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rally a rabble of soldiers and storm through the walls, attacking the Mitation Mosque which results in extensive fires in Constantinople. Finally, they are fought off by the Byzantines and Muslims standing side by side. It becomes one of the most extensive urban conflagrations in European History and renders some 100,0... | enter the Golden Horn. Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade. July 11 – The Crusaders take positions opposite the Palace of Blachernae on the... |
resides in the Palace of Blachernae, dispatches a small force under Alexios Palaiologos, Alexios' son-in-law, who is regarded as his heir-apparent. With support of the Varangian Guard, John is overthrown and decapitated by the end of the day. His head is displayed at the Forum of Constantine, while John's supporters ar... | court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well. Europe Spring – A treaty is signed between the Crusade leaders and Venice. Doge Enrico Dandolo agrees to manufacture a fleet capable of transporting the Crusader army to the Levant, and to provide provisions for 33,500 men and 4,... |
Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II, and becomes Byzantine Emperor. Births August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (d. 1231) Princess Shōshi of Japan (d. 1211) Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (d. 1265) Deaths March 3 – Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham (b. c. 1125) August 6 – Henry the Li... | defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII. The Priory of St Mary's is founded in Bushmead. Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II, and becomes Byzantine Emperor. Births August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (d. 1231) Princess Shōshi of Japan (d. 1211) Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (d. 1265) D... |
by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales). Europe Spring – Casimir II (the Just), High Duke of Poland, organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians. The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return in Kr... | is a possession of Philip's ally, John. November 20 – Emperor Henry VI enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, Constance I, against her illegitimate nephew, King Tancred of Lecce (who has died on February 20). He takes Palermo (supported by the navy of Pisa and Genoa) and gains control of all of Sicily – ending No... |
After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her back to Denmark. King Tancred of Sicily arranges a marriage between his son Roger III and the 12-year-old Irene Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II (Angelos). Roger suddenly dies on December 24. Asia Gh... | Third Crusade by Leopold V (the Virtuous), duke of Austria is handed over to Emperor Henry VI, and moved to Trifels Castle. King Philip II (Augustus) marries Ingeborg of Denmark, daughter of King Valdemar I (the Great). After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her... |
beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on Mount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Latin prisoners are tortured and murder... | Queen of England, by John, bishop of Évreux, in the presence of the archbishop of Bordeaux, and many other clergies. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge in Kyrenia Castle, Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the... |
cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism. April – Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle after a long siege from Reginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle ... | Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date). Europe July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richa... |
with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths. England Henry II makes an effort to end the strife between him and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, in order that he may dally in western Herefordshire with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford, the daughter... | and the 8-year-old Alys of France (or Alice). Andrey Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, sacks Kiev (with help from allies) and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev. During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as ruler ... |
Crusader army Alexandria. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria. Ireland Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot), former king of Leinster, returns to Ireland with an advance party under Richard de Clare (Strongbow). England King Henry II prohibits English students from att... | A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo. May–June – Saladin leads t... |
behalf of Grand Prince Tihomir of Serbia against his rebellious brother, Prince Stefan Nemanja, who defeats the Byzantine forces and becomes Grand Župan of Serbia. Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a Ger... | the coronation of his wife Beatrice I as Holy Roman Empress. Mieszko III (the Old) proclaims a Prussian crusade against the pagans and pressures the collaboration of Frederick I. He leaves Greater Poland in the hands of his younger brother Casimir II (the Just). England Diarmaid mac Murchadha is exiled and goes to Norm... |
