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Glossary of computer science
contrasts uploading data sent remote server.download file offered downloading downloaded process receiving file.e edge devicea device provides entry point enterprise service provider core networks.examples include routers routing switches integrated access devices iads multiplexers variety metropolitan area network man wide area network wan access devices.edge devices also provide connections carrier service provider networks.
Glossary of computer science
edge device connects local area network high speed switch backbone atm switch may called edge concentrator.encryptionin cryptography encryption process encoding information.process converts original representation information known plaintext alternative form known ciphertext.ideally authorized parties decipher ciphertext back plaintext access original information.encryption prevent interference denies intelligible content wouldbe interceptor.technical reasons encryption scheme usually uses pseudorandom encryption key generated algorithm.
Glossary of computer science
possible decrypt message without possessing key welldesigned encryption scheme considerable computational resources skills required.authorized recipient easily decrypt message key provided originator recipients unauthorized users.historically various forms encryption used aid cryptography.early encryption techniques often utilized military messaging.since new techniques emerged become commonplace areas modern computing.
Glossary of computer science
modern encryption schemes utilize concepts publickey symmetrickey.modern encryption techniques ensure security modern computers inefficient cracking encryption.eventan action occurrence recognized software often originating asynchronously external environment may handled software.event entity encapsulates action contextual variables triggering action acrostic mnemonic execution variable encapsulating named trigger often used clarify concept.eventdriven programminga programming paradigm flow program determined events user actions mouse clicks key presses sensor outputs messages programs threads.eventdriven programming dominant paradigm used graphical user interfaces applications e.g.javascript web applications centered performing certain actions response user input.
Glossary of computer science
also true programming device drivers e.g.p usb device driver stacks.evolutionary computinga family algorithms global optimization inspired biological evolution subfield artificial intelligence soft computing studying algorithms.technical terms family populationbased trialanderror problemsolvers metaheuristic stochastic optimization character.executablealso executable code executable file executable program simply executable.causes computer perform indicated tasks according encoded instructions opposed data file must parsed program meaningful.exact interpretation depends upon use instructions traditionally taken mean machine code instructions physical cpu contexts file containing bytecode scripting language instructions may also considered executable.executable moduleexecutionin computer software engineering process computer virtual machine executes instructions computer program.instruction program description particular action carried order specific problem solved instructions program therefore actions describe carried executing machine specific effects produced accordance semantics instructions executed.
Glossary of computer science
exception handlingthe process responding occurrence computation exceptions – anomalous exceptional conditions requiring special processing – often disrupting normal flow program execution.provided specialized programming language constructs computer hardware mechanisms like interrupts operating system ipc facilities like signals.expressionin programming language combination one constants variables operators functions programming language interprets according particular rules precedence association computes produce return stateful environment another value.process mathematical expressions called evaluation.external library f faulttolerant computer systema system designed around concept fault tolerance.essence must able continue working level satisfaction presence errors breakdowns.feasibility studyan investigation aims objectively rationally uncover strengths weaknesses existing business proposed venture opportunities threats present natural environment resources required carry ultimately prospects success.simplest terms two criteria judge feasibility cost required value attained.fielddata several parts known record divided fields.
Glossary of computer science
relational databases arrange data sets database records called rows.record consists several fields fields records form columns.examples fields name gender hair colour.filename extensionan identifier specified suffix name computer file.extension indicates characteristic file contents intended use.filter softwarea computer program subroutine process stream producing another stream.single filter used individually frequently strung together form pipeline.floating point arithmeticin computing floatingpoint arithmetic fp arithmetic using formulaic representation real numbers approximation support tradeoff range precision.
Glossary of computer science
reason floatingpoint computation often found systems include small large real numbers require fast processing times.number general represented approximately fixed number significant digits significand scaled using exponent fixed base base scaling normally two ten sixteen.number represented exactly following form significand × base exponent displaystyle textsignificandtimes textbasetextexponent significand integer base integer greater equal two exponent also integer.for example .⏟ significand × ⏟ base − ⏞ exponent .displaystyle .underbrace textsignificandtimes underbrace textbaseoverbrace textexponent.
Glossary of computer science
loopalso forloop.control flow statement specifying iteration allows code executed repeatedly.various keywords used specify statement descendants algol use descendants fortran use do.also possibilities e.g.cobol uses perform varying.formal methodsa set mathematically based techniques specification development verification software hardware systems.
Glossary of computer science
use formal methods software hardware design motivated expectation engineering disciplines performing appropriate mathematical analysis contribute reliability robustness design.formal verificationthe act proving disproving correctness intended algorithms underlying system respect certain formal specification property using formal methods mathematics.functional programminga programming paradigm—a style building structure elements computer programs–that treats computation evaluation mathematical functions avoids changingstate mutable data.declarative programming paradigm programming done expressions declarations instead statements.g game theorythe study mathematical models strategic interaction rational decisionmakers.applications fields social science well logic computer science.originally addressed zerosum games participants gains losses exactly balanced participants.
Glossary of computer science
today game theory applies wide range behavioral relations umbrella term science logical decision making humans animals computers.garbage garbage gigoa term used describe concept flawed nonsense input data produces nonsense output garbage.also refer unforgiving nature programming poorly written program might produce nonsensical behavior.graphics interchange formatgigabytea multiple unit byte digital information.prefix giga means international system units si.therefore one gigabyte bytes.unit symbol gigabyte gb.global variablein computer programming variable global scope meaning visible hence accessible throughout program unless shadowed.
Glossary of computer science
set global variables known global environment global state.compiled languages global variables generally static variables whose extent lifetime entire runtime program though interpreted languages including commandline interpreters global variables generally dynamically allocated declared since known ahead time.graph theoryin mathematics study graphs mathematical structures used model pairwise relations objects.graph context made vertices also called nodes points connected edges also called links lines.distinction made undirected graphs edges link two vertices symmetrically directed graphs edges link two vertices asymmetrically.h handlein computer programming handle abstract reference resource used application software references blocks memory objects managed another system like database operating system.hard problemcomputational complexity theory focuses classifying computational problems according inherent difficulty relating classes other.
Glossary of computer science
computational problem task solved computer.computation problem solvable mechanical application mathematical steps algorithm.hash functionany function used map data arbitrary size data fixed size.values returned hash function called hash values hash codes digests simply hashes.hash functions often used combination hash table common data structure used computer software rapid data lookup.hash functions accelerate table database lookup detecting duplicated records large file.hash tablein computing hash table hash map data structure implements associative array abstract data type structure map keys values.
