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Computer network
network service network services applications hosted servers computer network provide functionality members users network help network operate.the world wide web email printing network file sharing examples wellknown network services.network services dns domain name system give names ip mac addresses people remember na...
Computer network
bit streams bandwidth proportional average consumed signal bandwidth hertz average spectral bandwidth analog signal representing bit stream studied time interval.network delay network delay design performance characteristic telecommunications network.specifies latency bit data travel across network one communication en...
Computer network
engineers usually report maximum average delay divide delay several partsprocessing delay – time takes router process packet headerqueuing delay – time packet spends routing queuestransmission delay – time takes push packets bits onto linkpropagation delay – time signal propagate mediaa certain minimum level delay expe...
Computer network
atmcircuitswitched networks circuit switched networks network performance synonymous grade service.number rejected calls measure well network performing heavy traffic loads.types performance measures include level noise echo.atm asynchronous transfer mode atm network performance measured line rate quality service qos d...
Computer network
network planner uses diagrams analyze network performs state ensuring network optimally designed.network congestion network congestion occurs link node subjected greater data load rated resulting deterioration quality service.networks congested queues become full packets discarded networks rely retransmission.typical e...
Computer network
thus networks using protocols exhibit two stable states level load.stable state low throughput known congestive collapse.modern networks use congestion control congestion avoidance traffic control techniques try avoid congestion collapse i.e.endpoints typically slow sometimes even stop transmission entirely network con...
Computer network
priority schemes solve network congestion help alleviate effects congestion services.example .p.third method avoid network congestion explicit allocation network resources specific flows.one example use contentionfree transmission opportunities cftxops itut g.hn standard provides highspeed gbits local area networking e...
Computer network
network security network security consists provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security authorization access data network controlled network administrator.users assigned id password allows a...
Computer network
monitoring often done surreptitiously may done behest governments corporations criminal organizations individuals.may may legal may may require authorization court independent agency.computer network surveillance programs widespread today almost internet traffic could potentially monitored clues illegal activity.survei...
Computer network
end end encryption endtoend encryption eee digital communications paradigm uninterrupted protection data traveling two communicating parties.involves originating party encrypting data intended recipient decrypt dependency third parties.endtoend encryption prevents intermediaries internet providers application service p...
Computer network
examples noneee systems google talk yahoo messenger facebook dropbox.systems example lavabit secretink even described offering endtoend encryption not.systems normally offer endtoend encryption turned contain back door subverts negotiation encryption key communicating parties example skype hushmail.the endtoend encrypt...
Computer network
netscape took first shot new standard.time dominant web browser netscape navigator.netscape created standard called secure socket layer ssl.ssl requires server certificate.client requests access sslsecured server server sends copy certificate client.
Computer network
ssl client checks certificate web browsers come exhaustive list ca root certificates preloaded certificate checks server authenticated client negotiates symmetrickey cipher use session.session secure encrypted tunnel ssl server ssl client.views networks users network administrators typically different views networks.us...
Computer network
physical perspective involves geographic locations physical cabling network elements e.g.routers bridges application layer gateways interconnect via transmission media.logical networks called tcpip architecture subnets map onto one transmission media.example common practice campus buildings make set lan cables building...
Computer network
employees.intranets connected internet generally limited connection.extranet extension intranet allows secure communications users outside intranet e.g.business partners customers.unofficially internet set users enterprises content providers interconnected internet service providers isp.engineering viewpoint internet s...
Computer network
typically humanreadable names servers translated ip addresses transparently users via directory function domain name system dns.over internet businesstobusiness bb businesstoconsumer bc consumertoconsumer cc communications.money sensitive information exchanged communications apt protected form communications security m...
End-to-end encryption
ccie routing switching.indianapolis cisco presskurose james f keith w. ross computer networking topdown approach featuring internet pearson education .william stallings computer networking internet protocols technology pearson education .important publications computer networksnetwork communication architecture protoco...
End-to-end encryption
serverside disk encryption simply prevents unauthorized users viewing information.prevent company viewing information key simply decrypt data.allows third party provide search features scan illegal unacceptable content also means read misused anyone access stored messages third party system whether design via backdoor....