King Henry II has his chancellor Thomas Becket elected to succeed the late Theobald of Bec as archbishop of Canterbury. He accepts the pallium send by Pope Alexander III. Africa The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the followi... | led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), capture Milan; much of the city is destroyed three weeks later, on the emperor's orders. The fortifications are demolished, and the churches are destroyed. The population is dispersed, and the commune abolished. The fate of Milan leads to the submission of Brescia, Piacenza, and... |
Births October 4 – Alys of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1220) December 3 – Conrad of Querfurt, German bishop (d. 1202) Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Almohad caliph (d. 1199) Adolf III, count of Schaumburg and Holstein (d. 1225) Alice of Courtenay, French noblewoman (d. 1218) Ali ibn al-Athir, Arab historian and biogr... | Some 20,000 survivors are allowed to leave the city with whatever they could carry before Crema is looted and burnt to the ground. The expense of the siege (over 2,000 silver marks) and Frederick's determination to enforce it over the winter, demonstrates his ability to hold troops in the field and to keep his allies o... |
women competed, with women competing for the first time in Olympic history. Medals were awarded after five runs down the course. Both events were contested on February 20. Medal summary Medal table Participating NOCs Nineteen nations competed | first time Olympic competitions in skeleton were held during an Olympics outside of St. Moritz. Both men and women competed, with women competing for the first time in Olympic history. Medals were awarded after five |
six nations were given direct entry to the Olympics, the final two spots were contested in a qualification tournament. The nations ranked seven through ten played a round robin in Engelberg Switzerland February 8–11, 2001. Format The eight teams were split into two equal divisions. All teams played three preliminary ga... | the 2000 IIHF Women's World Championship. The top six nations were given direct entry to the Olympics, the final two spots were contested in a qualification tournament. The nations ranked seven through ten played a round robin in Engelberg Switzerland February 8–11, 2001. Format The eight teams were split into two equa... |
playing field was drastically altered. "Death Valley" was reduced by more than while the right-field home-run porch was moved out. Monuments once in play were moved to a newly created Monument Park. In 1985, the left field fence was moved in and the stadium assumed its final dimensions in 1988. Although it was essentia... | the Polo Grounds, outdrawing the Giants. By the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued an eviction notice to the Yankees, which was soon rescinded. In 1921, the Yankees won their first American League pennant (but lost the then-best-of-nine 1921 World Series to the Giants in eight games, all played at the Polo Grounds).... |
characters; these were carved in 1988 under Simon Verity's leadership. St. John is depicted on the trumeau, or vertical pier, between the two pairs of doors within the center portal. The center portal also contains depictions of New York City skyscrapers being destroyed in an apocalypse. The center, northernmost, and s... | work did not resume for another four years, though both Greer and Bishop Charles Sumner Burch supported the project. In 1923, Burch's successor William T. Manning announced a $15 million capital campaign to raise money for this project. The New York campaign committee, headed by then-governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, cam... |
of Córdoba. The city of Lund, Sweden is founded, during the reign of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard (approximate date). Africa The Ghana Empire takes the Berber town of Aoudaghost (modern Mauritania) as the West African nation makes further gains. Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque by orders of the Fatimid vizier Gaw... | Roman Empress (d. 1043) Adamo Abate, Italian Benedictine abbot (approximate date) Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Arab Hanbali scholar and jurist (d. 1066) Bi Sheng, Chinese inventor of movable type printing (d. 1051) Chananel ben Chushiel, Tunisian Jewish rabbi (d. 1053) Conrad II (the Elder), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1039) Edmund I... |
Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in prison in Orléans (see 991). He is succeeded by his son Otto II, who inherits the full dukedom and pledges his allegiance to Otto III. By topic Religion July 4 – Pope John XV issues a decree canonizing the late Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg, the first recorded canonization of a sain... | son Otto II, who inherits the full dukedom and pledges his allegiance to Otto III. By topic Religion July 4 – Pope John XV issues a decree canonizing the late Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg, the first recorded canonization of a saint. Astronomy An increase in concentration, recorded in tree rings, as well as and isotopes, r... |
Udo I, margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1057) Sancho III (the Great), king of Pamplona (approximate date) Simeon, Norman abbot of Ely Abbey (approximate date) Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, Andalusian female poet (d. 1091) Deaths February 3 – William IV, duke of Aquitaine (b. 937) April 4 – Egbert (the One-Eyed), German noblema... | was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish general Manjutakin (also the governor of Damascus), besiege Apamea (modern Syria). Emperor Basil II sends a Byzantine ex... |
