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He is also known for television coverage of 12 Olympic Games , and is universally respected for his memorable reporting on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics .
He earned respect for his memorable reporting on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics .
The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) ( French : Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Glace ) is a worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey .
The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) ( French : Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace ) is the worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey .
Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed through the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne , Switzerland .
Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne , Switzerland .
As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF 's founding , the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada .
As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF 's founding , the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada , the perennial leaders of the sport .
The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes , bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction with regards to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level .
The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes , bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction in what concerns to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level .
Another duty is to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport .
Also to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport .
It manages international ice hockey tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking .
It is responsible for the management of international ice hockey tournaments , and maintains the IIHF World Ranking .
It is based in Zurich , Switzerland , and has 72 members .
It is based in Zurich , Switzerland , and has 70 members .
Louis Magnus , the French representative , was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIHG .
Louis Magnus , the French representative , was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIGH .
He represents the federation 's interests in all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federation 's statutes and regulations .
He represents the federation 's interests I all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federation 's statues and regulations .
The second congress was held from January 22-25 , 1909 in Chamonix , France .
A year later , the first congress was held in Paris and then another one during the same year in Chamonix , France .
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2001 ) , United Arab Emirates ( 2001 ) , Liechtenstein ( 2001 ) , Macedonia ( 2001 ) , Macau ( 2005 ) , Malaysia ( 2006 ) , Moldova ( 2008 ) , Georgia ( 2009 ) , Kuwait ( 2009 ; had originally joined in 1985 but was expelled in 1992 ) , Morocco ( 2010 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 2011 ) , Jamaica ( 2012 ) , and Qatar ( 2012 ) all have joined since the turn of the century .
They are Andorra , Armenia , Brazil , Georgia , Greece , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Liechtenstein , Macau , Macedonia , Malaysia , Moldova , Morocco , Portugal , Singapore and United Arab Emirates .
Having predeceased his father , he never became king .
He never became king as he died before his father did .
Louis of France ( 1 November 1661 - 14 April 1711 ) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV , King of France , and his spouse , Maria Theresa of Spain .
Louis of France , Dauphin of France ( 1 November 1661 , - 14 April 1711 ) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV , King of France and of his spouse , Marie Therese of Austria .
Louis had been engaged to his second cousin , Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria , since he was seven .
His wife was Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria .
He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son , Le Petit Dauphin .
He was known as le Grand Dauphin due to his large physical size .
Although most gliders do not have engines , there are a few that do ( see motor glider ) .
Gliders are aircraft which do not have a motor .
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the sport of gliding .
There are two other types of gliders .
Early gliders had no cockpit and the pilot sat on a small seat located just ahead of the wing .
Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape , but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks .
Listed alphabetically , those films were 2001 : A Space Odyssey ; Aguirre , the Wrath of God ; Apocalypse Now ; Citizen Kane ; La Dolce Vita ; The General ; Raging Bull ; Tokyo Story ; The Tree of Life ; and Vertigo .
Listed alphabetically , those movies were 2001 : A Space Odyssey ; Aguirre , the Wrath of God ; Apocalypse Now ; Citizen Kane ; La Dolce Vita ; The General ; Raging Bull ; Tokyo Story ; The Tree of Life ; and Vertigo .
A 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute , entitled Roger Ebert : A Celebration of Life , was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday , April 11 , 2013 at the Chicago Theater .
A 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute , entitled Roger Ebert : A Celebration of Life , was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday , April 11 , 2013 at the Chicago Theatre .
For example , his fall 2005 class was on the work of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder .
His fall 2005 class was on the works of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder .
From the 1970s on , Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer , teaching a night class on film .
From the 1970s , Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer , teaching a night class on movies .
( In April 2010 , Ebert posted his screenplay of Who Killed Bambi ?
In April 2010 , Ebert posted his screenplay of Who Killed Bambi ?
It featured in-person remembrances , video testimonials , video and film clips , gospel choirs , and was , according to the Chicago Tribune 's Mark Caro , `` a laughter - and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds '' .
It featured in-person remembrances , video testimonials , video and film clips , gospel choirs , and was , according to the Chicago Tribune 's Mark Caro , `` a laughter - and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds . ''
, and other films , and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie Who Killed Bambi ?
, and others , and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie Who Killed Bambi ?
Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with : `` the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing Thumbs Up . ''
Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with : `` the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing ` thumbs up . ' ''
In September 2000 , Chicago Sun-Times columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed At The Movies With Ebert & Roeper ( and other later titles ) .
In September 2000 , fellow Chicago Sun-Times columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper .
Ebert compiled `` best of the year '' movie lists beginning in 1967 , thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences .
