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Economic history of the United Kingdom	cambridge university press .fieldhouse d. k. economics empire .floud roderick.people british economy .floud roderick donald mccloskey eds.economic history britain since st ed.vol nd edition .floud roderick jane humphries paul johnson eds.cambridge economic history modern britain vol.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	advanced economic history heavy econometrics statistics excerpt almost entirely different contents previous floudmccloskey book.gallagher john ronald robinson.“the imperialism free trade.” economic history review pp.–.online famous articlegregg pauline.social economic history britain – onlinehancock w.k.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	m. m. gowing.british war economy part official history world war ii onlineharte n. b. trends publications economic social history great britain ireland .economic history review .–.onlineharvey charles john turner.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	labour business modern britain honeyman katrina.business gender service industries british business history.business history review –.horrell sara .living standards britain – womens century.national institute economic review.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	–.doi.. scid .johnman lewis murphy hugh.maritime business history britain past present future international journal maritime history –.issn kindleberger charles p. economic growth france britain lee clive.british economy since macroeconomic perspective lee clive.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	scotland united kingdom economy union twentieth century lipson ephraim.economic history england v th ed.medieval may trevor.economic social history britain michie ranald c. british banking continuity change present oxford pp.online reviewmilward a. s. economic effects two world wars britain .mokyr joel .
Economic history of the United Kingdom	enlightened economy economic history britain .yale university press.isbn .morgan kenneth o. oxford illustrated history britain oxford university press .overton mark.agricultural revolution england transformation agrarian economy – .payne peter lester.british entrepreneurship th century macmillan .peden g. c. british economic social policy lloyd george margaret thatcher .pelling henry.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	history british trade unionism .pope rex.atlas british social economic history since c. routledge .pollard sidney.development british economy th ed.price jacob.merchants reflections british overseas trade journal economic history pp.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	jstorroberts e. women work .saul s. b. myth great depression .saul s. b.“britain world trade .” economic history review pp.–.jstor onlinesupple barry emmanuel.essays british business history toms steven wilson john f. scale scope accountability towards new paradigm british business history.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	business history .issn wilson charles.englands apprenticeship comprehensive economic business history.wrigley e. anthony.reconsidering industrial revolution england wales.journal interdisciplinary history .
Economic history of the United Kingdom	.first world war adams r. j. q. delivering goods reappaising ministry munitions –.albion quarterly journal concerned british studies pp – jstorbaker charles whiting .government control operation industry great britain united states world war.new york oxford university press.burk kathleen.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	britain america sinews war online freegreat britain.ministry munitions.history ministry munitions vol.online freegrieves keith.politics manpower manchester .hancock w.k.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	m. m. gowing.british war economy pp – onlinehurwitz samuel j. .state intervention great britain study economic control social response –.routledge.isbn .mcvey frank l. financial history great britain online freewhetham edith h. agrarian history england wales volume viii – cambridge university press pp – primary sources bland a.e.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	p.a.brown r.h. tawney eds.english economic history select documents macmillan .online pp covers s.charles h. feinstein national income expenditure output united kingdom.–.
Economic history of the United Kingdom	studies national income expenditure united kingdom .cambridge university press.pollard sidney colin holmes eds.documents european economic history process industrialization v. passim.pollard sidney colin holmes eds.documents european economic history industrial power national rivalry v. passimpollard sidney colin holmes eds.documents european economic history end old europe v. passimtawney r. h. eileen power eds.
Ferdinand Marcos	tudor economic documents vols..vol agriculture industry external links economic history societythe journal transport historyshift privatization documentary dean peter krogh foreign affairs digital archivesruled dictator martial law kept martial law powers deposed branding rule constitutional authoritarianism new society movement.one controversial leaders th century marcos rule infamous corruption extravagance brutality.marcos gained political success claiming decorated war hero philippines many claims found false united states army documents describing wartime claims fraudulent absurd.world war ii became lawyer served philippine house representatives philippine senate .elected president philippines presided economy grew beginning year rule would end loss livelihood extreme poverty crushing debt crisis.pursued aggressive program infrastructure development funded foreign debt making popular first term although would also trigger inflationary crisis would lead social unrest second term.
Ferdinand Marcos	marcos placed philippines martial law september shortly end second term.martial law ratified fraudulent referendum.constitution revised media outlets silenced violence oppression used political opposition muslims suspected communists ordinary citizens.after elected third term philippine presidential election marcoss popularity suffered greatly due economic collapse began early public outrage assassination opposition leader senator benigno ninoy aquino jr. later year.discontent resulting resurgence opposition philippine parliamentary election discovery documents exposing financial accounts false war records led marcos call snap election .allegations mass cheating political turmoil human rights abuses led people power revolution february removed power.
Ferdinand Marcos	avoid could military confrontation manila pro antimarcos troops marcos advised us president ronald reagan senator paul laxalt cut cut cleanly.marcos fled family hawaii.succeeded president aquinos widow corazon cory aquino.according source documents provided presidential commission good government pcgg marcos family stole us billion– billion central bank philippines.pcgg also maintained marcos family enjoyed decadent lifestyle taking away billions dollars philippines .wife imelda marcos made infamous right excesses characterized husbands conjugal dictatorship source term imeldific.
Ferdinand Marcos	two children imee marcos ferdinand bongbong marcos jr. still active philippine politics.wife currently hold guinness world record largestever theft government.personal life ferdinand emmanuel edralin marcos born september town sarrat ilocos norte mariano marcos – josefa edralin –.mariano marcos lawyer congressman ilocos norte philippines.executed filipino guerillas japanese propagandist collaborator world war ii.
Ferdinand Marcos	drawn quartered use carabaos remains left hanging tree.josefa marcos schoolteacher would far outlive husband—dying two years marcos family left malacañang palace fled exile people power revolution.ferdinand first baptized philippine independent church later baptized catholic church age three.marcos lived first commonlaw wife carmen ortega ilocana mestiza miss press photography.three children resided two years ortega street san juan.august engagement announced manila dailies.not much known happened ortega children marcos married imelda trinidad romualdez april days first met.three biological children bongbong marcos imee marcos irene marcos.marcoss fourth child ortega born marriage imelda.marcos affair american actress dovie beams .
Ferdinand Marcos	according reports sydney morning herald marcos also affair former playboy model evelin hegyesi around sired child analisa josefa named mother josefa.marcos imelda later adopted aimee marcos.marcos claimed descendant antonio luna filipino general philippine–american war.also claimed ancestor thcentury pirate limahong chinese 林阿鳳 used raid coasts south china sea.chinese mestizo descendant like many presidents.education marcos studied law university philippines manila attending college law.excelled curricular extracurricular activities becoming member universitys swimming boxing wrestling teams.
