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erzherzog ferdinand max displaced 10 @@ 472 long tons ( 10 @@ 640 t ) she was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @@ 2 m ) long had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @@ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @@ 5 m ) she was manned by 700 men she and her sisters were the last and largest pre @@ dreadnought class built by the aust... |
erzherzog ferdinand max carried a primary armament of four 24 @@ centimeter ( 9 @@ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline these guns were an austro @@ hungarian replica of the british 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @@ 4 ) krupp c / 94 which was used on the habsburgs her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19... |
at the outbreak of world war i erzherzog ferdinand max was in the iii division of the austrian @@ hungarian battle @@ fleet she was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of sms goeben and sms breslau the two german ships were attempting to break out of messina which... |
a major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in cattaro including sankt georg and kaiser karl vi began on 1 february 1918 two days later erzherzog ferdinand max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny following the restoration of order in the naval base the ar... |
near the end of world war i the erzherzog karl @@ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed state of slovenes croats and serbs but erzherzog ferdinand max was later transferred to great britain as a war reparation she was later broken up for scrap in 1921 |
ancient egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient egypt the beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient egyptian religion which emerged sometime in prehistory deities represented natural forces and phenomena and the egyptians supported and appeased them through offering... |
the gods' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities family ties loose groups and hierarchies and combinations of separate gods into one deities' diverse appearances in art as animals humans objects and combinations of different forms also alluded through symbolism to... |
in different eras various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society including the solar deity ra the mysterious god amun and the mother goddess isis the highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @@ giving power of the sun some scholars have a... |
gods were assumed to be present throughout the world capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives people interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites egyptians prayed for divine help used rituals to compel deities to act an... |
the beings in ancient egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague indirect references to other gods who are not even named the egyptologist james p allen estimates that more than 1 @@ 400 deities are named... |
the egyptian language's terms for these beings were nṯr god and its feminine form goddess scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance and the terms' origin remains obscure the hieroglyphs that were used ... |
the egyptians distinguished gods from people but the meanings of the egyptian and the english terms do not match perfectly the term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life deceased humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods whereas th... |
confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings scholars have proposed various definitions of a deity one widely accepted definition suggested by jan assmann says that a deity has a cult is involved in some aspect of the universe and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition ac... |
the first written evidence of deities in egypt comes from the early dynastic period ( c 3100 2686 bc ) deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding predynastic period ( before 3100 bc ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures some of these ... |
many egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times gustave for instance thought the egyptians first revered primitive fetishes then deities in animal form and finally deities in human form whereas henri frankfort argued that the gods must have been envision... |
predynastic egypt originally consisted of small independent villages because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local... |
the final step in the formation of egyptian religion was the unification of egypt in which rulers from upper egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country these sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion |
new gods continued to emerge after this transformation some important deities like isis and amun are not known to have appeared until the old kingdom ( c 2686 2181 bc ) places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @@ sex cou... |
through contact with neighboring civilizations the egyptians also adopted foreign deities who is first mentioned in the old kingdom may have come from nubia and baal anat and astarte among others were adopted from canaanite religion during the new kingdom ( c 1550 1070 bc ) in greek and roman times from 332 bc to the... |
modern knowledge of egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation's scribes and priests these people were the elite of egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace most of whom were illiterate little is known about how well this broader population kn... |
most egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena the gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena to be present within nature the types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces the god shu was the deification of all the world's ai... |
not all aspects of existence were seen as deities although many deities were connected with the nile no god personified it in the way that ra personified the sun short @@ lived phenomena like rainbows or eclipses were not represented by gods neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the worl... |
the roles of each deity were fluid and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics as a result gods' roles are difficult to categorize or define but despite their flexibility the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cos... |
the deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called minor divinities or demons in modern writing although there is no firm definition for these terms among these lesser deities egyptologist claude draws a distinction between genies specialized patron spirits of certain places objects or activit... |
divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order the gods' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things they did this work using a force the egyptians called heka a term usually translated as magic was a fundamental power that the cr... |
