title stringlengths 1 105 | content stringlengths 5 58.1k |
|---|---|
Locus of control | internals believe hard work would lead obtain positive outcomes.also believe every action consequence makes accept fact things happen depends want control not.externals attribute outcomes events external circumstances.people external locus control tend believe things happen lives control even actions result external factors fate luck influence powerful others doctors police government officials andor belief world complex one predict successfully control outcomes.people tend blame others rather lives outcomes. |
Locus of control | thought however internality linked exclusively attribution effort externality attribution luck weiners work – see – makes clear.obvious implications differences internals externals terms achievement motivation suggesting internal locus linked higher levels need achievement.due locating control outside externals tend feel less control fate.people external locus control tend stressed prone clinical depression.internals believed rotter exhibit two essential characteristics high achievement motivation low outerdirectedness.basis locusofcontrol scale proposed rotter although based rotters belief locus control single construct. |
Locus of control | since rotters assumption unidimensionality challenged levenson example arguing different dimensions locus control beliefs events ones life selfdetermined organized powerful others chancebased must separated.weiners early work suggested orthogonal internalityexternality dimension differences considered attribute stable attribute unstable causes.this new dimensional theory meant one could attribute outcomes ability internal stable cause effort internal unstable cause task difficulty external stable cause luck external unstable cause.although weiner originally saw four causes challenged whether people see luck example external cause whether ability always perceived stable whether effort always seen changing.indeed recent publications e.g.weiner uses different terms four causes objective task characteristics instead task difficulty chance instead luck. |
Locus of control | psychologists since weiner distinguished stable unstable effort knowing circumstances effort could seen stable cause especially given presence words industrious english.regarding locus control another type control entails mix among internal external types.people combination two types locus control often referred bilocals.people bilocal characteristics known handle stress cope diseases efficiently mixture internal external locus control.people mix loci control take personal responsibility actions consequences thereof remaining capable relying upon faith outside resources characteristics correspond internal external loci control respectively.measuring scales widely used questionnaire measure locus control item plus six filler items forcedchoice scale rotter . |
Locus of control | however questionnaire bialers item scale children predates rotters work.also relevant locusofcontrol scale crandall intellectual ascription responsibility scale crandall nowickistrickland scale nowicki strickland .one earliest psychometric scales assess locus control using likerttype scale contrast forcedchoice alternative measure rotters scale devised w. h. james unpublished doctoral dissertation supervised rotter ohio state university however remains unpublished.many measures locus control appeared since rotters scale.reviewed furnham steele include related health psychology industrial organizational psychology specifically children stanford preschool internalexternal scale three sixyearolds.furnham steele cite data suggesting reliable valid questionnaire adults duttweiler scale. |
Locus of control | review health questionnaires cited authors see applications below.the duttweiler internal control index ici addresses perceived problems rotter scales including forcedchoice format susceptibility social desirability heterogeneity indicated factor analysis.also notes scales existed measure locus control appear subject many problems.unlike forcedchoice format used rotters scale duttweilers item ici uses likerttype scale people must state whether would rarely occasionally sometimes frequently usually behave specified statements.ici assess variables pertinent internal locus cognitive processing autonomy resistance social influence selfconfidence delay gratification.small studentsubject validation study indicated scale good internal consistency reliability cronbachs alpha .. attributional style attributional style explanatory style concept introduced lyn yvonne abramson martin seligman john d. teasdale. |
Locus of control | concept advances stage weiner stating addition concepts internalityexternality stability dimension globalityspecificity also needed.abramson et al.believed people explained successes failures lives related whether attributed internal external factors shortterm longterm factors factors affected situations.the topic attribution theory introduced psychology fritz heider influence locus control theory important historical differences two models.attribution theorists predominantly social psychologists concerned general processes characterizing people make attributions whereas locus control theorists concerned individual differences.significant history approaches contributions made bernard weiner s. time attribution theorists locus control theorists largely concerned divisions external internal loci causality.weiner added dimension stabilityinstability later controllability indicating cause could perceived internal person yet still beyond persons control. |
Locus of control | stability dimension added understanding people succeed fail outcomes.although part weiners model dimension attribution globalityspecificity added abramson seligman teasdale.applications locus controls best known application may area health psychology largely due work kenneth wallston.scales measure locus control health domain reviewed furnham steele .bestknown health locus control scale multidimensional health locus control scale mhlc. |
Locus of control | latter scale based idea echoing levensons earlier work health may attributed three sources internal factors selfdetermination healthy lifestyle powerful others ones doctor luck dangerous lifestyle advice ignored – people difficult help.some scales reviewed furnham steele relate health specific domains obesity example saltzers weight locus control scale stotland zuroffs dieting beliefs scale mental health wood letaks mental health locus control scale depression locus control scale whiteman desmond price cancer cancer locus control scale pruyn et al..discussing applications concept health psychology furnham steele refer claire bradleys work linking locus control management diabetes mellitus.empirical data health locus control number fields reviewed norman bennett note data whether certain healthrelated behaviors related internal health locus control ambiguous.note studies found internal health locus control linked increased exercise cite studies found weak relationship exercise behaviors jogging internal health locus control. |
