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Permafrost is substrate that has been frozen for a minimum of 2 years .	Permafrost is a substrate ( layer of soil ) that has been frozen for two or more years .
The top layer is called the active layer .	The dirt on top of the permafrost is called the active layer .
Arctic ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic , the region north of the Arctic Circle ( 66 33 ' ) .	The arctic is all land and water north of the Arctic Circle ( 66 33 ' ) .
This DVD release is the first version of the film in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version .	This DVD release is the first version of the movie in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version .
Troma Films , under their 50th St. Films banner , distributed the dub of the film co-produced by Jerry Beck .	Troma Films , under their 50th St. Films banner , produced a 1993 dub of the movie co-produced by Jerry Beck .
The film won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize and the Mainichi Film Award for Best Film in 1988 .	It won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1988 .
is a 1988 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli .	, or My Neighbour Totoro on UK DVD box titles , is a 1988 animated movie written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli .
The film was re-released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 7 , 2006 and by Madman on March 15 , 2006 .	The movie was re-released by Disney on March 7 , 2006 .
Mei decides to walk to the hospital to bring some fresh corn to her mother .	Later , Mei decides to run away to try to find her mother at the hospital , and gets lost .
Tamil Nadu Liberation Army ( TNLA ) is a small militant separatist movement in India .	The Tamil Nadu Liberation Army ( TNLA ) is a small militant separatist movement in Tamil Nadu .
Darkhan ( Mongolian : Дархан , blacksmith ) is the third-largest city in Mongolia and the capital of Darkhan-Uul Aimag ( Darkhan-Uul Province ) .	Darkhan ( Mongolian : Дархан ) is a city in Mongolia .
However , the actual lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors , including operating voltage , manufacturing defects , exposure to voltage spikes , mechanical shock , frequency of cycling on and off , lamp orientation , and ambient operating temperature , among other factors .	The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors , including operating voltage , manufacturing defects , exposure to voltage spikes , mechanical shock , frequency of cycling on and off , lamp orientation , and ambient operating temperature .
The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem .	The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to avoid this problem .
In the case of a 5-minute on\/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs .	In the case of a 5-minute on\/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be reduced to `` close to that of incandescent light bulbs '' .
A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp , but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp 's lifetime .	A CFL can save over US$ 30 in electricity costs over the lamp 's lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp .
A compact fluorescent lamp ( CFL ) , also called compact fluorescent light , energy-saving light , and compact fluorescent tube , is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp ; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps .	A compact fluorescent lamp ( CFL ) , is a type of lamp ( light bulb ) designed to fit into the same space and usually also socket as an incandescent bulb , but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp .
CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps .	Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp .
Cold-cathode CFLs will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design .	Cold cathode CFLs are designed for many more on\/off cycles than standard CFLs .
Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps ( ILs ) , a phase-out of ILs would result in less carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) being emitted into the atmosphere .	CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness .
For example , Sylvania 's Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3,500 K , while most other lamps called daylight have color temperatures of at least 5,000 K. CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6,000-15 ,000 hours , whereas standard incandescent lamps have a service life of 750 or 1,000 hours .	CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours , whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours .
Pope Gregory V , né Bruno of Carinthia ( Latin : Gregorius V ; c. 972 - 18 February 999 ) was Pope from 3 May 996 to his death in 999 .	Gregory V ( Latin : Gregorius Quintius ; c. 972-18 February 999 ) , also known as Bruno of Carinthia , was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 139th Pope from 3 May 996 to 18 February 999 .
Gregory V was the first German Pope .	He was the first German Pope .
He was a son of the Salian Otto I , Duke of Carinthia , who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great .	Bruno of Carinthia was a son of Otto I , Duke of Carinthia .
In Brazil , where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization , it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places , as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as thrushes , tanagers and the Great Kiskadee .	In Brazil , where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation , it has spread out in the wild in some places , as many native birds such as thrushes , tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits .
The tree was introduced to Florida , USA in 1911 by the USDA , and is also now commonly grown in Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago .	The tree was also introduced to Florida , USA in 1911 by the USDA , and is also now commonly planted in Suriname .
A slow growing species , it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years .	A fairly fast growing species , it can grow as high as 30 metres , and can live more than 100 years .
The fruits develop by May or June and resemble large berries .	This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry .
Syzygium cumini , jambul , jambolan , jamblang , or jamun , is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae .	Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang ( Syzgium cumini ) , Nava Pazham ( Tamil ) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae , native to India and Indonesia .
