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Glossary of computer science | contrasts uploading data sent remote server.download file offered downloading downloaded process receiving file.e edge devicea device provides entry point enterprise service provider core networks.examples include routers routing switches integrated access devices iads multiplexers variety metropolitan area network man... |
Glossary of computer science | edge device connects local area network high speed switch backbone atm switch may called edge concentrator.encryptionin cryptography encryption process encoding information.process converts original representation information known plaintext alternative form known ciphertext.ideally authorized parties decipher cipherte... |
Glossary of computer science | possible decrypt message without possessing key welldesigned encryption scheme considerable computational resources skills required.authorized recipient easily decrypt message key provided originator recipients unauthorized users.historically various forms encryption used aid cryptography.early encryption techniques of... |
Glossary of computer science | modern encryption schemes utilize concepts publickey symmetrickey.modern encryption techniques ensure security modern computers inefficient cracking encryption.eventan action occurrence recognized software often originating asynchronously external environment may handled software.event entity encapsulates action contex... |
Glossary of computer science | also true programming device drivers e.g.p usb device driver stacks.evolutionary computinga family algorithms global optimization inspired biological evolution subfield artificial intelligence soft computing studying algorithms.technical terms family populationbased trialanderror problemsolvers metaheuristic stochastic... |
Glossary of computer science | exception handlingthe process responding occurrence computation exceptions – anomalous exceptional conditions requiring special processing – often disrupting normal flow program execution.provided specialized programming language constructs computer hardware mechanisms like interrupts operating system ipc facilities li... |
Glossary of computer science | relational databases arrange data sets database records called rows.record consists several fields fields records form columns.examples fields name gender hair colour.filename extensionan identifier specified suffix name computer file.extension indicates characteristic file contents intended use.filter softwarea comput... |
Glossary of computer science | reason floatingpoint computation often found systems include small large real numbers require fast processing times.number general represented approximately fixed number significant digits significand scaled using exponent fixed base base scaling normally two ten sixteen.number represented exactly following form signif... |
Glossary of computer science | loopalso forloop.control flow statement specifying iteration allows code executed repeatedly.various keywords used specify statement descendants algol use descendants fortran use do.also possibilities e.g.cobol uses perform varying.formal methodsa set mathematically based techniques specification development verificati... |
Glossary of computer science | use formal methods software hardware design motivated expectation engineering disciplines performing appropriate mathematical analysis contribute reliability robustness design.formal verificationthe act proving disproving correctness intended algorithms underlying system respect certain formal specification property us... |
Glossary of computer science | today game theory applies wide range behavioral relations umbrella term science logical decision making humans animals computers.garbage garbage gigoa term used describe concept flawed nonsense input data produces nonsense output garbage.also refer unforgiving nature programming poorly written program might produce non... |
Glossary of computer science | set global variables known global environment global state.compiled languages global variables generally static variables whose extent lifetime entire runtime program though interpreted languages including commandline interpreters global variables generally dynamically allocated declared since known ahead time.graph th... |
Glossary of computer science | computational problem task solved computer.computation problem solvable mechanical application mathematical steps algorithm.hash functionany function used map data arbitrary size data fixed size.values returned hash function called hash values hash codes digests simply hashes.hash functions often used combination hash ... |
Glossary of computer science | hash table uses hash function compute index array buckets slots desired value found.heapa specialized treebased data structure essentially almost complete tree satisfies heap property p parent node c key value p either greater equal max heap less equal min heap key c. node top heap parents called root node.heapsorta co... |
Glossary of computer science | identifierin computer languages identifiers tokens also called symbols name language entities.kinds entities identifier might denote include variables types labels subroutines packages.ideintegrated development environment.image processingimperative programminga programming paradigm uses statements change programs stat... |
Glossary of computer science | product defined finished satisfies requirements.model combines elements waterfall model iterative philosophy prototyping.information space analysisa deterministic method enhanced machine intelligence locating assessing resources teamcentric efforts.information visualizationinheritancein objectoriented programming mecha... |
