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Air gap (networking) | malware remained undetected years relied hidden partitions usb drive visible windows transport channel airgapped computer computer connected internet presumably way share files two systems.nfcdrip name given discovery stealthy data exfiltration nfc nearfield communication radio abuse signal detection .although nfc enab... |
Air gap (networking) | strict update routine followed results outofdate software running network may contain known security vulnerabilities.adversary manages gain access air gapped network instance contacting disgruntled employee using social engineering may able quickly spread within air gapped network using vulnerabilities possibly higher ... |
Mutual authentication | see also air gap malwarefirewall computingnear sound data transferniprnetsiprnetsneakernettempest codenamevan eck phreaking referencesdefault mode authentication protocols ike ssh optional others tls.mutual authentication desired characteristic verification schemes transmit sensitive data order ensure data security.mut... |
Mutual authentication | process steps verification schemes mutual authentication step may use different methods encryption communication verification share one thing common entity involved communication verified.alice wants communicate bob authenticate verify expecting communicate data messages transmitted.mutual authentication process exchan... |
Mutual authentication | either incorrect invalid session aborted.then message unscrambled alices secret key bobs id.alice checks message matches valid user.session aborted.at point parties verified claim safe communicate with.lastly alice bob create shared secret key continue communicating secure manner.to verify mutual authentication occurre... |
Mutual authentication | two parties openly receive messages without verifying sender realize adversary inserted communication line.mutual authentication prevent mitm attacks sender recipient verify sending message keys one parties verified claim session end.replay attacks replay attack similar mitm attack older messages replayed context fool ... |
Mutual authentication | mutual authentication prevent spoofing attacks server authenticate user well verify correct session key allowing communication access.impersonation attacks party authenticates send certificate party knows unscramble verifying trusted source.way adversaries cannot use impersonation attacks correct certificate act party.... |
Mutual authentication | lightweight schemes vs. secured schemes lightweight schemes secure schemes mutually exclusive adding mutual authentication step data transmissions protocols often increase performance runtime computational costs.become issue network systems cannot handle large amounts data constantly update new realtime data e.g.locati... |
Mutual authentication | even edgebased cloud computing faster general cloud computing due closer proximity server user lightweight schemes allow speed managing larger amounts data.one solution keep schemes lightweight mutual authentication process limit number bits used communication.applications solely rely devicetodevice dd communication mu... |
Mutual authentication | applications could simply require users use computergenerated password inconvenient people remember.usermade passwords ability change ones password important making application userfriendly many schemes work accommodate characteristic.researchers note password based protocol mutual authentication important user identit... |
Mutual authentication | multifactor authentication recently schemes higher level authentication password based schemes.passwordbased authentication considered singlefactor authentication schemes beginning implement smart card twofactor biometricbased threefactor authentication schemes.smart cards simpler implement easy authentication still ri... |
Mutual authentication | certificate based schemes system applications mutual authentication often found schemes employed internet things iot physical objects incorporated internet communicate via ip address.authentication schemes applied many types systems involve data transmission.internets presence mechanical systems increases writing effec... |
Mutual authentication | allows faster way keep inventory track objects.however keeping track items system rfid tags transmit data cloud server increases chances security risks digital elements keep track of.three way mutual authentication occur rfid tags tag readers cloud network stores data order keep rfid tag data secure unable manipulated.... |
Mutual authentication | individual readers communicate specific tags mutual authentication runs constant time readers use private key authentication process.many ehealthcare systems remotely monitor patient health data use wireless body area networks wban transmit data radio frequencies.beneficial patients disturbed monitored reduced workload... |
Mutual authentication | telecare medical information systems tmis important way medical patients receive healthcare remotely ensure secured data mutual authentication verification schemes.blockchain one way proposed mutually authenticate user database authenticating main medibchain node keeping patient anonymity.fogcloud computing networking ... |
Mutual authentication | authenticating fog nodes vehicle vehicular handoff becomes safe process car’s system safe hackers.machine machine verification many systems require human user part system also protocols mutually authenticate parties.unmanned aerial vehicle uav systems platform authentication occurs rather user authentication.mutual aut... |