Glossary of computer science
hash table uses hash function compute index array buckets slots desired value found.heapa specialized treebased data structure essentially almost complete tree satisfies heap property p parent node c key value p either greater equal max heap less equal min heap key c. node top heap parents called root node.heapsorta comparisonbased sorting algorithm.heapsort thought improved selection sort like algorithm divides input sorted unsorted region iteratively shrinks unsorted region extracting largest element moving sorted region.improvement consists use heap data structure rather lineartime search find maximum.humancomputer interaction hciresearches design use computer technology focused interfaces people users computers.researchers field hci observe ways humans interact computers design technologies let humans interact computers novel ways.field research human–computer interaction situated intersection computer science behavioral sciences design media studies several fields study.
Glossary of computer science
identifierin computer languages identifiers tokens also called symbols name language entities.kinds entities identifier might denote include variables types labels subroutines packages.ideintegrated development environment.image processingimperative programminga programming paradigm uses statements change programs state.much way imperative mood natural languages expresses commands imperative program consists commands computer perform.imperative programming focuses describing program operates.incremental build modela method software development product designed implemented tested incrementally little added time product finished.involves development maintenance.
Glossary of computer science
product defined finished satisfies requirements.model combines elements waterfall model iterative philosophy prototyping.information space analysisa deterministic method enhanced machine intelligence locating assessing resources teamcentric efforts.information visualizationinheritancein objectoriented programming mechanism basing object class upon another object prototypebased inheritance class classbased inheritance retaining similar implementation.also defined deriving new classes sub classes existing ones super class base class forming hierarchy classes.inputoutput ioalso informally io io.communication information processing system computer outside world possibly human another information processing system.inputs signals data received system outputs signals data sent it.
Glossary of computer science
term also used part action perform io perform input output operation.insertion sorta simple sorting algorithm builds final sorted array list one item time.instruction cyclealso fetch–decode–execute cycle simply fetchexecute cycle.the cycle central processing unit cpu follows bootup computer shut order process instructions.composed three main stages fetch stage decode stage execute stage.integera datum integral data type data type represents range mathematical integers.integral data types may different sizes may may allowed contain negative values.integers commonly represented computer group binary digits bits.size grouping varies set integer sizes available varies different types computers.
Glossary of computer science
computer hardware including virtual machines nearly always provide way represent processor register memory address integer.integrated development environment idea software application provides comprehensive facilities computer programmers software development.ide normally consists least source code editor build automation tools debugger.integration testingsometimes called integration testing abbreviated phase software testing individual software modules combined tested group.integration testing conducted evaluate compliance system component specified functional requirements.occurs unit testing validation testing.integration testing takes input modules unit tested groups larger aggregates applies tests defined integration test plan aggregates delivers output integrated system ready system testing.intellectual property ipa category legal property includes intangible creations human intellect.
Glossary of computer science
many types intellectual property countries recognize others.wellknown types copyrights patents trademarks trade secrets.intelligent agentin artificial intelligence intelligent agent ia refers autonomous entity acts directing activity towards achieving goals i.e.agent upon environment using observation sensors consequent actuators i.e.intelligent.intelligent agents may also learn use knowledge achieve goals.
Glossary of computer science
may simple complex.reflex machine thermostat considered example intelligent agent.interfacea shared boundary across two separate components computer system exchange information.exchange software computer hardware peripheral devices humans combinations these.computer hardware devices touchscreen send receive data interface others mouse microphone may provide interface send data given system.internal documentationcomputer software said internal documentation notes various parts code operate included within source code comments.often combined meaningful variable names intention providing potential future programmers means understanding workings code.
Glossary of computer science
contrasts external documentation programmers keep notes explanations separate document.internetthe global system interconnected computer networks use internet protocol suite tcpip link devices worldwide.network networks consists private public academic business government networks local global scope linked broad array electronic wireless optical networking technologies.internet botalso web robot robot simply bot.a software application runs automated tasks scripts internet.typically bots perform tasks simple structurally repetitive much higher rate would possible human alone.largest use bots web spidering web crawler automated script fetches analyzes files information web servers many times speed human.interpretera computer program directly executes instructions written programming scripting language without requiring previously compiled machine language program.invariantone encounter invariants relied upon true execution program portion it.logical assertion always held true certain phase execution.
Glossary of computer science
example loop invariant condition true beginning end every execution loop.iterationis repetition process order generate outcome.sequence approach end point end value.repetition process single iteration outcome iteration starting point next iteration.mathematics computer science iteration along related technique recursion standard element algorithms.j javaa generalpurpose programming language classbased objectorientedalthough pure oo language designed implementation dependencies possible.
Glossary of computer science
intended let application developers write run anywhere wora meaning compiled java code run platforms support java without need recompilation.k kernelthe first section operating system load memory.center operating system kernel needs small efficient loaded protected area memory cannot overwritten.may responsible essential tasks disk drive management file management memory management process management etc.l library computinga collection nonvolatile resources used computer programs often software development.
Glossary of computer science
may include configuration data documentation help data message templates prewritten code subroutines classes values type specifications.linear searchalso sequential search.a method finding element within list.sequentially checks element list match found whole list searched.linked lista linear collection data elements whose order given physical placement memory.instead element points next.data structure consisting collection nodes together represent sequence.linker link editor computer utility program takes one object files generated compiler assembler combines single executable file library file another object file.simpler version writes output directly memory called loader though loading typically considered separate process.listan abstract data type represents countable number ordered values value may occur once.
Glossary of computer science
instance list computer representation mathematical concept finite sequence potentially infinite analog list stream.§.lists basic example containers contain values.value occurs multiple times occurrence considered distinct item.loaderthe part operating system responsible loading programs libraries.one essential stages process starting program places programs memory prepares execution.
Glossary of computer science
loading program involves reading contents executable file containing program instructions memory carrying required preparatory tasks prepare executable running.loading complete operating system starts program passing control loaded program code.logic errorin computer programming bug program causes operate incorrectly terminate abnormally crash.logic error produces unintended undesired output behaviour although may immediately recognized such.logic programminga type programming paradigm largely based formal logic.program written logic programming language set sentences logical form expressing facts rules problem domain.major logic programming language families include prolog answer set programming asp datalog.