Locus of control | similar ambiguity noted data relationship internal health locus control healthrelated behaviors breast selfexamination weight control preventivehealth behavior.particular interest data cited relationship internal health locus control alcohol consumption.norman bennett note studies compared alcoholics nonalcoholics suggest alcoholism linked increased externality health locus control however studies linked alcoholism increased internality.similar ambiguity found studies alcohol consumption general nonalcoholic population.optimistic reviewing literature relationship internal health locus control smoking cessation although also point grounds supposing powerfulothers internalhealth loci control may linked behavior.thought rather caused one alcoholism directly related strength locus regardless type internal external.they argue stronger relationship found health locus control assessed specific domains general measures taken. |
Locus of control | overall studies using behaviorspecific health locus scales tended produce positive results.scales found predictive general behavior general scales mhlc scale.norman bennett cite several studies used healthrelated locusofcontrol scales specific domains including smoking cessation diabetes tablettreated diabetes hypertension arthritis cancer heart lung disease.they also argue health locus control better predicting healthrelated behavior studied conjunction health value value people attach health suggesting health value important moderator variable health locus control relationship.example weiss larsen found increased relationship internal health locus control health health value assessed.despite importance norman bennett attach specific measures locus control general textbooks personality cite studies linking internal locus control improved physical health mental health quality life people diverse conditions hiv migraines diabetes kidney disease epilepsy.during whyte correlated locus control academic success students enrolled highereducation courses. |
Locus of control | students internally controlled believed hard work focus would result successful academic progress performed better academically.students identified externally controlled believing future depended upon luck fate tended lower academicperformance levels.cassandra b. whyte researched control tendency influenced behavioral outcomes academic realm examining effects various modes counseling grade improvements locus control highrisk college students.rotter also looked studies regarding correlation gambling either internal external locus control.internals gambling reserved.betting primarily focus safe moderate wagers. |
Locus of control | externals however take chances example bet card number appeared certain period notion card number higher chance occurring.organizational psychology religion fields concept applied include industrial organizational psychology sports psychology educational psychology psychology religion.richard kahoe published work latter field suggesting intrinsic religious orientation correlates positively extrinsic religious orientation correlates negatively internal locus.relevance health psychology psychology religion work holt clark kreuter rubio questionnaire assess spiritualhealth locus control.authors distinguished active spiritualhealth locus control god empowers individual take healthy actions passive spiritualhealth locus control health left god. |
Locus of control | industrial organizational psychology found internals likely take positive action change jobs rather merely talk occupational change externals.locus control relates wide variety work variables workspecific measures relating strongly general measures.educational setting research shown students intrinsically motivated processed reading material deeply better academic performance students extrinsic motivation.consumer research locus control also applied field consumer research.example martin veer pervan examined weight locus control women i.e. |
Locus of control | beliefs control body weight influence react female models advertising different body shapes.found women believe control weight internals respond favorably slim models advertising favorable response mediated selfreferencing.contrast women feel powerless weight externals selfreference largersized models butonly prefer largersized models advertisement nonfattening product.fattening products exhibit similar preference largersized models slim models.weight locus control measure also found correlated measures weight control beliefs willpower. |
Locus of control | political ideology locus control linked political ideology.u.s. presidential election research college students found internal locus control substantially likely register republican external locus control substantially likely register democratic.study surveying students cameron university oklahoma found similar results although studies limited scope.consistent findings kaye sweetser found republicans significantly displayed greater internal locus control democrats independents.those internal locus control likely higher socioeconomic status likely politically involved e.g.following political news joining political organization internal locus control also likely vote. |
Locus of control | familial origins development locus control associated family style resources cultural stability experiences effort leading reward.many internals grown families modeling typical internal beliefs families emphasized effort education responsibility thinking parents typically gave children rewards promised them.contrast externals typically associated lower socioeconomic status.societies experiencing social unrest increase expectancy outofcontrol therefore people societies become external.the research schneewind suggests children large single parent families headed women likely develop external locus control schultz schultz also claim children families parents supportive consistent discipline develop internal locus control.least one study found children whose parents external locus control likely attribute successes failures external causes. |
Locus of control | findings early studies familial origins locus control summarized lefcourt warmth supportiveness parental encouragement seem essential development internal locus.however causal evidence regarding parental locus control influences offspring locus control whether genetic environmentally mediated lacking.locus control becomes internal age.children grow older gain skills give control environment.however whether biological development responsible changes locus unclear.age studies showed age people develop internal locus control study results ambiguous. |
Locus of control | longitudinal data collected gatz karel imply internality may increase middle age decreasing thereafter.noting ambiguity data area aldwin gilmer cite lachmans claim locus control ambiguous.indeed evidence changes locus control later life relate visibly increased externality rather reduced internality two concepts taken orthogonal.evidence cited schultz schultz suggests locus control increases internality middle age.authors also note attempts control environment become pronounced ages eight fourteen.health locus control people measure understand people relate health behavior health status long may take recover disease. |