Ferdinand Marcos	also accomplished orator debater writer student newspaper.attending college law became member upsilon sigma phi met future colleagues government staunchest critics.when sat bar examinations bar topnotcher top scorer score .. graduated cum laude.elected pi gamma mu phi kappa phi international honor societies latter giving distinguished member award years later.ferdinand marcos received honorary doctor laws ll.d.honoris causa degree central philippine university.assassination julio nalundasan marcos first shot national notoriety murder julio nalundasan.
Ferdinand Marcos	nalundasan mariano marcoss political rival killed single rifle shot brushing teeth home batac night september day defeated marcos second time seat national assembly.in december ferdinand marcos prosecuted murder nalundasan.accused marcos clan.also accused father mariano uncles pio marcos quirino lizardo.according two witnesses four conspired assassinate nalundasan ferdinand marcos eventually pulling trigger.late january finally denied bail.the evidence strong young marcos member university philippines rifle team national rifle champion.
Ferdinand Marcos	though marcoss rifle found gun rack u.p.rotc armory rifle team captain teodoro m. kalaw jr. missing time national bureau investigation evidence one used murder nalundasan.accused ferdinand marcos access u.p.armory.later year convicted.ferdinand lizardo received death penalty premeditated murder mariano pio found guilty contempt court.the marcos family took appeal supreme court philippines.
Ferdinand Marcos	according primitivo mijares justice jose p. laurel penned majority decision saw young marcos figured almost killing rival brawl youth convicted trial court frustrated murder acquitted appealing supreme court saw marcos opportunity pay forward debt society.associate justice george a. malcolm dean university philippines college law young laurels teacher recently appointed supreme court urged colleagues acquit young laurel knew bright student.way justice laurel saw marcos mirror pleaded colleagues acquit.supreme court overturned lower courts decision october acquitting marcos family charges except contempt.world war ii – marcoss military service world war ii subject debate controversy philippines international military circles.marcos received rotc training activated service us armed forces philippines usafip attack pearl harbor.
Ferdinand Marcos	served rd lieutenant mobilization summer fall continuing april taken prisoner.according marcoss account released prison japanese august us military records show rejoined usafip forces december .marcoss military service formally ended discharge major th infantry us armed forces philippines northern luzon may .controversies regarding marcoss military service revolve around reason release japanese pow camp actions release prison august return usafip december supposed rank upon discharge usafip claims recipient numerous military decorations proven fraudulent.documents uncovered washington post suggested marcoss release august happened father former congressman provincial governor mariano marcos cooperated japanese military authorities publicist.after release marcos claims spent much period august release december return usafip leader guerrilla organization called ang mga mahárlika tagalog freemen northern luzon.according marcoss claim force strength men.account events later cast doubt united states military investigation exposed many claims either false inaccurate.another controversy arose marcos began signing communications rank lt. col. instead major.
Ferdinand Marcos	prompted us officials note marcos recognized major roster th infantry usafip nl december date discharge.the biggest controversy arising marcoss service world war ii however would concern claims senatorial campaign decorated war hero philippines claimed recipient war medals decorations including distinguished service cross medal honor researchers later found stories wartime exploits marcos mostly propaganda inaccurate untrue.two supposed awards – gold cross distinguished service star – given war contested marcoss superiors.postwwii congressional career – surrender japanese end world war ii american government became preoccupied setting marshall plan revive economies western hemisphere quickly backtracked interests philippines granting islands independence july .war marcos one eleven lawyers confirmed new government special prosecutor office solicitor general tasked try process law justice accused collaboration japanese.eventually marcos ran fathers old post representative nd district ilocos norte three consecutive terms serving house representatives .marcos joined liberal wing split nacionalista party eventually became liberal party.
Ferdinand Marcos	eventually became liberal partys spokesman economic matters made chairman house neophytes bloc included future president diosdado macapagal future vice president emmanuel pelaez future manila mayor arsenio lacson.marcos became chairman house committee commerce industry member house committees defense ways means industry banks currency war veterans civil service corporations economic planning.also member special committee import price controls special committee reparations house electoral tribunal.after served member house representatives three terms marcos senate seat elections became senate minority floor leader .became executive vice president liberal party served party president .from senate president.thus far last senate president become president philippines.introduced number significant bills many found way republic statute books.during election campaign presidential election marcos life became basis biographical film iginuhit ng tadhana ferdinand e. marcos story starred luis gonzales marcos.
Ferdinand Marcos	first term – marcos first term began inauguration december ended inaugurated second term december .by pursuing aggressive program infrastructure development funded foreign loans remained popular first term popularity flagging debtdriven spending campaign second term triggered inflationary crisis november december second inauguration.among major projects first term construction cultural center philippines complex considered one earliest examples would come known marcoses edifice complex.soon elected marcos developed close relations officers philippine military began expanding armed forces allowing loyal generals stay positions past retirement age giving civilian government posts.also gained support johnson administration us allowing limited philippine involvement vietnam war philippine civic action group.marcos first term also saw philippine senates expose jabidah massacre march muslim man named jibin arula testified lone survivor group moro army recruits executed enmasse corregidor island march .allegations expose became major flashpoint ignited moro insurgency philippines.presidential campaign marcos ran populist campaign emphasizing bemedalled war hero emerging world war ii.
Ferdinand Marcos	marcos would claim decorated war hero philippines garnering almost every medal decoration filipino american governments could give soldier.included claim war medals decorations distinguished service cross medal honor.according primitivo mijares author book conjugal dictatorship ferdinand marcos imelda marcos opposition liberal party would later confirm many war medals acquired aid reelection campaign senate presidential campaign.marcos presidency .inauguration ferdinand marcos inaugurated first term th president philippines december winning philippine presidential election incumbent president diosdado macapagal.
Ferdinand Marcos	inauguration marked beginning twodecade long stay power even though philippine constitution set limit two fouryear terms office.expansion philippine military one marcoss earliest initiatives upon becoming president significantly expand philippine military.unprecedented move marcos chose concurrently serve defense secretary allowing direct hand running military.also significantly increased budget armed forces tapping civil projects construction schools.generals loyal marcos allowed stay positions past retirement age rewarded civilian government posts leading senator benigno s. aquino jr. accuse marcos trying establish garrison state.
Ferdinand Marcos	vietnam war intense pressure administration lyndon b. johnson marcos reversed prepresidency position sending philippine forces vietnam war consented limited involvement asking congress approve sending combat engineer unit.despite opposition new plan marcos government gained congressional approval philippine troops sent middle philippines civic action group philcag.philcag reached strength troops filipino soldiers served south vietnam mainly involved civilian infrastructure projects.loans construction projects eye towards becoming first president third republic reelected second term marcos began taking massive foreign loans fund rice roads schoolbuildings promised reelection campaign.tax revenues unable fund administrations increase infrastructure spending marcos began tapping foreign loans creating budget deficit higher philippine governments annual deficit .this began pattern loanfunded spending marcos administration would continue marcoses deposed resulting economic instability still felt today debts experts say philippines keep paying well .