800 hectares is 2,000 acres) in Neuhofen an der Ybbs (Lower Austria). A document (the oldest known) marks the first use of the name Ostarrîchi, meaning "Eastern Realm" (Austria in Old High German). November 20 – Richard I (the Fearless), duke of Normandy, dies after a 55-year reign. He is succeeded by his young son Ric... | – King Otto III starts his first expedition to Italy from Regensburg, and proceeds over the Brenner Pass. News of Otto's arrival prompts Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome, to invite Pope John XV (exiled in Tuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives in Verona, and receives ambassadors of Doge... |
facto ruler of Al-Andalus, assaults and partially destroys the city of Santiago de Compostella. He is accompanied in his raid by Christian Portuguese lords, who all receive a share of the booty. On their way, they sack the cities of Zamora and León. Summer – Roman of Bulgaria dies in captivity in Constantinople. He is ... | Al-Andalus, assaults and partially destroys the city of Santiago de Compostella. He is accompanied in his raid by Christian Portuguese lords, who all receive a share of the booty. On their way, they sack the cities of Zamora and León. Summer – Roman of Bulgaria dies in captivity in Constantinople. He is succeeded by hi... |
pope of the Catholic Church. Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an alliance between the Serbian principality and the Byzantines. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) and advances along the Dalmatian coast. The Bulgarian army is fo... | mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin, Gregory V, as pope of the Catholic Church. Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an all... |
in January following an election. The governor is term-limited to 8 years in any 16-year period. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the same ticket; a provision which did not appear in the state's first constitution, rati... | a 4-year term for the governor, commencing on the first Monday in January following an election. The governor is term-limited to 8 years in any 16-year period. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the same ticket; a provisi... |
the first universal postal system was started in the United Kingdom with its Penny Black, the postmark used red ink for contrast. This was not successful, and the stamp was changed to non-black colours so that the postmark could use black ink. The majority of postmarks today are in black, with red (particularly in the ... | The first postmark, called the "Bishop mark", was introduced by English Postmaster General Henry Bishop in 1661 and showed only the day and month of mailing to prevent the delay of the mail by carriers. In England during the latter part of the 17th century, several postmarks were devised for use with the London Penny P... |
The Killer may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional characters Killer (Home and Away), a character from Home and Away Killer Kane, the villain of the 1939 Buck Rogers film serial Ghostface (Scream), aka "The Killer" - the murderer in the Scream movie series Films The Killer (1921 film), an American w... | in the Scream movie series Films The Killer (1921 film), an American western film directed by and starring Jack Conway (filmmaker) The Killer (1953 film), a Turkish adventure film Killer! (1969 film), an alternative title for This Man Must Die The Killer (1972 film), a Hong Kong film produced by Shaw Brothers Studio Th... |
years of infighting; the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms). The last Umayyad ruler, Caliph Hisham III, tries to consolidate the caliphate, but his raising of taxes (to pay for mosques) leads to heavy opposition and he is imprisoned by his rivals. King Mieszko II is forced to escap... | Kiev, who installs Mieszko's half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne. France suffers from a famine (until 1033). Middle East The Byzantine general George Maniakes captures Edessa from the Arab Muslims and stabilizes the eastern frontier. Births March 26 – Malcolm III (Canmore), king of Scotland (d. 1093) Hoël II (o... |
Osbern FitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter (approximate date) Touzi Yiqing, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1083) Vratislaus II (or Wratislaus), king of Bohemia (d. 1092) Deaths July 28 – Constance of Arles, French queen July 29 – Matilda of Swabia, German duchess September 6 – Rudolph III, king of Burgundy October 4 – Sancho V... | (d. 1067) September 3 – Go-Sanjō, Japanese emperor (d. 1073) September 14 – Dao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1101) Abe no Munetō, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1108) Cheng Hao, Chinese neo-confucian philosopher (d. 1085) Donald III (the Fair), king of Scotland (approximate date) Ermengol III (or Armengol), count of Ur... |
and is crowned King of Burgundy. He claims dominion over the Kingdom of Burgundy which is incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. Treaty of Merseburg: Conrad II attends a Hoftag at Merseburg and signs an agreement with King Mieszko II. He divides Poland in three parts with Mieszko designated as supreme ruler, in excha... | duke of Brittany (approximate date) Fujiwara no Atsuie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1090) Fujiwara no Tadaie, Japanese statesman (d. 1091) Judith of Flanders, German duchess (approximate date) Theobald of Provins, French hermit and saint (d. 1066) Urraca of Zamora, Spanish noblewoman (d. 1101) Deaths May 11 – Ebles I, French... |