Locus of control | locus control influence people think react towards health health decisions.day exposed potential diseases may affect health.way approach reality lot locus control.sometimes expected see older adults experience progressive declines health reason believed health locus control affected.however necessarily mean locus control affected negatively older adults may experience decline health show lower levels internal locus control.age plays important role ones internal external locus control. |
Locus of control | comparing young child older adult levels locus control regards health older person control attitude approach situation.people age become aware fact events outside control happen individuals control health outcomes.a study published journal psychosomatic medicine examined health effect childhood locus control.british adults followed birth shown internal locus control age less likely overweight age .children internal locus control also appeared higher levels selfesteem.genderbased differences schultz schultz point significant gender differences locus control found adults u.s. population. |
Locus of control | however authors also note may specific sexbased differences specific categories items assess locus control example cite evidence men may greater internal locus questions related academic achievement.a study made takaki colleagues focused sex gendered differences relationship internal locus control selfefficacy hemodialysis patients compliance.study showed female people high internal locus control less compliant regards health medical advice compared male people participated study.compliance known degree persons behavior case patient relationship medical advice.example person compliant correctly follow hisher doctors advice.a study looked relationship locus control optimism among children aged – however found external locus control prevalent among young girls.study found significant differences found internal unknown locus control. |
Locus of control | crosscultural regional issues question whether people different cultures vary locus control long interest social psychologists.japanese people tend external locusofcontrol orientation people u.s. however differences locus control different countries within europe u.s. europe tend small.berry et al.pointed ethnic groups within united states compared locus control african americans u.s. external whites socioeconomic status controlled.berry et al.also pointed research ethnic minorities u.s. hispanics ambiguous. |
Locus of control | crosscultural variations locus control found shiraev levy .research area indicates locus control useful concept researchers crosscultural psychology.on less broad scale sims baumann explained regions united states cope natural disasters differently.example used tornados.applied rotters theory explain people died tornadoes alabama illinois.explain giving surveys residents four counties alabama illinois alabama residents shown external way thinking events occur lives. |
Locus of control | illinois residents however internal.alabama residents external way processing information took fewer precautions prior appearance tornado.illinois however prepared thus leading fewer casualties.later studies find geographic differences explained differences relational mobility.relational mobility measure much choice individuals terms form relationships including friendships romantic partnerships work relations.relational mobility low cultures subsistence economy requires tight cooperation coordination farming high cultures based nomadic herding urban industrial cultures. |
Locus of control | crosscultural study found relational mobility lowest east asian countries rice farming common highest south american countries.selfefficacy selfefficacy refers individuals belief capacity execute behaviors necessary produce specific performance attainments.related concept introduced albert bandura measured means psychometric scale.differs locus control relating competence circumscribed situations activities rather general crosssituational beliefs control.bandura also emphasised differences selfefficacy selfesteem using examples low selfefficacy instance ballroom dancing unlikely result low selfesteem competence domain important see valence individual. |
Locus of control | although individuals may high internal health locus control feel control health may feel efficacious performing specific treatment regimen essential maintaining health.selfefficacy plays important role ones health people feel selfefficacy health conditions effects health becomes less stressor.smith argued locus control weakly measures selfefficacy subset items refer directly subjects capabilities.smith noted training coping skills led increases selfefficacy affect locus control measured rotters scale.stress previous section showed selfefficacy related persons locus control stress also relationship areas.selfefficacy something people use deal stress faced within everyday lives. |
Locus of control | findings suggest higher levels external locus control combined lower levels selfefficacy related higher illnessrelated psychological distress.people report external locus control also report concurrent future stressful experiences higher levels psychological physical problems.people also vulnerable external influences result become responsive stress.veterans military forces spinal cord injuries posttraumatic stress good group look regard locus control stress.aging shows important factor related severity symptoms ptsd experienced patients following trauma war.research suggests patients suffered spinal cord injury benefit knowing control health problems disability reflects characteristics internal locus control.a study chung et al. |
Locus of control | focused responses spinal cord injury posttraumatic stress varied depending age.researchers tested different age groups including young adults middleaged elderly average age group respectively.study concluded age make difference spinal cord injury patients respond traumatic events happened.however mention age play role extent external locus control used concluded young adult group demonstrated external locus control characteristics age groups compared.see also references sources abramson lyn seligman martin e teasdale john . |
Locus of control | learned helplessness humans critique reformulation.journal abnormal psychology.–.doi.x.... pmid .scid .abramson lyn metalsky gerald alloy lauren b . |
Locus of control | hopelessness depression theorybased subtype depression.psychological review.–.doi.x.... scid .aldwin c.m.gilmer d.f. |
Locus of control | .health illness optimal ageing.london sage.isbn .allen david g. weeks kelly p. moffitt karen r. .turnover intentions voluntary turnover moderating roles selfmonitoring locus control proactive personality risk aversion. |
Locus of control | journal applied psychology.–.doi..... pmid .anderson craig jennings dennis l arnoult lynn h .validity utility attributional style construct moderate level specificity.journal personality social psychology. |