Ferdinand Marcos	grandest infrastructure projects marcoss first term especially cultural center philippines complex also marked beginning critics would call marcos couples edifice complex grand public infrastructures projects prioritized public funding propaganda value.jabidah exposé muslim reactions march muslim man named jibin arula fished waters manila bay shot.brought thencavite governor delfin n. montano recounted story jabidah massacre saying numerous moro army recruits executed enmasse members armed forces philippines afp march .became subject senate exposé opposition senator benigno aquino jr.although lack living witnesses arula severely hampered probes incident became major flashpoint ignited moro insurgency philippines.despite undergoing numerous trials hearings none officers implicated massacre ever convicted leading many filipino muslims believe christian government manila little regard them.this created furor within muslim community philippines especially among educated youth among muslim intellectuals discernible interest politics prior incident.
Ferdinand Marcos	educated story jabidah massacre led many filipino muslims believe opportunities integration accommodation christians lost marginalised.this eventually led formation mindanao independence movement bangsamoro liberation organization bmlo consolidation various forces moro national liberation front mnlf october .presidential campaign ferdinand marcoss campaign second term formally began nomination presidential candidate nacionalista party july general meeting.meeting partys ruling junta met week earlier assure nomination would unanimous.constitution philippines force time marcos supposed allowed maximum two fouryear terms president.during campaign marcos launched us million worth infrastructure projects effort curry favor electorate.rapid campaign spending massive would responsible balance payments crisis whose inflationary effect would cause social unrest leading way proclamation martial law .
Ferdinand Marcos	marcos reported spent php every php osmena spent using php million cebu alone.with popularity already beefed debtfunded spending marcoss popularity made likely would win election decided national artist literature nick joaquin reported philippines free press leave nothing chance.time newsweek would eventually call election dirtiest violent corrupt philippine modern history term three gs meaning guns goons gold coined describe administrations election tactics votebuying terrorism ballot snatching.balance payments crisis campaign marcos spent million worth debtfunded infrastructure triggering balance payments crisis.marcos administration ran international monetary fund imf help imf offered debt restructuring deal.new policies including greater emphasis exports relaxation controls peso put place.
Ferdinand Marcos	peso allowed float lower market value resulting drastic inflation social unrest.second term – presidential elections held november marcos reelected second term.first last filipino president win second full term.running mate incumbent vice president fernando lopez also elected third full term vice president philippines.marcos second term characterized social unrest beginning balance payments crisis already underway second inauguration.opposition groups began form moderate groups calling political reform radical groups espoused radicalleft ideology.marcos responded groups military force.
Ferdinand Marcos	notable series protests first three months – period since come known first quarter storm.another major event marcos second term philippine constitutional convention marred may delegate exposed bribery scheme delegates paid vote favor marcoses – first lady imelda marcos implicated alleged payola scheme.august political campaign rally opposition liberal party plaza miranda district quiapo manila.marcos blamed thenstillnascent communist party philippines issued proclamation no.assumed emergency powers suspended writ habeas corpus.oppositionists arrested accused radicals.
Ferdinand Marcos	marcos response obscured distinction moderates radical opposition already blurred since first quarter storm.brought massive expansion underground socialist resistance many moderate oppositionists saw choice join radicals.in series bombings metro manila took place ratcheting tension.marcos blamed communists although suspects caught connection explosions linked philippine constabulary.marcos second term effectively ended little two years nine months later marcos announced september placed philippines martial law.social unrest balance payments crisis marcos november election landslide inaugurated december year marcoss massive spending presidential campaign taken toll triggered growing public unrest.marcoss spending campaign led opposition figures senator lorenzo tañada senator jovito salonga senator jose diokno accuse marcos wanting stay power even beyond two term maximum set presidency constitution.opposition groups quickly grew campuses students time opportunity aware political economic issues.moderate radical opposition media reports time classified various civil society groups opposing marcos two categories.
Ferdinand Marcos	moderates included church groups civil libertarians nationalist politicians wanted create change political reforms.radicals including number labor student groups wanted broader systemic political reforms.the moderate oppositionwith constitutional convention occupying attention statesmen politicians opposed increasingly moreauthoritarian administration ferdinand marcos mostly focused efforts political efforts within halls power.their concerns varied usually included election reform calls nonpartisan constitutional convention call marcos exceed two presidential terms allowed constitution.this notably included national union students philippines national students league nsl later movement concerned citizens civil liberties mcccl led senator jose w. diokno.the mcccls rallies particularly remembered diversity attracting participants moderate radical camps scale biggest one attended many people.the radical oppositionthe broad category opposition groups period wanted broader systemic political reforms usually part national democracy movement.groups branded radicals media although marcos administration extended term moderate protest groups well.groups considered radical media time includedthe kabataang makabayan kmthe samahang demokratiko ng kabataan sdkthe student cultural association university philippines scaupthe movement democratic philippines mdpthe student power assembly philippines spap andthe malayang pagkakaisa ng kabataang pilipino mpkp.radicalization marcos became president philippine policy politics functioned postworld war ii geopolitical framework.result philippines ideologically caught anticommunist scare perpetuated us cold war.
Ferdinand Marcos	marcos afp thus emphasized threat represented formation communist party philippines even still small organization.partly good building afp budget.result notes security specialist richard j. kessler mythologized group investing revolutionary aura attracted supporters.the social unrest violent dispersal resulting first quarter storm protests among early watershed events large numbers filipino students radicalized marcos administration.due dispersals many students previously held moderate positions i.e.calling legislative reforms became convinced choice call radical social change.other watershed events would later radicalize many otherwise moderate opposition members include february diliman commune august suspension writ habeas corpus wake plaza miranda bombing september declaration martial law murder macliing dulag august assassination ninoy aquino.by study sessions marxism–leninism become common campuses many student activists joining various organizations associated national democracy movement nd student cultural association university philippines scaup kabataang makabayan km lit.
Ferdinand Marcos	patriotic youth founded jose maria sison samahang demokratiko ng kabataan sdk founded separate organization scaup km group young writerleaders others.the line leftist activists communists became increasingly blurred significant number radicalized activists also joined communist party philippines.radicalized activists cities began extensively deployed rural areas became guerillas.first quarter storm time marcos gave first state nation address second term january unrest born – balance payments crisis exploded series demonstrations protests marches government.student groups – moderate radical – served driving force protests lasted end university semester march would come known first quarter storm.during marcoss january state nation address moderate national union students philippines organized protested front congress invited student groups moderate radical join them.students participating protest harangued marcos wife imelda left congress building throwing coffin stuffed alligator stones them.the next major protest took place january front presidential palace activists rammed gate fire truck gate broke gave way activists charged palace grounds tossing rocks pillboxes molotov cocktails.
Ferdinand Marcos	least two activists confirmed dead several injured police.five major protests took place metro manila area took place march – media accounts would later brand deadly protests first quarter storm.included february rally plaza miranda february demonstration dubbed peoples congress also supposed plaza miranda dispersed early resulting protesters proceeding us embassy set fire lobby second peoples congress demonstration february peoples march welcome rotonda plaza lawton march second peoples march plaza moriones march .the protests ranged number per weekly mass action.students declared weeklong boycott classes instead met organize protest rallies.violent dispersals various fqs protests among first watershed events large numbers filipino students radicalized marcos administration.due dispersals many students previously held moderate positions i.e.calling legislative reforms became convinced choice call radical social change.