Glossary of computer science | term also used part action perform io perform input output operation.insertion sorta simple sorting algorithm builds final sorted array list one item time.instruction cyclealso fetch–decode–execute cycle simply fetchexecute cycle.the cycle central processing unit cpu follows bootup computer shut order process instructi... |
Glossary of computer science | computer hardware including virtual machines nearly always provide way represent processor register memory address integer.integrated development environment idea software application provides comprehensive facilities computer programmers software development.ide normally consists least source code editor build automat... |
Glossary of computer science | many types intellectual property countries recognize others.wellknown types copyrights patents trademarks trade secrets.intelligent agentin artificial intelligence intelligent agent ia refers autonomous entity acts directing activity towards achieving goals i.e.agent upon environment using observation sensors consequen... |
Glossary of computer science | may simple complex.reflex machine thermostat considered example intelligent agent.interfacea shared boundary across two separate components computer system exchange information.exchange software computer hardware peripheral devices humans combinations these.computer hardware devices touchscreen send receive data interf... |
Glossary of computer science | contrasts external documentation programmers keep notes explanations separate document.internetthe global system interconnected computer networks use internet protocol suite tcpip link devices worldwide.network networks consists private public academic business government networks local global scope linked broad array ... |
Glossary of computer science | example loop invariant condition true beginning end every execution loop.iterationis repetition process order generate outcome.sequence approach end point end value.repetition process single iteration outcome iteration starting point next iteration.mathematics computer science iteration along related technique recursio... |
Glossary of computer science | intended let application developers write run anywhere wora meaning compiled java code run platforms support java without need recompilation.k kernelthe first section operating system load memory.center operating system kernel needs small efficient loaded protected area memory cannot overwritten.may responsible essenti... |
Glossary of computer science | may include configuration data documentation help data message templates prewritten code subroutines classes values type specifications.linear searchalso sequential search.a method finding element within list.sequentially checks element list match found whole list searched.linked lista linear collection data elements w... |
Glossary of computer science | instance list computer representation mathematical concept finite sequence potentially infinite analog list stream.§.lists basic example containers contain values.value occurs multiple times occurrence considered distinct item.loaderthe part operating system responsible loading programs libraries.one essential stages p... |
Glossary of computer science | loading program involves reading contents executable file containing program instructions memory carrying required preparatory tasks prepare executable running.loading complete operating system starts program passing control loaded program code.logic errorin computer programming bug program causes operate incorrectly t... |
Glossary of computer science | machine learning mlthe scientific study algorithms statistical models computer systems use perform specific task without using explicit instructions relying patterns inference instead.seen subset artificial intelligence.machine learning algorithms build mathematical model based sample data known training data order mak... |
Glossary of computer science | attempts integrate existing technologies new ways apply solve real world problems.term prevalent one functions industrial automation environments also used functions environments security vehicle guidance.mathematical logica subfield mathematics exploring applications formal logic mathematics.bears close connections me... |
Glossary of computer science | – merge sortalso mergesort.an efficient generalpurpose comparisonbased sorting algorithm.implementations produce stable sort means order equal elements input output.merge sort divide conquer algorithm invented john von neumann .detailed description analysis bottomup mergesort appeared report goldstine von neumann early... |
Glossary of computer science | data behavior comprise interface specifies object may utilized various consumers object.methodologyin software engineering software development process process dividing software development work distinct phases improve design product management project management.also known software development life cycle sdlc.methodol... |
Glossary of computer science | modems used almost means transmitting analog signals lightemitting diodes radio.common type modem one turns digital data computer modulated electrical signal transmission telephone lines demodulated another modem receiver side recover digital data.n natural language processing nlpa subfield linguistics computer science... |
Glossary of computer science | links nodes often implemented pointers.number theorya branch pure mathematics devoted primarily study integers integervalued functions.numerical analysisthe study algorithms use numerical approximation opposed symbolic manipulations problems mathematical analysis distinguished discrete mathematics.numerical methodin nu... |
Glossary of computer science | general sense object code sequence statements instructions computer language usually machine code language i.e.binary intermediate language register transfer language rtl.term indicates code goal result compiling process early sources referring source code subject program.objectoriented analysis design ooada technical ... |