Books can also be borrowed from libraries .	Books can be borrowed from a library or bought from a bookstore .
An encyclopedia is a book or set of books designed to have more in-depth articles on many topics .	Many books have photographs or drawings .
The novel is the most common form of fiction book .	There are two main kinds of book text : fiction and non-fiction .
During the American Civil War coffee was also scarce in the South : For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value , there is unfortunately no substitute ; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain , and cheat the palate , if we can not deceive the nerves .	In the American Civil War there was a similar story - `` For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value , there is unfortunately no substitute ; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain , and cheat the palate , if we can not deceive the nerves . ''
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances .	The Southern Banner , 1865 ) Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances .
Some ingredients used include : almond , acorn , asparagus , malted barley , beechnut , beetroot , carrot , chicory root , corn , soybeans , cottonseed , dandelion root ( see dandelion coffee ) , fig , boiled-down molasses , okra seed , pea , persimmon seed , potato peel , rye , sassafras pits , sweet potato , wheat bran .	Some ingredients used include : almond , acorn , asparagus , barley and malt , beech nut , beetroot , carrot , chicory root , corn , cotton seed , dandelion root , fig , boiled-down molasses , okra seed , pea , persimmon seed , potato peel , rye , sassafras nut , sweet potato .
Ground roasted chicory root has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970 , and it has become a mainstream product , both alone and mixed with real coffee .	Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970 , and it has become a mainstream product .
In World War II , acorns were used to make coffee , as were roasted chicory and grain .	In World War II , acorns were used to make coffee , however it tasted foul .
It reached its height of popularity in the United States during World War II when coffee was sharply rationed .	It reached the height of its popularity during World War II .
Coffee substitutes are non-coffee products , usually without caffeine , that are used to imitate coffee .	Coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee .
It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides , and has long enjoyed popularity especially in New Orleans , where Luzianne has long been a popular brand in this respect .	It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides .
The newton metre is a unit of torque ( also called `` moment '' ) in the SI system .	Newton metre is the unit of moment in the SI system .
Newton metres and joules are `` dimensionally equivalent '' in the sense that they have the same expression in SI base units : Again , N ⋅ m and J are distinguished in order to avoid misunderstandings where a torque is mistaken for an energy or vice-versa .	A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule .
Pollock was born in Cody , Wyoming , in 1912 , the youngest of five sons .	Pollock was born in Cody , Wyoming .
Paul Jackson Pollock ( January 28 , 1912 - August 11 , 1956 ) , known as Jackson Pollock , was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement .	Jackson Pollock ( January 28 , 1912 - August 11 , 1956 ) was an American painter .
The teams played a shortened season , due to a lockout of the players by the owners .	Twenty-six teams each played 48 games , a shortened season , due to a lockout of the players by the owners .
Note : No . = Division rank , CR = Conference rank , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against , Pts = Points Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold .	Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against , Pts = Points
The Transcendental Meditation movement refers to the programs and organizations connected with the Transcendental Meditation technique and founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi .	The Transcendental Meditation technique , or TM technique is a kind of meditation that was developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi .
The meditation practice involves the use of a mantra and is practiced for 15-20 minutes twice per day while sitting with one 's eyes closed .	The meditation technique is practiced while sitting down with the eyes closed and is practiced twice a day .
The Transcendental Meditation technique has been described as both religious and non religious , as an aspect of a new religious movement , as rooted in Hinduism , and as a non-religious practice for self-development .	The Transcendental Meditation technique is learned in seven steps .
Transcendental Meditation ( TM ) refers to a specific form of mantra meditation called the Transcendental Meditation technique , and can also refer to the organizations within the Transcendental Meditation movement and to the movement itself .	He gave this method for meditation the name , Transcendental Meditation .
The Late Heavy Bombardment ( commonly referred to as the lunar cataclysm , or the LHB ) is a hypothetical event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago ( Ga ) .	The Late Heavy Bombardment ( LHB ) or lunar cataclysm , is a period of time about 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago .
Alternatively , other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga and that the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling material affected by a single large impact basin .	Some think that the the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling .
Evidence for the LHB event is primarily from dating lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts , which ( dates ) imply that most impact melt rocks were formed in this rather narrow interval of time .	The evidence for this event comes from the dating of lunar samples , which indicates that most impact melt rocks formed at that time .
