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Political communication | fields areas study field political communication focused main areaselection campaigns political communications involved campaigning elections.government operations role usually fulfilled ministry communications information technology similar political entity.entity charge maintaining communication legislation would res... |
Political communication | digital age evidence across world showcased increasing importance social media electoral politics.taking australia example australians access internet voting age population around voting population access internet use social media means australian voters use social media.yellow™ social media report found among internet... |
Risk communication | informal nature lead informational mistakes subjected factchecking processes institutional journalism.social media creates greater opportunity political persuasion due high number citizens regularly engage build followings social media.person engages social media influential believe resulting people considering politic... |
Risk communication | world health organization advocated approach early recommendations public health mitigation covid pandemic.challenges problems risk communicators involve reach intended audience make risk comprehensible relatable risks pay appropriate respect audiences values related risk predict audiences response communication etc.ma... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | referencesone example mitm attack active eavesdropping attacker makes independent connections victims relays messages make believe talking directly private connection fact entire conversation controlled attacker.attacker must able intercept relevant messages passing two victims inject new ones.straightforward many circ... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | example tls authenticate one parties using mutually trusted certificate authority.example suppose alice wishes communicate bob.meanwhile mallory wishes intercept conversation eavesdrop optionally deliver false message bob.first alice asks bob public key.bob sends public key alice mallory able intercept mitm attack begi... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | mallory intercepts deciphers message using private key possibly alters wants reenciphers using public key intercepted bob originally tried send alice.bob receives newly enciphered message believes came alice.alice sends message bob intercepted malloryalice hi bob alice.give key.→ mallory bobmallory relays message bob b... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | → bobbob responds encryption keyalice mallory ← bobs key bobmallory replaces bobs key relays alice claiming bobs keyalice ← mallorys key mallory bobalice encrypts message believes bobs key thinking bob read italice meet bus stop encrypted mallorys key → mallory bobhowever actually encrypted mallorys key mallory decrypt... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | tamper detection merely shows evidence message may altered.authentication cryptographic systems secure mitm attacks provide method authentication messages.require exchange information public keys addition message secure channel.protocols often using keyagreement protocols developed different security requirements secur... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | original key authenticate ca subject mitm attack certificates issued ca may used authenticate messages sent owner certificate.use mutual authentication server client validate others communication covers ends mitm attack.server clients identity verified deemed invalid session end.however default behavior connections aut... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | corporate security policies might contemplate addition custom certificates workstations web browsers order able inspect encrypted traffic.consequence green padlock indicate client successfully authenticated remote server corporate serverproxy used ssltls inspection.http public key pinning hpkp sometimes called certific... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | example say two parties normally take certain amount time perform particular transaction.one transaction however take abnormal length time reach party could indicative third partys interference inserting additional latency transaction.quantum cryptography theory provides tamperevidence transactions nocloning theorem.pr... |
Man-in-the-middle attack | important evidence analyze performing network forensics suspected attack includesip address serverdns name serverx.certificate serverwhether certificate self signedwhether certificate signed trusted certificate authoritywhether certificate revokedwhether certificate changed recentlywhether clients elsewhere internet re... |
OMA LWM2M | subsequently fraudulent certificates used perform mitm attacks.in nokias xpress browser revealed decrypting https traffic nokias proxy servers giving company clear text access customers encrypted browser traffic.nokia responded saying content stored permanently company organizational technical measures prevent access p... |
OMA LWM2M | versions ipso alliance merged open mobile alliance oma form omaspecworks.omaspecworks responsible maintenance development lwmm.far following versions lwmm created oma lwmm .lightweight mm .published february . |
OMA LWM2M | introduced following features initial releasesimple object based resource modeloperations creationretrievalupdatedeletionconfiguration resourcesresource observationnotificationtlvjsonplain textopaque data formatsudp sms transportdtls based securityqueue mode e.g.sleeping devicesmultiple lwmm server supportcore lwmm obj... |