Glossary of computer science | oop languages diverse popular ones classbased meaning objects instances classes also determine types.opensource software ossa type computer software source code released license copyright holder grants users rights study change distribute software anyone purpose.opensource software may developed collaborative public ma... |
Glossary of computer science | p pair programmingan agile software development technique two programmers work together one workstation.one driver writes code observer navigator reviews line code typed in.two programmers switch roles frequently.parallel computinga type computation many calculations execution processes carried simultaneously.large pro... |
Glossary of computer science | pieces data values arguments often called actual arguments actual parameters subroutine going calledinvoked.ordered list parameters usually included definition subroutine time subroutine called arguments call evaluated resulting values assigned corresponding parameters.peripheralany auxiliary ancillary device connected... |
Glossary of computer science | analogy page number books index could considered pointer corresponding page dereferencing pointer would done flipping page given page number reading text found page.actual format content pointer variable dependent underlying computer architecture.postconditionin computer programming condition predicate must always true... |
Glossary of computer science | security problems arise due incorrect preconditions.primary storagealso known main memory internal memory prime memory often referred simply memory one directly accessible cpu.cpu continuously reads instructions stored executes required.data actively operated also stored uniform manner.primitive data typepriority queue... |
Glossary of computer science | unit used programs wherever particular task performed.subroutines may defined within programs separately libraries used many programs.different programming languages subroutine may called routine subprogram function method procedure.technically terms different definitions.generic umbrella term callable unit sometimes u... |
Glossary of computer science | phases edit time compile time link time distribution time installation time load time run time.programming languagea formal language comprises set instructions produce various kinds output.programming languages used computer programming implement algorithms.programming language implementationis system executing compute... |
Glossary of computer science | prolog roots firstorder logic formal logic unlike many programming languages prolog intended primarily declarative programming language program logic expressed terms relations represented facts rules.computation initiated running query relations.pythonis interpreted highlevel generalpurpose programming language.created... |
Glossary of computer science | quantum computer used perform computation implemented theoretically physically.queuea collection entities collection kept order principal operations collection addition entities rear terminal position known enqueue removal entities front terminal position known dequeue.quicksortalso partitionexchange sort.an efficient ... |
Glossary of computer science | records database spreadsheet usually called rows.recursionoccurs thing defined terms type.recursion used variety disciplines ranging linguistics logic.common application recursion mathematics computer science function defined applied within definition.apparently defines infinite number instances function values often d... |
Glossary of computer science | garbage collection algorithms reference counts may used deallocate objects longer needed.relational databaseis digital database based relational model data proposed e. f. codd .a software system used maintain relational databases relational database management system rdbms.many relational database systems option using ... |
Glossary of computer science | changes may require regression testing include bug fixes software enhancements configuration changes even substitution electronic components.regression test suites tend grow found defect test automation frequently involved.sometimes change impact analysis performed determine appropriate subset tests nonregression analy... |
Glossary of computer science | rounding errors due inexactness representation real numbers arithmetic operations done them.form quantization error.using approximation equations algorithms especially using finitely many digits represent real numbers theory infinitely many digits one goals numerical analysis estimate computation errors.computation err... |
Glossary of computer science | data sent internet web page email form data packets.packet typically forwarded one router another router networks constitute internetwork e.g.internet reaches destination node.routing tablein computer networking routing table routing information base rib data table stored router network host lists routes particular net... |
Glossary of computer science | type checking register allocation code generation code optimization typically done compile time may done runtime depending particular language compiler.many runtime errors exist handled differently different programming languages division zero errors domain errors array subscript bounds errors arithmetic underflow erro... |
Glossary of computer science | modern computer systems typically two orders magnitude secondary storage primary storage secondary storage less expensive.selection sortis inplace comparison sorting algorithm.time complexity makes inefficient large lists generally performs worse similar insertion sort.selection sort noted simplicity performance advant... |
Glossary of computer science | semantics describes processes computer follows executing program specific language.shown describing relationship input output program explanation program executed certain platform hence creating model computation.sequencein mathematics sequence enumerated collection objects repetitions allowed order matter.like set con... |