his coronation in England, because his Danish kingdom is under threat of an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway, and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Births Dharma Pala, Indian ruler of the Pala Dynasty (d. 1060) Henry of Burgundy, French nobleman (approximate date) Hereward (the Wake), English nobleman (approximate date) H... | Robert I (the Magnificent) dies, on a pilgrimage at Nicaea (modern Turkey). Robert's death leads to a period of instability in Normandy, as William is too young to take his father's place. The Norman nobles in the region take the opportunity to settle old feuds, and to increase their private wealth. Emperor Conrad II (... |
expeditionary force under George Maniakes lands at Sicily, and defeats the Zirids. Maniakes begins his campaign to reconquer the island. September 4 – Battle of Tamarón: Ferdinand I defeats and kills his brother-in-law Bermudo III. Ferdinand becomes the king of Castile and León (modern Spain). November 15 – Battle of B... | from his half-brother Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy flees to Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium). Asia The Chinese rime dictionary of the Jiyun is published during the Song Dynasty. Births January 8 – Su Dongpo, Chinese calligrapher (d. 1101) Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1061) Hawise, duchess... |
the town of Alfuente, Andalucia, between the Taifa of Granada and the Taifa of Almeria, as described by the Jewish poet Samuel ibn Naghrela. Asia The Western Xia declare their independence from the Liao Dynasty in China. Births Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (d. 1075) Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Jewish rabbi and... | John II drives his brother Manso II and his mother Maria out of Amalfi. He has Manso blinded and exiled to the island of Sirenuse. John reconciles with Maria, and allows her to remain as co-ruler of Amalfi. The Banu Tujib clan is deposed by Al-Mustain I, who starts the Huddid Dynasty, which rules over the Taifa of Zara... |
of a product is used to guide its life cycle Molecular-beam epitaxy, a thin-film crystal growth technique Molecular Biology and Evolution, a journal Multi-band excitation, a series of speech coding standards Multibeam echosounder, a device used to map ocean floors British honours Member of the Most Excellent Order of t... | a thin-film crystal growth technique Molecular Biology and Evolution, a journal Multi-band excitation, a series of speech coding standards Multibeam echosounder, a device used to map ocean floors British honours Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Other uses Mail Boxes Etc., a global chain of retai... |
Pamplona (approximate date) Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (d. 1112) Vseslav of Polotsk, Kievan prince (approximate date) Deaths March 10 – Odo (or Eudes), French nobleman April 16 – William III, count of Weimar and Eichsfeld May 27 – Dirk III (or Theodoric), count of Holland June 4 – Conrad II (the Elder), H... | IV, king of Pamplona (approximate date) Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (d. 1112) Vseslav of Polotsk, Kievan prince (approximate date) Deaths March 10 – Odo (or Eudes), French nobleman April 16 – William III, count of Weimar and Eichsfeld May 27 – Dirk III (or Theodoric), count of Holland June 4 – Conrad II (t... |
by Harald Hardrada (future king of Norway), defeat the Bulgarian troops, near Lake Ostrovo in Greece. England Edward the Confessor returns to England from exile in Normandy, to become the heir of his half-brother Harthacnut, as king of England. He reduces the navy from 60 to 32 ships, due to the tax burden. The city of... | her lover John the Orphanotrophos) her adoptive son to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael V Kalaphates. Shortly after, Michael comes into conflict with his uncle John and banishes him to a monastery. Europe March 17 – Battle of Olivento: Norman troops and their Lombard allies, led by William I (Iron Arm), a... |
By place Byzantine Empire April 19 – Emperor Michael V Kalaphates banishes his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoë, for plotting to poison him, to the island of Principo. His announcement as sole emperor leads to a popular revolt. April 20 – Zoë is proclaimed as empress at an assembly in Hagia Sophia, along with her siste... | – Zoë is proclaimed as empress at an assembly in Hagia Sophia, along with her sister Theodora, as co-ruler. Michael V flees to the monastery of Stoudios, but is arrested, blinded and castrated. Zoë recalls Synodianos, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, and replaces him with George Maniakes (the disgraced head of the ... |
Constantinople. A 6,000-strong Kievan contingent under Vyshata is also defeated and deported to the capital. Europe Spring – A grand assembly at Melfi, with all the Norman and Lombard nobles acclaim Guaimar IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria. The territories are divided into 12 fiefdoms and distributed among Norman chieft... | William Iron Arm is granted Ascoli as a private fiefdom and his brother Drogo of Hauteville is granted Venosa. Count Rainulf II of Aversa, not present at the assembly, receives Siponto and recognizes Guaimar's suzerainty. Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev makes an agreement with Duke Casimir I the Restorer of Pola... |
army led by King Samuel Aba who flees the field, but is captured and killed. Peter Orseolo (called the Venetian) becomes (for the second time) king of Hungary and a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire. Summer – Geoffrey II (the Hammer), count of Anjou, captures the city of Tours and takes control of the county of Touraine.... | the county of Touraine. Asia The Chinese military treatise of the Wujing Zongyao is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德), during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder, and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or tre... |