Ebert compiled `` best of the year '' movie lists beginning in the 1960s , thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences .
In early 2002 , Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer which was successfully removed in February .
In early 2002 , Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer .
Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer film Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and sometimes joked about being responsible for the film , which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic .
Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer movie Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and likes to joke about being responsible for the movie , which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic .
He expressed his general distaste for `` top ten '' lists , and all movie lists in general , but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics ' poll .
He expressed his general dislikes for `` top ten '' lists , and all movie lists in general , but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics ' poll .
In 1975 , Ebert began co-hosting a weekly film review television show , Sneak Previews , which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW .
In 1975 , Ebert and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune began co-hosting a weekly movie review television show , Sneak Previews , which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW .
Ebert began his career as a film critic in 1967 , writing for the Chicago Sun-Times .
Ebert began his professional critic career in 1967 , writing for the Chicago Sun-Times .
aka Anarchy in the UK on his blog . )
aka Anarchy in the UK on his blog .
The duo became famous for their `` thumbs up\/thumbs down '' review summaries .
The duo was known for their `` thumbs up\/thumbs down '' review summaries .
They created and trademarked the phrase `` Two Thumbs Up , '' used when both hosts gave the same film a positive review .
They created and trademarked the phrase `` Two Thumbs Up , '' used when both hosts thought the same movie was very good .
Hundreds attended the April 8 , 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago 's Holy Name Cathedral , where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic , newspaperman , advocate for social justice , and husband .
Hundreds attended including Pat Quinn , Rahm Emanuel , and Richard Roeper in the April 8 , 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago 's Holy Name Cathedral , where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic , newspaperman , advocate for social justice , husband and father .
After Siskel 's death in 1999 , the producers retitled the show Roger Ebert & the Movies and used rotating co-hosts .
When Siskel died in 1999 , the producers retitled the show Roger Ebert & the Movies with rotating co-hosts .
Ebert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped popularize nationally-televised film reviewing when they co-hosted the PBS show Sneak Previews , followed by several variously-named At the Movies programs .
Ebert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped make nationally-televised movie reviewing popular .
He insinuated that his real favorite film was La Dolce Vita .
He kept saying that his real favorite movie was La Dolce Vita .
Roger Joseph Ebert ( \ / ˈiːbərt \ / ; June 18 , 1942 - April 4 , 2013 ) was an American film critic , journalist and screenwriter .
Roger Joseph Ebert ( June 18 , 1942 - April 4 , 2013 ) was an American movie critic .
Ebert indicated that his favorite film was Citizen Kane , joking , `` That 's the official answer '' , although he preferred to emphasize it as `` the most important '' film .
Ebert said that his favorite movie was Citizen Kane , joking , `` That 's the official answer '' , although he liked to keep saying it as `` the most important '' movie .
In 2003 , he underwent surgery for cancer in his salivary gland , which was followed up by radiation treatment .
He later underwent surgery in 2003 for cancer in his salivary gland , and in December of that year , underwent a four-week follow-up course of radiation to his salivary glands , which altered his voice slightly .
In 1986 , they again moved the show to new ownership , creating Siskel & Ebert & The Movies through Buena Vista Television ( part of the Walt Disney Company ) .
In 1982 , the critics moved to a television program named At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert , and in 1986 they left to create Siskel & Ebert & The Movies with Buena Vista Television ( part of the Walt Disney Company ) .
In December 2012 , Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip .
In December 2012 , Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip , which his wife Chaz jokingly blamed on `` tricky disco dance moves '' .
Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana , Illinois , the only child of Annabel ( née Stumm ) , a bookkeeper , and Walter H. Ebert , an electrician .
His parents were Annabel ( née Stumm ) and Walter H. Ebert .
Regardless , his ability to write was unimpaired and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print right up until his death on April 4 , 2013 .
He continued to publish his reviews both online and in print until April 2 , 2013 .
His paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was German , Dutch , and Irish .
His ancestry was German , Dutch , and Irish .
Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student , completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class .
Ebert studied at Urbana High School , at the University of Chicago , and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .
A further surgery was performed in April 2008 after Ebert fractured his hip in a fall .
On April 18 , 2008 , it was announced that Ebert had fractured his hip in a fall , a result of the weakening of his body following the unsuccessful tissue transplants , and had undergone surgery to repair it .
A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions .
A chemical compound is a chemical formed from atoms of different chemical elements .
The French anatomist Georges Cuvier , in his treatise Sur les Ossemens fossiles ( 1823 ) , first described the species based on an imperfect skull from the Mediterranean coast of France .