End-to-end encryption
etymology term term endtoend encryption originally meant communication never decrypted transport sender receiver.for example around eee proposed additional layer encryption gsm tetra addition existing radio encryption protecting communication mobile device network infrastructure.standardised sfpg tetra.note tetra eee k...
End-to-end encryption
systems guarantee protection communications clients servers meaning users trust third parties running servers sensitive content.endtoend encryption regarded safer reduces number parties might able interfere break encryption.case instant messaging users may use thirdparty client plugin implement endtoend encryption sche...
End-to-end encryption
however telegram still features endtoend encryption default endtoend encryption group chats endtoend encryption desktop clients.some encrypted backup file sharing services provide clientside encryption.encryption offer referred endtoend encryption services meant sharing messages users.however term endtoend encryption s...
End-to-end encryption
decrypting message snoop encrypt key share actual recipient public key case asymmetric systems send message avoid detection.known maninthemiddle attack mitm.authentication endtoend encryption protocols include form endpoint authentication specifically prevent mitm attacks.example one could rely certification authoritie...
End-to-end encryption
parties compare fingerprints using outside outofband communication channel guarantees integrity authenticity communication necessarily secrecy starting conversation.fingerprints match theory man middle.when displayed human inspection fingerprints usually use form binarytotext encoding.strings formatted groups character...
End-to-end encryption
protocol may choose display words users native system language.however make crosslanguage comparisons prone errors.in order improve localization protocols chosen display fingerprints base strings instead error prone hexadecimal natural language strings.example base fingerprint called safety number signal security code ...
End-to-end encryption
even perfectly encrypted communication pipe secure mailbox end.major attempts increase endpoint security isolate key generation storage cryptographic operations smart card googles project vault.however since plaintext input output still visible host system malware monitor conversations real time.robust approach isolate...
End-to-end encryption
however bruce schneier points stuxnet developed us israel successfully jumped air gap reached natanz nuclear plants network iran.deal key exfiltration malware one approach split trusted computing base behind two unidirectionally connected computers prevent either insertion malware exfiltration sensitive data inserted m...
End-to-end encryption
company however refused create backdoor government citing concern tool could pose risk consumers privacy.compliance regulatory requirements content inspection eee offer privacy benefits make desirable consumergrade services many businesses balance benefits regulatory requirements.example many organizations subject mand...
End-to-end encryption
see also comparison instant messaging protocolscomparison voip software § secure voip software – table overview voip clients offer endtoend encryptiondiffie–hellman key exchangeendtoend auditable voting systemspointtopoint encryption references reading ermoshina ksenia musiani francesca halpin harry september .endtoend...
Chaos Communication Congress
florence italy springer.pp.–.doi.. isbn .congress features variety lectures workshops technical political issues related security cryptography privacy online freedom speech.event taken place regularly end year since date duration – december established .considered one largest events kind alongside def con las vegas.his...