By place Europe Autumn – King Henry III (the Black) travels to Italy to secure the imposition of Guido da Velate, archbishop of Milan, and other similarly loyal candidates in other sees (like Ravenna, Verona and Modena). Vatha Pagan Revolt: King Peter Orseolo (the Venetian) is overthrown after a 2-year reign. Bishops G... | gives up a renewed attempt to reclaim the papal throne in Rome, Sylvester III reasserts his claim. December 20 – Pope Gregory VI is accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, and abdicates as pope of the Catholic Church. December 25 – Pope Clement II succeeds Gregory VI as the 149th pope, and crowns Henry III as Holy R... |
Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: Norman duke William I secures with assistance from King Henry I control over Normandy by defeating rebel Norman barons at Caen. Later in October, William promulgates the "Truce of God" throughout his duchy. October 25 – Harald III (Hardrada) becomes sole king of Norway, on the death of his nephe... | control over Normandy by defeating rebel Norman barons at Caen. Later in October, William promulgates the "Truce of God" throughout his duchy. October 25 – Harald III (Hardrada) becomes sole king of Norway, on the death of his nephew and co-regent Magnus I (the Good). The crown of Denmark passes to Sweyn II. By topic R... |
to war against Flanders, blockading the English Channel with a fleet based at Sandwich in Kent. By topic Religion July 16 – At orders of Henry III, German troops under Boniface III (Canossa), enter Rome and expel Pope Benedict IX. July 17 – Pope Damasus II succeeds Benedict IX as the 151st pope of the Catholic Church, ... | Byzantine Empire September 18 – Battle of Kapetron: A combined Byzantine-Georgian army, under Byzantine generals Aaronios and Katakalon Kekaumenos (supported by the Georgian duke Liparit IV), confronts the invading Seljuk Turks, led by Ibrahim Inal (a half-brother of Sultan Tughril), at Kapetron (near modern-day Pasinl... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Spring – Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX decides to transfer 15,000 Pecheneg warriors from their positions in the Balkans, to the eastern front. Upon approaching the Bosporus, the Pechenegs decide to turn back, and march through Bulgaria, u... | Arabia, begin their invasion in the Maghreb (North Africa). They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate to punish their former Zirid vassals. Asia The Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng is constructed, during the Chinese Song Dynasty. By topic Religion February 12 – Pope Leo IX succeeds Damasus II, as the 152nd pope of th... |
known simply as the Vans Cup), and the X-Games. During the 2004/2005 season, Ross won the Mt. Bachelor Grand Prix event and went on to be the overall champion for the series. In 2007 Powers shifted gears and returned to racing in snowboard cross. He had his first world cup podium in that discipline in February 2009 at ... | RossCross Family Terrain Park. Powers also runs a snowboard camp through Okemo. He led the U.S. sweep in the 2002 Winter Olympics men's halfpipe competition, one day after his 23rd birthday. This is the first time the Americans have swept a Winter Olympic event since the men's figure skaters in 1956. Powers, with a sco... |
of Apulia and Calabria, meets Pope Leo IX in southern Italy – who has been sent by Emperor Henry III (the Black) to re-establish the "freedom of the Catholic Church". Drogo of Hauteville is forced to promise Leo IX to stop the Normans from pillaging the Lombard countryside. On his way back, Drogo is assassinated near B... | of Dover and orders Godwin, earl of Wessex, to deal with them. Godwin refuses to obey Edward's order, and in response Edward raises an army and forces the Godwin family into exile. Edward the Confessor invites William of Normandy to England. It is at this point that it is thought that Edward promises the English throne... |
its name by order of Fujiwara no Yorimichi. Births May 23 – Philip I (the Amorous), king of France (d. 1108) Agnes of Aquitaine, countess of Savoy (approximate date) Conrad II (the Child), duke of Bavaria (d. 1055) Dirk V, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) (d. 1091) Gleb Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (approximate da... | 1052 (MLII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place England Summer – Godwin, Earl of Wessex, sails with a large fleet up the Thames to London, forcing King Edward the Confessor to reinstate him into his previous position of power. Africa Battle... |
sister of the former Empress Zoë) dies after a 18-month reign, by a sudden illness at Constantinople. She is succeeded by Michael VI (the Old), who had served as military finance minister under the former Emperor Romanos III. Michael is appointed through the influence of Leo Paraspondylos, Theodora's most trusted advis... | Spanish nobleman (d. 1092) Fujiwara no Kiyohira, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1128) Hildegarde of Burgundy, French noblewoman (approximate date) Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab scholar and historian (d. 1113) Nestor the Chronicler, Russian monk and historian (d. 1114) Sæmundur Sigfússon, Icelandic priest and scholar (... |