The French anatomist Georges Cuvier , in his Sur les Ossemens fossiles ( 1823 ) , first described the species based on an imperfect skull from the Mediterranean coast of France .
Cuvier 's beaked whale or goose-beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) , the only member of the genus Ziphius , is the most widely distributed of all the beaked whales .
Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) , is the only member of the genus Ziphius .
Cuvier believed it to represent the remains of an extinct species .
Cuvier believed it was an extinct species .
It was n't until 1850 that zoologists realized the extant nature of the species , when Paul Gervais compared the type specimen to another that had stranded at Aresquiès , Hérault , in May of the same year , and found the two to be identical .
In 1850 zoologists realized the species was still living , when Paul Gervais compared the type specimen to a whale stranded at Aresquiès , Hérault .
In 2014 , scientists reported that they had used satellite-linked tags to track Cuvier 's beaked whales off the coast of California and found the animals dove 2,992 meters ( nearly two miles ) below the ocean surface and spent two hours and 17 minutes underwater before resurfacing , which represent both the deepest and the longest dives ever documented for any marine mammal .
On March 27 2014 a Cuvier 's beaked whale tracked by a satellite-linked tag set a new deep diving record for a sea mammal , plunging nearly two miles below the ocean surface .
Cuvier named it Ziphius cavirostris , the specific name being derived from the Latin cavus for `` hollow '' or `` concave '' , in reference to the deep hollow ( the prenarial basin ) in the skull , a diagnostic trait of the species .
Cuvier named it Ziphius cavirostris .
Cuvier 's beaked whale may be one of the most common and abundant of the beaked whales , with a worldwide population likely well over 100,000 .
Cuvier 's beaked whale feeds on several species of squid .
Hereford cattle are a beef cattle breed , widely used both in intemperate areas and temperate areas , mainly for meat production .
Hereford cattle are a widely used breed in temperate areas , mainly for beef production .
They originally found great popularity among ranchers of the American Southwest , testament to the hardiness of the breed ; while originating in cool , moist Britain , they have proven to thrive in much harsher climates on nearly every continent .
This is a testament to the hardiness of the breed ; while originating in cool , moist Britain , they have thrived in much harsher climates .
The Polled Hereford is a hornless variant of the Hereford with the polled gene , a natural genetic mutation that was selected into a separate breed beginning in 1889 .
Hornless variants with the polled gene are known as the Polled Herefords .
His October 6 , 1957 sixty-minute draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating , and his May 24 , 1963 sixty-minute two out of three falls draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating , but a larger viewing audience ( the largest in Japanese history ) than the previous match , since by 1963 more people had television sets .
His 1957\/10\/6 sixty-minute draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating , and his 1963\/5\/24 sixty-minute draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating ( the 4th largest viewing audience in Japanese history , since by 1963 more people had television sets , thanks to Rikidōzan 's popularity ) .
Other declining woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls , Glossy Black-Cockatoos , Grey-crowned Babblers , Speckled Warblers , Brown Treecreepers , Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots .
Other woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls , Glossy Black-Cockatoos , Grey-crowned Babblers , Speckled Warblers , Brown Treecreepers , Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots .
However there are a variety of distinct plant communities in the forest , some of which do not include Callitris .
However there are a variety of other plant communities in the forest , some of which do not include Callitris .
The forest is located near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar .
The forest is near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar .
In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range , visible in outcrops such as those around Gin 's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri .
In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range , which can be seen as sandstone outcrops such as those around Gin 's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri .
Fauna recorded from the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 40 native and nine introduced mammals , 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs .
Animals found in the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 36 native and nine introduced mammals , 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs .
The geology of the area is dominated by Pilliga sandstone , a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75 % quartz , 15 % plagioclase and 10 % iron oxide , although local variations in soil type do occur .
This is a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75 % quartz , 15 % plagioclase and 10 % iron oxide .
It also experiences irregular occurrences of endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters , and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews .
Endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters , and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews , are sometimes seen in the forest .
The forest contains at least 900 plant species , including some now widely grown in cultivation as well as many threatened species .
The forest contains at least 900 plant species .
Author Eric Rolls wrote a seminal work on the Pilliga called A Million Wild Acres , which gives an insight into the history of the region .
Author Eric Rolls wrote a book about the Pilliga called A Million Wild Acres .
However , many scientific authors now disagree with much of Rolls ' analysis , quoting historical records from as early as the 1870s which suggest that the plant communities in the scrub have not undergone the level of alteration that Rolls suggests .
However , many scientific authors now disagree , using historical records from as early as the 1870s which say that the types of plants in the forest have not changed as much as Rolls suggests .
