respiration.the important function breathing supplying oxygen body balancing carbon dioxide levels.conditions partial pressure carbon dioxide pco concentration carbon dioxide controls respiratory rate.the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes levels oxygen carbon dioxide located arterial aortic bodies carotid bodies.central chemoreceptors primarily sensitive changes ph blood resulting changes levels carbon dioxide located medulla oblongata near medullar respiratory groups respiratory center.information peripheral chemoreceptors conveyed along nerves respiratory groups respiratory center.four respiratory groups two medulla two pons.
Control of ventilation	two groups pons known pontine respiratory group.dorsal respiratory group – medullaventral respiratory group – medullapneumotaxic center – various nuclei ponsapneustic center – nucleus ponsfrom respiratory center muscles respiration particular diaphragm activated cause air move lungs.control respiratory rhythm ventilatory pattern breathing normally unconscious involuntary automatic process.pattern motor stimuli breathing divided inhalation stage exhalation stage.inhalation shows sudden ramped increase motor discharge respiratory muscles pharyngeal constrictor muscles.end inhalation decline end motor discharge.
Control of ventilation	exhalation usually silent except high respiratory rates.the respiratory centre medulla pons brainstem controls rate depth respiration respiratory rhythm various inputs.include signals peripheral chemoreceptors central chemoreceptors vagus nerve glossopharyngeal nerve carrying input pulmonary stretch receptors mechanoreceptors lungs.well signals cerebral cortex hypothalamus.medullaventral respiratory group includes prebötzinger complex.ventral respiratory group controls voluntary forced exhalation acts increase force inhalation.regulates rhythm inhalation exhalation.dorsal respiratory group solitary nucleus.
Control of ventilation	dorsal respiratory group controls mostly movements inhalation timing.ponspneumotaxic center.coordinates speed inhalation exhalationsends inhibitory impulses inspiratory areainvolved fine tuning respiration rate.apneustic centercoordinates speed inhalation exhalation.sends stimulatory impulses inspiratory area – activates prolongs inhalationsoverridden pneumotaxic control apneustic area end inhalation control ventilatory pattern ventilation normally unconscious automatic overridden conscious alternative patterns.thus emotions cause yawning laughing sighing etc.social communication causes speech song whistling entirely voluntary overrides used blow candles breath holding instance swim underwater.hyperventilation may entirely voluntary response emotional agitation anxiety cause distressing hyperventilation syndrome.voluntary control also influence functions heart rate yoga practices meditation.the ventilatory pattern also temporarily modified complex reflexes sneezing straining burping coughing vomiting.
Control of ventilation	determinants ventilatory rate ventilatory rate respiratory minute volume tightly controlled determined primarily blood levels carbon dioxide determined metabolic rate.blood levels oxygen become important hypoxia.levels sensed central chemoreceptors surface medulla oblongata decreased ph indirectly increase carbon dioxide cerebrospinal fluid peripheral chemoreceptors arterial blood oxygen carbon dioxide.afferent neurons peripheral chemoreceptors via glossopharyngeal nerve cn ix vagus nerve cn x.the concentration co rises blood metabolic use production co increased example exercise.co blood transported largely bicarbonate hco− ions conversion first carbonic acid hco enzyme carbonic anhydrase disassociation acid h hco−.
Control of ventilation	buildup co therefore causes equivalent buildup disassociated hydrogen ions definition decreases ph blood.ph sensors brain stem immediately respond fall ph causing respiratory center increase rate depth breathing.consequence partial pressure co pco change rest going exercise.shortterm bouts intense exercise release lactic acid blood exercising muscles causes fall blood plasma ph independently rise pco stimulate pulmonary ventilation sufficiently keep blood ph constant expense lowered pco.mechanical stimulation lungs trigger certain reflexes discovered animal studies.humans seem important neonates ventilated patients little relevance health.
Control of ventilation	tone respiratory muscle believed modulated muscle spindles via reflex arc involving spinal cord.drugs greatly influence rate respiration.opioids anesthetics tend depress ventilation decreasing normal response raised carbon dioxide levels arterial blood.stimulants amphetamines cause hyperventilation.pregnancy tends increase ventilation lowering plasma carbon dioxide tension normal values.due increased progesterone levels results enhanced gas exchange placenta.feedback control receptors play important roles regulation respiration include central peripheral chemoreceptors pulmonary stretch receptors type mechanoreceptor.central chemoreceptors central nervous system located ventrolateral medullary surface sensitive ph environment.peripheral chemoreceptors act importantly detect variation po arterial blood addition detecting arterial pco ph.mechanoreceptors located airways parenchyma responsible variety reflex responses.