Chaos Communication Congress
since congress continues attract increasing number people around attendees .since congress takes place trade fair grounds leipzig since hamburg venue closed renovation existing space enough growing congress.a large range speakers part scene.organizational work done volunteers called chaos angels.nonmembers entry fee fo...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
first year congress lasted four days instead three lacked german lockpicking championships.first year congress take place physical location due covid pandemic giving way first remote chaos experience rc.congresses today gallery see also chaos communication campsigintdef con notes references external links overview chao...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
participating states cover much land area northern hemisphere.created cold war era east–west forum.history organization roots conference security cooperation europe csce.talks mooted european security grouping since cold war prevented substantial progress talks dipoli espoo began november .talks held suggestion soviet ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
western europe however saw talks way reduce tension region furthering economic cooperation obtaining humanitarian improvements populations communist bloc.the recommendations talks form blue book gave practical foundations threestage conference called helsinki process.csce opened helsinki july states sending representat...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
opened holy sees diplomat cardinal agostino casaroli chairman conference.the concepts improving relations implementing act developed series followup meetings major gatherings belgrade october – march madrid november – september vienna november – january .the fall soviet union required change role csce.charter paris new...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
first time us presidential election subject osce monitoring although organization previously monitored statelevel american elections florida california .assessment took place backdrop controversial recount effort us presidential election came largely initiative democratic members united states house representatives.gro...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
participating states bilateral priorities participating states partners cooperation legal status unique aspect osce nonbinding status constitutive charter.rather formal treaty ratified national legislatures helsinki final act represents political commitment heads government signatories build security cooperation europe...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
unlike international intergovernmental organizations however osce international legal personality account lack legal effect charter.result headquarters host austria confer legal personality organization order able sign legal agreement regarding presence vienna.structure institutions political direction organization giv...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
highlevel decisionmaking body organization ministerial council meets end every year.ambassadorial level permanent council convenes weekly vienna serves regular negotiating decisionmaking body.chairperson permanent council ambassador organization participating state holds chairmanship.addition ministerial council perman...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
organization also offices copenhagen geneva hague prague warsaw.as march osce employed staff including secretariat institutions field operations.the parliamentary assembly organization security cooperation europe made parliamentarians member states.parliamentary assembly performs functions mainly via standing committee...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
based warsaw poland active throughout osce area fields election observation democratic development human rights tolerance nondiscrimination rule law roma sinti issues.odihr observed elections referendums since sending observers.operated outside area twice sending team offered technical support october presidential elec...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
current representative teresa ribeiro portugal.high commissioner national minorities created july helsinki summit meeting conference security cooperation europe.charged identifying seeking early resolution ethnic tension might endanger peace stability friendly relations participating states.current representative kaira...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
aim osce academy promote regional cooperation conflict prevention good governance central asia offering postgraduate education professional training intellectual exchange.list court conciliation arbitrationhigh commissioner national minoritiesminsk groupoffice democratic institutions human rightsparliamentary assemblyr...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
secretary general chairpersoninoffice osces senior official daytoday basis secretary general osces chief administrative officer requested chairmanship serve representative chairpersoninoffice.since establishment office secretary generals wilhelm höynck – giancarlo aragona – ján kubiš – marc perrin de brichambaut – lamb...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
three dimensions politicomilitary dimension first dimension osce takes comprehensive approach politicomilitary dimension security includes number commitments participating states mechanisms conflict prevention resolution.organization also seeks enhance military security promoting greater openness transparency cooperati...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
open skies consultative commission implementing body treaty open skies meets monthly vienna headquarters.border managementthe actions taken osce border monitoring range conflict prevention postconflict management capacity building institutional support.combating terrorismwith expertise conflict prevention crisis manage...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
economic environmental dimension second dimension activities economic environmental dimension include monitoring developments related economic environmental security osce participating states aim alerting threat conflict assisting states creation economic environmental policies legislation institutions promote security...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
office held eva biaudet former finnish minister health social services.biaudet currently serves finnish ombudsman minorities.predecessor former austrian minister helga konrad served first osce special representative combating trafficking human beings.the activities around combating trafficking human beings osce region ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
may large part due fears longterm stability countries quasidictatorships.gender equalitythe equality men women integral part sustainable democracy.osce aims provide equal opportunities men women integrate gender equality policies practices.human rightsthe osces human rights activities focus priorities freedom movement ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