OMA LWM2M | lightweight mm .published november .introduces following additional featuresnew transports lwmm allows lwmm messaging conveyed mqtt httpoptimizations bootstrapping interface reduces amount data number messages transmitted bootstrapping exchangeoptimizations registration interface reduces amount data transmitted registr... |
Security association | maximum historical queue allows control timeseries data usage.updates use latest communication security protocols based tls dtls .well use connection id related configurationnew object gnr related device configuration see also constrained application protocolopen mobile allianceipso alliance references external links s... |
Security association | subscriber may subscribe one service.therefore service may different service primitives data encryption algorithm public key initialization vector.make things easier security information grouped logically logical group security association.sa id called said.base station mobile subscriber share said derive security para... |
Bangladesh University of Professionals | words sa logical group security parameters enable sharing information another entity.see also ipsecvirtual private network vpn notes references internet key exchange ikev protocol rfcfirst publicuniversity bangladesh run bangladesh armed forces.established bangladesh university professionals act .history establishment ... |
Bangladesh University of Professionals | declared.although bup military administered institution also public university.anyone study university following admission test.currently almost institutions bangladesh armed forces affiliated bup.regulatory bodies senatesyndicateacademic councilfinance committee programs undergraduate programgraduate programpostgradua... |
Bangladesh University of Professionals | englishbss hons.economicsbss hons.development studiesbss hons.public administrationbss hons.disaster human security managementpost graduate programsmaster social science sociologymaster social science economicsmaster social science development studiesmaster social science public administrationmaster disaster human secu... |
Bangladesh University of Professionals | lawbss hons.international relations irbss hons.mass communication journalismbss hons.peace conflict human rightspost graduate programsmaster laws llm professionalsmaster law llmmaster international relations mirmaster peace conflict human rights studies mpchrs faculty science technology fst undergraduate programsbsc in... |
IEC 62443 | standard divided different sections describes technical processrelated aspects automation control systems cybersecurity.divides cybersecurity topics stakeholder category roles including operator service providers service providers integration maintenance componentsystem manufacturers.different roles follow riskbased ap... |
IEC 62443 | starting international society automation professional automation engineering society ansiaccredited standards development organization sdo established industrial automation control system security standards committee isa.isa committee developed multipart series standards technical reports industrial automation control... |
IEC 62443 | guidelines describe handle information security industrial automation environments also submitted used iec working groups.in iec approved iec family standards horizontal standards.means sector specific standards operational technology developed subject matter experts iec standards must used foundation requirements addr... |
IEC 62443 | november section standard aimed operators automation solutions defines requirements security operation plants considered see isoiec .part patch management iacs environment technical report edition .june part security program requirements iacs service providers technical report edition .august part defines requirements ... |
IEC 62443 | june part system security requirements security levels international standard edition .august technical requirements systems security levels described part.part secure product development lifecycle requirements international standard edition .january section iec defines secure product development process look like.divi... |
IEC 62443 | like requirements systems section requirements divided subject areas refer them.addition technical requirements common component security constraints ccsc defined must met components compliant iec ccsc describes components must take account general security characteristics system used.ccsc specifies technical requireme... |
IEC 62443 | maturity level based cmmi iec describes different maturity levels processes socalled maturity levels.fulfill certain level maturity level processrelated requirements must always practiced product development integration i.e.selection individual criteria cherry picking standardcompliant.the maturity levels described fol... |
IEC 62443 | processes practiced evidence done.maturity level improving product suppliers use appropriate process metrics monitor effectiveness performance process demonstrate continuous improvement areas.security level technical requirements systems iec products iec evaluated standard four socalled security levels sl.different lev... |
IEC 62443 | defense depth defense depth concept several levels security defense distributed throughout system.goal provide redundancy case security measure fails vulnerability exploited.zones conduits zones divide system homogeneous zones grouping logical physical assets common security requirements.security requirements defined s... |
IEC 62443 | information moves within zones.zones divided subzones define different security levels security level thus enable defenseindepth.conduits group elements allow communication two zones.provide security functions enable secure communication allow coexistence zones different security levels.certification standards processe... |
