Split (1)

train · 1k rows

conversation_id int64 0 999	messages listlengths 2 2
400	[ { "context": "How to deal with large (or NaN) neural network's weights? My weights go from being between 0 and 1 at initialization to exploding into the tens of thousands in the next iteration. In the 3rd iteration, they become so large that only arrays of nan values are displayed.\nHow can I go about fixing th...
401	[ { "context": "Linear regression: why is distance squared used as an error metric? Usually when performing linear regression predictions and gradient descent, the measure of the level of error for a particular line will be measured by the sum of the squared-distance values.\nWhy distance squared?\nIn most of t...
402	[ { "context": "Validation accuracy higher than training accurarcy I implemented the unet in TensorFlow for the segmentation of MRI images of the thigh. I noticed I always get a higher validation accuracy by a small gap, independently of the initial split. One example:\n\nSo I researched when this could be possi...
403	[ { "context": "What difference does it make whether Actor and Critic share the same network or not? I'm learning about Actor-Critic reinforcement learning algorithms. One source I encountered mentioned that Actor and Critic can either share one network (but use different output layers) or they can use two comple...
404	[ { "context": "Why is the learning rate generally beneath 1? In all examples I've ever seen, the learning rate of an optimisation method is always less than $1$. However, I've never found an explanation as to why this is. In addition to that, there are some cases where having a learning rate bigger than 1 is ben...
405	[ { "context": "What is a Markov chain and how can it be used in creating artificial intelligence? I believe a Markov chain is a sequence of events where each subsequent event depends probabilistically on the current event. What are examples of the application of a Markov chain and can it be used to create artif...
406	[ { "context": "Are neural networks statistical models? By reading the abstract of Neural Networks and Statistical Models paper it would seem that ANNs are statistical models.\nIn contrast Machine Learning is not just glorified Statistics.\nI am looking for a more concise/summarized answer with focus on ANNs.\n",...
407	[ { "context": "What is the difference between Stochastic Hill Climbing and Simulated Annealing? I am reading about local search: hill climbing, and its types, and simulated annealing\nOne of the hill climbing versions is \"stochastic hill climbing\", which has the following definition:\n\nStochastic hill climbin...
408	[ { "context": "How would one implement a multi-agent environment with asynchronous action and rewards per agent? In a single agent environment, the agent takes an action, then observes the next state and reward:\nfor ep in num_episodes:\n action = dqn.select_action(state)\n next_state, reward = env.step(ac...
409	[ { "context": "How to fill in missing transitions when sampling an MDP transition table? I have a simulator modelling a relatively complex scenario. I extract ~12 discrete features from the simulator state which forms the basis for my MDP state space.\nSuppose I am estimating the transition table for an MDP by r...
410	[ { "context": "What is the difference between a stochastic and a deterministic policy? In reinforcement learning, there are the concepts of stochastic (or probabilistic) and deterministic policies. What is the difference between them?\n", "images": null, "role": "user", "thinking": null, "tool_ca...
411	[ { "context": "What exactly is an XPU? I know about CPU, GPU and TPU. But, it is the first time for me to read about XPU from PyTorch documentation about MODULE.\nxpu(device=None)\n\n\nMoves all model parameters and buffers to the XPU.\n\nThis also makes associated parameters and buffers different objects. So it...
412	[ { "context": "Which loss function should I use in REINFORCE, and what are the labels? I understand that this is the update for the parameters of a policy in REINFORCE:\n$$\n\\Delta \\theta_{t}=\\alpha \\nabla_{\\theta} \\log \\pi_{\\theta}\\left(a_{t} \\mid s_{t}\\right) v_{t},\n$$\nwhere $v_t$ is usually the ...
413	[ { "context": "How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? Fuzzy logic is the logic where every statement can have any real truth value between 0 and 1.\nHow can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? Is it useful for certain decision problems involving multiple inputs? Can you give an example of an AI that uses it...
414	[ { "context": "Why does the state-action value function, defined as an expected value of the reward and state value function, not need to follow a policy? I often see that the state-action value function is expressed as:\n$$q_{\\pi}(s,a)=\\color{red}{\\mathbb{E}_{\\pi}}[R_{t+1}+\\gamma G_{t+1} \| S_t=s, A_t = a] ...
415	[ { "context": "Apart from Reinforcement Learning, are there any other machine learning approaches to play video games? OpenAI's Universe utilizes RL algorithms. I also know that Q-learning has been used to solve some games.\nAre there any other ML approaches to solve games? For example, could we use genetic algo...
