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Other taxa that may have dispersed by the same route ( if not by flying or floating across the ocean ) are parrots , chelid turtles and ( extinct ) meiolaniid turtles .	Other taxa that may have dispersed by the same route ( if not by flying or rafting ) are parrots , chelid turtles and ( extinct ) meiolaniid turtles .
Terrestrial ziphodont sebecid crocodilians were also present at least through the middle Miocene .	Terrestrial ziphodont crocodilians were also present at least through the middle Miocene .
Their low metabolic rate may in turn have been advantageous in allowing them to subsist on less abundant and\/or less nutritious food sources .	Their low metabolic rate in turn allowed them to subsist on less abundant and\/or less nutritious food sources .
It appears that ratites ( relatives of South American tinamous ) migrated by this route around the same time , more likely in the direction from South America towards Australia\/New Zealand .	Ratites ( relatives of South American tinamous ) probably migrated by this route about the same time , in the direction from South America towards Australia\/New Zealand .
Others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include Florentino Ameghino , W. D. Matthew , W. B. Scott , Bryan Patterson , George Gaylord Simpson and S. David Webb .	Others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include Florentino Ameghino and George Gaylord Simpson .
In addition to those extant today ( armadillos , anteaters and tree sloths ) , a great diversity of larger types were present , including pampatheres , the ankylosaur-like glyptodontids , various ground sloths , some of which reached the size of elephants ( e.g. Megatherium ) , and even semiaquatic to aquatic marine sloths .	In addition to those extant today ( armadillos , anteaters and tree sloths ) , a great diversity of larger types were present , including pampatheres , the ankylosaur-like glyptodonts , various ground sloths , some of which reached the size of elephants ( e.g. Megatherium ) , and even semiaquatic sloths .
Its most dramatic effect is on the zoogeography of mammals but it also gave an opportunity for reptiles , amphibians , arthropods , weak-flying or flightless birds , and even freshwater fish to migrate .	Its most dramatic effect is on the distribution of mammals , but weak-flying or flightless birds , reptiles , amphibians , arthropods and even freshwater fish also migrated .
A 61-Ma-old platypus-like monotreme fossil from Patagonia may represent an Australian immigrant .	A 61 mya old platypus-like monotreme fossil from Patagonia may be an Australian immigrant .
Through the skies over late Miocene South America ( 6 Ma ago ) soared the largest flying bird known , the teratorn Argentavis , with a wing span of 6 m or more , which may have subsisted in part on the leftovers of Thylacosmilus kills .	Some of South America 's aquatic crocodilians , such as Gryposuchus , Mourasuchus and Purussaurus , reached monstrous sizes , with lengths up to 12 m. Through the skies over late Miocene South America ( 6 Ma ago ) soared the largest flying bird known , the teratorn Argentavis , with a wing span of 6 m or more , which may have subsisted in part on the leftovers of Thylacosmilus kills .
The occurrence of the interchange was first discussed in 1876 by the `` father of biogeography '' , Alfred Russel Wallace .	The interchange as a concept was first fully laid out in 1876 by the `` father of biogeography '' , Alfred Russel Wallace .
Metatherians were the only South American mammals to specialize as carnivores ; their relative inefficiency created openings for nonmammalian predators to play more prominent roles than usual ( similar to the situation in Australia ) .	Their relative inefficiency created openings for nonmammalian predators to play more prominent roles than usual ( similar to the situation in Australia ) .
One living South American marsupial , the monito del monte , has been shown to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other South American marsupials ; however , it is the most basal australidelphian , meaning that this superorder arose in South America and then colonized Australia after the monito del monte split off .	One living South American marsupial , the tiny Monito del Monte , is more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other South American marsupials .
Marsupials appear to have traveled via Gondwanan land connections from South America through Antarctica to Australia in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary .	Marsupials appear to have traveled from South America through Antarctica to Australasia in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary .
It resulted in the joining of the Neotropic ( roughly South America ) and Nearctic ( roughly North America ) ecozones definitively to form the Americas .	The land bridge in what is now Panama joined the Neotropic ( roughly South America ) and Nearctic ( roughly North America ) ecozones to form the Americas .
The Great American Interchange was an important paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa , as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents .	The volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the two continents .
Marsupials present in South America included didelphimorphs ( opossums ) and several other small groups ; larger predatory relatives of these also existed , like the borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus ( sparassodont metatherians which are no longer considered to be true marsupials ) .	The borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus are no longer considered to be marsupials .
The North American fauna was a pretty typical boreoeutherian one ( supplemented with Afrotherian proboscids ) .	The North American fauna was typical northern eutheria ( supplemented with Afrotherian proboscids ) .
The interchange is visible from observation of both stratigraphy and nature ( neontology ) .	The interchange is visible from both stratigraphy and nature .
The film was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California .	It was shot at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California .
Amendments to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris ( in 1982 ) and Regina ( in 1987 ) .	Changes to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris ( 1982 ) and Regina ( 1987 ) .