IEC 62443 | accrediting according isoiec series standards companies share single consistent set certification requirements iec certifications elevates usefulness resulting certificates conformance.accredited certification schemes iec certification schemes established several global testing inspection certification tic companies.sc... |
IEC 62443 | abs members iaf work management systems products services personnel accreditation ilac laboratory accreditation.multilateral recognition arrangement mla abs ensure global recognition accredited cbs.tic companies accredited ab provide inspection according isoiec testing laboratories according isoiec certification produc... |
IEC 62443 | field product certification procedure used reduce complexity approval procedure manufacturers products tested certified according harmonized standards.product tested cbtl certified testing laboratory according harmonized standard iec use cb report basis later national certification approval gs pse ccc nom gostr bsmi.is... |
Encryption | certification offered phased iec standard formally approved published .see also cybersecurity standardsfunctional safetyinternational electrotechnical commission references external links iec websiteiecee websiteprocess converts original representation information known plaintext alternative form known ciphertext.ideal... |
Encryption | authorized recipient easily decrypt message key provided originator recipients unauthorized users.historically various forms encryption used aid cryptography.early encryption techniques often used military messaging.since new techniques emerged become commonplace areas modern computing.modern encryption schemes use con... |
Encryption | modern encryption techniques ensure security modern computers inefficient cracking encryption.history ancient one earliest forms encryption symbol replacement first found tomb khnumhotep ii lived bc egypt.symbol replacement encryption “nonstandard” means symbols require cipher key understand.type early encryption used ... |
Encryption | message encoded type encryption could decoded fixed number caesar cipher.around ad arab mathematician alkindi developed technique frequency analysis – attempt systematically crack caesar ciphers.technique looked frequency letters encrypted message determine appropriate shift.technique rendered ineffective creation poly... |
Encryption | cipher known today wheel cipher jefferson disk although never actually built theorized spool could jumble english message characters.message could decrypted plugging jumbled message receiver identical cipher.a similar device jefferson disk developed independently us army major joseph mauborne.device used u.s. military ... |
Encryption | allies used computing power severely limit number reasonable combinations needed check every day leading breaking enigma machine.modern today encryption used transfer communication internet security commerce.computing power continues increase computer encryption constantly evolving prevent attacks.encryption cryptograp... |
Encryption | process encrypting decrypting messages involves keys.two main types keys cryptographic systems symmetrickey publickey also known asymmetrickey.many complex cryptographic algorithms often use simple modular arithmetic implementations.types symmetric key symmetrickey schemes encryption decryption keys same.communicating ... |
Encryption | public key publickey encryption schemes encryption key published anyone use encrypt messages.however receiving party access decryption key enables messages read.publickey encryption first described secret document beforehand encryption schemes symmetrickey also called privatekey.although published subsequently work dif... |
Encryption | created still used today applications involving digital signatures.using number theory rsa algorithm selects two prime numbers help generate encryption decryption keys.a publicly available publickey encryption application called pretty good privacy pgp written phil zimmermann distributed free charge source code.pgp pur... |
Encryption | example computer security institute reported companies surveyed utilized encryption data transit utilized encryption data storage.encryption used protect data rest information stored computers storage devices e.g.usb flash drives.recent years numerous reports confidential data customers personal records exposed loss th... |
Encryption | internet ecommerce mobile telephones wireless microphones wireless intercom systems bluetooth devices bank automatic teller machines.numerous reports data transit intercepted recent years.data also encrypted transmitted across networks order protect eavesdropping network traffic unauthorized users.data erasure conventi... |
Encryption | method called cryptoshredding.example implementation method found ios devices cryptographic key kept dedicated effaceable storage.key stored device setup offer full privacy security protection unauthorized person gains physical access device.limitations encryption used st century protect digital data information system... |
Encryption | however advancement technology also exposed potential limitation todays encryption methods.the length encryption key indicator strength encryption method.example original encryption key des data encryption standard bits meaning combination possibilities.todays computing power bit key longer secure vulnerable hacking br... |
Encryption | however quantum computing threatening change secure nature.quantum computing utilizes properties quantum mechanics order process large amounts data simultaneously.quantum computing found achieve computing speeds thousands times faster todays supercomputers.computing power presents challenge todays encryption technology... |
Encryption | would take supercomputer anywhere weeks months factor key.however quantum computing use quantum algorithms factor semiprime number amount time takes normal computers generate it.would make data protected current publickey encryption vulnerable quantum computing attacks.encryption techniques like elliptic curve cryptogr... |