Glossary of computer science
machine learning mlthe scientific study algorithms statistical models computer systems use perform specific task without using explicit instructions relying patterns inference instead.seen subset artificial intelligence.machine learning algorithms build mathematical model based sample data known training data order make predictions decisions without explicitly programmed perform task.machine vision mvthe technology methods used provide imagingbased automatic inspection analysis applications automatic inspection process control robot guidance usually industry.machine vision refers many technologies software hardware products integrated systems actions methods expertise.machine vision systems engineering discipline considered distinct computer vision form computer science.
Glossary of computer science
attempts integrate existing technologies new ways apply solve real world problems.term prevalent one functions industrial automation environments also used functions environments security vehicle guidance.mathematical logica subfield mathematics exploring applications formal logic mathematics.bears close connections metamathematics foundations mathematics theoretical computer science.unifying themes mathematical logic include study expressive power formal systems deductive power formal proof systems.matrixin mathematics matrix plural matrices rectangular array see irregular matrix numbers symbols expressions arranged rows columns.memorycomputer data storage often called storage technology consisting computer components recording media used retain digital data.core function fundamental component computers.
Glossary of computer science
– merge sortalso mergesort.an efficient generalpurpose comparisonbased sorting algorithm.implementations produce stable sort means order equal elements input output.merge sort divide conquer algorithm invented john von neumann .detailed description analysis bottomup mergesort appeared report goldstine von neumann early .methodin objectoriented programming oop procedure associated message object.object consists data behavior.
Glossary of computer science
data behavior comprise interface specifies object may utilized various consumers object.methodologyin software engineering software development process process dividing software development work distinct phases improve design product management project management.also known software development life cycle sdlc.methodology may include predefinition specific deliverables artifacts created completed project team develop maintain application.modemportmanteau modulatordemodulator.a hardware device converts data format suitable transmission medium transmitted one computer another historically along telephone wires.modem modulates one carrier wave signals encode digital information transmission demodulates signals decode transmitted information.goal produce signal transmitted easily decoded reliably reproduce original digital data.
Glossary of computer science
modems used almost means transmitting analog signals lightemitting diodes radio.common type modem one turns digital data computer modulated electrical signal transmission telephone lines demodulated another modem receiver side recover digital data.n natural language processing nlpa subfield linguistics computer science information engineering artificial intelligence concerned interactions computers human natural languages particular program computers process analyze large amounts natural language data.challenges natural language processing frequently involve speech recognition natural language understanding natural language generation.nodeis basic unit data structure linked list tree data structure.nodes contain data also may link nodes.
Glossary of computer science
links nodes often implemented pointers.number theorya branch pure mathematics devoted primarily study integers integervalued functions.numerical analysisthe study algorithms use numerical approximation opposed symbolic manipulations problems mathematical analysis distinguished discrete mathematics.numerical methodin numerical analysis numerical method mathematical tool designed solve numerical problems.implementation numerical method appropriate convergence check programming language called numerical algorithm.objectan object variable data structure function method value memory referenced identifier.classbased objectoriented programming paradigm object refers particular instance class object combination variables functions data structures.relational database management object table column association data database entity relating persons age specific person.object codealso object module.the product compiler.
Glossary of computer science
general sense object code sequence statements instructions computer language usually machine code language i.e.binary intermediate language register transfer language rtl.term indicates code goal result compiling process early sources referring source code subject program.objectoriented analysis design ooada technical approach analyzing designing application system business applying objectoriented programming well using visual modeling throughout software development process guide stakeholder communication product quality.objectoriented programming oopa programming paradigm based concept objects contain data form fields often known attributes properties code form procedures often known methods.feature objects objects procedures access often modify data fields object associated objects notion self.oop computer programs designed making objects interact one another.
Glossary of computer science
oop languages diverse popular ones classbased meaning objects instances classes also determine types.opensource software ossa type computer software source code released license copyright holder grants users rights study change distribute software anyone purpose.opensource software may developed collaborative public manner.opensource software prominent example open collaboration.operating system ossystem software manages computer hardware software resources provides common services computer programs.optical fibera flexible transparent fiber made drawing glass silica plastic diameter slightly thicker human hair.optical fibers used often means transmit light two ends fiber find wide usage fiberoptic communications permit transmission longer distances higher bandwidths data rates electrical cables.fibers used instead metal wires signals travel along less loss addition fibers immune electromagnetic interference problem metal wires suffer.
Glossary of computer science
p pair programmingan agile software development technique two programmers work together one workstation.one driver writes code observer navigator reviews line code typed in.two programmers switch roles frequently.parallel computinga type computation many calculations execution processes carried simultaneously.large problems often divided smaller ones solved time.several different forms parallel computing bitlevel instructionlevel data task parallelism.parameteralso formal argument.in computer programming special kind variable used subroutine refer one pieces data provided input subroutine.
Glossary of computer science
pieces data values arguments often called actual arguments actual parameters subroutine going calledinvoked.ordered list parameters usually included definition subroutine time subroutine called arguments call evaluated resulting values assigned corresponding parameters.peripheralany auxiliary ancillary device connected integrated within computer system used send information retrieve information computer.input device sends data instructions computer output device provides output computer user inputoutput device performs functions.pointeris object many programming languages stores memory address.another value located computer memory cases memorymapped computer hardware.pointer references location memory obtaining value stored location known dereferencing pointer.
Glossary of computer science
analogy page number books index could considered pointer corresponding page dereferencing pointer would done flipping page given page number reading text found page.actual format content pointer variable dependent underlying computer architecture.postconditionin computer programming condition predicate must always true execution section code operation formal specification.postconditions sometimes tested using assertions within code itself.often postconditions simply included documentation affected section code.preconditionin computer programming condition predicate must always true prior execution section code operation formal specification.precondition violated effect section code becomes undefined thus may may carry intended work.
Glossary of computer science
security problems arise due incorrect preconditions.primary storagealso known main memory internal memory prime memory often referred simply memory one directly accessible cpu.cpu continuously reads instructions stored executes required.data actively operated also stored uniform manner.primitive data typepriority queuean abstract data type like regular queue stack data structure additionally element priority associated it.priority queue element high priority served element low priority.implementations two elements priority served according order enqueued implementations ordering elements priority undefined.procedural programmingprocedurein computer programming subroutine sequence program instructions performs specific task packaged unit.