416	[ { "context": "Has NEAT changed in 20 years? This algorithm is more than 20 years old, so has it changed? During this time, the prevailing ones in text generation and classification (LSTM -> Transformer) have changed, AlexNET, ResNET have appeared. But NEAT has not? If it has changed, then how?\nUpd.:\nI heard a...
417	[ { "context": "What artificial intelligence strategies are useful for summarization? If I have a paragraph I want to summarize, for example:\n\nPonzo and Fila went to the mall during the day. They walked for a long while, stopping at shops. They went to many shops. At first, they didn't buy anything. After going...
418	[ { "context": "Which neural network has capabilities of sorting input? I believe normally you can use genetic programming for sorting, however I'd like to check whether it's possible using ANN.\nGiven the unsorted text data from input, which neural network is suitable for doing sorting tasks?\n", "images": n...
419	[ { "context": "How to resolve lexical ambiguity in natural language processing? I'm interested in implementing a program for natural language processing (aka ELIZA).\nAssuming that I'm already storing semantic-lexical connections between the words and its strength.\nWhat are the methods of dealing with words whi...
420	[ { "context": "How does the generator in GAN's work? After reading a lot of articles (for instance, this one - https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/gan/generator), I've been wondering: how does the generator in GAN's work?\nWhat is the input to the generator? What is the meaning behind \"input noise\"?...
421	[ { "context": "What was the first machine that was able to carry on a conversation? What was the first AI that was able to carry on a conversation, with real responses, such as in the famous 'I am not a robot. I am a unicorn' case?\nA 'real response' constitutes a sort-of personalized answer to a specific input ...
422	[ { "context": "Is word embedding a form of feature extraction? Feature extraction is a concept concerning the translation of raw data into the inputs that a particular machine learning algorithm requires. These derived features from the raw data that are actually relevant to tackle the underlying problem. On the...
423	[ { "context": "Why is the target $r + \\gamma \\max_{a'} Q(s', a'; \\theta_i^-)$ in the loss function of the DQN architecture? In the paper Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning, the DQN architecture is presented, where the loss function is as follows\n$$\nL_i(\\theta_i) = \\mathbb{E}_{(s, a, r...
424	[ { "context": "Is the AI Effect caused by bad tests of intelligence? According to Wikipedia...\n\nThe AI effect occurs when onlookers discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not real intelligence.\nPamela McCorduck writes: \"It's part of the history of the field of artif...
425	[ { "context": "Which unsupervised learning technique can be used for anomaly detection in a time series? I've started working on anomaly detection in Python. My dataset is a time series one. The data is being collected by some sensors which record and collect data on semiconductor-making machines.\nMy dataset lo...
426	[ { "context": "How to calculate the number of parameters of a convolutional layer? I was recently asked at an interview to calculate the number of parameters for a convolutional layer. I am deeply ashamed to admit I didn't know how to do that, even though I've been working and using CNN for years now.\nGiven a c...
427	[ { "context": "Do all neurons in a layer have the same activation function? I'm new to machine learning (so excuse my nomenclature), and not being a python developer, I decided to jump in at the deep (no pun intended) end writing my own framework in C++.\nIn my current design, I have given each neuron/cell the p...
428	[ { "context": "What is the appropriate way to deal with multiple paths to same state in MCTS? Many games have multiple paths to the same states. What is the appropriate way to deal with this in MCTS? \nIf the state appears once in the tree, but with multiple parents, then it seems to be difficult to define back ...
429	[ { "context": "How can the importance sampling ratio be different than zero when the target policy is deterministic? In the book Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2nd edition) Sutton and Barto define at page 104 (p. 126 of the pdf), equation (5.3), the importance sampling ratio, $\\rho _{t:T-1}$, as follo...
430	[ { "context": "Unclear points regarding ROC curve in machine learning Consider the ROC curve below:\n\nIt is not clear to me why \"PERFECT CLASSIFIER\" line is really perfect because there are points on this line (see the green circles) for which false positive rate is non-zero.\n", "images": null, "role...
431	[ { "context": "What are some online courses for deep reinforcement learning? What are some (good) online courses for deep reinforcement learning?\nI would like the course to be both programming and theoretical. I really liked David Silver's course, but the course dates from 2015. It doesn't really teach deep Q-l...
432	[ { "context": "Is there a connection between the bias term in a linear regression model and the bias that can lead to under-fitting? Here is a linear regression model\n$$y = mx + b,$$\nwhere $b$ is known as $y$-intercept, but also known as the bias [1], $m$ is the slope, and $x$ is the feature vector.\nAs I unde...