Ferdinand Marcos	constitutional convention expressing opposition marcoss policies citing rising discontent wide inequalities society civil society groups opposition leaders began campaigning initiate constitutional convention would revise change constitution philippines.march year philippine congress constituted constituent assembly passed resolution no.called constitutional convention change constitution.marcos surprised critics endorsing move historians later noted resulting constitutional convention would lay foundation legal justifications marcos would use extend term past two fouryear terms allowable constitution.a special election held november elect delegates convention.winners determined convention convened june newly completed quezon city hall.total delegates elected convention prominent former senators raul manglapus roseller t. lim.
Ferdinand Marcos	delegates would become influential political figures including hilario davide jr. marcelo fernan sotero laurel aquilino pimentel jr. teofisto guingona jr. raul roco edgardo angara richard gordon margarito teves federico dela plana.by convention already bogged politicking delays credibility took severe blow may delegate exposed bribery scheme delegates paid vote favor marcoses – first lady imelda marcos implicated alleged payola scheme.investigation scheme effectively shelved marcos declared martial law september opposition delegates arrested.remaining opposition delegates forced go either exile hiding.within two months entirely new draft constitution created scratch special committee.constitutional plebiscite called ratify new constitution validity ratification brought question marcos replaced method voting secret ballot system viva voce voting citizens assemblies.
Ferdinand Marcos	ratification constitution challenged came known ratification cases.early growth cpp new peoples army december philippine military academy instructor lt victor corpuz led new peoples army rebels raid pma armory capturing rifles machine guns grenade launchers bazooka thousands rounds ammunition .china actively supporting arming communist insurgencies asia part mao zedongs peoples war doctrine transported ak rifles npa speed npas campaign defeat government.rumored coup détat assassination plot rumors coup détat also brewing.report us senate foreign relations committee said shortly philippine presidential election group composed mostly retired colonels generals organized revolutionary junta aim first discrediting president marcos killing him.
Ferdinand Marcos	group headed eleuterio adevoso official opposition liberal party.document given committee philippine government official alleged key figures plot vice president fernando lopez sergio osmena jr. marcos defeated election.while report obtained new york times speculated rumors coup could used marcos justify martial law early december message us ambassador us assistant secretary state ambassador said talk revolution even assassination coming defeated opposition adevoso leading activist.also said information assassination plans hard wellsourced make sure reaches president marcos.primary source inline plaza miranda bombing interviews washington post unnamed former communist party philippines officials alleged communist party leadership planned – three operatives carried – plaza miranda attack attempt provoke government repression push country brink revolution.communist party leader jose maria sison calculated marcos could provoked cracking opponents thereby driving thousands political activists underground anonymous former officials said.recruits urgently needed said make use large influx weapons financial aid china already agreed provide.
Ferdinand Marcos	josé maría sison continues deny claims cpp never released official confirmation culpability incident.marcos allies claimed benigno aquino jr. part plot denied cppnpa founding chair jose maria sison.some historians claim marcos responsible plaza miranda bombing known used false flag operations pretext martial law.series deadly bombings cia privately stated marcos responsible least one them.us intelligence documents declassified contained evidence implicating marcos provided cia mole within philippine army.another false flag attack took place attempted assassination defense minister juan ponce enrile .president nixon approved marcoss martial law initiative immediately afterwards.suspension writ habeas corpus response plaza miranda bombing marcos issued proclamation no.
Ferdinand Marcos	assumed emergency powers suspended writ habeas corpus – act would later seen prelude declaration martial law year later.marcoss suspension writ became event forced many members moderate opposition edgar jopson join ranks radicals.aftermath bombing marcos lumped opposition together referred communists many former moderates fled mountain encampments radical opposition avoid arrested marcoss forces.became disenchanted excesses marcos administration wanted join opposition often joined ranks radicals simply represented group vocally offering opposition marcos government.manila bombings evening september president ferdinand marcos announced placed entirety philippines martial law.marked beginning year period oneman rule would effectively last marcos exiled country february .
Ferdinand Marcos	even though formal document proclaiming martial law – proclamation no.– formally lifted january marcos retained virtually powers dictator ousted edsa revolution.plaza miranda soon followed series twenty explosions took place various locations metro manila months immediately proceeding marcos proclamation martial law.first bombings took place march last took place september – twelve days martial law announced september year.the marcos regime officially attributed explosions communist urban guerillas marcos included list inciting events served rationalizations declaration martial law.marcoss political opposition time questioned attribution explosions communists noting suspects caught connection explosions linked philippine constabulary.the sites manila bombings included palace theater joes department store carriedo street manila offices philippine long distance telephone company pldt filipinas orient airways philippine american life general insurance company philamlife cubao branch philippine trust company known philtrust bank senate publication division philippine sugar institute quezon city south vietnamese embassy.however one incidents – one carriedo shopping mall – went beyond damage property one woman killed persons injured.
Ferdinand Marcos	martial law era – marcoss declaration martial law became known public september press secretary francisco tatad announced radio proclamation № marcos supposedly signed two days earlier september come force would extend marcoss rule beyond constitutional twoterm limit.ruling decree almost dissolved press freedom civil liberties add propaganda machine closed congress media establishments ordered arrest opposition leaders militant activists including senators benigno aquino jr. jovito salonga jose diokno.marcos claimed martial law prelude creating bagong lipunan new society based new social political values.arrests however unlike ninoy aquinos senate colleagues detained without charges ninoy together communist npa leaders lt. corpuz bernabe buscayno charged murder illegal possession firearms subversion.bagong lipunan new society one rationalizations declaration martial law marcos said need reform society placing control benevolent dictator could guide undisciplined populace period chaos.
Ferdinand Marcos	referred social engineering exercise bagong lipunan new society marcos administration produced range propaganda materials – including speeches books lectures slogans numerous propaganda songs – promote it.according marcoss book notes new society movement urging poor privileged work one common goals society achieve liberation filipino people selfrealization.the marcos regime instituted youth organization known kabataang barangay led marcoss eldest daughter imee.presidential decree enacted april encouraging youths aged go camps volunteer work.martial law referendum martial law put vote july philippine martial law referendum marred controversy resulting .voting yes .
Ferdinand Marcos	voting no.rolex military along marcos members rolex circle like defense minister juan ponce enrile chief staff philippine constabulary fidel ramos chief staff armed forces philippines fabian ver chief administrators martial law three remained president marcoss closest advisers ousted .peripheral members rolex included eduardo danding cojuangco jr. lucio tan.between marcos increased size philippine military personnel response fall south vietnam communists growing tide communism south east asia.military officers placed boards variety media corporations public utilities development projects private corporations highly educated welltrained graduates philippine military academy.time marcos made efforts foster growth domestic weapons manufacturing industry heavily increased military spending.many human rights abuses attributed philippine constabulary headed future president fidel ramos.