As these planets migrated , resonances would be `` swept '' through the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt .	One popular theory is that the gas giant planets migrated in orbit at this time , causing objects in the asteroid belt and\/or Kuiper belt to be forced into orbits which reached the terrestrial planets .
A Midsummer Night 's Dream is a comedy play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1596 .	A Midsummer Night 's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare .
Hermia and Lysander have escaped to the same forest in hopes of eloping .	Hermia and Lysander decide to run away .
Lysander returns to loving Hermia , while Demetrius continues to love Helena .	He makes Lysander love Hermia again , and makes Demetrius love Helena .
In the opening scene , Hermia refuses to follow her father Egeus ' instructions to marry Demetrius , whom he has chosen for her , because she wishes to marry another man named Lysander .	She loves another man named Lysander .
Pope Innocent V ( Latin : Innocentius V ; c. 1225 - 22 June 1276 ) , born Pierre de Tarentaise , was Pope from 21 January to 22 June 1276 .	Pope Innocent V ( Latin : Innocentius Quintus ; c. 1225 - June 22 , 1276 ) , born Pierre de Tarentaise , was an French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 186th Pope from January 21 to June 22 , 1276 .
In early life , he joined the Dominican Order , in which he acquired great fame as a preacher .	He joined the Dominican Order .
He was born around 1225 near Moûtiers in the Tarentaise region of the County of Savoy , but another hypothesis affirms he was born in La Salle .	He was born around 1225 in the Tarentaise region of southeastern France .
Die Hard with a Vengeance ( also known as Die Hard 3 ) is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series .	Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action movie starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson .
He demands that suspended police officer Lt. John McClane be dropped in Harlem wearing a sandwich board that says `` I hate niggers '' .	His first task is to have John McClane to go Harlem and stand around for 15 minutes with a sign that says `` I hate niggers '' with his gun taped to his back so that he can not reach it .
Anthrax is an American thrash metal band from New York City , New York .	Anthrax is a thrash metal band from New York City , USA .
The band was named after the disease the two saw listed in a biology textbook , using it because it sounded `` sufficiently evil '' .	Scott Ian named the band after the disease after he saw it in a biology textbook , as he thought it sounded `` sufficiently evil '' ( evil enough ) .
A short time later during 1992 , Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax .	However , Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax in 1992 and was replaced with John Bush , who was in a band called Armored Saint that had recently broke up .
In early 2010 Joey Belladonna returned to Anthrax for shows in the summer of 2010 as well as committing to the band for Worship Music .	However , Joey Belladonna once again returned to Anthrax in 2010 on a permanent basis .
Shortly afterward , bassist Frank Bello announced he was leaving the band to join Helmet and was replaced for touring purposes by Fates Warning and Armored Saint member Joey Vera .	Whilst touring , Frank Bello left and was replaced by Armored Saint member Joey Vera .
On January 4 , 2013 , Anthrax announced that lead guitarist Rob Caggiano had left the band stating : `` Rob has been an integral part of Anthrax for so many years , as our lead guitarist , in a production capacity , but most of all , as our close friend .	Guitar player Rob Caggiano left Anthrax at the beginning of 2013 .
Anthrax was formed in mid-1981 by guitarists Scott Ian Rosenfeld and Danny Lilker .	Anthrax was formed by guitar players Scott Ian and Danny Lilker in 1981 .
He was replaced by Charlie Benante 's nephew Frank Bello .	They were replaced with Frank Bello ( Charlie Benante 's nephew ) and Joey Belladonna .
Around the same time , it was confirmed that Rob Caggiano would return as lead guitarist .	New singer Dan Nelson was announced and Rob Caggiano returned .
In some cases , signs were placed at the town 's borders with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne , California , which read `` Nigger , Do n't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne '' in the 1930s .	Some towns placed signs at the town 's borders with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne , California , which read `` Nigger , Do n't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne '' in the 1930s .
The term came from signs that were posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown .	The term came from signs that were allegedly posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown .
However , as sociologist James W. Loewen writes in his book on the subject , it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time , because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town 's sundown status .	However , as sociologist James Loewen writes in his book on the subject , it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time , because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town 's sundown status .