criticism following unprecedented period activity first decade st century osce faced accusations cis states primarily russia tool western states advance interests.instance events ukraine orange revolution led allegations russia osce involvement behalf prowestern viktor yushchenko president ukraine .munich conference se...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
organizations formally independent purposefully financed therefore control.russia allies advancing concept comprehensive osce reform would make secretariat institutions field presences centralized accountable collective consensusbased bodies focus work organization topical security issues human trafficking terrorism no...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
osce parliamentary assembly osce parliamentary assembly sent election observers u.s. presidential elections.osce parliamentary assemblys president time democratic congressman alcee hastings.hastings previously impeached corruption u.s. congress.osce faced criticism partisanship double standards due hastingss past fact ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
according rules osce parliamentary assembly incumbent general secretary replaced full consensus minus one.pabriks called rules quite shocking perspective organization thats monitoring elections.texas controversy u.s. presidential elections november osce announced intention send electoral observers texas u.s. states.pro...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
event incidents osce texas authorities recorded elections.war donbas march osce deployed special monitoring mission ukraine request ukraines government.mission received mixed reviews.observers applauded function eyes ears international community others accused mission bias towards either russia ukraine.on april girkin ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
organization issued statement regretting incident.moreover osce observer mission russian checkpoints gukovo donetsk organizationally separate special monitoring mission also received criticism alleging two checkpoints russian–ukrainian border currently monitored daniel baer us ambassador osce time described seriously i...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
organization also accused allegedly revealing locations ukrainian troops russian forces conflict.on december ukrainian media reported osce observer injured ukrainian counterartillery fire observing militants firing ukrainian forces.osce team accused located next two prorussian mortarteams.report stated osce team radio ...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
furthermore report states smm team jccc constant contact smm team staromikhailivka.mention wounded observer made.on october suspended osce monitor confirmed former employee russias main intelligence directorate.suspended smm stated trouble receiving position neither osce ukraines security service thoroughly checked bac...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
wedding taken place june .osce expressed regret incident issuing statement saying unprofessional behaviour displayed monitors picture individual incident abused cast shadow reputation mission members.osce reported monitors longer osce special monitoring mission.in april osce vehicle struck mine killed one smm member in...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
insider information consisted observers preferences alcohol women financial situation contacts ukraine.osce issued statement expressing concern alleged security breach.russia accused members mission working ukrainian sbu spying prorussian separatists.furthermore russia accused mission bias reported troop movements sepa...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
turkey april turkish president recep tayyip erdoğan criticized osce reporting opposition campaigners turkish constitutional referendum faced bans police interventions arrests.erdoğan said organization security cooperation europe says result yes means lot problems.first know place.duty.reaction protests kazakhstan russi...
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
time also noted closely osce follows events countries..said osce helping journalists attacked kazakhstan mentioned attack office kazakh branch mir tv radio company almaty involved perpetrators.sergey lavrov interview condemned way west including osce reacted events kazakhstan terrible shameful.see also references exter...
General Intelligence and Security Service
provides detailed outline osce additional modules major area involved in.website freely available tests given submitted applications.official osce account twittersummer academy osce archived april wayback machinethe short film conference security cooperation europe available free download internet archive.postage stamp...
General Intelligence and Security Service
reason rebranded algemene inlichtingen en veiligheidsdienst aivd may .mission aivd focuses mostly domestic nonmilitary threats dutch national security whereas military intelligence security service mivd focuses international threats specifically military governmentsponsored threats espionage.aivd charged collecting int...
General Intelligence and Security Service
published version contains redactions information deemed sensitive.the aivd forced courts publish records held private citizen may keep secret information relevant current cases.information less five years old provided circumstance private citizens records.activities main activities includemonitoring specific people gr...
General Intelligence and Security Service
however former prime minister netherlands ruud lubbers claimed done foreign request.not enough focus intelligence islamist groups particularly following september attacks murder theo van gogh mohammed bouyeri member hofstad network islamist terrorismnot enough focus intelligence political violence environmental groups ...
BLUF (communication)
cozy bear january dutch newspaper de volkskrant tv program nieuwsuur reported general intelligence security service aivd successfully infiltrated computers cozy bear observed hacking head office democratic national committee subsequently white house first alert national security agency nsa cyberintrusion.popular cultur...
BLUF (communication)
purpose bluf used effective communication.helps manage readers load readers priority get text copy quickly efficiently.way reader grasp main idea whole thought writeup fast.bluf approach help writers better organize thoughts starting big idea want convey.writers nothing wrong announcing bluf convention article draft fo...
BLUF (communication)
might give author sense clarity essay’s purpose stated early written keep writer task.bluf communications place main point message beginning follow context.addition used enforce speed clarity delivering reports emails.followed essential background information summarizes enumerates considerations events prior decisions ...