Ferdinand Marcos	civilian home defense force precursor civilian armed forces geographical unit cafgu organized president marcos battle communist islamic insurgency problem particularly accused notoriously inflicting human right violations leftists npa muslim insurgents rebels marcos government.however martial law marcos administration able reduce violent urban crime collect unregistered firearms suppress communist insurgency areas.us foreign policy martial law marcos armed forces quadrupled filipinos arrested political reasons.vice president george h. w. bush praised marcos adherence democratic principles democratic processes.american military politician ever publicly questioned authority marcos help fight communism south east asia.from declaration martial law us government provided .
Ferdinand Marcos	billion bilateral military economic aid marcos regime .billion multilateral institutions world bank.in us senate report stated us officials aware early philippine government agents united states harass filipino dissidents.june two antimarcos labor activists assassinated outside union hall seattle.least one occasion cia agents blocked fbi investigations philippine agents.withdrawal taiwan relations favor peoples republic china prior marcos administration philippine government maintained close relationship kuomintangruled republic china roc government fled island taiwan despite victory communist party china chinese communist revolution.
Ferdinand Marcos	prior administrations seen peoples republic china prc security threat due financial military support communist rebels country.by however ferdinand marcos started publicly asserting need philippines establish diplomatic relationship peoples republic china.state nation address said asia must strive toward modus vivendi red china.reiterate need becoming urgent day.long communist china increased striking power thousand fold sophisticated delivery system nuclear weapons.must prepare day.
Ferdinand Marcos	must prepare coexist peaceably communist china.in june president marcos went prc signed joint communiqué normalizing relations philippines china.among things communiqué recognizes one china taiwan integral part chinese territory… turn chinese prime minister zhou enlai also pledged china would intervene internal affairs philippines seek impose policies asia move isolated local communist movement china financially militarily supported.the washington post interview former philippine communist party officials revealed local communist party officials wound languishing china years unwilling guests chinese government feuding bitterly among party leadership philippines.the government subsequently captured npa leaders bernabe buscayno jose maria sison .philippine parliamentary election reports gross human rights violations led pressure international community including newly elected us president jimmy carter put pressure marcos administration release ninoy aquino hold parliamentary elections demonstrate normalization begun declaration martial law.marcos release aquino announced philippine parliamentary election would held .elections held april election regional representatives interim batasang pambansa nations first parliament.
Ferdinand Marcos	elections contested several parties including ninoy aquinos newly formed party lakas ng bayan laban regimes party known kilusang bagong lipunan kbl.the ninoy aquinos laban party fielded candidates metro manila area including ninoy activist jerry barican labor leader alex boncayao neptali gonzales teofisto guingona jr. ramon mitra jr. aquilino pimentel jr. journalist napoleon rama publisher alejandro roces poetplaywright francisco rodrigo.irregularities noted election included prestuffed ballot boxes phony registration flying voters manipulated election returns vote buying labans campaigning faced restrictions including marcos refusal let aquino prison order campaign.partys candidates including aquino lost election.marcoss kbl party seats pusyon bisaya led hilario davide jr. later became minority floor leader seats.prime minister ferdinand marcos became prime minister philippines marking return position first time since terms pedro paterno jorge vargas american occupation.based article constitution broad executive powers would typical modern prime ministers countries.position official head government commanderinchief armed forces.
Ferdinand Marcos	previous powers president constitution transferred newly restored office prime minister.prime minister also acted head national economic development authority.upon reelection presidency marcos succeeded prime minister americaneducated leader wharton graduate cesar virata elected assemblyman member parliament cavite .eponym cesar virata school business business school university philippines diliman.proclamation no.
Ferdinand Marcos	putting force amendments constitution legislative action securing sweeping powers batasan supposed successor body congress control president marcos issued proclamation lifted martial law january .however suspension privilege writ habeas corpus continued autonomous regions western mindanao central mindanao.opposition dubbed lifting martial law mere face lifting precondition visit pope john paul ii.third term – june six months lifting martial law first presidential election twelve years held.president marcos ran major opposition parties united nationalists democratic organizations unido coalition opposition parties laban boycotted election.marcos massive victory candidates.
Ferdinand Marcos	armed conflict cpp–npa lifting martial law pressure communist cpp–npa alleviated.group able return urban areas form relationships legal opposition organizations became increasingly successful attacks government throughout country.violence inflicted communists reached peak military police deaths civilian deaths.economic collapse marcos administrations spending relied heavily debt since marcos first term philippines left vulnerable us economy went recession third quarter forcing reagan administration increase interest rates.philippine economy began going decline continuing time benigno aquino jr. assassination .
Ferdinand Marcos	economic political instability combined produce worst recession philippine history economy contracting .two successive years.aquinos assassination august opposition leader benigno aquino jr. assassinated tarmac manila international airport.returned philippines three years exile united states heart bypass operation save life marcos allowed leave philippines seek medical care.prior heart surgery ninoy along two coaccused npa leaders bernabe buscayno commander dante lt. victor corpuz sentenced death military commission charges murder illegal possession firearms subversion.a months assassination ninoy decided return philippines research fellowship harvard university finished.
Ferdinand Marcos	opposition blamed marcos directly assassination others blamed military wife imelda.popular speculation pointed three suspects first marcos trusted military chief fabian ver second theory pointed wife imelda burning ambition ailing husband seemed getting weaker third theory danding cojuangco planned assassination political ambitions.acquittals chief staff general fabian ver well highranking military officers charged crime widely seen whitewash miscarriage justice.on november pablo martinez one soldiers convicted assassination ninoy aquino alleged marcos crony danding cojuangco ordered assassination ninoy aquino jr. marcos recuperating kidney transplant.cojuangco cousin aquinos wife corazon cojuangco aquino.martinez also alleged galman knew assassination galman actual shooter corroborated evidence case.after february people power revolution swept aquinos widow presidency supreme court ordered retrial aquinos assassination.
Ferdinand Marcos	sandiganbayan convicted military personnel murder ruling constable st class rogelio moreno one military escorts assigned aquino fired fatal shot killed aquino galman.impeachment attempt august assemblymen signed resolution calling impeachment president marcos alleged diversion us aid personal use citing july san jose mercury news exposé marcoss multimilliondollar investment property holdings united states.the properties allegedly amassed first family crown building lindenmere estate number residential apartments new jersey new york shopping center new york mansions london rome honolulu helen knudsen estate hawaii three condominiums san francisco california.the assembly also included complaint misuse misapplication funds construction manila film center xrated pornographic films exhibited contrary public morals filipino customs traditions.impeachment attempt gained little real traction however even light incendiary charge committee impeachment resolution referred recommend momentum removing marcos constitutional processes soon died.physical decline third term marcoss health deteriorated rapidly due kidney ailments complication chronic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus.kidney transplant august body rejected first kidney transplant second transplant november .