Control of ventilation	includethe heringbreuer reflex terminates inhalation prevent inflation lungs reflex responses coughing airway constriction hyperventilation.the upper airway receptors responsible reflex responses sneezing coughing closure glottis hiccups.the spinal cord reflex responses include activation additional respiratory muscles compensation gasping response hypoventilation increase breathing frequency volume.the nasopulmonary nasothoracic reflexes regulate mechanism breathing deepening inhale.triggered flow air pressure air nose quality air impulses nasal mucosa transmitted trigeminal nerve respiratory center brainstem generated response transmitted bronchi intercostal muscles diaphragm.heads paradoxical reflex sudden inflation lung causes transient respiratory effort gasp.references external links paul anthony d. et al..neuronal connections ventral brainstem respiratory chemosensitive area.
Control of ventilation	c. ovid trouth ed.. ventral brainstem mechanisms control respiration blood pressure.new york m. dekker.pp.–.isbn .
Flight control surfaces	oclc .rabbany sina y. breathing coordination hofstra university webber charles l. jr. ph.d pulmonary curriculum functionneural control breathing stritch school medicine loyola universitychicagoearly efforts fixedwing aircraft design succeeded generating sufficient lift get aircraft ground aloft aircraft proved uncontrollable often disastrous results.development effective flight controls allowed stable flight.this article describes control surfaces used fixedwing aircraft conventional design.fixedwing aircraft configurations may use different control surfaces basic principles remain.controls stick rudder rotary wing aircraft helicopter autogyro accomplish motions three axes rotation manipulate rotating flight controls main rotor disk tail rotor disk completely different manner.flight control surfaces operated aircraft flight control systems.development wright brothers credited developing first practical control surfaces.
Flight control surfaces	main part patent flying.unlike modern control surfaces used wing warping.attempt circumvent wright patent glenn curtiss made hinged control surfaces type concept first patented four decades earlier united kingdom.hinged control surfaces advantage causing stresses problem wing warping easier build structures.axes motion aircraft free rotate around three axes perpendicular intersect center gravity cg.
Flight control surfaces	control position direction pilot must able control rotation them.transverse axis transverse axis also known lateral axis passes aircraft wingtip wingtip.rotation axis called pitch.pitch changes vertical direction aircrafts nose pointing.elevators primary control surfaces pitch.
Flight control surfaces	longitudinal axis longitudinal axis passes aircraft nose tail.rotation axis called roll.angular displacement axis called bank.pilot changes bank angle increasing lift one wing decreasing other.differential lift causes rotation around longitudinal axis.
Flight control surfaces	ailerons primary control bank.rudder also secondary effect bank.vertical axis vertical axis passes aircraft top bottom.rotation axis called yaw.yaw changes direction aircrafts nose pointing left right.
Flight control surfaces	primary control yaw rudder.ailerons also secondary effect yaw.it important note axes move aircraft change relative earth aircraft moves.example aircraft whose left wing pointing straight vertical axis parallel ground transverse axis perpendicular ground.main control surfaces main control surfaces fixedwing aircraft attached airframe hinges tracks may move thus deflect air stream passing them.redirection air stream generates unbalanced force rotate plane associated axis.
Flight control surfaces	ailerons ailerons mounted trailing edge wing near wingtips move opposite directions.pilot moves stick left turns wheel counterclockwise left aileron goes right aileron goes down.raised aileron reduces lift wing lowered one increases lift moving stick left causes left wing drop right wing rise.causes aircraft roll left begin turn left.centering stick returns ailerons neutral maintaining bank angle.
Flight control surfaces	aircraft continue turn opposite aileron motion returns bank angle zero fly straight.elevator elevator moveable part horizontal stabilizer hinged back fixed part horizontal tail.elevators move together.pilot pulls stick backward elevators go up.pushing stick forward causes elevators go down.
Flight control surfaces	raised elevators push tail cause nose pitch up.makes wings fly higher angle attack generates lift drag.centering stick returns elevators neutral stops change pitch.aircraft md use servo tab within elevator surface aerodynamically move main surface position.direction travel control tab thus direction opposite main control surface.
Flight control surfaces	reason md tail looks like split elevator system.in canard arrangement elevators hinged rear foreplane move opposite sense example pilot pulls stick back elevators go increase lift front lift nose up.rudder rudder typically mounted trailing edge vertical stabilizer part empennage.pilot pushes left pedal rudder deflects left.pushing right pedal causes rudder deflect right.deflecting rudder right pushes tail left causes nose yaw right.
Flight control surfaces	centering rudder pedals returns rudder neutral stops yaw.secondary effects controls ailerons ailerons primarily control roll.whenever lift increased induced drag also increased.stick moved left roll aircraft left right aileron lowered increases lift right wing therefore increases induced drag right wing.using ailerons causes adverse yaw meaning nose aircraft yaws direction opposite aileron application.