Locus of control | –.doi..... scid .berry j.w.poortinga y.h.segall m.h.dasen p.r. |
Locus of control | .crosscultural psychology research applications.cambridge cambridge university press.isbn .buchanan g.m.seligman m.e.p. |
Locus of control | eds..explanatory style.nj lawrence erlbaum associates.isbn .burns melanie seligman martin e . |
Locus of control | explanatory style across life span evidence stability years.journal personality social psychology.–.doi..... pmid .cutrona carolyn e russell dan jones r. dallas .crosssituational consistency causal attributions attributional style exist. |
Locus of control | journal personality social psychology.–.doi.....duttweiler patricia c .internal control index newly developed measure locus control.educational psychological measurement. |
Locus of control | –.doi.. scid .furnham adrian steele howard .measuring locus control critique general childrens health workrelated locus control questionnaires.british journal psychology.–. |
Locus of control | doi.j...tb.x.pmid .eisner j.e..origins explanatory style trust determinant pessimism optimism.buchanan g.m. |
Locus of control | seligman m.e.p.eds.. explanatory style.nj lawrence erlbaum associates.pp.–. |
Locus of control | isbn .gongguy elizabeth hammen constance .causal perceptions stressful events depressed nondepressed outpatients.journal abnormal psychology.–.doi.x.... pmid .hock roger r. . |
Locus of control | master fate.forty studies changed psychology pdf th ed.. pearson.pp.–.isbn .holt cheryl l clark eddie kreuter matthew w rubio doris . |
Locus of control | spiritual health locus control breast cancer beliefs among urban african american women.health psychology.–.doi..... pmid .johansson boo grant julia d. plomin robert pedersen nancy l. ahern frank berg stig mcclearn gerald e. .health locus control late life study genetic environmental influences twins aged years older. |
Locus of control | health psychology.–.doi..... pmid .kahoe richard .personality achievement correlates intrinsic extrinsic religious orientations.journal personality social psychology. |
Locus of control | –.doi.h.lefcourt herbert .internal versus external control reinforcement review.psychological bulletin.–. |
Locus of control | doi.h.pmid .lefcourt h.m. .locus control current trends theory research.nj lawrence erlbaum associates.isbn .maltby j. day l. macaskill a. . |
Locus of control | personality individual differences intelligence st ed.. harlow pearson prentice hall.isbn .meyerhoff michael k .locus control.pediatrics parents.. |
Locus of control | ebsco .norman paul antaki charles .real events attributional style questionnaire.journal social clinical psychology.– –.doi.jscp.....norman p. bennett p. . |
Locus of control | health locus control.conner m. norman p. eds.. predicting health behaviour.buckingham open university press.pp.–. |
Locus of control | apa .nowicki stephen strickland bonnie r .locus control scale children.journal consulting clinical psychology.–.doi.h. |
Locus of control | scid .peterson christopher semmel amy von baeyer carl abramson lyn metalsky gerald seligman martin e. p .attributional style questionnaire.cognitive therapy research.–.doi.bf. |
Locus of control | scid .robbins hayes .role causal attributions prediction depression.buchanan g.m.seligman m.e.p.eds.. explanatory style. |
Locus of control | nj lawrence erlbaum associates.pp.–.isbn .rotter j.b. .social learning clinical psychology. |
Locus of control | ny prenticehall.rotter julian b .generalized expectancies internal versus external control reinforcement.psychological monographs general applied.–.doi.h. |
Locus of control | pmid .scid .rotter julian b .problems misconceptions related construct internal versus external control reinforcement.journal consulting clinical psychology.–. |
Locus of control | doi.h.rotter julian b .internal versus external control reinforcement case history variable.american psychologist.–.doi.x.... scid .schultz d.p. |
Locus of control | schultz s.e..theories personality th ed.. wadsworth thomson.isbn .sherer mark maddux james e mercandante blaise prenticedunn steven jacobs beth rogers ronald w .selfefficacy scale construction validation. |
Locus of control | psychological reports.–.doi.pr..... scid .shiraev e. levy d. .crosscultural psychology critical thinking contemporary applications nd ed.. boston pearson.isbn .smith ronald e . |
Locus of control | effects coping skills training generalized selfefficacy locus control.journal personality social psychology.–.doi..... pmid .scid .weiner b. ed. |
Locus of control | .achievement motivation attribution theory.ny general learning press.weiner b. .human motivation.new york holt rinehart winston.whyte c. . |
Locus of control | integrated counseling learning assistance center.new directions sourcebooklearning assistance centers.josseybass inc.whyte c. .effective counseling methods highrisk college freshmen.measurement evaluation guidance. |
Locus of control | –.doi.... eric ej.xenikou athena furnham adrian mccarrey michael .attributional style negative events proposition reliable valid measure attributional style.british journal psychology.–. |
Proportional control | doi.j...tb.x.bibliography r. gross p. humphreys psychology science mind behaviour psychology press isbn .external links locus control class tutorialspheres control scaleattributional style controllabilitytwo classic mechanical examples toilet bowl float proportioning valve flyball governor.the proportional control concept complex on–off control system bimetallic domestic thermostat simpler proportional–integral–derivative pid control system used something like automobile cruise control.on–off control work overall system relatively long response time result instability system controlled rapid response time.proportional control overcomes modulating output controlling device control valve level avoids instability applies correction fast practicable applying optimum quantity proportional gain.a drawback proportional control cannot eliminate residual sp − pv error processes compensation e.g.temperature control requires error generate proportional output.overcome pi controller devised uses proportional term p remove gross error integral term eliminate residual offset error integrating error time produce component controller output. |
Proportional control | theory proportional control algorithm controller output proportional error signal difference setpoint process variable.words output proportional controller multiplication product error signal proportional gain.this mathematically expressed p u k p e p displaystyle pmathrm kpetp p displaystyle p controller output zero error.p u displaystyle pmathrm output proportional controller k p displaystyle kp proportional gain e displaystyle et instantaneous process error time t. e p − p v displaystyle etsppv p displaystyle sp set point p v displaystyle pv process variableconstraints real plant actuators physical limitations expressed constraints p u displaystyle pmathrm .example p u displaystyle pmathrm may bounded − maximum output limits.qualifications preferable express k p displaystyle kp unitless number.express e displaystyle et ratio span instrument. |