Ferdinand Marcos	marcoss regime sensitive publicity condition palace physician alleged one periods marcos undergone kidney transplant shortly afterwards found murdered.police said kidnapped slain communist rebels.many people questioned whether still capacity govern due grave illness ballooning political unrest.marcos ailing powerful wife imelda emerged governments main public figure.marcos dismissed speculations ailing health used avid golfer fitness buff liked showing physique.by us president ronald reagan started distancing marcos regime previous american presidents strongly supported even marcos declared martial law.
Ferdinand Marcos	united states provided hundreds millions dollars aid crucial buttressing marcoss rule years although carter administration relationship us soured somewhat president jimmy carter targeted philippines human rights campaign.cabinet economic performance year period philippine economic history ferdinand marcoss regime—from election ousted people power revolution —was period significant economic highs lows.philippine annual gross domestic product grew .billion .billion year prior assassination ninoy aquino.gdp went .
Ferdinand Marcos	billion two years economic recession brought political instability following ninoys assassination.considerable amount money went marcos family friends form behest loans.poverty inequality susan quimpo recounts times hard financially marcos regime much citizens line rice rations due rice shortage government told citizens consume corn instead.in making philippines frank senauth p. saysmarcos diverted large sums government money partys campaign funds.average monthly income wage workers fallen .wealthiest population receiving twice much income bottom .
Ferdinand Marcos	debt help finance number economic development projects marcos government borrowed large amounts money international lenders.external debt philippines rose fold million .billion making philippines one indebted countries asia.the countrys total external debt rose us.billion us.billion marcoss term.
Ferdinand Marcos	marcoss critics charged policies become debtdriven rampant corruption plunder public funds marcos cronies.held country debtservicing crisis expected fixed .critics pointed elusive state countrys development period marred sharp devaluing philippine peso ... overall economy experienced slower growth gdp per capita lower wage conditions higher unemployment especially towards end marcoss term – recession.marcoss critics claimed poverty incidence grew time marcos took presidency removed power reliance us trade former colony united states philippines heavily reliant american economy purchase agricultural goods sugar tobacco coconut bananas pineapple economy martial law – according world bank data philippines annual gross domestic product quadrupled billion .
Ferdinand Marcos	billion inflationadjusted average growth rate per year debt stood us.billion end .indeed according usbased heritage foundation philippines enjoyed best economic development since .economy grew amidsts two severe global oil shocks following oil crisis energy crisis – oil price barrel .growth .
Ferdinand Marcos	end debt still manageable debt debtgnp ratio south korea according us national bureau economic research.foreign capital invited invest certain industrial projects.offered incentives including tax exemption privileges privilege bringing profits foreign currencies.one important economic programs kilusang kabuhayan kaunlaran movement livelihood progress.program started september .aimed promote economic development barangays encouraging residents engage livelihood projects.
Ferdinand Marcos	governments efforts resulted increase nations economic growth rate average six percent seven percent .economy martial law – philippine economy heavily reliant exports united states suffered great decline aquino assassination august .in attempt launch national economic recovery program despite growing isolation american businesses marcos negotiated foreign creditors including international bank reconstruction development world bank international monetary fund imf restructuring countrys foreign debts – give philippines time pay loans.marcos ordered cut government expenditures used portion savings finance sariling sikap selfreliance livelihood program established .however economy continued shrink despite governments recovery efforts due number reasons.socalled government development programs failed materialize.government funds often siphoned marcos cronies.
Ferdinand Marcos	american investors discouraged filipino economic elite corruption become endemic marcos regime.failure recovery program augmented civil unrest rampant graft corruption within government marcoss lack credibility.unemployment rate increased ...
Ferdinand Marcos	creation credit information bureau ferdinand marcos issued letter instructions no.mandating central bank philippines analyze probability establishing funding operation credit bureau philippines due disturbing increase failures corporate borrowers.in adherence order central bank philippines organized credit information exchange system department loans credit.created engage collating developing analyzing credit information individuals institutions business entities business concerns.aims develop undertake continuing exchange credit data within members subscribers provide impartial source credit information debtors creditors public.april credit information bureau inc. incorporated nonstock nonprofit corporation.
Ferdinand Marcos	cibi created pursuant loi no.dated february strengthened pd no.recognizes supports cibi suitable credit bureau promote development maintenance rational efficient credit processes financial system economy whole.in credit information bureau inc. incorporated transformed private entity became cibi information inc. cibi provider information intelligence business credit individuals.company also supplies compliance reports accrediting suppliers industry partners even hiring professionals.snap election exile edsa revolution late face escalating public discontent pressure foreign allies marcos called snap election year left term.
Ferdinand Marcos	selected arturo tolentino running mate.opposition marcos united behind two americaneducated leaders aquinos widow corazon running mate salvador laurel.it time marcoss world war ii medals fighting japanese occupation first questioned foreign press.campaign manilas tondo district marcos retortedyou tondo fought part guerrilla organization—you answer crazy individuals especially foreign press.opponents say marcos real guerrilla.look them.
Ferdinand Marcos	people collaborating enemy fighting enemy.nerve question war record.pay attention accusation.marcos referring presidential candidate corazon aquinos fatherinlaw benigno aquino sr. vice presidential candidate salvador laurels father josé p. laurelthe elections held february .official election canvasser commission elections comelec declared marcos winner.final tally comelec marcos winning votes aquinos votes.
Ferdinand Marcos	hand partial tally national movement free elections namfrel accredited poll watcher aquino winning votes marcoss votes.cheating reported sides.electoral exercise marred widespread reports violence tampering election results.the fraud culminated walkout comelec computer technicians protest claim official election results manipulated favor ferdinand marcos least based testimonies never validated.walkout computer technicians led linda kapunan technicians protected reform armed forces movement ram officers led husband lt. col. eduardo red kapunan.ram led lt. col. gregorio gringo honasan backed enrile plotted coup détat seize malacañang kill marcos family.the failed election process gave decisive boost people power movement.
Ferdinand Marcos	enrile ramos would later abandon marcos switch sides seek protection behind people power revolution backed fellowamerican educated eugenio lopez jr. jaime augusto zobel de ayala old political economic elites.height revolution juan ponce enrile revealed purported wellpublicized ambush attempt years earlier fact faked claim order marcos pretext imposing martial law.enrile would later take retract statement claimed ambush actually happened.despite marcos never ceased maintain duly elected proclaimed president philippines fourth term unfairly illegally deprived right serve it.february rival presidential inaugurations held aquino supporters overran parts manila seized state broadcaster ptv marcos forced flee.