It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran , where the Convention was signed in 1971 .	It is named after the town of Ramsar in Iran .
The state parties meet every three years as the Conference of the Contracting Parties ( CCP ) , the first held in Cagliari , Italy in 1980 .	The first meeting was held in Cagliari , Italy , in 1980 .
The nation with the highest number of sites is the United Kingdom at 169 ; the nation with the greatest area of listed wetlands is Canada , with over 130,000 km2 ( 50,000 sq mi ) , including the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary at 62,800 km2 ( 24,200 sq mi ) .	The nation with the greatest area of listed wetlands is Canada , with over 130,000 km ² , including the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary at 62,800 km ² .
The Ramsar Convention ( formally , the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance , especially as Waterfowl Habitat ) is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands , i.e. , to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future , recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic , cultural , scientific , and recreational value .	The Ramsar Convention ( The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance , especially as Waterfowl Habitat ) is an international treaty to protect wetlands .
Trilobites form one of the earliest known groups of arthropods .	Trilobites are the earliest known animal to have vision .
Suzuka and Fuji were to alternate hosting the Japanese Grand Prix from 2009 .	Suzuka and Fuji were to alternate hosting the Japanese Grand Prix starting in 2009 .
During qualifying for the 1997 race , rain caused Goodyear to use rain tires on Sprint Cup cars for the first time in the modern era .	During qualifying for the 1997 race , rain caused Goodyear to use rain tyres on the Sprint Cup cars .
Designed as a Honda test track in 1962 by Dutchman John `` Hans '' Hugenholtz , Suzuka is one of few circuits in the world to have a `` figure 8 '' layout , with the back straight passing over the front section by means of an overpass .	Designed as a Honda test track in 1962 by John Hugenholtz , Suzuka is one of few circuits in the world to have a figure 8 layout .
However , the problem continued for the new revised section .	Problems continued for the revised section .
The track held a re-opening day on April 12 , 2009 .	The track held a re-opening day on 12 April 2009 .
The 1996 event was marred by tragedy when during practice , pace car driver Elmo Langley died of a heart attack in the Chevrolet Corvette Pace Car at the esses during an evaluation run .	The 1996 event was marred by tragedy when pace car driver Elmo Langley died of a heart attack during practice .
The circuit can be used in three configurations ; the full circuit , the `` Suzuka East '' and `` Suzuka West '' configuration .	The full circuit , the `` Suzuka East '' and `` Suzuka West '' configuration .
In 2002 , Toyota F1 driver Allan McNish suffered a high-speed crash through the bump , which sent him through a metal fence ; fortunately , he was not seriously injured .	In 2002 , Toyota driver Allan McNish suffered a high-speed crash through the bump .
Previously a part of multiple GT racing series including the now defunct Group C class of the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship , the Suzuka 1000 km as of 2006 is now a points round of the Super GT series , and is the only race of such length in that series .	The Suzuka 1000 km is a round of the Super GT series , and is the only race in that series of that length .
It was announced on June 21 , 2010 that the East section of Suzuka Circuit would host the Japan round of the 2011 WTCC season instead of the Okayama International Circuit .	It was announced on 21 June 2010 that Suzuka Circuit would host the Japan round of the 2011 World Touring Car Championship season instead of the Okayama International Circuit .
Suzuka was dropped from the Formula One calendar for the 2007 and 2008 seasons in favor of the Toyota-owned Fuji Speedway , after the latter underwent a transformation and redesign by circuit designer Hermann Tilke .	Suzuka was dropped from the Formula One calendar for the 2007 and 2008 seasons in favor of the Toyota-owned Fuji Speedway .
Along with Fuji Speedway , Suzuka Circuit was one of the four tracks featured in the video game Pole Position II ( the first game featured only the Fuji track ) .	Along with Fuji Speedway , Suzuka Circuit has been featured many video and arcade games .
However , after Fuji announced on July 2009 that it would no longer be part of the F1 calendar , Suzuka signed a deal to host the Japanese Grand Prix in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 .	In July 2009 , Fuji announced that it would no longer be part of the F1 calendar .
for short , is a motorsport race track located in Ino , Suzuka City , Mie Prefecture , Japan and operated by Mobilityland Corporation , a subsidiary of Honda Motor Co. , Ltd. .	Coordinates : 34 ° 50 ′ 35 ″ N 136 ° 32 ′ 26 ″ E \ / 34.84306 ° N 136.54056 ° E \ / 34.84306 ; 136.54056 Suzuka International Racing Course , Suzuka Circuit for short , is a motorsport race track in Ino , Suzuka City , Mie Prefecture , Japan and operated by Mobilityland Corporation , the subsidiary of Honda Motor Co. , Ltd. .
NASCAR organized the NASCAR Thunder 100 , a pair of exhibition 100-lap races on the East Circuit , a 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) layout which utilizes the pit straight and esses , before rejoining the main circuit near the Casio Triangle .	The 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) layout which using the pit straight and S-corners , before rejoining the main circuit near the Casio Triangle .