Glossary of computer science
unit used programs wherever particular task performed.subroutines may defined within programs separately libraries used many programs.different programming languages subroutine may called routine subprogram function method procedure.technically terms different definitions.generic umbrella term callable unit sometimes used.program lifecycle phaseprogram lifecycle phases stages computer program undergoes initial creation deployment execution.
Glossary of computer science
phases edit time compile time link time distribution time installation time load time run time.programming languagea formal language comprises set instructions produce various kinds output.programming languages used computer programming implement algorithms.programming language implementationis system executing computer programs.two general approaches programming language implementation interpretation compilation.programming language theoryplt branch computer science deals design implementation analysis characterization classification programming languages individual features.falls within discipline computer science depending affecting mathematics software engineering linguistics even cognitive science.become wellrecognized branch computer science active research area results published numerous journals dedicated plt well general computer science engineering publications.prologis logic programming language associated artificial intelligence computational linguistics.
Glossary of computer science
prolog roots firstorder logic formal logic unlike many programming languages prolog intended primarily declarative programming language program logic expressed terms relations represented facts rules.computation initiated running query relations.pythonis interpreted highlevel generalpurpose programming language.created guido van rossum first released pythons design philosophy emphasizes code readability notable use significant whitespace.language constructs objectoriented approach aim help programmers write clear logical code small largescale projects.q quantum computingthe use quantummechanical phenomena superposition entanglement perform computation.
Glossary of computer science
quantum computer used perform computation implemented theoretically physically.queuea collection entities collection kept order principal operations collection addition entities rear terminal position known enqueue removal entities front terminal position known dequeue.quicksortalso partitionexchange sort.an efficient sorting algorithm serves systematic method placing elements random access file array order.r r programming languager programming language free software environment statistical computing graphics supported r foundation statistical computing.r language widely used among statisticians data miners developing statistical software data analysis.radixalso base.in digital numeral systems number unique digits including digit zero used represent numbers positional numeral system.example decimaldenary system common system use today radix base number ten uses ten digits numbers uniquely specified positional combinations ten base digits binary system standard computing radix two uses two digits uniquely specify number.recorda record also called structure struct compound data basic data structure.
Glossary of computer science
records database spreadsheet usually called rows.recursionoccurs thing defined terms type.recursion used variety disciplines ranging linguistics logic.common application recursion mathematics computer science function defined applied within definition.apparently defines infinite number instances function values often done way infinite loop infinite chain references occur.referenceis value enables program indirectly access particular datum variables value record computers memory storage device.reference said refer datum accessing datum called dereferencing reference.reference countinga programming technique storing number references pointers handles resource object block memory disk space others.
Glossary of computer science
garbage collection algorithms reference counts may used deallocate objects longer needed.relational databaseis digital database based relational model data proposed e. f. codd .a software system used maintain relational databases relational database management system rdbms.many relational database systems option using sql structured query language querying maintaining database.reliability engineeringa subdiscipline systems engineering emphasizes dependability lifecycle management product.reliability describes ability system component function stated conditions specified period time.reliability closely related availability typically described ability component system function specified moment interval time.regression testingrarely nonregression testing rerunning functional nonfunctional tests ensure previously developed tested software still performs change.would called regression.
Glossary of computer science
changes may require regression testing include bug fixes software enhancements configuration changes even substitution electronic components.regression test suites tend grow found defect test automation frequently involved.sometimes change impact analysis performed determine appropriate subset tests nonregression analysis.requirements analysisin systems engineering software engineering requirements analysis focuses tasks determine needs conditions meet new altered product project taking account possibly conflicting requirements various stakeholders analyzing documenting validating managing software system requirements.roboticsan interdisciplinary branch engineering science includes mechanical engineering electronic engineering information engineering computer science others.robotics involves design construction operation use robots well computer systems perception control sensory feedback information processing.goal robotics design intelligent machines help assist humans daytoday lives keep everyone safe.roundoff erroralso rounding error.the difference result produced given algorithm using exact arithmetic result produced algorithm using finiteprecision rounded arithmetic.
Glossary of computer science
rounding errors due inexactness representation real numbers arithmetic operations done them.form quantization error.using approximation equations algorithms especially using finitely many digits represent real numbers theory infinitely many digits one goals numerical analysis estimate computation errors.computation errors also called numerical errors include truncation errors roundoff errors.routera networking device forwards data packets computer networks.routers perform traffic directing functions internet.
Glossary of computer science
data sent internet web page email form data packets.packet typically forwarded one router another router networks constitute internetwork e.g.internet reaches destination node.routing tablein computer networking routing table routing information base rib data table stored router network host lists routes particular network destinations cases metrics distances associated routes.routing table contains information topology network immediately around it.run timeruntime run time execution time final phase computer programs life cycle code executed computers central processing unit cpu machine code.words runtime running phase program.run time errora runtime error detected execution running state program whereas compiletime error detected compiler program ever executed.
Glossary of computer science
type checking register allocation code generation code optimization typically done compile time may done runtime depending particular language compiler.many runtime errors exist handled differently different programming languages division zero errors domain errors array subscript bounds errors arithmetic underflow errors several types underflow overflow errors many runtime errors generally considered software bugs may may caught handled particular computer language.search algorithmany algorithm solves search problem namely retrieve information stored within data structure calculated search space problem domain either discrete continuous values.secondary storagealso known external memory auxiliary storage differs primary storage directly accessible cpu.computer usually uses inputoutput channels access secondary storage transfer desired data primary storage.secondary storage nonvolatile retaining data power shut off.
Glossary of computer science
modern computer systems typically two orders magnitude secondary storage primary storage secondary storage less expensive.selection sortis inplace comparison sorting algorithm.time complexity makes inefficient large lists generally performs worse similar insertion sort.selection sort noted simplicity performance advantages complicated algorithms certain situations particularly auxiliary memory limited.semanticsin programming language theory semantics field concerned rigorous mathematical study meaning programming languages.evaluating meaning syntactically valid strings defined specific programming language showing computation involved.case evaluation would syntactically invalid strings result would noncomputation.
Glossary of computer science
semantics describes processes computer follows executing program specific language.shown describing relationship input output program explanation program executed certain platform hence creating model computation.sequencein mathematics sequence enumerated collection objects repetitions allowed order matter.like set contains members also called elements terms.number elements possibly infinite called length sequence.unlike set elements appear multiple times different positions sequence order matter.