433	[ { "context": "How can a reinforcement learning agent generalize if it is trained against only one opponent? I started teaching myself about reinforcement learning a week ago and I have this confusion about the learning experience. Let's say we have the game Go. And we have an agent that we want to be able to pl...
434	[ { "context": "What are the typical sizes of practical/commercial artificial neural networks? I'm interested in artificial neural networks (ANN) and I wonder how big ANNs in practical use are, for example, Tesla Autopilot, Google Translate, and others.\nThe only thing I found about Tesla is this one:\n\n\"A full...
435	[ { "context": "Which machine learning algorithm could I use to break up a poem by lines? I want to create a network to predict the break up of poetry lines. The program would receive as input an unbroken poem, and would output the poem broken into lines.\nFor example, an unbroken poem could be\nAnd then the day ...
436	[ { "context": "Are LLMs \"lazy\" in their responses? (Just to preface that I do not have such a great understanding of LLMs and AI in general...)\nMy question is, when I pose a question to a LLM, will it present the fastest response that satisfies the parameters of the query, irrespective whether it is capable o...
437	[ { "context": "Transformers: how does the decoder final layer output the desired token? In the paper Attention Is All You Need, this section confuses me:\n\nIn our model, we share the same weight matrix between the two embedding layers [in the encoding section] and the pre-softmax linear transformation [output o...
438	[ { "context": "Medical diagnosis systems based on artificial neural networks Are there any medical diagnosis systems that are already used somewhere that are based on artificial neural networks?\n", "images": null, "role": "user", "thinking": null, "tool_calls": null }, { "context": "Yes,...
439	[ { "context": "Why was ELIZA able to induce \"delusional thinking\"? From Eliza to A.L.I.C.E.:\n\nWeizenbaum tells us that he was shocked by the experience of releasing ELIZA (also known as \"Doctor\") to the nontechnical staff at the MIT AI Lab. Secretaries and nontechnical administrative staff thought the mach...
440	[ { "context": "Is this idea to calculate the required number of hidden neurons for a single hidden layer neural network correct? I have an idea to find the optimal number of hidden neurons required in a neural network, but I'm not sure how accurate it is.\nAssuming that it has only 1 hidden layer, it is a classi...
441	[ { "context": "Is there research that employs realistic models of neurons? Is there research that employs realistic models of neurons? Usually, the model of a neuron for a neural network is quite simple as opposed to the realistic neuron, which involves hundreds of proteins and millions of molecules (or even gre...
442	[ { "context": "Are policy gradient methods good for large discrete action spaces? I have seen this question asked primarily in the context of continuous action spaces.\nI have a large action space (~2-4k discrete actions) for my custom environment that I cannot reduce down further:\nI am currently trying DQN app...
443	[ { "context": "What should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state? In Monte Carlo tree search, what should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state (i.e. a won or lost state), which is, by definition, a leaf node? Expansion and simulation is not in order, as it's game over, but does...
444	[ { "context": "How should the neural network deal with unexpected inputs? I recently wrote an application using a deep learning model designed to classify inputs. There are plenty of examples of this using images of irises, cats, and other objects. \nIf I trained a data model to identify and classify different t...
445	[ { "context": "Why is dropout favoured compared to reducing the number of units in hidden layers? Why is dropout favored compared to reducing the number of units in hidden layers for the convolutional networks?\nIf a large set of units leads to overfitting and dropping out \"averages\" the response units, why no...
446	[ { "context": "Why evolutionary training of neural networks is not popular? Evolutionary algorithms are mentioned in some sources as a method to train a neural network (finding weights, not hyperparameters). However, I have not heard about one practical application of such an idea yet.\nMy question is, why is th...
447	[ { "context": "How good is AI at generating new, unseen [visual] examples? By new, unseen examples; I mean like the animals in No Man's Sky. \nA couple of images of the animals are:\n\n\nSo, upon playing this game, I was curious about how good is AI at generating visual characters or examples?\n", "images": ...
448	[ { "context": "Would machine learning be suitable for finding the seed of a random number generator? I'm new to machine learning, and AI in general (but with 20+ years for programming). I'm wondering if machine learning is a good general approach to find the seed of a random number generator.\nSuppose I have a l...
449	[ { "context": "Would AlphaGo Zero become perfect with enough training time? Would AlphaGo Zero become theoretically perfect with enough training time? If not, what would be the limiting factor?\n(By perfect, I mean it always wins the game if possible, even against another perfect opponent.)\n", "images": nul...