Encryption | furthermore quantum computing advancements able utilized favor encryption well.national security agency nsa currently preparing postquantum encryption standards future.quantum encryption promises level security able counter threat quantum computing.attacks countermeasures encryption important tool sufficient alone ensu... |
Encryption | homomorphic encryption secure multiparty computation emerging techniques compute encrypted data techniques general turing complete incur high computational andor communication costs.in response encryption data rest cyberadversaries developed new types attacks.recent threats encryption data rest include cryptographic at... |
Encryption | standards cryptographic software hardware perform encryption widely available successfully using encryption ensure security may challenging problem.single error system design execution allow successful attacks.sometimes adversary obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing encryption.see example traffic ana... |
Encryption | endpoint device configured trust root certificate attacker controls example attacker inspect tamper encrypted data performing maninthemiddle attack anywhere along messages path.common practice tls interception network operators represents controlled institutionally sanctioned form attack countries also attempted employ... |
Constrained Application Protocol | messages may padded randomly deterministically approach different tradeoffs.encrypting padding messages form padded uniform random blobs purbs practice guaranteeing cipher text leaks metadata cleartexts content leaks asymptotically minimal log log displaystyle olog log information via length.see also references rea... |
Constrained Application Protocol | multicast low overhead simplicity important internet things iot machinetomachine mm communication tend deeply embedded much less memory power supply traditional internet devices have.therefore efficiency important.coap run devices support udp udp analogue.the internet engineering task force ietf constrained restful env... |
Constrained Application Protocol | various extensions proposed particularlyrfc observing resources constrained application protocolrfc blockwise transfers constrained application protocol coaprfc coap constrained application protocol tcp tls websocketsrfc extended tokens stateless clients constrained application protocol coap message formats smallest co... |
Constrained Application Protocol | bound udp entire message must fit within single datagram.used lowpan defined rfc messages fit single ieee .. frame minimize fragmentation.coap fixed header version type token length requestresponse code message id.first bytes mandatory coap datagrams.these fields easily extracted bytes c via macros version ver bits ind... |
Constrained Application Protocol | nonconfirmable message expect confirmation message.response acknowledgement message response acknowledge confirmable message reset message indicates received message could process it.token length bits indicates length variablelength token field may bytes length.requestresponse code bits three significant bits form numb... |
Constrained Application Protocol | token optional field whose size indicated token length field whose values generated client.server must echo every token value without modification back client.intended use clientlocal identifier provide extra context certain concurrent transactions.option option delta delta represents exact delta value last option id d... |
Constrained Application Protocol | implementations proxy implementations squid .. transparent httpcoap mapping modulejcoap proxycalifornium cfproxycoapthonfreecoap coap group communication many coap application domains essential ability address several coap resources group instead addressing resource individually e.g.turn coapenabled lights room single ... |
Constrained Application Protocol | security coap defines four security modesnosec dtls disabledpresharedkey dtls enabled list preshared keys key includes list nodes used communicate with.devices must support aes cipher suite.rawpublickey dtls enabled device uses asymmetric key pair without certificate validated band.devices must support aes cipher suite... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | addition dtls rfc defines object security constrained restful environments oscore protocol provides security coap application layer.security issues although protocol standard includes provisions mitigating threat ddos amplification attacks provisions implemented practice resulting presence targets primarily located chi... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | directoratesgeneral presidency directorategeneral presidency dg pres organises plenary sittings followup activities including protocol mail register archives security.internal policies directorategeneral internal policies dg ipol deals assisting work parliaments committees chairmen well coordinating relations cooperati... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | external policies directorategeneral external policies dg expo deals assisting work parliaments delegations committees chairmen well coordinating relations cooperation institutions national parliaments foreign bodies.also forms half cosecretariat acpeu joint parliamentary assembly euromediterranean parliamentary assemb... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | studies produced european parliament published europarl website.european parliamentary research service european parliamentary research service dg eprs european parliaments inhouse research department think tank.mission assist members european parliament parliamentary work providing independent objective authoritative ... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | staff includes spokesperson parliament currently jaume duch guillot press service network public information offices across member states.also manages europarl website.personnel directorategeneral personnel dg pers deals human resources dgs including giving staff access vocational training.infrastructure logistics dire... |