Glossary of computer science
formally sequence defined function whose domain either set natural numbers infinite sequences set first n natural numbers sequence finite length n.the position element sequence rank index natural number element image.first element index depending context specific convention.symbol used denote sequence nth element sequence denoted symbol n subscript example nth element fibonacci sequence f generally denoted fn.for example r sequence letters letter first last.sequence differs r y. also sequence contains number two different positions valid sequence.sequences finite examples infinite sequence even positive integers .... computing computer science finite sequences sometimes called strings words lists different names commonly corresponding different ways represent computer memory infinite sequences called streams.
Glossary of computer science
empty sequence included notions sequence may excluded depending context.serializabilityin concurrency control databases transaction processing transaction management various transactional applications e.g.transactional memory software transactional memory centralized distributed transaction schedule serializable outcome e.g.resulting database state equal outcome transactions executed serially i.e.without overlapping time.transactions normally executed concurrently overlap since efficient way.
Glossary of computer science
serializability major correctness criterion concurrent transactions executions.considered highest level isolation transactions plays essential role concurrency control.supported general purpose database systems.strong strict twophase locking sspl popular serializability mechanism utilized database systems various variants since early days s.serializationis process translating data structures object state format stored example file memory buffer transmitted example across network connection link reconstructed later possibly different computer environment.resulting series bits reread according serialization format used create semantically identical clone original object.
Glossary of computer science
many complex objects make extensive use references process straightforward.serialization objectoriented objects include associated methods previously linked.this process serializing object also called marshalling object situations.opposite operation extracting data structure series bytes deserialization also called unserialization unmarshalling.service level agreementsla commitment service provider client.particular aspects service – quality availability responsibilities – agreed service provider service user.common component sla services provided customer agreed upon contract.
Glossary of computer science
example internet service providers telcos commonly include service level agreements within terms contracts customers define levels service sold plain language terms.case sla typically technical definition mean time failures mtbf mean time repair mean time recovery mttr identifying party responsible reporting faults paying fees responsibility various data rates throughput jitter similar measurable details.setis abstract data type store unique values without particular order.computer implementation mathematical concept finite set.unlike collection types rather retrieving specific element set one typically tests value membership set.singleton variablea variable referenced once.may used dummy argument function call address assigned another variable subsequently accesses allocated storage.
Glossary of computer science
singleton variables sometimes occur mistake made – assigning value variable forgetting use later mistyping one instance variable name.compilers lintlike tools flag occurrences singleton variables.soft computingsoftwarecomputer software simply software collection data computer instructions tell computer work.contrast physical hardware system built actually performs work.computer science software engineering computer software information processed computer systems programs data.computer software includes computer programs libraries related nonexecutable data online documentation digital media.
Glossary of computer science
computer hardware software require neither realistically used own.software agentis computer program acts user program relationship agency derives latin agere agreement act ones behalf.action behalf implies authority decide action appropriate.agents colloquially known bots robot.may embodied execution paired robot body software chatbotexecuting phone e.g.siri computing device.
Glossary of computer science
software agents may autonomous work together agents people.software agents interacting people e.g.chatbots humanrobot interaction environments may possess humanlike qualities natural language understanding speech personality embody humanoid form see asimo.software constructionis software engineering discipline.detailed creation working meaningful software combination coding verification unit testing integration testing debugging.linked software engineering disciplines strongly software design software testing.software deploymentis activities make software system available use.software designis process agent creates specification software artifact intended accomplish goals using set primitive components subject constraints.
Glossary of computer science
software design may refer either activity involved conceptualizing framing implementing commissioning ultimately modifying complex systems activity following requirements specification programming ... stylized software engineering process.software developmentis process conceiving specifying designing programming documenting testing bug fixing involved creating maintaining applications frameworks software components.software development process writing maintaining source code broader sense includes involved conception desired software final manifestation software sometimes planned structured process.therefore software development may include research new development prototyping modification reuse reengineering maintenance activities result software products.software development processin software engineering software development process process dividing software development work distinct phases improve design product management project management.also known software development life cycle sdlc.methodology may include predefinition specific deliverables artifacts created completed project team develop maintain application.
Glossary of computer science
modern development processes vaguely described agile.methodologies include waterfall prototyping iterative incremental development spiral development rapid application development extreme programming.software engineeringis systematic application engineering approaches development software.software engineering computing discipline.software maintenancein software engineering modification software product delivery correct faults improve performance attributes.software prototypingis activity creating prototypes software applications i.e.incomplete versions software program developed.activity occur software development comparable prototyping known fields mechanical engineering manufacturing.
Glossary of computer science
prototype typically simulates aspects may completely different final product.software requirements specificationsrs description software system developed.software requirements specification lays functional nonfunctional requirements may include set use cases describe user interactions software must provide user perfect interaction.software testingis investigation conducted provide stakeholders information quality software product service test.software testing also provide objective independent view software allow business appreciate understand risks software implementation.test techniques include process executing program application intent finding software bugs errors defects verifying software product fit use.
Glossary of computer science
sorting algorithmis algorithm puts elements list certain order.frequently used orders numerical order lexicographical order.efficient sorting important optimizing efficiency algorithms search merge algorithms require input data sorted lists.sorting also often useful canonicalizing data producing humanreadable output.formally output sorting algorithm must satisfy two conditionsthe output nondecreasing order element smaller previous element according desired total orderthe output permutation reordering yet retaining original elements input.further input data often stored array allows random access rather list allows sequential access though many algorithms applied either type data suitable modification.source codein computing source code collection code without comments written using humanreadable programming language usually plain text.
Glossary of computer science
source code program specially designed facilitate work computer programmers specify actions performed computer mostly writing source code.source code often transformed assembler compiler binary machine code executed computer.machine code might stored execution later time.alternatively source code may interpreted thus immediately executed.spiral modelis riskdriven software development process model.based unique risk patterns given project spiral model guides team adopt elements one process models incremental waterfall evolutionary prototyping.stackis abstract data type serves collection elements two main principal operationspush adds element collection andpop removes recently added element yet removed.the order elements come stack gives rise alternative name lifo last first out.
Glossary of computer science
additionally peek operation may give access top without modifying stack.name stack type structure comes analogy set physical items stacked top other.structure makes easy take item top stack getting item deeper stack may require taking multiple items first.statein information technology computer science system described stateful designed remember preceding events user interactions remembered information called state system.statementin computer programming statement syntactic unit imperative programming language expresses action carried out.program written language formed sequence one statements.statement may internal components e.g.