BLUF (communication)
also produces effective concise communication guarantees critical information get overlooked.bluf techniques help people communicate quickly effectively.studies show organizations effective communications produced greater return shareholders five years.moreover bluf enables receiver message decide much faster.people bu...
BLUF (communication)
origin phrase bottom line front comes page long document entitled army regulation information management records management preparing managing correspondence.one standards army writing correspondences includes use bluf cited following textarmy writing concise organized point.two essential requirements include putting m...
BLUF (communication)
time needed interim response reply sent indicating expect final one.mattis guidance includes following two directions answer question asked.address issue raised.avoid question answer different question.cant answer question address issue state why.
BLUF (communication)
give members congress bottom line front direct point using clear concise straightforward language.use militarythe various support units military also use bluf convey study findings shown following abstract medical journalbottom line front perspective essay ens ofir nevo dr laura lambert briefly discuss concept outward ...
BLUF (communication)
experiences demonstrate outward mindset principles valuable tool empowering students physicians perspective invites new solutions challenges life work.similarly military lawyers use bluf summarize key points reports bottom line front two states identical national laws even understanding application laws international h...
BLUF (communication)
lt col robert spaldings article americas two air forces summer deeply flawed premise argument.meaningful analysis aircraft requirements demands sound methodology critical assessments minimize internal biases.unfortunately author falls far short counts.describes requirement bifurcated us air force equipped meet demands ...
BLUF (communication)
address assertion air force focus peercompetitor force structure.effective writingamong many common sense rules nowrescinded da pamphlet mandated structuring written staff products main point bottom line beginning.pamphlet said army writers give bottom line front bluf greatest weakness ineffective writing doesnt quickl...
BLUF (communication)
bluf keep idea short central idea highlighted.per william bluf new concept.lies heart aristotle’s concepts rhetoric time army began emphasizing institution developed really bad practices writing.current army standards writing program traced lieutenant colonel william a. mcintosh led members english faculty west point d...
BLUF (communication)
principles espoused aew lessons time incorporated writing instruction army’s service schools bluf became fixture army’s ideas good writing army regulations manuals document army standards.bluf writing writing document business academic purposes bluf helps writing message argumentation features prominently main what.sta...
BLUF (communication)
intention place bottom line onset done executives tend focus problem solving.may applied directly format résumé prevent long wordy.certain technical writing bluf may considered desirable.also advocated scholarly articles.bluf gives brevity communication.
BLUF (communication)
conciseness communication comes placing start conclusion summarized vital information actions.in journalistic writing bluf resembles inverted pyramid structure latter also aims serve readers well arranging story elements descending order importance.like inverted pyramid structure story’s conclusion already contained le...
BLUF (communication)
kind writing requires precision direct point statement would enforce fast clear communications.subject lines use keywords caps note email’s purpose info informational purposes request seeks permission approval recipient action recipient must take action.following example example bluf message air force handbook bluf eff...
BLUF (communication)
intelligence analysts often start assessment bottom line front.analytic reports often drafted busy policymakers possessing limited time consumption information therefore prefer main points judgements plainly presented beginning.example cia reports estimate ’s bottomlineupfront judgment assessed soviet intentions latin ...
BLUF (communication)
endemic poverty corruption powerful political opposition factionalism manila’s weakness resources capacity inflexibility outcome hamper sides.importance bluf intelligence community may summarized followsthese busy men women rely clear concise accurate intelligence reporting make daily decisions affect u.s. national sec...
BLUF (communication)
bottom line front bluf emails short basically answers ws economical short enough understand covey details.using active voice highly mandates rather using passive voice.recommended bluf used writing policy papers memos.policymakers short attention spans given much work do.may appreciate lengthy prose verbosity.
BLUF (communication)
want essential information get bogged details.in writing policy papers memos military professionals intelligence analysts policy analysts like need include secondorder thirdorder effect bluf.inclusion upfront result direct result action change entice busy policymakers read whole memo set aside read later.illustrate tit...
BLUF (communication)
however due financial constraints football sport makes money womens sport equivalent number players.hence school wants football team also five womens sports teams adding another mens sport.secondorder effect schools economically forced drop less common mens sports teams.thirdorder effect may sport loses popularity time...