Glossary of computer science | formally sequence defined function whose domain either set natural numbers infinite sequences set first n natural numbers sequence finite length n.the position element sequence rank index natural number element image.first element index depending context specific convention.symbol used denote sequence nth element seque... |
Glossary of computer science | empty sequence included notions sequence may excluded depending context.serializabilityin concurrency control databases transaction processing transaction management various transactional applications e.g.transactional memory software transactional memory centralized distributed transaction schedule serializable outcom... |
Glossary of computer science | serializability major correctness criterion concurrent transactions executions.considered highest level isolation transactions plays essential role concurrency control.supported general purpose database systems.strong strict twophase locking sspl popular serializability mechanism utilized database systems various varia... |
Glossary of computer science | many complex objects make extensive use references process straightforward.serialization objectoriented objects include associated methods previously linked.this process serializing object also called marshalling object situations.opposite operation extracting data structure series bytes deserialization also called uns... |
Glossary of computer science | example internet service providers telcos commonly include service level agreements within terms contracts customers define levels service sold plain language terms.case sla typically technical definition mean time failures mtbf mean time repair mean time recovery mttr identifying party responsible reporting faults pay... |
Glossary of computer science | singleton variables sometimes occur mistake made – assigning value variable forgetting use later mistyping one instance variable name.compilers lintlike tools flag occurrences singleton variables.soft computingsoftwarecomputer software simply software collection data computer instructions tell computer work.contrast ph... |
Glossary of computer science | computer hardware software require neither realistically used own.software agentis computer program acts user program relationship agency derives latin agere agreement act ones behalf.action behalf implies authority decide action appropriate.agents colloquially known bots robot.may embodied execution paired robot body ... |
Glossary of computer science | software agents may autonomous work together agents people.software agents interacting people e.g.chatbots humanrobot interaction environments may possess humanlike qualities natural language understanding speech personality embody humanoid form see asimo.software constructionis software engineering discipline.detailed... |
Glossary of computer science | software design may refer either activity involved conceptualizing framing implementing commissioning ultimately modifying complex systems activity following requirements specification programming ... stylized software engineering process.software developmentis process conceiving specifying designing programming docume... |
Glossary of computer science | modern development processes vaguely described agile.methodologies include waterfall prototyping iterative incremental development spiral development rapid application development extreme programming.software engineeringis systematic application engineering approaches development software.software engineering computing... |
Glossary of computer science | prototype typically simulates aspects may completely different final product.software requirements specificationsrs description software system developed.software requirements specification lays functional nonfunctional requirements may include set use cases describe user interactions software must provide user perfect... |
Glossary of computer science | sorting algorithmis algorithm puts elements list certain order.frequently used orders numerical order lexicographical order.efficient sorting important optimizing efficiency algorithms search merge algorithms require input data sorted lists.sorting also often useful canonicalizing data producing humanreadable output.fo... |
Glossary of computer science | source code program specially designed facilitate work computer programmers specify actions performed computer mostly writing source code.source code often transformed assembler compiler binary machine code executed computer.machine code might stored execution later time.alternatively source code may interpreted thus i... |
Glossary of computer science | additionally peek operation may give access top without modifying stack.name stack type structure comes analogy set physical items stacked top other.structure makes easy take item top stack getting item deeper stack may require taking multiple items first.statein information technology computer science system described... |
Glossary of computer science | expressions.storagecomputer data storage technology consisting computer components recording media used retain digital data.core function fundamental component computers.– streamis sequence data elements made available time.stream thought items conveyor belt processed one time rather large batches.stringin computer pro... |
Glossary of computer science | string generally considered data type often implemented array data structure bytes words stores sequence elements typically characters using character encoding.string may also denote general arrays sequence list data types structures.structured storagea nosql originally referring nonsql nonrelational database provides ... |