Flight control surfaces	moving stick left bank wings adverse yaw moves nose aircraft right.adverse yaw pronounced light aircraft long wings gliders.counteracted pilot rudder.differential ailerons ailerons rigged downgoing aileron deflects less upwardmoving one reducing adverse yaw.rudder rudder fundamental control surface typically controlled pedals rather stick.
Flight control surfaces	primary means controlling yaw—the rotation airplane vertical axis.rudder may also called upon counteract adverse yaw produced rollcontrol surfaces.if rudder continuously applied level flight aircraft yaw initially direction applied rudder – primary effect rudder.seconds aircraft tend bank direction yaw.arises initially increased speed wing opposite direction yaw reduced speed wing.faster wing generates lift rises wing tends go generating less lift.
Flight control surfaces	continued application rudder sustains rolling tendency aircraft flying angle airflow skidding towards forward wing.applying right rudder aircraft dihedral left hand wing increased angle attack right hand wing decreased angle attack result roll right.aircraft anhedral show opposite effect.this effect rudder commonly used model aircraft sufficient dihedral polyhedral included wing design primary roll control ailerons may omitted altogether.turning aircraft unlike turning boat changing direction aircraft normally must done ailerons rather rudder.rudder turns yaws aircraft little effect direction travel.
Flight control surfaces	aircraft change direction caused horizontal component lift acting wings.pilot tilts lift force perpendicular wings direction intended turn rolling aircraft turn.bank angle increased lifting force split two components one acting vertically one acting horizontally.if total lift kept constant vertical component lift decrease.weight aircraft unchanged would result aircraft descending countered.maintain level flight requires increased positive elevator increase angle attack increase total lift generated keep vertical component lift equal weight aircraft.
Flight control surfaces	cannot continue indefinitely.total load factor required maintain level flight directly related bank angle.means given airspeed level flight maintained certain given angle bank.beyond angle bank aircraft suffer accelerated stall pilot attempts generate enough lift maintain level flight.alternate main control surfaces aircraft configurations nonstandard primary controls.
Flight control surfaces	example instead elevators back stabilizers entire tailplane may change angle.aircraft tail shape v moving parts back combine functions elevators rudder.delta wing aircraft may elevons back wing combine functions elevators ailerons.secondary control surfaces spoilers low drag aircraft sailplanes spoilers used disrupt airflow wing greatly reduce lift.allows glider pilot lose altitude without gaining excessive airspeed.
Flight control surfaces	spoilers sometimes called lift dumpers.spoilers used asymmetrically called spoilerons affect aircrafts roll.flaps flaps mounted trailing edge inboard section wing near wing roots.deflected increase effective curvature wing.flaps raise maximum lift coefficient aircraft therefore reduce stalling speed.
Flight control surfaces	used low speed high angle attack flight including takeoff descent landing.aircraft equipped flaperons commonly called inboard ailerons.devices function primarily ailerons aircraft droop flaps deployed thus acting flap rollcontrol inboard aileron.slats slats also known leading edge devices extensions front wing lift augmentation intended reduce stalling speed altering airflow wing.slats may fixed retractable fixed slats e.g.
Flight control surfaces	fieseler fi storch give excellent slow speed stol capabilities compromise higher speed performance.retractable slats seen airliners provide reduced stalling speed takeoff landing retracted cruising.air brakes air brakes used increase drag.spoilers might act air brakes pure air brakes also function liftdumpers cases roll control surfaces.air brakes usually surfaces deflect outwards fuselage cases symmetrically opposing sides airstream order increase formdrag.
Flight control surfaces	cases located elsewhere aircraft directly affect lift generated wing.purpose slow aircraft.particularly useful high rate descent required.common high performance military aircraft well civilian aircraft especially lacking reverse thrust capability.control trimming surfaces trimming controls allow pilot balance lift drag produced wings control surfaces wide range load airspeed.
Flight control surfaces	reduces effort required adjust maintain desired flight attitude.elevator trim elevator trim balances control force necessary maintain correct aerodynamic force tail balance aircraft.whilst carrying certain flight exercises lot trim could required maintain desired angle attack.mainly applies slow flight noseup attitude required turn requiring lot trim causing tailplane exert strong downforce.elevator trim correlated speed airflow tail thus airspeed changes aircraft require retrimming.
Flight control surfaces	important design parameter aircraft stability aircraft trimmed level flight.disturbances gusts turbulence damped short period time aircraft return level flight trimmed airspeed.trimming tail plane except light aircraft trim tabs elevators unable provide force range motion desired.provide appropriate trim force entire horizontal tail plane made adjustable pitch.allows pilot select exactly right amount positive negative lift tail plane reducing drag elevators.