Glossary of computer science
expressions.storagecomputer data storage technology consisting computer components recording media used retain digital data.core function fundamental component computers.– streamis sequence data elements made available time.stream thought items conveyor belt processed one time rather large batches.stringin computer programming string traditionally sequence characters either literal constant kind variable.latter may allow elements mutated length changed may fixed creation.
Glossary of computer science
string generally considered data type often implemented array data structure bytes words stores sequence elements typically characters using character encoding.string may also denote general arrays sequence list data types structures.structured storagea nosql originally referring nonsql nonrelational database provides mechanism storage retrieval data modeled means tabular relations used relational databases.databases existed since late name nosql coined early st century triggered needs web .companies.nosql databases increasingly used big data realtime web applications.
Glossary of computer science
nosql systems also sometimes called sql emphasize may support sqllike query languages sit alongside sql databases polyglotpersistent architectures.subroutinein computer programming subroutine sequence program instructions performs specific task packaged unit.unit used programs wherever particular task performed.subroutines may defined within programs separately libraries used many programs.different programming languages subroutine may called routine subprogram function method procedure.technically terms different definitions.
Glossary of computer science
generic umbrella term callable unit sometimes used.symbolic computationin mathematics computer science computer algebra also called symbolic computation algebraic computation scientific area refers study development algorithms software manipulating mathematical expressions mathematical objects.although computer algebra could considered subfield scientific computing generally considered distinct fields scientific computing usually based numerical computation approximate floating point numbers symbolic computation emphasizes exact computation expressions containing variables given value manipulated symbols.syntaxthe syntax computer language set rules defines combinations symbols considered correctly structured statements expressions language.applies programming languages document represents source code markup languages document represents data.syntax erroris error syntax sequence characters tokens intended written compiletime.program compile syntax errors corrected.interpreted languages however syntax error may detected program execution interpreters error messages might differentiate syntax errors errors kinds.
Glossary of computer science
disagreement errors syntax errors.example would say use uninitialized variables value java code syntax error many others would disagree would classify static semantic error.system consolethe system console computer console root console operators console simply console text entry display device system administration messages particularly bios boot loader kernel init system system logger.physical device consisting keyboard screen traditionally text terminal may also graphical terminal.system consoles generalized computer terminals abstracted respectively virtual consoles terminal emulators.today communication system consoles generally done abstractly via standard streams stdin stdout stderr may systemspecific interfaces example used system kernel.
Glossary of computer science
technical documentationin engineering type documentation describes handling functionality architecture technical product product development use.intended recipient product technical documentation proficient end user well administratorservice maintenance technician.contrast mere cookbook manual technical documentation aims providing enough information user understand inner outer dependencies product hand.thirdgeneration programming languagea thirdgeneration programming language gl highlevel computer programming language tends machineindependent programmerfriendly machine code firstgeneration assembly languages secondgeneration less specific focus fourth fifth generations.examples common historical thirdgeneration programming languages algol basic c cobol fortran java pascal.topdown bottomup designtreea widely used abstract data type adt simulates hierarchical tree structure root value subtrees children parent node represented set linked nodes.type theoryin mathematics logic computer science type theory class formal systems serve alternatives set theory foundation mathematics.type theory every term type operations restricted terms certain type.
Glossary of computer science
u uploadin computer networks send data remote system server another client remote system store copy.contrast download.uniform resource locator urlcolloquially web address.a reference web resource specifies location computer network mechanism retrieving it.url specific type uniform resource identifier uri although many people use two terms interchangeably.urls occur commonly reference web pages http also used file transfer ftp email mailto database access jdbc many applications.useris person utilizes computer network service.users computer systems software products generally lack technical expertise required fully understand work.
Glossary of computer science
power users use advanced features programs though necessarily capable computer programming system administration.user agentsoftware software agent acts behalf user web browser retrieves renders facilitates end user interaction web content.email reader mail user agent.user interface uithe space interactions humans machines occur.goal interaction allow effective operation control machine human end whilst machine simultaneously feeds back information aids operators decisionmaking process.examples broad concept user interfaces include interactive aspects computer operating systems hand tools heavy machinery operator controls process controls.design considerations applicable creating user interfaces related involve disciplines ergonomics psychology.user interface designalso user interface engineering.the design user interfaces machines software computers home appliances mobile devices electronic devices focus maximizing usability user experience.
Glossary of computer science
goal user interface design make users interaction simple efficient possible terms accomplishing user goals usercentered design.v variablein computer programming variable scalar storage location identified memory address paired associated symbolic name identifier contains known unknown quantity information referred value.variable name usual way reference stored value addition referring variable depending context.separation name content allows name used independently exact information represents.identifier computer source code bound value run time value variable may therefore change course program execution.virtual machine vman emulation computer system.
Glossary of computer science
virtual machines based computer architectures attempt provide functionality physical computer.implementations may involve specialized hardware software combination both.vmodela software development process may considered extension waterfall model example general vmodel.instead moving linear way process steps bent upwards coding phase form typical v shape.vmodel demonstrates relationships phase development life cycle associated phase testing.horizontal vertical axes represent time project completeness lefttoright level abstraction coarsestgrain abstraction uppermost respectively.
Glossary of computer science
w waterfall modela breakdown project activities linear sequential phases phase depends deliverables previous one corresponds specialisation tasks.approach typical certain areas engineering design.software development tends among less iterative flexible approaches progress flows largely one direction downwards like waterfall phases conception initiation analysis design construction testing deployment maintenance.waveform audio file formatalso wave wav due filename extension.an audio file format standard developed microsoft ibm storing audio bitstream pcs.application resource interchange file format riff bitstream format method storing data chunks thus also close svx aiff format used amiga macintosh computers respectively.main format used microsoft windows systems raw typically uncompressed audio.
Glossary of computer science
usual bitstream encoding linear pulsecode modulation lpcm format.web crawleralso spider spiderbot simply crawler.an internet bot systematically browses world wide web typically purpose web indexing web spidering.wifia family wireless networking technologies based ieee .family standards commonly used local area networking devices internet access.wi‑fi trademark nonprofit wifi alliance restricts use term wifi certified products successfully complete interoperability certification testing.x xhtmlabbreviaton extensible hypertext markup language.part family xml markup languages.mirrors extends versions widely used hypertext markup language html language web pages formulated.