Glossary of computer science | nosql systems also sometimes called sql emphasize may support sqllike query languages sit alongside sql databases polyglotpersistent architectures.subroutinein computer programming subroutine sequence program instructions performs specific task packaged unit.unit used programs wherever particular task performed.subrout... |
Glossary of computer science | generic umbrella term callable unit sometimes used.symbolic computationin mathematics computer science computer algebra also called symbolic computation algebraic computation scientific area refers study development algorithms software manipulating mathematical expressions mathematical objects.although computer algebra... |
Glossary of computer science | disagreement errors syntax errors.example would say use uninitialized variables value java code syntax error many others would disagree would classify static semantic error.system consolethe system console computer console root console operators console simply console text entry display device system administration mes... |
Glossary of computer science | technical documentationin engineering type documentation describes handling functionality architecture technical product product development use.intended recipient product technical documentation proficient end user well administratorservice maintenance technician.contrast mere cookbook manual technical documentation a... |
Glossary of computer science | u uploadin computer networks send data remote system server another client remote system store copy.contrast download.uniform resource locator urlcolloquially web address.a reference web resource specifies location computer network mechanism retrieving it.url specific type uniform resource identifier uri although many ... |
Glossary of computer science | power users use advanced features programs though necessarily capable computer programming system administration.user agentsoftware software agent acts behalf user web browser retrieves renders facilitates end user interaction web content.email reader mail user agent.user interface uithe space interactions humans machi... |
Glossary of computer science | goal user interface design make users interaction simple efficient possible terms accomplishing user goals usercentered design.v variablein computer programming variable scalar storage location identified memory address paired associated symbolic name identifier contains known unknown quantity information referred valu... |
Glossary of computer science | virtual machines based computer architectures attempt provide functionality physical computer.implementations may involve specialized hardware software combination both.vmodela software development process may considered extension waterfall model example general vmodel.instead moving linear way process steps bent upwar... |
Glossary of computer science | w waterfall modela breakdown project activities linear sequential phases phase depends deliverables previous one corresponds specialisation tasks.approach typical certain areas engineering design.software development tends among less iterative flexible approaches progress flows largely one direction downwards like wate... |
Glossary of computer science | usual bitstream encoding linear pulsecode modulation lpcm format.web crawleralso spider spiderbot simply crawler.an internet bot systematically browses world wide web typically purpose web indexing web spidering.wifia family wireless networking technologies based ieee .family standards commonly used local area networki... |
Project manager | see also outline computer science references notesproject managers responsibility planning procurement execution project undertaking defined scope defined start defined finish regardless industry.project managers first point contact issues discrepancies arising within heads various departments organization problem esca... |
Project manager | expertise required domain project managers working efficiently handle aspects project.ability adapt various internal procedures client form close links nominated representatives essential ensuring key issues cost time quality client satisfaction realized.project management key topics specify reason project importantto ... |
Project manager | effective project management requires project manager understands uses knowledge skills least four areas expertise.examples pmbok application area knowledge standards regulations set forth iso project management general management skills project environment management also many options project management software assis... |
Project manager | specific responsibilities project manager may vary depending industry company size company maturity company culture.however responsibilities common project managers notingdeveloping project plansmanaging project stakeholdersmanaging communicationmanaging project teammanaging project risksmanaging project schedulemanagi... |
Project manager | construction project manager recently american construction industry lacked level standardization individual states determining eligibility requirements within jurisdiction.however several trade associations based united states made strides creating commonly accepted set qualifications tests determine project managers ... |
Project manager | become chief petty officer seabees equivalent bs construction management added benefit several years experience credit.see ace accreditation.engineering project manager engineering project management involves seeing product device developing manufacturing stages working various professionals different fields engineerin... |
Project manager | project manager project management generally falls two categories namely software development project manager infrastructure project manager.software project manager software project manager many skills counterparts industries.beyond skills normally associated traditional project management industries construction manu... |