and Calabria, signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II. Nicholas recognises the Norman conquest of southern Italy and accepts the titles of Guiscard as duke of Sicily. Seljuk Empire Alp Arslan succeeds his father Chaghri Beg as governor of Khorasan. He crosses with a Seljuk expeditionary force the upper Halys Ri... | with Pope Nicholas II. Nicholas recognises the Norman conquest of southern Italy and accepts the titles of Guiscard as duke of Sicily. Seljuk Empire Alp Arslan succeeds his father Chaghri Beg as governor of Khorasan. He crosses with a Seljuk expeditionary force the upper Halys River and plunders the Theme of Sebasteia ... |
that 2021 will mark the start of the FIS World Championship program for women (senior level). 2018 marks the second year of the Continental Cup program for women, which will include a total of 12 events. Competition Formats and variations currently used in the World Cup are: Individual Gundersen: competition starts wit... | in early-November 2016 that women's competitions were to be established on FIS-level starting during the second half of the 2010s with inclusion at world championships starting in 2021 and at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022. But Olympic debut for women in 2022 was cancelled in July 2018 by IOC who was asking for more ... |
Scoring system Competitors are ranked according to a numerical score obtained by adding up components based on distance, style, inrun length (gate factor) and wind conditions. In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner. Distance score depends on the ... | at the take-off table, where they take off, carried by their own momentum. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, which allows them to maximize the length of their jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper's trajectory is near-parallel with it, and the athlete'... |
landing on a 34 to 39-degree inclined landing hill about 30 meters in length. The top male aerialists can currently perform triple back flips with up to four or five twists. Aerial skiing is a judged sport, and competitors receive a score based on jump takeoff (20%), jump form (50%) and landing (30%). A degree of diffi... | first National Open Championships of Freestyle Skiing on the Sunnyside trails. In 1971, Waterville Valley Hosted the first Professional Freestyle Skiing Competition, which attracted freestyle skiing legends to Waterville Valley. Some of these competitors, such as Wayne Wong, Floyd Wilkie, and George Askevold, stayed at... |
(typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of . The rink itself is long by wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Related sports include long track speed skating and inline speed skating. History Short-track skating... | skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of . The rink itself is long by wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Related sports ... |
– Rhys ap Gruffydd, a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Gruffydd ap Rhys II. With the help of Gwenwynwyn ap Owain, his brother Maelgwn ap Rhys invades southern Wales. Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn ap Owain, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is impris... | With the help of Gwenwynwyn ap Owain, his brother Maelgwn ap Rhys invades southern Wales. Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn ap Owain, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned at Corfe Castle and Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne. Levant September 10 – Henry I (or Hen... |
into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety. Levant Spring – Amalric I, ruler of Cyprus, marries Princess Isabella I, daughter of the late King Amalric I. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of Jerusalem at Acre. On July 1, Amalric signs a truce with Al-Adil I,... | Hōjō Shigetoki, Japanese samurai (d. 1261) August 24 – Alexander II, king of Scotland (d. 1249) September 25 – Ai Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1234) Baldwin III, Flemish nobleman and knight (d. 1244) Beatrice of Savoy, countess of Provence (d. 1266) Beatrice of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1212) Hugh I of Châtillon, Fre... |
by his crossbow wound. His younger brother, John (Lackland), becomes King of England. Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, Otto IV, King of the Romans. Mercadier, a mercenary captain and Richard's second in command, has Pierre Basile flayed alive and hanged. Roman Mstislavich (the Great), Grand Prince of Vladimir-V... | Theobald III, count of Champagne, on November 28. St. Laurence's Church, Ludlow, in England is rebuilt. Births April 17 – Marie of Ponthieu, French noblewoman (d. 1250) Aisha Al-Manoubya, Almohad female Sufi mystic (d. 1267) Al-Mansur al-Hasan, Yemeni imam and politician (d. 1271) Bohemond V, prince of Antioch (House o... |
launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales. August 13 – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort (the Elder). December – Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the ... | is granted a royal charter by Henry III. Levant Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is s... |
Gottfried Hagen, German cleric and writer (d. 1299) Guillaume de Beaujeu, French Grand Master (d. 1291) Guillaume Durand, French bishop and writer (d. 1296) Henry of Castile (the Senator), Spanish prince (d. 1303) Hermann of Buxhoeveden, German bishop (d. 1285) Hugh Aycelin, French cardinal and theologian (d. 1297) Hu ... | Dulce. Siege of Galway: Norman forces under Richard Mór de Burgh invade Connacht and desolate a large portion of the country. He besieges Galway, but is forced to retreat after a week-long inconclusive battle. England April 30 – King Henry III embarks from Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On May 2, he arriv... |