Project manager
see also outline computer science references notesproject managers responsibility planning procurement execution project undertaking defined scope defined start defined finish regardless industry.project managers first point contact issues discrepancies arising within heads various departments organization problem escalates higher authorities project representative.project management responsibility project manager.individual seldom participates directly activities produce result rather strives maintain progress mutual interaction tasks various parties way reduces risk overall failure maximizes benefits minimizes costs.overview project manager person responsible accomplishing project objectives.key project management responsibilities include defining communicating project objectives clear useful attainableprocuring project requirements like workforce required information various agreements material technology needed accomplish project objectivesmanaging constraints project management triangle cost time scope qualitya project manager client representative determine implement exact needs client based knowledge organization representing.
Project manager
expertise required domain project managers working efficiently handle aspects project.ability adapt various internal procedures client form close links nominated representatives essential ensuring key issues cost time quality client satisfaction realized.project management key topics specify reason project importantto specify quality deliverablesresource estimatetimescaleinvestment corporate agreement fundingimplementation management plan projectteam building motivationrisk assessments change projectmaintain sustaining projectmonitoringstakeholder managementprovider managementclosing project.project toolsthe tools knowledge techniques managing projects often unique project management.example work breakdown structures critical path analysis earned value management.understanding applying tools techniques generally recognized good practices sufficient alone effective project management.
Project manager
effective project management requires project manager understands uses knowledge skills least four areas expertise.examples pmbok application area knowledge standards regulations set forth iso project management general management skills project environment management also many options project management software assist executing projects project manager hisher team.project teamswhen recruiting building effective team manager must consider technical skills person also critical roles chemistry workers.project team mainly three separate components project manager core team contracted team.riskmost project management issues influence project arise risk turn arises uncertainty.successful project manager focuses hisher main concern attempts reduce risk significantly often adhering policy open communication ensuring project participants voice opinions concerns.responsibilities project manager accountable ensuring everyone team knows executes role feels empowered supported role knows roles team members acts upon belief roles performed.
Project manager
specific responsibilities project manager may vary depending industry company size company maturity company culture.however responsibilities common project managers notingdeveloping project plansmanaging project stakeholdersmanaging communicationmanaging project teammanaging project risksmanaging project schedulemanaging project budgetmanaging project conflictsmanaging project deliverycontract administration types architectural project manager architectural project manager project managers field architecture.many skills counterpart construction industry.often work closely construction project manager office general contractor gc time coordinate work design team numerous consultants contribute construction project manage communication client.issues budget scheduling quality control responsibility project manager architects office.
Project manager
construction project manager recently american construction industry lacked level standardization individual states determining eligibility requirements within jurisdiction.however several trade associations based united states made strides creating commonly accepted set qualifications tests determine project managers competency.the construction management association america cmaa maintains certified construction manager ccm designation.purpose ccm standardize education experience professional understanding needed practice construction management highest level.the project management institute made headway standardizing body creation project management professional pmp designation.the constructor certification commission american institute constructors holds semiannual nationwide tests.eight american construction management programs require students take exams may receive bachelor science construction management degree universities actively encourage students consider exams.the associated colleges construction education associated schools construction made considerable progress developing national standards construction education programs.the profession recently grown accommodate several dozen construction management bachelor science programs.many universities also begun offering masters degree project management.programs generally tailored working professionals project management experience project related experience provide intense depth education surrounding knowledge areas within project management body knowledge.the united states navy construction battalions nicknamed seabees puts command strenuous training certifications every level.
Project manager
become chief petty officer seabees equivalent bs construction management added benefit several years experience credit.see ace accreditation.engineering project manager engineering project management involves seeing product device developing manufacturing stages working various professionals different fields engineering manufacturing go concept finished product.optionally include different versions standards required different countries requiring knowledge laws requirements infrastructure.insurance claim project manager insurance industry project managers often oversee manage restoration clients homeoffice fire flood disaster covering fields electronics demolition construction contractors.
Project manager
project manager project management generally falls two categories namely software development project manager infrastructure project manager.software project manager software project manager many skills counterparts industries.beyond skills normally associated traditional project management industries construction manufacturing software project manager typically extensive background software development.many software project managers hold degree computer science information technology management information systems another related field.in traditional project management heavyweight predictive methodology waterfall model often employed software project managers must also skilled lightweight adaptive methodologies dsdm scrum xp.project management methodologies based uncertainty developing new software system advocate smaller incremental development cycles.
Project manager
incremental iterative cycles time boxed constrained known period time typically one four weeks produce working subset entire system deliverable end iteration.increasing adoption lightweight approaches due largely fact software requirements susceptible change extremely difficult illuminate potential requirements single project phase software development commences.the software project manager also expected familiar software development life cycle sdlc.may require indepth knowledge requirements solicitation application development logical physical database design networking.knowledge typically result aforementioned education experience.widely accepted certification software project managers many hold project management professional pmp designation offered project management institute prince advanced degree project management mspm graduate degree technology management.
Project manager
infrastructure project management infrastructure pm concerned nuts bolts department including computers servers storage networking aspects backup business continuity upgrades replacement growth.often secondary data center constructed remote location help protect business outages caused natural disaster weather.recently cyber security become significant growth area within infrastructure management.the infrastructure pm usually undergraduate degree engineering computer science masters degree project management required senior level positions.along formal education senior level pms certified project management institute project management professional.pmi also several additional certification options pmp far popular.infrastructure pms responsible managing projects budgets thousand dollars many millions dollars.
Project manager
must understand business business goals sponsor capabilities technology order reach desired goals project.difficult part infrastructure pms job may translation business needs wants technical specifications.oftentimes business analysts engaged help requirement.team size large infrastructure project may run several hundred engineers technicians many strong personalities require strong leadership project goals met.due high operations expense maintaining large staff highly skilled engineering talent many organizations outsource infrastructure implementations upgrades thirdparty companies.many companies strong project management organizations ability manage clients projects also generate high quality revenue time.
Project manager
see also event planning productionmaster science project managementproject engineerproject managementproject planningproduct management references reading project management institute pmi usaus dod .interpretive guidance project manager positions.august .open source handbook project managers open source handbook project managers.july .collection scholarly articles project management training research.nov .