Internet | see also authenticationauthentication protocoltlscomputer securityban logicdigital signaturesecure channelzero trust security model external links two types mutual authentication referencesnetwork networks consists private public academic business government networks local global scope linked broad array electronic wir... |
Internet | newspaper book print publishing adapting website technology reshaped blogging web feeds online news aggregators.internet enabled accelerated new forms personal interactions instant messaging internet forums social networking services.online shopping grown exponentially major retailers small businesses entrepreneurs ena... |
Internet | technical underpinning standardization core protocols activity internet engineering task force ietf nonprofit organization loosely affiliated international participants anyone may associate contributing technical expertise.november internet included usa todays list new seven wonders.terminology word internetted used ea... |
Internet | reflects tendency english capitalize new terms move lowercase become familiar.word sometimes still capitalized distinguish global internet smaller networks though many publications including ap stylebook since recommend lowercase form every case.oxford english dictionary found based study around .billion printed online... |
Internet | history advanced research projects agency arpa united states department defense funded research timesharing computers.research packet switching one fundamental internet technologies started work paul baran early independently donald davies .symposium operating systems principles packet switching proposed npl network in... |
Internet | early years documented film computer networks heralds resource sharing.early international collaborations arpanet rare.connections made norwegian seismic array norsar via satellite station tanum sweden peter kirsteins research group university college london provided gateway british academic networks.arpa projects inte... |
Internet | commercial ptt providers concerned developing x. public data networks.access arpanet expanded national science foundation nsf funded computer science network csnet.internet protocol suite tcpip standardized permitted worldwide proliferation interconnected networks.tcpip network access expanded national science foundati... |
Internet | although network protocols uucp global reach well time marked beginning internet intercontinental network.commercial internet service providers isps emerged united states australia.arpanet decommissioned .steady advances semiconductor technology optical networking created new economic opportunities commercial involveme... |
Internet | march first highspeed .mbits link nsfnet europe installed cornell university cern allowing much robust communications capable satellites.six months later tim bernerslee would begin writing worldwideweb first web browser two years lobbying cern management.christmas bernerslee built tools necessary working web hypertext ... |
Internet | commercial internet exchange founded allowing psinet communicate commercial networks cerfnet alternet.stanford federal credit union first financial institution offer online internet banking services members october .op financial group also cooperative bank became second online bank world first europe.internet fully com... |
Internet | increasing amounts data transmitted higher higher speeds fiber optic networks operating gbits gbits more.internet continues grow driven ever greater amounts online information knowledge commerce entertainment social networking services.late estimated traffic public internet grew percent per year mean annual growth numb... |
Internet | billion .world population.estimated internet carried information flowing twoway telecommunication.figure grown telecommunicated information carried internet.governance internet global network comprises many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. |
Internet | operates without central governing body.technical underpinning standardization core protocols ipv ipv activity internet engineering task force ietf nonprofit organization loosely affiliated international participants anyone may associate contributing technical expertise.maintain interoperability principal name spaces i... |
Internet | globally unified name spaces essential maintaining global reach internet.role icann distinguishes perhaps central coordinating body global internet.regional internet registries rirs established five regions world.african network information center afrinic africa american registry internet numbers arin north america asi... |
Internet | among activities isoc provides administrative home number less formally organized groups involved developing managing internet including ietf internet architecture board iab internet engineering steering group iesg internet research task force irtf internet research steering group irsg.november united nationssponsored ... |
Internet | service tiers internet service providers isps establish worldwide connectivity individual networks various levels scope.endusers access internet needed perform function obtain information represent bottom routing hierarchy.top routing hierarchy tier networks large telecommunication companies exchange traffic directly v... |