rule of the 16-year-old King Henry I (the Fat). His vassals are rewarded, and loans that they have made are repaid. August 20 – Oath of Bereg: King Andrew II of Hungary vowed to the Holy See that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues Winter – Reconquista: King Ferdinand III (the Saint) conqu... | III (the Saint) conquers the cities of Trujillo and Úbeda. The Castilian army besieges the city of Peniscola. Ferdinand forces Ibn Hud, ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza, to sign a truce. England August – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, signs an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, to join forces to revolt against Kin... |
Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society. Probable date – The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded in England. Approximate date – Battle of Kirina: Mandinka prince Sundiata ... | display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events Connacht in Ireland is finally conquered by the Hiberno-Norman Richard Mór de Burgh; Felim Ua Conchobair is expelled. A general inquisition begins in France. The Byzantine emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinopl... |
proclaims at a diet (princely convention) in Piacenza, his wish to recover all Italy for the Holy Roman Empire. September 22 – Battle of Saule: The Lithuanians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at Šiauliai in Lithuania. England January 14 – King Henry III marries the 14-year-old Eleanor of Prov... | Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, becomes the first female Muslim ruler of the Indian subcontinent, deposing her half-brother, Ruknuddin Firuz, as sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. King Kalinga Magha (the Tyrant) is expelled from Polonnaruwa to Jaffna, capital of the Jaffna Kingdom (located in modern Sri Lanka). Africa Kourouk... |
and plunder the capital, killing Yuri Igorevich and all inhabitants. Yuri II of Vladimir stood by and does nothing to intervene while Ryazan burns. December – Siege of Kolomna: Rus' forces under Yuri II of Vladimir are besieged and annihilated at Kolomna by the Mongols. Yuri barely escapes to Yaroslavl. The capital of ... | of York: King Henry III signs an agreement with Alexander II at York. Alexander subjects to Henry's sovereignty and renounces the Scottish claims to Northumberland, Westmorland, and Cumberland. This establishes the Anglo-Scottish border in a form with the future status of several feudal properties and marks the end of ... |
More than a thousand men are slaughtered, including Henry himself. Six hundred more are captured and carried off to Egypt. Among them are Amaury VI de Montfort and Philippe de Nanteuil – who writes in the dungeons of Cairo a Crusade song about the failure of the expedition. December 7 – Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Da... | has promised to convert to Christianity. November – Pope Gregory IX grants the status of Crusade to King Ferdinand III (the Saint), who leads an successful campaign against the Almohads in Murcia. King Louis IX (the Saint) holds a parlement (or "court of law") at Paris, for the first time recorded in Ancien Régime Fran... |
Abbey is founded in Wales by Cistercian monks in the Wye Valley. Construction begins on the Beisi Pagoda in Jiangsu Province (approximate date). The Council of Rheims is held by several French bishops and many clergy. Births January 14 – Valdemar I (the Great), king of Denmark (d. 1182) November 8 – Myeongjong, Korean ... | I (until 1144). The Knights Templars appear in the North-East of Spain and are receiving privileges from King Alfonso I (the Battler). The Templars support him to regain land from the Almoravids. Alfonso grants them exemption of tax on a fifth of the wealth taken from the Muslims. The Templars found their first strongh... |
to the nearby hills. Due to large fires as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed among the poor. The government suspends the housing rent requirement of the city... | Chinese capital of Hangzhou, destroying 13,000 houses and forcing many to flee to the nearby hills. Due to large fires as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed a... |
receives as papal fiefs the vast estates of Matilda, former margravine of Tuscany, which he secures for his daughter Gertrude of Süpplingenburg and her husband, Duke Henry X (the Proud) of Bavaria. July 17 – Battle of Fraga: The Castellan troops led by King Alfonso I (the Battler) defeat the Almoravid army, thanks to a... | Iceland, the Þingeyraklaustur, is inaugurated at a monastery of the Order of Saint Benedict (located in Þingeyrar). Antipope Anacletus II forces Innocent II out of Rome following the departure of Lothair III. Innocent flees and takes ship to Pisa. Geoffrey of Monmouth, an English cleric, writes the chronicle Historia R... |
Sicily defeats a revolt in Naples. Called by Olegarius, the bishop of Tarragona, the Knights Templar establish their first stronghold in Catalonia. Scandinavia Battle of Färlev: Magnus IV of Norway defeats Harald IV Gille of Norway. Battle of Fotevik: Harald Kesja and Magnus the Strong are defeated by the forces of Eri... | a total of nine wheels, and others with thirteen wheels. Europe Eastern Europe Vsevolod Mstislavich of Novgorod defeats the Chuds and captures Tartu. Yuri Dolgoruki founds the town of Skniatino. Iziaslav II of Kiev becomes Prince of Vladimir and Volyn. Viacheslav of Kiev becomes Prince of Turov. Mediterranean Ermengard... |