Proportional control | span units error e.g.c degrees ratio units.development control block diagrams proportional control dictates g c k c displaystyle mathit gckc .block diagram shown assume r setpoint flowrate tank e error difference setpoint measured process output.g p displaystyle mathit gp process transfer function input block flow rate output tank level. |
Proportional control | output function setpoint r known closedloop transfer function.g c l g p g c g p g c displaystyle mathit gclfrac mathit gpgcgpgc poles g c l displaystyle mathit gcl stable closedloop system stable.firstorder process firstorder process general transfer function g p k p τ p displaystyle gpfrac kptau ps .combining closedloop transfer function returns g c l k p k c τ p k p k c τ p displaystyle gclfrac frac kpkctau psfrac kpkctau ps .simplifying equation results g c l k c l τ c l displaystyle gclfrac kcltau cls k c l k p k c k p k c displaystyle kclfrac kpkckpkc τ c l τ p k p k c displaystyle tau clfrac tau pkpkc . |
Proportional control | stability system τ c l displaystyle tau cl therefore τ p displaystyle tau p must positive number k p k c − displaystyle kpkc standard practice make sure k p k c displaystyle kpkc .introducing step change system gives output response g c l × δ r displaystyle ysgcltimes frac delta rs .using finalvalue theorem lim → ∞ lim ↘ × k c l τ c l × δ r k c l × δ r ∞ displaystyle lim tto infty ytlim ssearrow leftstimes frac kcltau clstimes frac delta rsrightkcltimes delta ryttinfty shows always offset system.integrating process integrating process general transfer function g p displaystyle gpfrac ss combined closedloop transfer function becomes g c l k c k c displaystyle gclfrac kcsskc .introducing step change system gives output response g c l × δ r displaystyle ysgcltimes frac delta rs .using finalvalue theorem lim → ∞ lim ↘ × k c k c × δ r δ r ∞ displaystyle lim tto infty ytlim ssearrow leftstimes frac kcsskctimes frac delta rsrightdelta ryttinfty meaning offset system. |
Proportional control | process offset using proportional controller.offset error offset error difference desired value actual value sp − pv error.range operating conditions proportional control alone unable eliminate offset error requires error generate output adjustment.proportional controller may tuned via p adjustment possible eliminate offset error expected conditions disturbance deviation existing state setpoint adjustment occurs process corrective control action based purely proportional control result offset error.consider object suspended spring simple proportional control.spring attempt maintain object certain location despite disturbances may temporarily displace it. |
Proportional control | hookes law tells us spring applies corrective force proportional objects displacement.tend hold object particular location absolute resting location object vary mass changed.difference resting location offset error.proportional band proportional band band controller output final control element control valve instance move one extreme another.mathematically expressed p b k p displaystyle pbfrac kp k p displaystyle kp proportional gain high proportional band small means band controller output final control element go minimum maximum vice versa small. |
Proportional control | case on–off controllers k p displaystyle kp high hence even small error controller output driven one extreme another.advantages clear advantage proportional on–off control demonstrated car speed control.analogy on–off control driving car applying either full power power varying duty cycle control speed.power would target speed reached power would removed car reduces speed.speed falls target certain hysteresis full power would applied. |
Proportional control | seen would obviously result poor control large variations speed.powerful engine greater instability heavier car greater stability.stability may expressed correlating powertoweight ratio vehicle.proportional control power output always proportional actual versus target speed error.car target speed speed increases slightly due falling gradient power reduced slightly proportion change error car reduces speed gradually reaches new target point little overshoot much smoother control on–off control. |
Pitch control | practice pid controllers used large number control processes require responsive control using proportional alone.references external links proportional control compared on–off bang–bang controllatter term varispeed commonly used tape decks particularly uk.analog pitch controls vary voltage used playback device digital controls use digital signal processing change playback speed pitch.typical dj deck allows pitch increased reduced achieved increasing reducing speed platter rotates.turntable cd playing speed may changed beatmatching dj techniques pitch shift using pitch control myriad uses sound recording.varispeed consumer cassette decks superscope inc. sun valley added varispeed feature portable cassette decks . |
Pitch control | c c models incorporated feature.superscope trademarked name varispeed .trademark category computer software products electrical scientific products.trademark goods services use magnetic tape recorders reproducers.trademark expired .dj pitch usage djs possibility alter pitch turntables cd players standard.on technicssl turntables possibility changing pitch models could change pitch .this become standard amongst djs software emulates dj setup pitch control often standard .with possibility change values.by changing pitch dj alter bpm record within limited range.this key component beatmatching enabling dj get two records play bpm thereby synchronising beat dancers. |
Project management triangle | see also audio time stretching pitch scalingbeatmatching references external links pitch controlorigins unclear used since least s. contends quality work constrained projects budget deadlines scope features.the project manager trade constraints.changes one constraint necessitate changes others compensate quality suffer.for example project completed faster increasing budget cutting scope.similarly increasing scope may require equivalent increases budget schedule.cutting budget without adjusting schedule scope lead lower quality.good fast cheap.choose two.stated common law business balance often expressed get pay for. |
Project management triangle | attributed john ruskin without evidence similar statements often used encapsulate triangles constraints concisely.dr. martin barnes proposed project cost model based cost time resources ctr phd thesis designed course entitled time cost contract control drew triangle apex representing cost time quality ctq.later expanded quality performance becoming ctq.understood area triangle represents scope project fixed known fixed cost time.fact scope function cost time performance requiring trade among factors.in practice however trading constraints always possible. |