Internet | internet exchange points major traffic exchanges physical connections multiple isps.large organizations academic institutions large enterprises governments may perform function isps engaging peering purchasing transit behalf internal networks.research networks tend interconnect large subnetworks geant gloriad internet ... |
Internet | internet access points exist many public places airport halls coffee shops.various terms used public internet kiosk public access terminal web payphone.many hotels also public terminals usually feebased.terminals widely accessed various usages ticket booking bank deposit online payment.wifi provides wireless access int... |
Internet | hotspots providing access include wifi cafes users need bring wireless devices laptop pda.services may free free customers feebased.grassroots efforts led wireless community networks.commercial wifi services cover large areas available many cities new york london vienna toronto san francisco philadelphia chicago pittsb... |
Internet | web browsing devices provide applications google chrome safari firefox wide variety internet software may installed appstores.internet usage mobile tablet devices exceeded desktop worldwide first time october .mobile communication world trends freedom expression media development global report international telecommuni... |
Internet | billion .billion twothirds worlds population half subscriptions located asia pacific.number subscriptions predicted rise .billion users .almost worlds population access g broadband cellular network almost . |
Internet | limits users face accessing information via mobile applications coincide broader process fragmentation internet.fragmentation restricts access media content tends affect poorest users most.zerorating practice internet service providers allowing users free connectivity access specific content applications without cost o... |
Internet | countries region handful plans choose across mobile network operators others colombia offered many prepaid postpaid plans.a study eight countries global south found zerorated data plans exist every country although great range frequency offered actually used each.study looked top three five carriers market share bangla... |
Internet | suite protocols ordered set four conceptional layers scope operation originally documented rfc rfc .top application layer communication described terms objects data structures appropriate application.example web browser operates client–server application model exchanges information hypertext transfer protocol http appl... |
Internet | internet protocol layer code independent type network physically running over.at bottom architecture link layer connects nodes physical link contains protocols require routers traversal links.protocol suite explicitly specify hardware methods transfer bits protocols manage hardware assumes appropriate technology availa... |
Internet | two versions internet protocol exist ipv ipv.ip addresses locating individual computers network internet provides ip addresses.ip addresses used internet infrastructure direct internet packets destinations.consist fixedlength numbers found within packet.ip addresses generally assigned equipment either automatically via... |
Internet | users generally enter domain names e.g.en.wikipedia.org instead ip addresses easier remember converted domain name system dns ip addresses efficient routing purposes.ipv internet protocol version ipv defines ip address bit number.ipv initial version used first generation internet still dominant use.designed address ≈. |
Internet | billion hosts.however explosive growth internet led ipv address exhaustion entered final stage global ipv address allocation pool exhausted.ipv growth internet depletion available ipv addresses new version ip ipv developed mids provides vastly larger addressing capabilities efficient routing internet traffic.ipv uses b... |
Internet | essence establishes parallel version internet directly accessible ipv software.thus translation facilities must exist internetworking nodes must duplicate networking software networks.essentially modern computer operating systems support versions internet protocol.network infrastructure however lagging development.asid... |
Internet | peering agreements technical specifications protocols describe exchange data network.indeed internet defined interconnections routing policies.subnetwork subnetwork subnet logical subdivision ip network.practice dividing network two networks called subnetting.computers belong subnet addressed identical mostsignificant ... |
Internet | rest field identifier specific host network interface.the routing prefix may expressed classless interdomain routing cidr notation written first address network followed slash character ending bitlength prefix.example ... prefix internet protocol version network starting given address bits allocated network prefix rema... |
Internet | example ... subnet mask prefix ....traffic exchanged subnetworks routers routing prefixes source address destination address differ.router serves logical physical boundary subnets.the benefits subnetting existing network vary deployment scenario.address allocation architecture internet using cidr large organizations ne... |
Internet | routing computers routers use routing tables operating system direct ip packets reach node different subnetwork.routing tables maintained manual configuration automatically routing protocols.endnodes typically use default route points toward isp providing transit isp routers use border gateway protocol establish effici... |