Project manager | incremental iterative cycles time boxed constrained known period time typically one four weeks produce working subset entire system deliverable end iteration.increasing adoption lightweight approaches due largely fact software requirements susceptible change extremely difficult illuminate potential requirements single ... |
Project manager | infrastructure project management infrastructure pm concerned nuts bolts department including computers servers storage networking aspects backup business continuity upgrades replacement growth.often secondary data center constructed remote location help protect business outages caused natural disaster weather.recently... |
Project manager | must understand business business goals sponsor capabilities technology order reach desired goals project.difficult part infrastructure pms job may translation business needs wants technical specifications.oftentimes business analysts engaged help requirement.team size large infrastructure project may run several hundr... |
Project manager | see also event planning productionmaster science project managementproject engineerproject managementproject planningproduct management references reading project management institute pmi usaus dod .interpretive guidance project manager positions.august .open source handbook project managers open source handbook projec... |
2018 in American television | events listed include television show finales cancellations information controversies carriage disputes.notable events january february march april may june july august september october november december awards television programs programs debuting television films specials television films specials scheduled premiere... |
Tahoe-LAFS | description oystor webbased software product based cloud computing technology providing cloud storage.based internet subscription model oystor allows users upload documents pictures videos share users contacts enabling user tag categorize them.oystor provides productivity improvement tools consumers small business usin... |
Tahoe-LAFS | brian warner zooko wilcoxohearn published paper tahoe th acm international workshop storage security survivability.when data closed tahoelafs became free software project gnu general public license transitive grace license allows owners code twelve months profit work releasing it.tahoelafs mentioned tool censorship ele... |
Tahoe-LAFS | files encrypted using aes split using erasure coding subset k original n servers storing file chunks need available order recreate original file.default parameters k n file shared across different servers accessing requires correct function servers.tahoe provides little control nodes data stored.fork patched version ta... |
Windows Server 2012 | contrast normal tahoelafs operation ip tahoelafs used together location nodes disguised.allows anonymous distributed grids formed.see also cephfs file systemcoda file systemcomparison distributed file systemsfreenetglusterfsmoose file systemlizardfsifolderlist distributed file systemslustre file systemparallel virtual ... |
Windows Server 2012 | windows server received generally good reviews spite included controversial metrobased user interface seen windows includes charms bar quick access settings desktop environment.history windows server codenamed windows server foley mary jo april .windows server officially dubbed windows server .zdnet.cbs interactive. |
Windows Server 2012 | archived original november .retrieved april .fifth release windows server family operating systems developed concurrently windows .april company announced final product name would windows server .microsoft introduced windows server developer preview build conference september .however unlike windows developer preview w... |
Windows Server 2012 | included graphical user interface gui based metro design language new server manager graphical application used server management.february microsoft released update developer preview build extended expiry date april january .before windows server finalized two test builds made public.public beta version windows server ... |
Windows Server 2012 | windows server essentials released manufacturing october made generally available november .september students subscribed dreamspark program download windows server standard datacenter free charge.windows server based windows server r windows requires x cpus bit windows server worked older ia bit architecture well.coup... |
Windows Server 2012 | also third installation option allows gui elements mmc server manager run without normal desktop shell default programs like file explorer.user interface server manager redesigned emphasis easing management multiple servers.operating system like windows uses metrobased user interface unless installed server core mode.w... |
Windows Server 2012 | new version tabs hidden default showing applications only.new processes tab processes displayed varying shades yellow darker shades representing heavier resource use.information found older versions moved new details tab.performance tab shows cpu memory disk wifi ethernet graphs.unlike windows version task manager look... |
Windows Server 2012 | cpu tab longer displays individual graphs every logical processor system default although remains option.additionally display data nonuniform memory access numa node.displaying data logical processor machines logical processors cpu tab displays simple utilization percentages heatmapping tiles.color used heat maps blue ... |
Windows Server 2012 | additionally new startup tab added lists startup applications however tab exist windows server .new task manager recognizes windows store app suspended status.ip address management ipam windows server ip address management role discovering monitoring auditing managing ip address space used corporate network.ipam used m... |
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