Secretariat of the European Parliament | interpretation conferences directorategeneral logistics interpretation conferences dg linc manages meeting rooms interpretation meetings organised institution.finance directorategeneral finance dg fins deals parliaments budgetary financial affairs.preparing checking budget monitoring subsequent implementation.also resp... |
Strategic communication | security directorategeneral security dg safe works facilitate parliament activities guaranteeing sufficient protection people assets information consists directorate proximity assistance security safety pass directorate b fire first aid prevention directorate c strategy resources.staff august see also directoratesgener... |
Strategic communication | conveys deliberate messages suitable media designated audiences appropriate time contribute achieve desired longterm effect.communication management process creation.bring three factors balance message media channel audience.an alternative view strategic communication offered steve tatham uk defence academy.argues whil... |
Strategic communication | argues proper strategic communication communication singular — abstract noun whilst actual process communicating include target audience analysis evaluation conduits measurements effect etc.— strategic communications plural.in august paper dod principles strategic communication robert t. hastings jr. acting assistant s... |
Strategic communication | therefore strategic communications framework lay aim objectives communicating audienceorganisation.deliberate application specific content help achieve business goal clearly.communication something happen organisation businesses take steps implement sound strategies impacting effectiveness business communications achie... |
Strategic communication | make easier reach traditional communication way suit demand needs.‘these changes mean marketers far challenging competitive environment attempting fulfil customers wants needs simultaneously seeking develop longterm relationships’ mulhern .changes communication help communication goals organisation communication channe... |
Strategic communication | business communicate employees benefit options increased level trust them.application objectives strategic communication provides conceptual umbrella enables organizations integrate disparate messaging efforts.allows create distribute communications different style purpose inner coherence.consistency instances foster e... |
Strategic communication | strategic planning object first thing plan business communicate business formed see strong core is.ensure alignment organizations understanding currently at.approach could used determine current state objective swot strengths weaknesses opportunities threats analysis.using swot analysis strengths weaknesses must realis... |
Strategic communication | analysis help get better understanding business help plan make objectives solid shows strengths weaknesses opportunities threats business facing.helps decide business today future.planning continuous process research analysis task analysis execution assessment.success process requires diligent continual analysis assess... |
Strategic communication | ask questions see customers aim main goal focus needs achieved done wants.‘sustainability calls value chain approach whereby firms need take wider responsibility collaborate range stakeholders ensure unsustainable practices addressed’ scandelius cohen .develop actionable objectives objectives specific end points provid... |
Strategic communication | understanding happening around organisation ensure planning marketing strategy easy vision making sure objectives smart.objectives intended goals business campaigns show achievable.objectives effective using smart goals need specific measurable achievable realistic timesensitive.assignments individuals groups responsib... |
Strategic communication | indicate specific individual group direct preliminary objective assigned to.need develop range possible strategies tactics achieve objectives given them.develop prioritise potential strategies tactics brainstorm list potential strategies achievable objectives given business customers tactics support strategies objectiv... |
Strategic communication | strategies achievable difficult solution available crossed list.shortens list helps round best strategies left used.collectively decide strategies tactics going pursued provide clear objective business.main focus achieve objectives given organisation.metrics timelines responsibilities detail behind strategies tactics n... |
Strategic communication | explain successful measured time frame responsible.ensure everything successfully plan success strategies tactics.planning wisely key part planning help business achieve objective also help communication within group.everyone assigned responsibility strategies tactics met.defense application recently approved nato poli... |
Strategic communication | important underline strategic communication first foremost process supports underpins efforts achieve alliances objectives enabler guides informs decisions organizationin itself.reason strategic communication considerations integrated earliest planning phases communication activities consequence planning mcm.commercial... |