450	[ { "context": "If $\\gamma \\in (0,1)$, what is the on-policy state distribution for episodic tasks? In Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, section 9.2 (page 199), Sutton and Barto describe the on-policy distribution in episodic tasks, with $\\gamma =1$, as being\n\\begin{equation}\n\\mu(s) = \\frac{\\eta(s...
451	[ { "context": "What is the definition of rationality? I'm having a little trouble with the definition of rationality, which goes something like:\n\nAn agent is rational if it maximizes its performance measure given its current knowledge.\n\nI've read that a simple reflex agent will not act rationally in a lot of...
452	[ { "context": "Can neurons in MLP and filters in CNN be compared? I know they are not the same in working, but an input layer sends the input to $n$ neurons with a set of weights, based on these weights and the activation layer, it produces an output that can be fed to the next layer.\nAren't the filters the sam...
453	[ { "context": "How to combine backpropagation in neural nets and reinforcement learning? I have followed a course on machine learning, where we learned about the gradient descent (GD) and back-propagation (BP) algorithms, which can be used to update the weights of neural networks, and reinforcement learning, in ...
454	[ { "context": "Why can a fully convolutional network accept images of any size? On this article, it says that: \n\nThe UNET was developed by Olaf Ronneberger et al. for Bio Medical Image Segmentation. The architecture contains two paths. First path is the contraction path (also called as the encoder) which is us...
455	[ { "context": "What is the difference between artificial intelligence and cognitive science? Sometimes I understand that people doing cognitive science try to avoid the term artificial intelligence. The feeling I get is that there is a need to put some distance to the GOFAI.\nAnother impression that I get is tha...
456	[ { "context": "How to recognise metaphors in texts using NLP/NLU? What are the current NLP/NLU techniques that can extract metaphors from texts?\nFor example\n\nHis words cut deeper than a knife.\n\nOr a simpler form like:\n\nLife is a journey that must be travelled no matter how bad the roads and accommodations...
457	[ { "context": "Should I be decaying the learning rate and the exploration rate in the same manner? Should I be decaying the learning rate and the exploration rate in the same manner? What's too slow and too fast of an exploration and learning rate decay? Or is it specific from model to model?\n", "images": n...
458	[ { "context": "Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop? Currently, we use control flow statements (such as loops) to program the artificially intelligent systems. Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop (created by itself, for example, while manipulating its source code)?\nThe question isn't baseless, it rea...
459	[ { "context": "Is LSTM a subcategory of RNN? Is the LSTM-Architecture a subcategory of RNNs? Or are they totally different?\nLiterature doesn't seem to be unitary on this.\nThis figure appears to explain the models to be alternatives, but I thought of them otherwise (LSTM to be a subcategory of RNN)\nLSTM as a s...
460	[ { "context": "Aren't all discrete convolutions (not just 2D) linear transforms? \nThe image above, a screenshot from this article, describes discrete 2D convolutions as linear transforms. The idea used, as far as I understand, is to represent the 2 dimensional $n$x$n$ input grid as a vector of $n^2$ length, and...
461	[ { "context": "In the n-step off-policy SARSA update, why do we multiply the entire update by $\\rho$? In Sutton & Barto's book (2nd ed) page 149, there is the equation 7.11\n\nI am having a hard time understanding this equation.\nI would have thought that we should be moving $Q$ towards $G$, where $G$ would be ...
462	[ { "context": "When does the selection phase exactly end in MCTS? All sources I can find provide a similar explanation to each phase. \nIn the Selection Phase, we start at the root and choose child nodes until reaching a leaf. Once the leaf is reached (assuming the game is not terminated), we enter the Expansio...
463	[ { "context": "What is predicate argument recognition? There is a study about The Necessity of Parsing for Predicate Argument Recognition, however I couldn't find much information about 'Predicate Argument Recognition' which could explain it.\nWhat is it exactly and how does it work, briefly?\n", "images": n...
464	[ { "context": "What is a high dimensional state in reinforcement learning? In the DQN paper, it is written that the state-space is high dimensional. I am a little bit confused about this terminology.\nSuppose my state is a high dimensional vector of length $N$, where $N$ is a huge number. Let's say I solve this ...
465	[ { "context": "How is division by zero avoided when implementing back-propagation for a neural network with sigmoid at the output neuron? I am building a neural network for which I am using the sigmoid function as the activation function for the single output neuron at the end. Since the sigmoid function is know...