Ferdinand Marcos	fleeing philippines hawaii pst gmt february marcos talked united states senator paul laxalt close associate united states president ronald reagan asking advice white house.laxalt advised cut cut cleanly marcos expressed disappointment short pause.afternoon marcos talked enrile asking safe passage family included close allies like general ver.finally p.m. marcos family transported four sikorsky hhe helicopters clark air base angeles city kilometers north manila boarding us air force c planes bound andersen air force base guam finally hickam air force base hawaii marcos arrived february .when fled hawaii way guam also brought crates cash valued million crates assorted jewelry undetermined value million worth unset precious gems contained pampers diaper boxes seiko cartier watches ft box crammed full real pearls ft solid gold statue covered diamonds precious stones gold bullion nearly million philippine pesos deposit slips banks us switzerland cayman islands worth million amassed dictatorship.initially confusion washington marcos members entourage.given special relations marcos nurtured reagan latter expectations favorable treatment.
Ferdinand Marcos	however reagan distance marcoses.state department turn assigned former deputy chief mission manila robert g. rich jr. point contact.entourage first billeted inside housing facilities hickam air force base.later state department announced marcoses immune legal charges within weeks hundreds cases filed them.throughout stay hawaii family enjoyed high life living luxurious house makiki heights shopping eating one states expensive sections wife imelda entertained guests various costly parties filipinos back philippines suffered debt marcos family incurred rule experts say may fully paid almost four decades downfall marcos authoritarian regime.other specifics things marcos brought hawaii also identified page us customs record.include wooden crates suitcases bags various boxes whose contents included enough clothes fill racks pieces jewelry gold bricks inscribed husband th anniversary million philippine pesos freshly printed notes.
Ferdinand Marcos	jewelry included pairs jewelstudded cufflinks ivory statue infant jesus silver mantle diamond necklace.total value items millon.meanwhile protestors stormed malacañang palace shortly departure famously discovered imelda left behind pairs shoes closet.protesters stormed malacañang palace would later loot many would steal documents jewelries food pantries typewriters on.looting cases vandalism destruction also took place.the catholic hierarchy manilas middle class crucial success massive crusade.
Ferdinand Marcos	contrary widelyheld notion protests secluded within metro manila protests marcos also occurred provinces islands visayas mindanao.plans return philippines marcos tapes year people power revolution revealed united states house foreign affairs subcommittee marcos held intention fly back philippines overthrow aquino government.two americans namely attorney richard hirschfeld business consultant robert chastain posed arms dealers gained knowledge plot gaining marcoss trust secretly tape recorded conversations ousted leader.according hirschfeld first invited marcos party held latters family residence oahu hawaii.hearing one hirschfelds clients saudi sheikh mohammad fassi marcoss interest piqued done business saudis past.weeks later marcos asked help securing passport another country order travel back philippines bypassing travel restrictions imposed philippines united states governments.
Ferdinand Marcos	failed however subsequently marcos asked hirschfeld arrange million loan fassi.on january marcos stated hirschfeld required another million loan order pay soldiers form combat life insurance.asked hirschfeld talking invasion philippines marcos responded yes.hirschfeld also recalled former president said negotiating several arms dealers purchase million worth weapons including tanks heatseeking missiles enough ammunition last army three months.marcos thought flown hometown ilocos norte greeted loyal supporters initiating plot kidnap corazon aquino.″what would like see happen take hostage″ marcos told chastain.″not hurt ... reason hurt .. take her.″learning plan hirschfeld contacted us department justice asked evidence.
Ferdinand Marcos	information eventually reached president ronald reagan placed marcos island arrest limiting movement.in response aquino government dismissed marcoss statements mere propaganda ploy.legal cases within two weeks arrival united states marcos family cronies received hundred criminal civil cases filed hawaii san francisco new york.marcos made personal appeals pres.ronald reagan intervene put stop cases.june national security advisor colin powell recommended proceeding indictment marcoses reviewed cases forwarded united states attorney southern district new york rudy giuliani.
Ferdinand Marcos	pres.reagan gave tacit approval this.august marcos stated headofstate immunity resist subpoenas federal grand jury produce finger palm prints failed consent investigators go foreign bank accounts.august bench warrant arrest released marcoses.october year pres.
Ferdinand Marcos	reagan personally wrote marcos informing believed innocence charges reminding case hands.also assured every opportunity prove innocence us justice system.rudy giuliani pressed indicting marcoses violating racketeer influenced corrupt organizations act rico.rico act focuses specifically racketeering allows leaders syndicate tried crimes ordered others assisted closing perceived loophole.example rico person instructed someone else murder could exempt prosecution personally commit crime.next letter pres.
Ferdinand Marcos	reagan october marcos complained giuliani giving nothing ultimatum plead guilty even testify others including family.death burial admitted hospital january pneumonia underwent series operations.dying days marcos visited vice president salvador laurel.meeting laurel marcos offered return illgotten wealth filipino people exchange buried back philippines beside mother offer also disclosed enrique zobel.however marcoss offer rebuffed aquino government imelda marcos.marcos died st. francis medical center honolulu a.m hst september kidney heart lung ailments days nd birthday.
Ferdinand Marcos	moments younger ferdinand eulogised late father stating hopefully friends detractors alike look beyond man see stood vision compassion total love country.marcos interred private mausoleum byodoin temple island oahu remains visited daily marcos family political allies friends.the aquino government refused allow marcoss body brought back philippines.body brought back philippines four years marcoss death term president fidel ramos.from remains interred inside refrigerated crypt ilocos norte son ferdinand jr. eldest daughter imee since become local governor congressional representative respectively.large bust ferdinand marcos inspired mount rushmore commissioned tourism minister jose aspiras carved hillside benguet.subsequently destroyed suspects included leftwing activists members local tribe displaced construction monument looters hunting legendary yamashita treasure.on november remains marcos buried libingan ng mga bayani despite opposition various groups.burial came unexpected many supreme courts ruling still allowed days opposition file motion reconsideration.
Ferdinand Marcos	morning november using philippine armed forces helicopters family supporters flew remains ilocos manila private burial.in months prior opinion burial libingan ng mga bayani split percent respondents survey conducted sws february said marcos worthy buried libingan ng mga bayani half rejected heros burial calling thief.various protest groups formed immediately upon hearing news unexpected burial.among gathered oppose burial youth groups opponents burial ferdinand marcos libingan ng mga bayani.league filipino students described transfer marcoss remains done like thief night.also criticized governments involvement burial former president described fascist dictator.kabataan partylist also condemned burial labeling grave travesty galawang hokage reference burial marcos planned conducted unbeknownst public.
Ferdinand Marcos	trials reparations roxas v. marcos rogelio roxas filipino treasure hunter discovered foottall golden buddha statue tunnels baguio general hospital .roxas later arrested tortured members military statue taken away.upon exile marcoses roxas assigned rights friend united states formed golden buddha corporation gbc pursued case former president.lower court awarded us billion favor gbc making largest award civil case history united states.november hawaii supreme court overturned ruling still maintained award us million illegal arrest torture experienced roxas.