Project management triangle | example throwing money people fully staffed project slow down.moreover poorly run projects often impossible improve budget schedule scope without adversely affecting quality.the project management triangle used analyze projects.often misused define success delivering required scope reasonable quality within established budget schedule.project management triangle considered insufficient model project success omits crucial dimensions success including impact stakeholders learning user satisfaction.subsequently several enhancements basic triple constraints proposed diamond model pyramid model six multiple constraints theory contraints. |
Project management triangle | accordingly project success criteria enhanced well three multiple parameters.overview time constraint refers amount time available complete project.cost constraint refers budgeted amount available project.scope constraint refers must done produce projects end result.three constraints often competing constraints increased scope typically means increased time increased cost tight time constraint could mean increased costs reduced scope tight budget could mean increased time reduced scope.the discipline project management providing tools techniques enable project team project manager organize work meet constraints.another approach project management consider three constraints finance time human resources. |
Project management triangle | need finish job shorter time throw people problem turn raise cost project unless task quicker reduce costs elsewhere project equal amount.as project management graphic aid triangle show time resources technical objective sides triangle instead corners.john storck former instructor american management associations basic project management course used pair triangles called triangle outer triangle inner represent concept intent project complete allowed time budget meet exceed required scope.distance inner outer triangles illustrated hedge contingency three elements.bias could shown distance.example project strong time bias alaska pipeline essentially done time matter cost. |
Project management triangle | years development oil flowed end pipe within four minutes schedule.illustration time side triangle inner effectively top triangle outer line.true technical objective line also.cost line triangle inner however outside since project ran significantly budget.james p. lewis suggests project scope represents area triangle chosen variable achieve project success.calls relationship pcts performance cost time scope suggests project pick three.the real value project triangle show complexity present project. |
Project management triangle | plane area triangle represents near infinite variations priorities could exist three competing values.acknowledging limitless variety possible within triangle using graphic aid facilitate better project decisions planning ensure alignment among team members project owners.str model str model mathematical model views triangle model graphic abstraction relationshipscope ftime × resourcesscope refers complexity also mean quality performance.resources includes humans workers financial physical.note values considered unbounded. |
Project management triangle | instance one baker make loaf bread hour oven doesnt mean ten bakers could make ten loaves one hour oven due oven capacity.nine women cannot bear baby one month.project management triangle topics time analytical purposes time required produce deliverable estimated using several techniques.one method identify tasks needed produce deliverables documented work breakdown structure wbs.work effort task estimated estimates rolled final deliverable estimate.the tasks also prioritized dependencies tasks identified information documented project schedule. |
Project management triangle | dependencies tasks affect length overall project dependency constrained availability resources resource constrained.time different resources cost categories.using actual cost previous similar projects basis estimating cost current project.according project management body knowledge pmbok project time management processes includeplan schedule managementdefine activitiessequence activitiesestimate activity resourcesestimate activity durationsdevelop schedulecontrol schedule define activities inputs management plan scope baseline enterprise environmental factors organizational process assetstools decomposition rolling wave planning expert judgmentoutputs activity list activity attributes milestone list activity sequencing inputs project scope statement activity list activity attributes milestones list approved change requeststools precedence diagramming method pdm arrow diagramming method adm schedule network templates dependency degeneration applying leads lagsoutputs project schedule network diagrams activity list updates activity attributes updates request changes activity resource estimating inputs enterprise environmental factoring organizational process assets activity list activity attributes resources availability project management plantools expert judgment collections alternative analysis publishing estimating data project management software implementation bottom estimatingoutputs activity resource requirements activity attributes resource breakdown structure resource calendars request change updates.activity duration estimating inputs enterprise environmental factors organization process assets project scope statement activity list activity attributes activity resource requirements resource calendars project management plan risk register activity cost estimatestools expert judgment collection analogous estimating parametric estimating bottom estimation twopoint estimation threepoint estimation reserve analysisoutputs activity duration estimates activity attribute updates estimates schedule development inputs organizational process assets project scope statement activity list activity attributes project schedule network diagrams activity resource requirements resource calendars activity duration estimates project management plan risk registertools schedule network analysis critical path method schedule compression scenario analysis resources leveling critical chain method project management software applying calendars adjusting leads lags schedule modeloutputs project schedule schedule model data schedule baseline resource requirements update activity attributes project calendar updates request changes project management plan updates schedule management plan updates schedule control inputs schedule management plan schedule baseline performance reports approved change requeststools progressive elaboration reporting schedule change control system performance measurement project management software variance analysis schedule comparison bar chartsoutputs schedule model data updates schedule baseline.performance measurement requested changes recommended corrective actions organizational process assets activity list updates activity attribute updates project management plan updatesdue complex nature time process group project management credential pmi scheduling professional pmisp created.cost develop approximation project cost depends several variables including resources work packages labor rates mitigating controlling influencing factors create cost variances. |