Internet | responsibility architectural design internet software systems assumed internet engineering task force ietf.ietf conducts standardsetting work groups open individual various aspects internet architecture.resulting contributions standards published request comments rfc documents ietf web site.principal methods networking... |
Internet | applications services internet carries many applications services prominently world wide web including social media electronic mail mobile applications multiplayer online games internet telephony file sharing streaming media services.most servers provide services today hosted data centers content often accessed highper... |
Internet | documents may also contain combination computer data including graphics sounds text video multimedia interactive content runs user interacting page.clientside software include animations games office applications scientific demonstrations.keyworddriven internet research using search engines like yahoo bing google users... |
Internet | however publishing maintaining large professional web sites attractive diverse uptodate information still difficult expensive proposition.many individuals companies groups use web logs blogs largely used easily updatable online diaries.commercial organizations encourage staff communicate advice areas specialization hop... |
Internet | internet advertising revenues united states surpassed cable television nearly exceeded broadcast television.many common online advertising practices controversial increasingly subject regulation.when web developed typical web page stored completed form web server formatted html complete transmission web browser respons... |
Internet | may may editorial approval security systems built process taking newly entered content making available target visitors.communication email important communications service available via internet.concept sending electronic text messages parties analogous mailing letters memos predates creation internet.pictures documen... |
Internet | name principle internetworking protocol internet protocol lends name voice internet protocol voip.idea began early walkietalkielike voice applications personal computers.voip systems dominate many markets easy use convenient traditional telephone.benefit substantial cost savings traditional telephone calls especially l... |
Internet | voice quality voip often exceeds traditional calls.remaining problems voip include situation emergency services may universally available devices rely local power supply older traditional phones powered local loop typically operate power failure.data transfer file sharing example transferring large amounts data across ... |
Internet | put shared location onto file server instant use colleagues.load bulk downloads many users eased use mirror servers peertopeer networks.cases access file may controlled user authentication transit file internet may obscured encryption money may change hands access file.price paid remote charging funds example credit ca... |
Internet | simple features internet worldwide basis changing production sale distribution anything reduced computer file transmission.includes manner print publications software products news music film video photography graphics arts.turn caused seismic shifts existing industries previously controlled production distribution pro... |
Internet | providers joined range pure internet broadcasters never onair licenses.means internetconnected device computer something specific used access online media much way previously possible television radio receiver.range available types content much wider specialized technical webcasts ondemand popular multimedia services.p... |
Internet | example standard image quality needs mbits link speed sd p hd p quality requires .mbits topoftheline hdx quality needs .mbits p.webcams lowcost extension phenomenon.webcams give fullframerate video picture either usually small updates slowly.internet users watch animals around african waterhole ships panama canal traff... |
Internet | video chat rooms video conferencing also popular many uses found personal webcams without twoway sound.youtube founded february leading website free streaming video two billion users.uses html based web player default stream show video files.registered users may upload unlimited amount video build personal profile.yout... |
Internet | social impact internet enabled new forms social interaction activities social associations.phenomenon given rise scholarly study sociology internet.users number internet users globally rose million .billion.percent worlds population access computers billion google searches every day million internet users reading blogs... |
Internet | worlds internet users surpassed billion .percent world population twothirds users came richest countries .percent europe countries population using internet followed .percent americas.however asia alone accounted internet users . |
Internet | billion .billion internet users world coming region.number chinas internet users surpassed major milestone countrys internet regulatory authority china internet network information centre announced china million internet users.china worlds leading country terms internet users million users followed closely india millio... |
Internet | penetration rate compared indias united statess .estimated .billion people use internet half worlds population.the prevalent language communication via internet always english.may result origin internet well languages role lingua franca world language.early computer systems limited characters american standard code inf... |