466	[ { "context": "How close have we come to passing the Turing Test? The Turing Test has been the classic test of artificial intelligence for a while now. The concept is deceptively simple - to trick a human into thinking it is another human on the other end of a conversation line, not a computer - but from what I'...
467	[ { "context": "Which Rosenblatt's paper describes Rosenblatt's perceptron training algorithm? I struggle to find Rosenblatt's perceptron training algorithm in any of his publications from 1957 - 1961, namely:\n\nPrinciples of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms\nThe perceptron: A probab...
468	[ { "context": "How do I recognise a bandit problem? I'm having difficulty understanding the distinction between a bandit problem and a non-bandit problem. \nAn example of the bandit problem is an agent playing $n$ slot machines with the goal of discovering which slot machine is the most probable to return a rewa...
469	[ { "context": "To what does the number of hidden layers in a neural network correspond? In a neural network, the number of neurons in the hidden layer corresponds to the complexity of the model generated to map the inputs to output(s). More neurons creates a more complex function (and thus the ability to model ...
470	[ { "context": "How is ChatGPT able to repeat random numbers? From what I understand, ChatGPT is just a fancy neural network, operating like a sophisticated Markov Chain generator. As such, it should only be able to generate tokens that are in its training dataset. One thing it should not be able to generate is...
471	[ { "context": "Binary classifier that minimizes false positive error I have a binary classification problem, where a false positive error has a very big cost compared to the false negative error. \nIs there a way to design a classifier for such problems (preferably, with an implementation of the algorithm)? \n"...
472	[ { "context": "Reinforcement Learning with long term rewards and fixed states and actions I have read a lot about RL algorithms, that update the action-value function at each step with the currently gained reward. The requirement here is, that the reward is obtained after each step.\nI have a case, where I have ...
473	[ { "context": "Why AlphaGo didn't use Deep Q-Learning? In the previous research, in 2015, Deep Q-Learning shows its great performance on single player Atari Games. But why do AlphaGo's researchers use CNN + MCTS instead of Deep Q-Learning? is that because Deep Q-Learning somehow is not suitable for Go?\n", "...
474	[ { "context": "How to define an action space when an agent can take multiple sub-actions in a step? I'm attempting to design an action space in OpenAI's gym and hitting the following roadblock. I've looked at this post which is closely related but subtly different.\nThe environment I'm writing needs to allow an ...
475	[ { "context": "Why is creating an AI that can code a hard task? For people who have experience in the field, why is creating AI that has the ability to write programs (that are syntactically correct and useful) a hard task? \nWhat are the barriers/problems we have to solve before we can solve this problem? If yo...
476	[ { "context": "Is there any difference between reward and return in reinforcement learning? I am reading Sutton and Barto's book on reinforcement learning. I thought that reward and return were the same things. \nHowever, in Section 5.6 of the book, 3rd line, first paragraph, it is written:\n\nWhereas in Chapter...
477	[ { "context": "What is the relation between a policy which is the solution to a MDP and a policy like $\\epsilon$-greedy? In the context of reinforcement learning, a policy, $\\pi$, is often defined as a function from the space of states, $\\mathcal{S}$, to the space of actions, $\\mathcal{A}$, that is, $\\pi : ...
478	[ { "context": "How to measure sample efficiency of a reinforcement learning algorithm? I want to know if there is any metric to use for measuring sample-efficiency of a reinforcement learning algorithm? From reading research papers, I see claims that proposed models are more sample efficient but how does one rea...
479	[ { "context": "Why can't neural networks learn functions outside of the specified domains? I understand that neural nets are fundamentally interpolative tools. Meaning, given a training dataset, a well trained neural net can approximate values within the domain of the training dataset. However, we are unsure abo...
480	[ { "context": "Does increasing the number of Q functions in Q-Learning scale? Q-Learning (Watkins, 1989) uses a single function to estimate the value of actions and to choose the next action. Double Q-Learning (Hasselt, 2010) extends this and uses two functions which are updated using different subsets of exper...
481	[ { "context": "How should the racing agent take into account the velocity of the vehicle, given the images with a speedometer? I'm developing a game AI, which tries to master racing simulations. I already trained a CNN (AlexNet) on in-game footage of me playing the game and the pressed keys as the target. As the...
482	[ { "context": "In Value Iteration, why can we initialize the value function arbitrarily? I have not been able to find a good explanation of this, other than statements that the algorithm is guaranteed to converge with arbitrary choices for initial values in each state. Is this something to do with the Bellman op...