Strategic communication | consequently reorientation cde efforts suggested focussing theme integrated communication better reflects shared baseline assessment broader scope including limited strategic communicationthe ineffective topdown approach communication missionspecific strategicpolitical guidance information activities information strate... |
Strategic communication | archived original pdf january .also mean related function within organization handles internal external communication processes.strategic communication also used political warfare.definition strategic communication strategic communication refers policymaking guidance consistent information activity within organization ... |
Strategic communication | conveys deliberate messages suitable media designated audiences appropriate time contribute achieve desired longterm effect.communication management process creation.bring three factors balance message media channel audience.an alternative view strategic communication offered steve tatham uk defence academy.argues whil... |
Strategic communication | argues proper strategic communication communication singular — abstract noun whilst actual process communicating include target audience analysis evaluation conduits measurements effect etc.— strategic communications plural.in august paper dod principles strategic communication robert t. hastings jr. acting assistant s... |
Strategic communication | therefore strategic communications framework lay aim objectives communicating audienceorganisation.deliberate application specific content help achieve business goal clearly.communication something happen organisation businesses take steps implement sound strategies impacting effectiveness business communications achie... |
Strategic communication | make easier reach traditional communication way suit demand needs.‘these changes mean marketers far challenging competitive environment attempting fulfil customers wants needs simultaneously seeking develop longterm relationships’ mulhern .changes communication help communication goals organisation communication channe... |
Strategic communication | business communicate employees benefit options increased level trust them.application objectives strategic communication provides conceptual umbrella enables organizations integrate disparate messaging efforts.allows create distribute communications different style purpose inner coherence.consistency instances foster e... |
Strategic communication | strategic planning object first thing plan business communicate business formed see strong core is.ensure alignment organizations understanding currently at.approach could used determine current state objective swot strengths weaknesses opportunities threats analysis.using swot analysis strengths weaknesses must realis... |
Strategic communication | analysis help get better understanding business help plan make objectives solid shows strengths weaknesses opportunities threats business facing.helps decide business today future.planning continuous process research analysis task analysis execution assessment.success process requires diligent continual analysis assess... |
Strategic communication | ask questions see customers aim main goal focus needs achieved done wants.‘sustainability calls value chain approach whereby firms need take wider responsibility collaborate range stakeholders ensure unsustainable practices addressed’ scandelius cohen .develop actionable objectives objectives specific end points provid... |
Strategic communication | understanding happening around organisation ensure planning marketing strategy easy vision making sure objectives smart.objectives intended goals business campaigns show achievable.objectives effective using smart goals need specific measurable achievable realistic timesensitive.assignments individuals groups responsib... |
Strategic communication | indicate specific individual group direct preliminary objective assigned to.need develop range possible strategies tactics achieve objectives given them.develop prioritise potential strategies tactics brainstorm list potential strategies achievable objectives given business customers tactics support strategies objectiv... |
Strategic communication | strategies achievable difficult solution available crossed list.shortens list helps round best strategies left used.collectively decide strategies tactics going pursued provide clear objective business.main focus achieve objectives given organisation.metrics timelines responsibilities detail behind strategies tactics n... |
Strategic communication | explain successful measured time frame responsible.ensure everything successfully plan success strategies tactics.planning wisely key part planning help business achieve objective also help communication within group.everyone assigned responsibility strategies tactics met.defense application recently approved nato poli... |
Strategic communication | important underline strategic communication first foremost process supports underpins efforts achieve alliances objectives enabler guides informs decisions organizationin itself.reason strategic communication considerations integrated earliest planning phases communication activities consequence planning mcm.commercial... |
Strategic communication | consequently reorientation cde efforts suggested focussing theme integrated communication better reflects shared baseline assessment broader scope including limited strategic communicationthe ineffective topdown approach communication missionspecific strategicpolitical guidance information activities information strate... |
National Security Agency | archived original pdf january .nsa responsible global monitoring collection processing information data foreign domestic intelligence counterintelligence purposes specializing discipline known signals intelligence sigint.nsa also tasked protection u.s. communications networks information systems.nsa relies variety meas... |
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