Internet | region worlds internet users based asia europe north america latin america caribbean taken together africa middle east australiaoceania.internets technologies developed enough recent years especially use unicode good facilities available development communication worlds widely used languages.however glitches mojibake i... |
Internet | men women equally likely use internet shopping banking.more recent studies indicate women significantly outnumbered men social networking services facebook myspace although ratios varied age.addition women watched streaming content whereas men downloaded more.terms blogs men likely blog first place among blog men likel... |
Internet | mobile phones datacards handheld game consoles cellular routers allow users connect internet wirelessly.within limitations imposed small screens limited facilities pocketsized devices services internet including email web may available.service providers may restrict services offered mobile data charges may significantl... |
Internet | internet general world wide web particular important enablers formal informal education.internet allows universities particular researchers social behavioral sciences conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories profound changes reach generalizability findings well communication scientists publication results.the... |
Internet | messages exchanged even quickly conveniently via email.systems may allow files exchanged drawings images shared voice video contact team members.content management systems allow collaborating teams work shared sets documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying others work.business project teams share calenda... |
Internet | access may computer security i.e.authentication encryption technologies depending requirements.encouraging new ways working home collaboration information sharing many industries.accountant sitting home audit books company based another country server situated third country remotely maintained specialists fourth.accoun... |
Internet | things possible widespread use internet cost private leased lines would made many infeasible practice.office worker away desk perhaps side world business trip holiday access emails access data using cloud computing open remote desktop session office pc using secure virtual private network vpn connection internet.give w... |
Internet | people use chat messaging email make stay touch friends worldwide sometimes way previously pen pals.social networking services facebook created new ways socialize interact.users sites able add wide variety information pages pursue common interests connect others.also possible find existing acquaintances allow communica... |
Internet | youtube flickr specialize users videos photographs.social networking services also widely used businesses organizations promote brands market customers encourage posts go viral.black hat social media techniques also employed organizations spam accounts astroturfing.a risk individuals organizations writing posts especia... |
Internet | online disinhibition effect describes tendency many individuals behave stridently offensively online would person.significant number feminist women target various forms harassment response posts made social media twitter particular criticised past enough aid victims online abuse.for organizations backlash cause overall... |
Internet | however interpretation rule relation public twitter posts less clear case likeminded people online many ways use direct others attention public social media posts disagree with.children also face dangers online cyberbullying approaches sexual predators sometimes pose children themselves.children may also encounter mate... |
Internet | however policies typically trivial circumvent registering account false birth date significant number children aged join sites anyway.social networking services younger children claim provide better levels protection children also exist.the internet major outlet leisure activity since inception entertaining social expe... |
Internet | form recreation creates communities people ages origins enjoy fastpaced world multiplayer games.range mmorpg firstperson shooters roleplaying video games online gambling.online gaming around since modern modes online gaming began subscription services gamespy mplayer.nonsubscribers limited certain types game play certa... |
Internet | free feebased services exist activities using centralized servers distributed peertopeer technologies.sources exercise care respect original artists copyrights others.internet usage correlated users loneliness.lonely people tend use internet outlet feelings share stories others lonely anyone speak thread.a book claimed... |
Internet | overseas supporters provide funding support domestic practitioners distribute tracts participate acts resistance share information internal situation outsiders.collectively members practitioners sects construct viable virtual communities faith exchanging personal testimonies engaging collective study via email online c... |
Internet | electronic business electronic business ebusiness encompasses business processes spanning entire value chain purchasing supply chain management marketing sales customer service business relationship.ecommerce seeks add revenue streams using internet build enhance relationships clients partners.according international d... |
Internet | global sales.while much written economic advantages internetenabled commerce also evidence aspects internet maps locationaware services may serve reinforce economic inequality digital divide.electronic commerce may responsible consolidation decline momandpop brick mortar businesses resulting increases income inequality... |