483	[ { "context": "Why does TensorFlow docs discourage using softmax as activation for the last layer? The beginner colab example for tensorflow states:\n\nNote: It is possible to bake this tf.nn.softmax in as the activation function for the last layer of the network. While this can make the model output more direct...
484	[ { "context": "Is there an open-source implementation for graph convolution networks for weighted graphs? Currently, I'm using a Python library, StellarGraph, to implement GCN. And I now have a situation where I have graphs with weighted edges. Unfortunately, StellarGraph doesn't support those graphs\nI'm lookin...
485	[ { "context": "Can a vanilla neural network theoretically achieve the same performance as CNN? I perfectly understand that CNN takes into account the local dependency of each pixel to the nearby pixels. In addition, CNNs are spatially invariant which means that they are able to detect the same feature anywhere i...
486	[ { "context": "What is Reinforcement Learning? What is the cleanest, easiest way to explain someone who is a non-STEM work colleague the concept of Reinforcement Learning? What are the main ideas behind Reinforcement Learning?\n", "images": null, "role": "user", "thinking": null, "tool_calls": nu...
487	[ { "context": "Can GANs be used to generate something other than images? AFAIK, GANs are used for generating/synthesizing near-perfect human faces (deepfakes), gallery arts, etc., but can GANs be used to generate something other than images?\n", "images": null, "role": "user", "thinking": null, "...
488	[ { "context": "What does the agent in reinforcement learning exactly do? What is an agent in reinforcement learning (RL)? I think it is not the neural network behind. What does the agent in RL exactly do?\n", "images": null, "role": "user", "thinking": null, "tool_calls": null }, { "conte...
489	[ { "context": "Is elitism preferred over non-elitism in the cross-over operator? There are two potential approaches when performing cross-over operation in genetic algorithms.\n\nUse only the elites in the pool, probably the ones that are also going to be directly transferred to the next generation.\n\nUse all t...
490	[ { "context": "Are there RL algorithms that also try to predict the next state? So far I've developed simple RL algorithms, like Deep Q-Learning and Double Deep Q-Learning. Also, I read a bit about A3C and policy gradient but superficially.\nIf I remember correctly, all these algorithms focus on the value of the...
491	[ { "context": "How can I start learning mathematics for machine learning? I am an Android programmer. Now, I would like to learn machine learning. I know it requires a mathematical background, like statistics, probability, calculus and linear algebra. However, I am a bit lost. Where should I start from? Can some...
492	[ { "context": "What makes multi-layer neural networks able to perform nonlinear operations? As I know, a single layer neural network can only do linear operations, but multilayered ones can.\nAlso, I recently learned that finite matrices/tensors, which are used in many neural networks, can only represent linear ...
493	[ { "context": "What are options in reinforcement learning? According to a lecture (week 10) about Reinforcement Learning [1], the concept of an option allows searching the state space of an agent much faster. The lecture was hard to follow because many new terms were introduced in a short time. For me, the conce...
494	[ { "context": "What does \"semantic gap\" mean? I was reading DT-LET: Deep transfer learning by exploring where to transfer, and it contains the following:\n\nIt should be noted direct use of labeled source domain data on a new scene of target domain would result in poor performance due to the semantic gap betwe...
495	[ { "context": "Why do we need both the validation set and test set? I know that this has been asked a hundred times before, however, I was not able to find a question (and an answer) which actually answered what I wanted to know, respectively, which explained it in a way I was able to understand. So, I'm trying ...
496	[ { "context": "How is this Pytorch expression equivalent to the KL divergence? I found the following PyTorch code (from this link)\n-0.5 * torch.sum(1 + sigma - mu.pow(2) - sigma.exp())\n\nwhere mu is the mean parameter that comes out of the model and sigma is the sigma parameter out of the encoder. This express...
497	[ { "context": "Does the \"lowest layer\" refer to the first or last layer of the neural network? People sometimes use 1st layer, 2nd layer to refer to a specific layer in a neural net. Is the layer immediately follows the input layer called 1st layer?\nHow about the lowest layer and highest layer?\n", "image...
498	[ { "context": "How to create and train (with mutation and selection) a neural network to predict the next state of a board? I'm aiming to create a neural network that can learn to predict the next state of a board using the rules of Conway's Game of Life.\nTechnically, I have three questions, but I felt that the...
499	[ { "context": "How do neural networks manage to do regression? I'm trying to learn about neural networks, and I'm interested in gaining a better conceptual understanding of how they work to solve certain problems. I'm having trouble in conceptually understanding how they succeed in doing regression (i.e. predict...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.