Several other books also demonstrate the existence of sundown towns ; examples include Following the Color Line , by Ray Stannard Baker ; Free But Not Equal , by V. Jacque Voegeli ; Black Ohio and the Color Line , by David Gerber ; The Negro in Indiana , by Emma Thornbrough ; Mobile Americans : Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha , by Howard Chudacoff ; Race and Kinship in a Midwestern Town , by James DeVries ; Bud , Not Buddy , by Christopher Paul Curtis ; and The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot by Roberta Senechal .	Sundown towns are mentioned in Following the Color Line , by Ray Stannard Baker ; Free But Not Equal , by V. Jacque Voegeli ; Black Ohio and the Color Line , by David Gerber ; The Negro in Indiana , by Emma Thornbrough ; Mobile Americans : Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha , by Howard Chudacoff ; Race and Kinship in a Midwestern Town , by James DeVries ; The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot by Roberta Senechal .
A sundown town is a town , city , or neighborhood in the US that was purposely all-white .	A sundown town is a town that is or was purposely all-white .
One example according to Loewen is that in 1870 , Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho .	Loewen says one example is that in 1870 , Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho .
They are also sometimes known as `` sunset towns '' or `` gray towns '' .	Such towns are also sometimes called `` sunset towns '' or `` gray towns '' .
James W. Loewen 's book , Sundown Towns : A Hidden Dimension of American Racism ( 2005 ) describes the phenomenon .	James Loewen 's book , Sundown Towns describes sundown towns .
In some cases , the exclusion was official town policy or through restrictive covenants agreed to by the real estate agents of the community .	In some cases , keeping minorities out was official town policy , through restrictive covenants written in land deeds , or by agreement between the real estate agents of the community .
Visual treatments include Robby Heason 's documentary Trouble Behind and Marco Williams ' documentary Banished .	Visual treatments include Robby Heason , Trouble Behind ( Cicada Films , 1990 ) , and Marco Williams , Banished ( banishedthefilm.com \ / ) .
Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick .	Since 2001 the director of the festival has been is Dieter Kosslick .
The European Film Market ( EFM ) , a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale , is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit once a year .	The European Film Market ( EFM ) , a film trade fair , is held at the same time as the Berlinale .
Around twenty films compete for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears .	Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears .
McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global village , and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented .	McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global village .
His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory , as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries .	His work was a cornerstone of media studies , and had some practical applications in the advertising and television industries .
With the arrival of the internet , however , interest in his work and perspective has renewed .	With the arrival of the internet , however , there was renewed interest in his work and perspective .
Herbert Marshall McLuhan , CC ( July 21 , 1911 - December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian philosopher of communication theory and a public intellectual .	Herbert Marshall McLuhan , CC ( July 21 , 1911 - December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian Professor of English literature who turned his attention to media .
McLuhan 's The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( written in 1961 , first published in Canada by University of Toronto Press in 1962 ) is a pioneering study in the fields of oral culture , print culture , cultural studies , and media ecology .	McLuhan 's The Gutenberg Galaxy : the making of typographic man ( 1962 ) was a history of print , and its effect on society .
His famous aphorism `` the medium is the message '' ( elaborated in his 1964 book , Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man ) calls attention to this intrinsic effect of communications media .	His best-known work was Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man .
Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years .	Naughty Dog would developed three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years .
In 2004 , Naughty Dog 's studio president and co-founder , Jason Rubin , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden .	In 2004 , Naughty Dog 's studio president and co-founder , Jason Rubin left the company to work on a new game named Iron and the Maiden .
Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power for the Sega Genesis\/Mega Drive and Way of the Warrior for the 3DO .	Gavin and Rubin produced more successful games , including Rings of Power for the Sega Genesis and Way of the Warrior for the 3DO .
After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter for the PlayStation 2 .	After developing the fourth Crash Bandicoot game ( Crash Team Racing ) , the company began working on Jak and Daxter for PlayStation 2 .
Mark Cerny , who was a programmer for Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega , convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully exploit the 3D capabilities of the new systems .	Mark Cerny , who had produced Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega , convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would be in 3D .
The latter - a very low-budget but still plausible offering - prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company .	Universal Studios signed a deal with the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company .
Naughty Dog , Inc. ( known as Jam Software before renaming in 1989 ) is an American video game developer based in Santa Monica , California .	As Jam Software As Naughty Dog
Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 .	Naughty Dog is a video game company founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1986 .
For the standard normal distribution , a is − 1\/2 , b is zero , and c is .	The normal distribution is a probability distribution .
Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that `` in the end , dedicated , inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive and permeate our society , preserving a world that we are proud to hand over to those who come after us . ''	Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that `` in the end , dedicated , inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive and permeate our society , preserving a world that we are proud to hand over to those who come after us '' .

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