Project management triangle | tools used cost risk management cost contingency cost escalation indirect costs .beyond basic accounting approach fixed variable costs economic cost must considered includes worker skill productivity calculated using various project cost estimate tools.important companies hire temporary contract employees outsource work.cost process areas cost estimating approximation cost resources needed complete activities.cost budgeting aggregating estimated costs resources work packages activities establish cost baseline.cost control – factors create cost fluctuation variance influenced controlled using various cost management tools.project management cost estimating tools analogous estimating using cost similar project determine cost current projectdetermining resource cost rates cost goods labor unit gathered estimates estimation.bottom estimating using lowest level work package detail summarizing cost associated it. |
Project management triangle | rolling higher level aimed calculating entire cost project.parametric estimating measuring statistical relationship historical data variable flow.vendor bid analysis taking average several bids given vendors project.reserve analysis aggregate cost activity network path add contingency reserve end result analysis factor determined project manager.cost quality analysis estimating cost highest quality activity.project management software used calculate cost variances project.scope requirements specified achieve end result.overall definition project supposed accomplish specific description end result accomplish.major component scope quality final product.amount time put individual tasks determines overall quality project. |
Project management triangle | tasks may require given amount time complete adequately given time could completed exceptionally.course large project quality significant impact time cost vice versa.together three constraints given rise phrase time spec budget.case term scope substituted specification.evolution project constraint model traditionally project constraint model recognised three key constraints cost time scope.constraints construct triangle geometric proportions illustrating strong interdependent relationship factors. |
Project management triangle | requirement shift one factors least one factors must also manipulated.with mainstream acceptance triangle model cost time appear represented consistently.scope however often used interchangeably given context triangles illustration perception respective project.scope goal product deliverable quality performance output relatively similar generic variation examples suggestion people resources offers specialised interpretation.this widespread use variations implies level ambiguity carried nuance third constraint term course level value flexibility triangle model.ambiguity allows blurred focus projects output projects process example terms potentially different impetus two contexts.cost time delivery represent top level projects inputs.the ‘project diamond’ model engenders blurred focus inclusion scope quality separately ‘third’ constraint. |
Project management triangle | merit addition quality key constraining factor acknowledging increasing maturity project management model still lacks clarity output process.diamond model capture analogy strong interrelation points triangles however.pmbok .offered evolved model based triple constraint factors monitored managed.illustrated pointed star maintains strength triangle analogy two overlaid triangles time represents separation relationship project inputsoutputs factors one triangle project processes factors other.star variables areinputoutput trianglescopecosttimeprocess triangleriskqualityresourceswhen considering ambiguity third constraint suggestions project diamond possible consider instead goal product project third constraint made sub factors scope quality. |
Project management triangle | terms projects output scope quality adjusted resulting overall manipulation goalproduct.interpretation includes four key factors original triangle inputsoutputs form.even incorporated pmbok star illustrating quality particular may monitored separately terms project outputs process.suggestion use term goal may best represent change initiative outputs product may best represent tangible outputs.evolution project success criteria triple constraints represent minimum number project success criteria adequate themselves. |
Project management triangle | thus number studies carried define expand various criteria project success based theory change basic inputprocessoutput chain.bannerman proposed multilevel project success framework comprises five llevels project success i.e.team project management deliverable business strategic.the undp proposed results framework six stages project success i.e.input process output outcome impact.zidane et al expanded results framework pestol framework plan assess project success used evaluate value money spent project terms efficiency effectiveness.hence triple constraints developed various frameworks plan appraise project success holitically possible.see also quality cost deliverytrilemmaternary plot references external links media related project management triangle wikimedia commons |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | united states federal agency department health human services headquartered atlanta georgia.the agencys main goal protection public health safety control prevention disease injury disability us worldwide.cdc focuses national attention developing applying disease control prevention.especially focuses attention infectious disease food borne pathogens environmental health occupational safety health health promotion injury prevention educational activities designed improve health united states citizens.cdc also conducts research provides information noninfectious diseases obesity diabetes founding member international association national public health institutes.the current director centers disease control prevention rochelle walensky.director reports united states secretary health human services. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | history establishment communicable disease center founded july successor world war ii malaria control war areas program office national defense malaria control activities.preceding founding organizations global influence malaria control malaria commission league nations rockefeller foundation.rockefeller foundation greatly supported malaria control sought governments take efforts collaborated agency.the new agency branch u.s. public health service atlanta chosen location malaria endemic southern united states.agency changed names see infobox top adopting name communicable disease center .offices located sixth floor volunteer building peachtree street.with budget time million percent personnel engaged mosquito abatement habitat control objective control eradication malaria united states see national malaria eradication program.among employees main jobs cdc originally entomology engineering.cdcs initial years six half million homes sprayed mostly ddt. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | seven medical officers duty early organization chart drawn somewhat fancifully shape mosquito.joseph walter mountin cdc continued advocate public health issues pushed extend responsibilities many communicable diseases.in cdc made token payment emory university acres land clifton road dekalb county still home cdc headquarters .cdc employees collected money make purchase.benefactor behind gift robert w. woodruff chairman board cocacola company.woodruff longtime interest malaria control problem areas went hunting. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | year phs transferred san francisco based plague laboratory cdc epidemiology division new veterinary diseases division established.growth epidemic intelligence service eis established originally due biological warfare concerns arising korean war eis evolved twoyear postgraduate training program epidemiology prototype field epidemiology training programs fetp began .fetp large operation trained disease detectives countries.fetp celebrated th anniversary cdcs support thailand’s field epidemiology training program.thailand first fetp site created outside north america found numerous countries reflecting cdcs influence promoting model internationally. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | training programs epidemiology public health interventions network tephinet graduated students.the mission cdc expanded beyond original focus malaria include sexually transmitted diseases venereal disease division u.s. public health service phs transferred cdc .shortly thereafter tuberculosis control transferred cdc phs immunization program established.it became national communicable disease center ncdc effective july center disease control cdc june .end public health service reorganizations – promoted principal operating agency phs.renamed centers disease control effective october .national center health statistics became part cdc. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | act united states congress appended words prevention name effective october .however congress directed initialism cdc retained name recognition.since cdc focus broadened include chronic diseases disabilities injury control workplace hazards environmental health threats terrorism preparedness.cdc combats emerging diseases health risks including birth defects west nile virus obesity avian swine pandemic flu e. coli bioterrorism name few.organization would also prove important factor preventing abuse penicillin.may cdc admitted sent samples communicable diseases iraqi government subsequently repurposed biological warfare including botulinum toxin west nile virus yersinia pestis dengue fever virus. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | recent history april then–cdc director julie gerberding formally announced reorganization cdc confront challenges stcentury health threats.established four coordinating centers.obama administration reevaluated change ordered cut unnecessary management layer.as cdcs biosafety level laboratories among exist world.constitute one two official repositories smallpox world.second smallpox store resides state research center virology biotechnology vector russian federation. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | cdc revealed discovered several misplaced smallpox samples lab workers potentially infected anthrax.the city atlanta annexed property cdc headquarters effective january part citys largest annexation within period years atlanta city council voted prior december.cdc requested atlanta city government annex area.headquarters located unincorporated area statistically druid hills censusdesignated place.organization cdc organized centers institutes offices cios organizational unit implementing agencys activities particular area expertise also providing intraagency support resourcesharing crosscutting issues specific health threats.generally cdc offices subdivided centers turn composed divisions branches. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | however center global health national institute occupational safety health freestanding organizational units belong parent office.august cios aredirectorprincipal deputy directordeputy director – public health service implementation scienceoffice minority health health equitycenter global healthcenter preparedness responsecenter state tribal local territory supportdeputy director – public health science surveillanceoffice scienceoffice laboratory science safetycenter surveillance epidemiology laboratory servicesnational center health statisticsdeputy director – noninfectious diseasesnational center birth defects developmental disabilitiesnational center chronic disease prevention health promotionnational center environmental health agency toxic substances disease registrynational center injury prevention controldeputy director – infectious diseasesnational center immunization respiratory diseasesnational center emerging zoonotic infectious diseases includes division global migration quarantine issues quarantine ordersnational center hivaids viral hepatitis std tb preventionnational institute occupational safety healthoffice directorchief staffchief operating officerhuman resources officeoffice financial resourcesoffice safety security asset managementoffice chief information officerchief medical officercdc washington officeoffice equal employment opportunityassociate director – communicationassociate director – laboratory science safetyassociate director – policy strategythe office public health preparedness created anthrax attacks shortly terrorist attacks september .purpose coordinate among government response range biological terrorism threats.locations cdc centers located atlanta.centers based operate domestic locationsthe national center emerging zoonotic infectious diseases division vectorborne diseases based fort collins colorado branch san juan puerto rico arctic investigations program based anchorage alaska.the national center health statistics primarily located hyattsville maryland branch research triangle park north carolina.the national institute occupational safety healths primary locations cincinnati ohio morgantown west virginia pittsburgh pennsylvania spokane washington washington d.c. branches denver anchorage atlanta.the cdc washington office based washington d.c.building opened cdcs main roybal campus named honor late representative edward r. roybal contains premier bsl laboratory united states.in addition cdc operates quarantine facilities cities u.s. budget cdcs budget fiscal year . |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | billion.cdc offers grants help many organizations year advance health safety awareness community level throughout united states.cdc awards percent annual budget grants.workforce cdc staff numbered approximately personnel including contractors united states public health service commissioned corps officers occupations.eighty percent held bachelors degrees higher almost half advanced degrees masters degree doctorate phd d.o. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.