Ferdinand Marcos	sandiganbayan supreme court international trials november imelda marcos found guilty beyond reasonable doubt... sandiganbayan seven counts graft private organizations set switzerland active duty government official .less days however sandiganbayan listed imeldas advanced age health condition considerations allowing accused post bail.fifth divisions sandiganbayan ruling read fact advanced age health reasons consistent doctrine enrile vs sandiganbayan bail allowed seven cases.supreme court philippines affirms marcoses assets beyond legal declared government salaries considered illgotten wealth.however supreme court acquitted imelda marcos corruption charges previous graft conviction .some us court appeals ninth circuit confirmed contempt judgement relation assets imelda son bongbong united states.
Ferdinand Marcos	although different subject matter judgement awarded .million human rights victims arguably largest contempt award ever affirmed appellate court.reparations filipinos us classaction lawsuit filed marcos estate.claims filed victims surviving relatives consequent torture execution disappearances.the swiss government initially reluctant respond allegations stolen funds held swiss accounts returned million marcoss stash.corazon aquino repealed many repressive laws enacted marcoss dictatorship.restored right access habeas corpus repealed antilabor laws freed hundreds political prisoners.from series suits brought us courts marcos daughter imee alleging bore responsibility executions torture disappearances.
Ferdinand Marcos	jury ninth circuit court awarded us billion plaintiffs class composed human rights victims families.june us supreme court – ruling penned justice anthony kennedy republic philippines v. pimentel held judgment court appeals ninth circuit reversed case remanded instructions order district court dismiss interpleader action.court dismissed interpleader lawsuit filed determine rights filipino human rights victims – recover us million part us billion judgment us courts marcos estate philippines government indispensable party protected sovereign immunity.philippines government claimed ownership funds transferred marcos arelma s.a. invested money merrill lynch pierce fenner smith inc. new york.july philippine court appeals rejected petition seeking enforce united states court decision awarded billion compensation human rights victims term former president ferdinand marcos.in philippine congress passed republic act human rights victims reparation recognition act .
Ferdinand Marcos	law created human rights violations claims board provided reparations victims summary execution torture enforced disappearances human rights violations committed regime late dictator ferdinand marcos.compensation came p billion stolen wealth seized government marcoses.total victims human rights violations martial law received compensation .bill filed congress proposes compensate tens thousands people still officially recognized victims statesponsored violence marcos regime.legacy marcos left mixed legacy future generations.
Ferdinand Marcos	authoritarianism ferdinand marcos first philippine executive institute authoritarian form government first since immediate postwwii era first throughout whole archipelago since war itself.comparisons made ferdinand marcos lee kuan yews authoritarian style governance singapores success autobiography third world first singapore story – lee relatesit soft forgiving culture.philippines could leader like ferdinand marcos pillaged country years still considered national burial.insignificant amounts loot recovered yet wife children allowed return engage politics.human rights abuses many student activists like edgar jopson rigoberto tiglao farmers like bernabe buscayno journalists like satur ocampo legal political opposition ninoy aquino fellow candidate election alex boncayao priest nuns joined developed relationships communist rebels many farmers student protesters leftists political opponents journalists members media accused members sympathizing cpp npa mnlf plotting government frequent targets human rights violations.victims would simply rounded arrest warrant reading prisoners rights kept indefinitely locked charges filed them.
Ferdinand Marcos	keynote speech university east journalist raissa robles described anyone could arrested abducted ease presigned arrest search seizure orders asso allowed military police detain victims trumped charges unclear allegations according rappler research.anybody could picked time reason military police according raissas husband journalist alan robles.a amnesty international report listed government torturers including members philippine constabulary philippine army respectively direct control major general fidel v. ramos defense minister juan ponce enrile.according torture victim rigoberto tiglao nearly human rights abuses president marcos accused undertaken philippine constabulary units especially national network constabulary security units whose heads reported directly fidel v. ramos.dreaded manilabased th constabulary security unit csu featured dreaded torturer lt. rodolfo aguinaldo credited capturing communist party leaders including jose ma.sison communists manilarizal regional committee headed metrocom intelligence security group misg command col. rolando abadilla intelligence service armed forces philippines isafp.there various statistics human rights abuses committed marcos regime.task force detainees philippines tfdp recorded incidents arrests disappearances salvagings frustrated salvagings killed wounded massacresamnesty international reports imprisoned tortured documented killedhistorian alfred mccoy gives figure recorded extrajudicial killings military tortured incarcerated.
Ferdinand Marcos	newspaper bulatlat places number victims arbitrary arrest detention extrajudicial execution activists martial law karapatan local human rights groups records show involuntarily disappeared bodies never found.according late susan quimpo coauthor subversive lives low figure number persons incarcerated marcos regime.in addition moro muslims killed massacres philippine army philippine constabulary ilaga progovernment paramilitary group.abductions victims often taken military safehouses euphemism hidden places torture often blindfolded.document titled open letter filipino people martial law martyr edgar edjop jopson described safehouses safehouses usually windows always shut tight.usually covered high walls.one would usually detect safehouses traffic motorcycles cars going house irregular hours.
Ferdinand Marcos	burly men armed pistols tucked waists clutch bags usually drive vehicles.torture various forms torture used military forms torture usually combined other.killings salvagings summary executions prevalent martial law era bodies recovered various places often bearing signs torture mutilation.cases referred salvaging term widely believed originated spanish word salvaje meaning savage.mutilated remains often dumped roadsides public display order spread sense fear intimidate opponents encouraging actions government—turning philippines theater state terror.anyone could salvaged communist rebels suspects innocent civilians priests included.
Ferdinand Marcos	tfdp documented salvage cases alone.victims included pamantasan ng lungsod ng maynila student liliosa hilao archimedes trajano juan escandor.also included list summary execution victims yearold luis manuel boyet mijares tortured brutally body found burn marks nails pulled removed ice pick wounds around body skull bashed eyeballs gouged genitals mutilated dropped helicopter.enforced disappearances enforced disappearances also known desaparecidos disappeared—people suddenly went missing sometimes without trace bodies never recovered.victims include primitivo tibo mijares emmanuel alvarez albert enriquez ma.leticia ladlad hermon lagman mariano lopez rodelo manaog manuel ontong florencio pesquesa arnulfo resus rosaleo romano carlos tayag emmanuel yap jan quimpo rizalina ilagan christina catalla jessica sales ramon jasul.notable murders numbers political detainees went number people killed rose spiked year martial law officially lifted marcos according task force detainees philippines.
Ferdinand Marcos	according senator jose diokno torture cases declined terrible tactic emerged unofficial executions—suspected dissidents simply arrested vanished.murder victims includesenator ninoy aquino august .assassinated tarmac manila international airportnpa commander alex boncayaomacliing dulagfr.tulio favalililiosa hilaoevelio javieredgar jopsonemmanuel eman lacaba civilian massacres hard judge full extent massacres atrocities happened marcos regime due heavily censored press time.some civilian massacres include followingguinayangan quezon.february coconut farmers marched air grievances coco levy fund scam.military opened fire group farmers neared guinayangan plaza.

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