BLUF (communication)
conversation conversation bluf model used keep conversation answers questions concise focused immediate topic order help person state main point interview.bluf approach helps toplevel managers senior military officials decisionmaking especially severe time constraints faced numerous issues given timeframe communication...
BLUF (communication)
report progress.boss workers counterparts divisions want need hear detailed chronology events led point.fact boss colleagues want straight point.follow premises led bluf conclusion.support bottom line.
BLUF (communication)
clear upfront want audience do.digital communication digital communication follow different set norms direct mail emails requires brevity clarity message contents bluf framework applicable.present consumers open messages thru mobile devices hence making us realize optimize writing mobile email consumption.email pattern...
BLUF (communication)
body message quickly answer five w’s why.first sentences explains purpose reason email continues give supporting details.message conveyed must clear simply information requiring action.help email recipients grasp retain message.thus effective bluf distills important information reader receiver message.the nature bluf w...
BLUF (communication)
try take table database load database getting error.far we’ve tried methods found online nothing seems work.experience type data transfer know anyone else experience converting oracle data sql serveras example reflected sender’s query came end.information kind error even gave several links receiver instead elaborating ...
BLUF (communication)
marino puts “brevity readers doesn’t always translate brevity writer.” persimmon group revealed nearly workday dedicated reading answering email time meeting.also still rising due continuous integration technology business field part processes.pandemic .increase number meetings per person according data national bureau...
BLUF (communication)
less time employees spent time meetings postlock down.bluf military way shorten message also help business industry workers make workload easier.poor communication costing lot money time.bluf save simplifying words messages communication strategies tools used companies.bluf makes even effective communicator.beyond text...
BLUF (communication)
includes making presentation filled facts figures.subject matter requires deep dive hard numbers devilish details way put audience sleep.enliven presentation beginning bluf slide — compelling visual image encapsulates overall thesis.presenting research data marketers instance show timeline companys sales experienced pu...
BLUF (communication)
summarizing paragraph beginning allows decision makers quickly skim intelligence products without sacrificing clarity.materials bluf format—such academic texts—may contain paragraphs several important ideas located beginning middle end readers skim publications may inadvertently miss important information.the bluf appr...
BLUF (communication)
psychological assessment bluf used one program help quickly assess pressing problem facing patient.the bluf method useful part cognitivebehavioral approaches primary care get physician understand everything heshe needs know may beneficial patient.point communicating results format subjects easily understand paramount.m...
BLUF (communication)
building earlier works conoley padula payton daniels using archived footage sessions found patient likely implement recommended treatment following three conditions matched recommendation needed match problem difficult follow emphasis added build patients strengths.clearly patients counseled tend follow treatment plan ...
BLUF (communication)
given popularity online marketing it’s imperative businesses use seo strategies.good ranking websites search engine websites guarantee high conversion rates.seo writing integral part online marketing.differs forms writing since contains keywords help ranking website.keywords appear naturally article.seo writing also st...
BLUF (communication)
people view website there’s excellent chance conversion rate increase.bluf model relevant seo writing since tells readers want know right away.primary goal seo writing rank higher search engines primary targets still human readers.need grasp information immediately.instance it’s parenting article conclusion may present...
BLUF (communication)
bluf model readers feel need read end.it’s beneficial seo writing since goal make readers go information end eventually heed calls action ctas.also use creative calls action ctas point users toward next step partnering business.bluf writing seo doesn’t mean conclusion towards end article.idea write succinct version sta...
BLUF (communication)
data shows poor communication comprises percent medical malpractice claims filed .thirtyseven percent claims serious adverse events debilitating conditions e.g.extended hospital stay loss arms limbs psychological trauma death kern .errors result miscommunications among members medical team coordinating treatment plan p...
BLUF (communication)
thus need practice effective communication significantly avert incidences medical errors malpractice therefore contribute best health outcomes.one practice common many healthcare setting socalled “handoff” procedure.“handoffs” “handovers” i.e.change shift report critical information patient care transferred outgoing in...