2018 in American television
events listed include television show finales cancellations information controversies carriage disputes.notable events january february march april may june july august september october november december awards television programs programs debuting television films specials television films specials scheduled premiere .premiere dates may changed depending variety factors.miniseries programs changing networks programs returning following shows return new episodes canceled ended run previously underwent hiatus lasted least one year milestone episodes programs ending entering syndication list programs current canceled accumulated enough episodes seasons three eligible offnetwork syndication andor basic cable runs.networks services television stations deaths references
Tahoe-LAFS
description oystor webbased software product based cloud computing technology providing cloud storage.based internet subscription model oystor allows users upload documents pictures videos share users contacts enabling user tag categorize them.oystor provides productivity improvement tools consumers small business using webbased technologies intelligent document management contacts management systems.oystor used fordocument digitization servicesonline storage backupimport save contactsdocument securitysearch retrieval documentsdocument sharing workflowsoystor helps optimizing storage reducing email usage instead sending document several people document various copies oystor allows publisher upload document share users contacts thus eliminating multiple copies document saving storage space publisher also recipients.oystor enables user import migrate contacts various account csv files one common place ensure centralized repository.formats files supported include avi files microsoft excel microsoft powerpoint microsoft word adobe pdf adobe photoshop psd mp music files zip files mpeg files.the data encrypted files sent web via secure sockets layer connection using bit encryption.data stored dedicated server hosted providers singtel.encrypted data oystor follows security protocols physical hosting infrastructure application data transfer protocols user interface.oystor awarded outstanding innovations cloud computing singapore infocomm technology federation august .oystor product tech solutions privately held software information technology services company headquartered singapore formed .the website opened june .see also cloud storagecomparison online backup servicessoftware service references clientsalexa reviewofficial websiteoystor app storeused online backup system serve file web host similar freenet depending frontend used insert access files tahoe system.tahoe also used raidlike fashion using multiple disks make single large redundant array inexpensive nodes rain pool reliable data storage.the system designed implemented around principle least authority pola described brian warner one projects original founders idea component system little power authority needs get job done.strict adherence convention enabled use cryptographic capabilities provide minimum set privileges necessary perform given task asking agents.rain array acts storage volume servers need trusted confidentiality integrity stored data.history tahoelafs started online backup services company data actively developed since .
Tahoe-LAFS
brian warner zooko wilcoxohearn published paper tahoe th acm international workshop storage security survivability.when data closed tahoelafs became free software project gnu general public license transitive grace license allows owners code twelve months profit work releasing it.tahoelafs mentioned tool censorship electronic frontier foundation.one hackathon projects gnu th anniversary.functionality tahoelafs client sends unencrypted file via web api https server.https server passes file tahoelafs storage client encrypts file uses erasure coding store fragments file multiple storage drives.tahoelafs features providerindependent security integrity confidentiality files guaranteed algorithms used client independent storage servers may fail may operated untrusted entities.
Tahoe-LAFS
files encrypted using aes split using erasure coding subset k original n servers storing file chunks need available order recreate original file.default parameters k n file shared across different servers accessing requires correct function servers.tahoe provides little control nodes data stored.fork patched version tahoelafs exists made run anonymous networks ip support multiple introducers.also version microsoft windows.distributed site within ip network.
Windows Server 2012
contrast normal tahoelafs operation ip tahoelafs used together location nodes disguised.allows anonymous distributed grids formed.see also cephfs file systemcoda file systemcomparison distributed file systemsfreenetglusterfsmoose file systemlizardfsifolderlist distributed file systemslustre file systemparallel virtual file systemxtreemfsipfs references external links official websiteserver version windows based windows succeeds windows server r derived windows codebase released nearly three years earlier.two prerelease versions developer preview beta version released development.software officially launched september two months release windows .successor released october entitled windows server r. microsoft ended mainstream support windows server october extended support end october .unlike predecessor windows server support itaniumbased computers four editions.various features added improved windows server r many placing emphasis cloud computing updated version hyperv ip address management role new version windows task manager refs new file system.
Windows Server 2012
windows server received generally good reviews spite included controversial metrobased user interface seen windows includes charms bar quick access settings desktop environment.history windows server codenamed windows server foley mary jo april .windows server officially dubbed windows server .zdnet.cbs interactive.
Windows Server 2012
archived original november .retrieved april .fifth release windows server family operating systems developed concurrently windows .april company announced final product name would windows server .microsoft introduced windows server developer preview build conference september .however unlike windows developer preview windows server made available msdn subscribers.
Windows Server 2012
included graphical user interface gui based metro design language new server manager graphical application used server management.february microsoft released update developer preview build extended expiry date april january .before windows server finalized two test builds made public.public beta version windows server released along windows consumer preview february .release candidate windows server released may along windows release preview.the product released manufacturing august along windows became generally available september year.however editions windows server released time.
Windows Server 2012
windows server essentials released manufacturing october made generally available november .september students subscribed dreamspark program download windows server standard datacenter free charge.windows server based windows server r windows requires x cpus bit windows server worked older ia bit architecture well.coupled fundamental changes structure client backups shared folders clear method migrating previous version windows server .features installation options unlike predecessor windows server switch server core server gui installation options without full reinstallation.server core – option commandline interface – recommended configuration.
Windows Server 2012
also third installation option allows gui elements mmc server manager run without normal desktop shell default programs like file explorer.user interface server manager redesigned emphasis easing management multiple servers.operating system like windows uses metrobased user interface unless installed server core mode.windows store available version windows installed default.windows powershell version commandlets compared around windows server r. task manager windows server includes new version windows task manager together old version.
Windows Server 2012
new version tabs hidden default showing applications only.new processes tab processes displayed varying shades yellow darker shades representing heavier resource use.information found older versions moved new details tab.performance tab shows cpu memory disk wifi ethernet graphs.unlike windows version task manager looks similar disk activity graph enabled default.
Windows Server 2012
cpu tab longer displays individual graphs every logical processor system default although remains option.additionally display data nonuniform memory access numa node.displaying data logical processor machines logical processors cpu tab displays simple utilization percentages heatmapping tiles.color used heat maps blue darker shades indicating heavier utilization.hovering cursor logical processors data shows numa node processor id applicable.
Windows Server 2012
additionally new startup tab added lists startup applications however tab exist windows server .new task manager recognizes windows store app suspended status.ip address management ipam windows server ip address management role discovering monitoring auditing managing ip address space used corporate network.ipam used management monitoring domain name system dns dynamic host configuration protocol dhcp servers.ipv ipv fully supported.