the gods' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts in contrast mythology mainly concerns the gods' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans the events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the pre... |
in myth the gods behave much like humans they feel emotion they can eat drink fight weep sicken and die some have unique character traits set is aggressive and impulsive and thoth patron of writing and knowledge is prone to long @@ winded speeches yet overall the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters... |
the first divine act is the creation of the cosmos described in several creation myths they focus on different gods each of which may act as creator deities the eight gods of the who represent the chaos that precedes creation give birth to the sun god who establishes order in the newly formed world ptah who embodies t... |
a recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder they fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation ra and apep battling each other each night continue this struggle into the present another prominent theme is the gods' death and reviva... |
gods were linked with specific regions of the universe in egyptian tradition the world includes the earth the sky and the duat surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation the gods in general were said to dwell in the sky although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe w... |
in the time after myth most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world temples were their main means of contact with humanity each day it was believed the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples their homes in the human world there they inhabited the cult images the statues t... |
in egyptian belief names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer in keeping with this belief the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins the name of the predatory goddess sekhmet means powerful one the name of the mysterious god amun means hidden one and the name of the goddes... |
the egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names a passage in the coffin texts renders the name of the funerary god as sk r meaning cleaning of the mouth to link his name with his role in the opening of the mouth ritual while one in the pyramid texts says the name is based on words sh... |
the gods were believed to have many names among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others to know the true name of a deity was to have power over it the importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which isis poisons the superior god ra and refuses to cure him unless he rev... |
in addition to their names gods were given epithets like possessor of splendor ruler of abydos or lord of the sky that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship because of the gods' multiple and overlapping roles deities can have many epithets with more important gods accumulating more titles and the same... |
egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships a god's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character thus isis as the mother and protector of horus was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings such relationships were the base material from which myt... |
family relationships are a common type of connection between gods deities often form male and female pairs reflecting the importance of procreation in egyptian religious thought families of three deities with a father mother and child represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child a pa... |
other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles or who together represented a region of the egyptian mythological cosmos there were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of egypt some of these groups contain a specific symbolically important number of deitie... |
nine the product of three and three represents a multitude so the egyptians called several large groups or sets of nine even if they had more than nine members the most prominent ennead was the ennead of heliopolis an extended family of deities descended from the creator god atum which incorporates many important god... |
this divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society at the apex of this society was the king of the gods who was usually identified with the creator deity in different periods of egyptian ... |
the gods were believed to manifest in many forms the egyptians had complex conception of the human soul consisting of several parts the spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements the ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it any visible manifestation of a g... |
nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods horus had many forms tied to particular places including horus of nekhen horus of buhen and horus of edfu such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings during the new... |
gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided a god could be called the ba of another or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography local gods were linked with greater ones and deities with similar functions were combined ra was connected with the local dei... |
in the reign of akhenaten ( c 1353 1336 bc ) in the mid @@ new kingdom a single solar deity the aten became the sole focus of the state religion akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods' names and images on monuments targeting amun in particular this new religious system sometimes calle... |
scholars have long debated whether traditional egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were on a deeper level unified reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one and the tendency of egyptian texts to credit a pa... |
in 1971 erik hornung published a study rebutting these views he points out that in any given period many deities even minor ones were described as superior to all others he also argues that the unspecified god in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to revere although the combinatio... |
hornung's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of egyptian religion but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows jan assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the new kingdom beginning with a focus on amun @@ ra as the all @@ important sun... |
egyptian writings describe the gods' bodies in detail they are made of precious materials their flesh is gold their bones are silver and their hair is lapis lazuli they give off a scent that the egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities including their h... |
most gods were depicted in several ways hathor could be a cow cobra lioness or a woman with bovine horns or ears by depicting a given god in different ways the egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature the gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms so that deities can often be dist... |
certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god's identity the head of a given divine image is particularly significant in a hybrid image the head represents the original form of the being depicted so that as the egyptologist henry fischer put it a lion @@ headed goddess is a lion @@... |
the forms in which the gods are shown although diverse are limited in many ways many creatures that are widespread in egypt were never used in divine iconography whereas a few such as falcons cobras and cattle can each represent many deities animals that were absent from egypt in the early stages of its history were no... |
the basic anthropomorphic form varies child gods are depicted nude as are some adult gods when their procreative powers are emphasized certain male deities are given heavy bellies and breasts signifying either androgyny or prosperity and abundance whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow the s... |
in official writings pharaohs are said to be divine and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled egypt in mythic prehistory living kings were equated with horus and called the son of many deities... |
however much it was believed the king's divine status was the rationale for his role as egypt's representative to the gods as he formed a link between the divine and human realms the egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to no... |
although the egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances in literature gods may appear to humans in a physical form but in real life the egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication |
the ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god by inhabiting these images the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form to the egyptians a place or object that was sacred was isolated and ritually pure and thus fit for a god to inhabit temple stat... |
temples where the state rituals were carried out were filled with images of the gods the most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary these statues were usually less than life @@ size and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods' bodies many temples had several sanct... |
to insulate the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world the egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them people other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues the only exception was during festival processions when the statue wa... |
egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature this divine influence applied mainly to egypt as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order but in the new kingdom when other nations were under egyptian control foreigners were said to be under the ... |
thoth as the overseer of time was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives including who presided over birth and shai the personification of fate thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the egyptian concept of fate although to... |
humans had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves a deity carried out this punishment using its ba the force that manifested the god's power in the human world natural disasters and human ailments were seen as the work of ... |
egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly misfortune was often seen as a product of the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events some deities who were closely connected with such as set could b... |
official religious practices which maintained maat for the benefit of all egypt were related to but distinct from the religious practices of ordinary people who sought the gods' help for their personal problems |
official religion involved a variety of rituals based in temples some rites were performed every day whereas others were festivals taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity the gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies in which their statues were clothed anointed and pre... |
festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @@ shaped shrine these processions served various purposes in roman times when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the nile inundation processions in many communities carried temple i... |
personal interaction with the gods took many forms people who wanted information or advice consulted oracles run by temples that were supposed to convey gods' answers to questions amulets and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @@ being or to impart the god... |
prayer and private offerings are generally called personal piety acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god evidence of personal piety is scant before the new kingdom votive offerings and personal names many of which are suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and th... |
the worship of some egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands especially to canaan and nubia during the new kingdom when those regions were under pharaonic control in canaan the exported deities including hathor amun and set were often syncretized with native gods who in turn spread to egypt the egyptian deities may no... |
under the greek ptolemaic dynasty and then roman rule greeks and romans introduced their own deities to egypt these newcomers equated the egyptian gods with their own as part of the greco @@ roman tradition of interpretatio graeca but the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones instead g... |
temples and cults in egypt itself declined as the roman economy deteriorated in the third century ad and beginning in the fourth century christians suppressed the veneration of egyptian deities the last formal cults at philae died out in the fifth or sixth century most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeare... |
south of heaven is the fourth studio album by american thrash metal band slayer released on july 5 1988 the album was the band's second collaboration with record producer rick rubin whose production skills on slayer's previous album reign in blood had helped the band's sound evolve |
south of heaven was slayer's second album to enter the billboard 200 and its last to be released by def jam recordings although the album became an american recordings album after rick rubin ended his partnership with russell simmons it was one of only two def jam titles to be distributed by geffen records through warn... |
in order to offset the pace of the group's previous album slayer deliberately slowed down the album's tempo in contrast to their previous albums the band utilized undistorted guitars and toned @@ down vocals while some critics praised this musical change others more accustomed to the style of earlier releases were disa... |
south of heaven was recorded in los angeles california with reign in blood producer rick rubin popmatters reviewer adrien begrand observed that rubin's production shoves [ dave ] lombardo's drumming right up front in the mix guitarist jeff hanneman has since said that south of heaven was the only album the band member... |