Internet | billion valuation avis rent car hertz corporation combined together employed almost people.telecommuting telecommuting performance within traditional worker employer relationship facilitated tools groupware virtual private networks conference calling videoconferencing voip work may performed location conveniently worke... |
Internet | settings found useful collaboration grant writing strategic planning departmental documentation committee work.united states patent trademark office uses wiki allow public collaborate finding prior art relevant examination pending patent applications.queens new york used wiki allow citizens collaborate design planning ... |
Internet | presidential campaign howard dean united states notable success soliciting donation via internet.many political groups use internet achieve new method organizing carrying mission given rise internet activism notably practiced rebels arab spring.new york times suggested social media websites facebook twitter helped peop... |
Internet | websites donorschoose globalgiving allow smallscale donors direct funds individual projects choice.popular twist internetbased philanthropy use peertopeer lending charitable purposes.kiva pioneered concept offering first webbased service publish individual loan profiles funding.kiva raises funds local intermediary micr... |
Internet | kiva falls short pure peertopeer charity loans disbursed funded lenders borrowers communicate lenders themselves.security internet resources hardware software components target criminal malicious attempts gain unauthorized control cause interruptions commit fraud engage blackmail access private information.malware malw... |
Internet | defense theorists also speculated possibilities hackers using cyber warfare using similar methods large scale.surveillance vast majority computer surveillance involves monitoring data traffic internet.united states example communications assistance law enforcement act phone calls broadband internet traffic emails web t... |
Internet | computers communicate internet breaking messages emails images videos web pages files etc.small chunks called packets routed network computers reach destination assembled back complete message again.packet capture appliance intercepts packets traveling network order examine contents using programs.packet capture inform... |
Internet | programs needed perform traffic analysis sift intercepted data looking importantuseful information.communications assistance law enforcement act u.s. telecommunications providers required install packet sniffing technology allow federal law enforcement intelligence agencies intercept customers broadband internet voip t... |
Internet | censorship governments burma iran north korea mainland china saudi arabia united arab emirates restrict access content internet within territories especially political religious content domain name keyword filters.in norway denmark finland sweden major internet service providers voluntarily agreed restrict access sites... |
Internet | exhibits emergent phenomena depend largescale organization.traffic volume volume internet traffic difficult measure single point measurement exists multitiered nonhierarchical topology.traffic data may estimated aggregate volume peering points tier network providers traffic stays local large provider networks may accou... |
Internet | lessdeveloped countries vulnerable due small number highcapacity links.land cables also vulnerable woman digging scrap metal severed connectivity nation armenia.internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries achieved governments form internet censorship blockage internet egypt whereby approximately networks witho... |
Internet | researchers attributed discrepancies mainly year reference i.e.whether efficiency gains time taken account whether end devices personal computers servers included analysis.in academic researchers estimated overall energy used internet gw less two percent energy used humanity.estimate included energy needed build operat... |
Internet | see also notes references sources article incorporates text free content work.text taken world trends freedom expression media development global report unesco.learn add open license text wikipedia articles please see howto page.information reusing text wikipedia please see terms use.reading first monday peerreviewed j... |
Internet | –.abram cleo january .internet work.youtube.vox media.archived original october . |
Internet | retrieved august .castells manuel .rise network society.wiley.isbn .external links internet societyliving internet internet history related information including information many creators internet |
Matrix (protocol) | aims make realtime communication work seamlessly different service providers way standard simple mail transfer protocol email currently storeandforward email service allowing users accounts one communications service provider communicate users different service provider via online chat voice ip videotelephony.therefore... |
Matrix (protocol) | amdocs funded development work october .matrix winner innovation award webrtc conference expo best show award webrtc world .protocol received praise mixed cautionary notes launched .reviewers noted attempts defining open instant messaging multimedia signalling protocol type difficulties becoming widely adopted—e.g.xmpp... |
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