Flight control surfaces	control horn control horn section control surface projects ahead pivot point.generates force tends increase surfaces deflection thus reducing control pressure experienced pilot.control horns may also incorporate counterweight helps balance control prevent fluttering airstream.designs feature separate antiflutter weights.in radio controlled model aircraft term control horn different meaning.spring trim simplest arrangement trimming done mechanical spring bungee adds appropriate force augment pilots control input.
Flight control surfaces	spring usually connected elevator trim lever allow pilot set spring force applied.rudder aileron trim fixedwing aircraft trimming control surface elevator larger aircraft also trim control rudder another ailerons.rudder trim counter asymmetric thrust engines.aileron trim counter effects centre gravity displaced aircraft centerline.caused fuel item payload loaded one side aircraft compared one fuel tank fuel other.
Flow control (fluid)	see also aircraft engine controlsaircraft flight control systemsaircraft flight mechanicsflight disabled controlsship motionssix degrees freedomvtailwing warping notes references private pilot manual jeppesen sanderson isbn hardcover airplane flying handbook u.s. department transportation federal aviation administration faaa.clancy l.j.aerodynamics pitman publishing limited london isbn external links clear explanation model aircraft flight controls bmfasee flies john s. denker.new spin perceptions procedures principles flight.implies small change configuration serving ideally large engineering benefit like drag reduction lift increase mixing enhancement noise reduction.change may accomplished passive active devices.passive devices like turbulators roughness elements steady require energy definition.active control requires actuators may driven timedependent manner require energy.examples valves plasma actuators.actuation command may predetermined openloop control dependent sensors monitoring flow state closedloop control.
Flow control (fluid)	active control airplane wing performance substantial effect runway length approach speed climb rate cargo capacity operation range also community noise emission levels.wing performance often degraded flow separation strongly depends aerodynamic design airfoil profile.furthermore nonaerodynamic constraints often conflict aerodynamic restrictions flow control required overcome difficulties.techniques developed manipulate boundary layer either increase lift decrease drag separation delay classified general heading flow control.flow control methods divided passive require auxiliary power control loop active require energy expenditure.
Locus of control	passive techniques include geometric shaping use vortex generators placement longitudinal grooves riblets airfoil surfaces.examples active flow control methods include steady suction blowing unsteady suction blowing use synthetic jets.referencesconcept developed julian b. rotter since become aspect personality psychology.persons locus plural loci latin place location conceptualized internal belief one control ones life external belief life controlled outside factors person cannot influence chance fate controls lives.individuals strong internal locus control believe events life primarily result actions example receiving exam results people internal locus control tend praise blame abilities.people strong external locus control tend praise blame external factors teacher exam.locus control generated much research variety areas psychology.construct applicable fields educational psychology health psychology industrial organizational psychology clinical psychology.debate continues whether domainspecific global measures locus control prove useful practical application.
Locus of control	careful distinctions also made locus control personality variable linked generalized expectancies future attributional style concept concerning explanations past outcomes locus control concepts selfefficacy.locus control one four dimensions core selfevaluations – ones fundamental appraisal oneself – along neuroticism selfefficacy selfesteem.concept core selfevaluations first examined judge locke durham since proven ability predict several work outcomes specifically job satisfaction job performance.followup study judge et al.argued locus control neuroticism selfefficacy selfesteem factors may common core.history locus control theoretical construct derives julian b. rotters social learning theory personality.
Locus of control	example problemsolving generalized expectancy broad strategy addressing wide range situations.published article psychological monographs summarized decade research rotter students much previously unpublished.herbert m. lefcourt defined perceived locus control ...a generalised expectancy internal opposed external control reinforcements.attempts made trace genesis concept work alfred adler immediate background lies work rotter students.early work topic expectations control reinforcement performed james phares prepared unpublished doctoral dissertations supervised rotter ohio state university.another rotter student william h. james studied two types expectancy shiftstypical expectancy shifts believing success failure would followed similar outcomeatypical expectancy shifts believing success failure would followed dissimilar outcomeadditional research led hypothesis typical expectancy shifts displayed often attributed outcomes ability whereas displayed atypical expectancy likely attribute outcomes chance.
Locus of control	interpreted people could divided attribute ability internal cause versus attribute luck external cause.bernard weiner argued rather abilityversusluck locus may relate whether attributions made stable unstable causes.rotter discussed problems misconceptions others use internalversusexternal construct.personality orientation rotter cautioned internality externality represent two ends continuum eitheror typology.internals tend attribute outcomes events control.people internal locus control believe outcomes actions results abilities.

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