king has since been critical of his performance which he describes as his most lackluster king attributes this to the fact he had recently married and moved to phoenix arizona describing himself as probably the odd man out at that point he admitted he didn t participate as much because of that hanneman said we go t... |
judas priest's dissident aggressor is the only cover version to appear on a slayer studio album the song was chosen due to its war @@ themed lyrics hanneman described the track as more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn't know but it was a favorite of kerry and i so we just picked that one mean... |
artist larry carroll and illustrator howard schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for south of heaven having designed the artwork for slayer's previous album reign in blood photographer glen e friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of south of heaven around the time of 1986's reign in blo... |
south of heaven was released on july 5 1988 and was the final slayer album distributed via def jam records when label co @@ founders russell simmons and rubin parted ways slayer signed to rubin's newly founded def american recordings label the album peaked at number 57 on the billboard 200 album chart and on november 2... |
reviewing the 2003 slayer box set soundtrack to the apocalypse adrien begrand of popmatters described the album as their most underrated and on this set its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record knaccom's peter atkinson was also positive saying the album has a grandiosity and imposing presence ... |
kim neely of rolling stone dismissed the album as genuinely offensive satanic drivel slayer's official biography states the new sounds disappointed some of the band's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases michael roberts of westworld online said this was due to some of the numbers moving at ... |
the title track and the song mandatory suicide have received various cover interpretations particularly on slayer tribute albums toni ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album the string quartet tribute to slayer the evil you dread with the former cover being described as having menacing ... |
1995 slayer tribute album slatanic slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on south of heaven with the title track mandatory suicide and spill the blood interpreted by crown of thorns and grope respectively its 1998 follow up slatanic slaughter vol 2 only featured two tracks originally from the albu... |
the title track itself has also been covered by integrity 2000 modest mouse and pro @@ pain and universe eye polish death metal band decapitated covered the song mandatory suicide on their first full @@ length album winds of creation in 2003 silent scream was covered by children of bodom for their album hate crew in... |
two songs taken from the album ( mandatory suicide and south of heaven ) have become near constant fixtures in the band's live setlist notching up appearances on the following the live dvds live intrusion war at the warfield still reigning soundtrack to the apocalypse's deluxe edition's bonus live disc and the live dou... |
behind the crooked cross is rarely played live as hanneman hates the track though king has always wanted to play it because it's got a cool intro despite it not being his favorite song king said that's fine when speaking of the situation noting there are songs that he wants to play that i always shoot down ghosts of w... |
slayer has toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990's seasons in the abyss though hanneman said it's something which hasn't been seriously considered metal maniacs asked slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing south of heaven in the footsteps of th... |
tom araya bass lead vocals |
jeff hanneman lead and rhythm guitar |
kerry king lead and rhythm guitar backing vocals |
dave lombardo drums |
general aviation in the united kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation although the international civil aviation organization ( icao ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition some commercial op... |
of the 21 @@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the uk 96 per cent are engaged in ga operations and annually the ga fleet accounts for between 1 @@ 25 and 1 @@ 35 million hours flown the single most common class of aircraft is the fixed @@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional ga but the main area of growth ove... |
ga is regulated by the civil aviation authority ( caa ) although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the european aviation safety agency ( easa ) the main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing and the objective is to promote high standards of safety at the lighter end of the ga ... |
the international civil aviation organization ( icao ) defines general aviation ( ga ) as an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation it defines commercial air transport ( cat ) as an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers cargo or mail for remune... |
organisations in the united kingdom ( uk ) describe ga in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation the british business and general aviation association interprets it to be all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the armed services the general avia... |
the first aerodrome in the uk was established by the aero club at muswell manor on the isle of sheppey and in may 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a british pilot john moore @@ brabazon in 1910 the aero club was granted the royal prefix took responsibility for controlling all privat... |
during world war ii civil aerodromes were taken over for military use existing military airfields were expanded and new ones were built this resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war pre @@ war civil aerodromes for example sywell were returned to civilian use surplus military ai... |
with an expanded infrastructure in place ga became established after the war when manufacturers such as cessna and piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market the cessna 172 developed from the late 1940s cessna 170 was introduced in 1956 and became the world's best selling single @@ engine aeroplane... |
the ga sector operates a range of aircraft including balloons and airships gliders hang gliders paragliders microlights helicopters amateur built and mass @@ produced light aircraft ex @@ military aircraft and business jets flights can be broadly categorised as public transport aerial work and private flying the firs... |
commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the icao definition of cat some are however closely aligned to and considered part of the ga sector public transport operations are non @@ scheduled on @@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer providing a more flexible service ... |
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