The State Forests of The Pilliga , commonly known as the Pilliga Scrub , constitute some 3,000 km2 of semi-arid woodland in temperate north-central New South Wales , Australia .
The State Forests of The Pilliga , also called the Pilliga Scrub , covers an area of 3000 km2 in north-central New South Wales , Australia .
A 4,909 km2 tract of land , including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park , has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) because it supports populations of Painted Honeyeaters and Diamond Firetails .
A 4909 km2 area of land , including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park , has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) .
One of Rolls ' most-cited conclusions is that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has enabled the cypress pine to dominate .
He argued that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has let the cypress pines take over .
The Free City of Danzig ( German : Freie Stadt Danzig ; Polish : Wolne Miasto Gdańsk ) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939 , consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig ( today Gdańsk ) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas .
The Free City of Danzig ( German : Freie Stadt Danzig ; Polish : Wolne Miasto Gdańsk ) was a self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state .
The German railway line that connected the Free City with newly created Poland was to be administered by Poland , as were all rail lines in the territory of the Free City .
The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland .
The interwar Free City of Danzig ( 1920-39 ) included the city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) , the towns of Zoppot ( Sopot ) , Oliva ( Oliwa ) , Tiegenhof ( Nowy Dwór Gdański ) , Neuteich ( Nowy Staw ) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets , covering a total area of 1,966 square kilometers ( 754 sq mi ) .
The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) as well as Zoppot ( Sopot ) , Tiegenhof ( Nowy Dwór Gdański ) , Neuteich ( Nowy Staw ) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets .
The Free City was to be represented abroad by Poland and was to be in a customs union with it .
The Free City was represented abroad by Poland 's ambassadors .
... And Justice for All was Metallica 's first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted , following the death of Cliff Burton in 1986 .
It was Metallica 's first album since the death of Cliff Burton , who was replaced by Jason Newsted as their bass player .
... And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica , released on August 25 , 1988 , by Elektra Records .
... And Justice For All is Metallica 's fourth album and was released on August 25 , 1988 .
He was an instructor at the Académie Julian in Paris .
He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris .
He was long a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts .
He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time .
Many of his paintings are single figures of beautiful women .
His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women .
He entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852 and was a pupil of Léon Cogniet .
He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet .
The Dassault Rafale ( French pronunciation : ( ʁafal ) , squall ) is a French twin-engine , canard delta-wing , multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation .
The Dassault Rafale is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation .
In 1919 , many years after receiving his patent , Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled `` Famous Scientific Illusions '' , in which he explains the logic of Franklin 's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus .
Many years after receiving his patent , in 1919 Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled `` Famous Scientific Illusions '' , in which he explains the logic of Franklin 's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus .
This experiment , it is said , took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it .
This experiment , in fact , took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it .
Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls ( now prized by collectors ) .
Lightning rods were often embellished with ornamental glass balls ( now prized by collectors ) .
The random behavior of lightning combined with observers ' confirmation bias ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin 's initial work .
The random behavior of lightning ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin 's initial work .
Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects .
Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method thought to prevent lightning strikes to ships .
Early on , Christian churches tried to prevent the occurrence of the damaging effects of lightning by prayers .
Early on , Christian churches tried to prevent the damage of lightning by prayers .
The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin 's original theory of operation ; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself , rendering the air conductive , which in turn raises the probability of a strike .
The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin 's original theory of operation ; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself .
Peter Ahlwardts ( `` Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning '' , 1745 ) advised individuals seeking cover from lightning to go anywhere except in or around a church .
Peter Ahlwardts ( `` Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning '' , 1745 ) said people who sought to protect themselves from lightning should go anywhere except in or around a church .
Franklin speculated that , with an iron rod sharpened to a point , `` The electrical fire would , I think , be drawn out of a cloud silently , before it could come near enough to strike ... '' Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment .
Franklin thought that , with an iron rod sharpened to a point at the end , `` The electrical fire would , I think , be drawn out of a cloud silently , before it could come near enough to strike ( ... ) . ''
A lightning rod is a single component in a lightning protection system .
It is part of a lightning protection system .
The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in weather vanes .
The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has also been incorporated into weather vanes .
Lightning can damage structures made of most materials ( masonry , wood , concrete and steel ) as the huge currents involved can heat materials to high temperature , causing a potential for fire .
Lightning can damage structures made of most materials ( masonry , wood , concrete and even steel ) .
In what later became the United States , the pointed lightning rod conductor , also called a `` lightning attractor '' or `` Franklin rod , '' was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity .
In the United States , the pointed lightning rod conductor , often incorrectly referred to as the `` lightning attractor , '' was invented by Benjamin Franklin as part of his groundbreaking explorations of electricity .