control of Raymond and Ralph, and retires to Latakia, Syria. August 17 – Al-Rashid is deposed after a 1-year reign and flees to Isfahan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his uncle Al-Muqtafi who becomes the new caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad (until 1160). Europe May 28 – In Russia, the people of Novgorod de... | death of Jutta von Sponheim. Melrose Abbey (located in the Scottish Borders) is founded by Cistercian monks at the request of David Births July 22 – William of Anjou, viscount of Dieppe (d. 1164) Amalric I (or Amalricus), king of Jerusalem (d. 1174) Humbert III (the Blessed), count of Savoy (d. 1189) Ismail al-Jazari, ... |
Byzantine Empire Spring – Emperor John II (Komnenos) leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into Cilicia (the Byzantine fleet guards his flank). He defeats the Armenians under Prince Leo I ("Lord of the Mountains"), and captures the cities of Mersin, Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. Leo retreats to the great fortifications o... | as his suzerain and becomes with Joscelin II (count of Edessa) a vassal of the Byzantine Empire. Levant March 25 – Bazwāj, a mamluk (slave) commander of Damascus, launches a military campaign against Tripoli, reaching Pilgrims' Mount. He defeats a Crusader army under Count Pons (protector of Tripoli). Pons is forced to... |
out in the Holy Roman Empire, a struggle begins between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, while the family name Welf of Henry X will be corrupted into Guelph. October 20 – Bolesław III (Wrymouth) dies after a 31-year reign. He divides Poland among his sons: Władyslaw II (the Exile) receives Silesia and the Senioral territor... | the Kraków and Łęczyca regions, as well as parts of Kujawy and Wielkopolska ("Greater Poland"). Bolesław IV (the Curly) receives Masovia and Mieszko III receives the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland. The 7-year-old Henry becomes duke of Sandomierz. Bolesław's last son, Casimir II receives nothing, as he is bor... |
Walter, Scottish High Steward (d. 1204) Cadfan ap Cadwaladr, Welsh nobleman (d. 1215) Davyd Rostislavich, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1197) Domhnall Caomhánach, king of Leinster (d. 1175) Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi, German rabbi (d. 1225) Fujiwara no Tashi, Japanese empress (d. 1202) Gerard de Ridefort, Flemish Grand Master (... | Turkish forces under Mu'in al-Din (supported by the Crusaders) besiege Banias. Europe Spring – King Conrad III enfeoffs Henry II (Jasomirgott), a member of the House of Babenberg, with the County Palatine of the Rhine (belonging to the Holy Roman Empire). Summer – King Roger II promulgates the Assizes of Ariano (a seri... |
15 – Pope Lucius II dies at Rome after having been hit by a stone missile during the fighting against Senatorial forces led by Giordano Pierleoni. He is succeeded after an 11-month pontificate by Eugene III who becomes the 167th pope of the Catholic Church. Eugene is forced into exile by Arnold of Brescia. Woburn Abbey... | the Cistercians in England. A colony of monks arrive from Fountains Abbey to establish a community that will survive until 1234. December 1 – Eugene III issues the bull Quantum praedecessores, calling for the Second Crusade. At Christmas, King Louis VII announces his intention of making a pilgrimage which becomes part ... |
demoralise the Crusaders. July 28 – Siege of Damascus: The Crusaders are forced to withdraw from their siege of Damascus after only four days. First Conrad III, then the rest of the Crusader army, decides to retreat back to Jerusalem. September – The French crusaders raid the province of Damascus, in reprisal for the f... | ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, prepares for war, and strengthens the fortifications of the city. He sends an urgent request for military assistance to the Zangid ruler Sayf al-Din. Unur orders his troops to destroy the water sources in areas that the Crusaders must cross. Seljuk governors of frontier provinces station sco... |
the Orontes River. Raymond with a small army (supported by the Assassin allies under Ali ibn Wafa) hurries to its rescue. Nur al-Din, misinformed of the strength of the Crusader forces, retreats. In fact the Zangid forces (some 6,000 men) outnumbers the Crusaders by over four to one. Against Ali's advice Raymond decide... | the Crusader forces, retreats. In fact the Zangid forces (some 6,000 men) outnumbers the Crusaders by over four to one. Against Ali's advice Raymond decides to reinfroce the garrison of Inab. April – King Louis VII and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine sail homeward in separate Sicilian ships. While the fleet rounds the Pelop... |
of Bologna is the first Italian republic to turn to the rule of a podestà, Guido di Ranieri da Sasso (it ends in 1155). Births April 3 – Igor Svyatoslavich, Russian prince (d. 1202) May 9 – al-Adid, last Fatimid caliph (d. 1171) Unkei, Japanese sculptor (d. 1223) Deaths | plague and fire insurance policy is issued in Iceland. Bolton Abbey is founded in North Yorkshire, England. Anping Bridge is completed in China's Fujian province. Its total length will not be exceeded until 1846. Confronted with internal strife, the commune of Bologna is the first Italian republic to |
(d. 1195) Geoffrey of Villehardouin, French knight (d. 1213) Gerald FitzMaurice, Norman nobleman (d. 1204) Gruffydd Vychan ap Iowerth, Welsh knight (d. 1221) Henry de Longchamp, English High Sheriff (d. 1212) Henryk Kietlicz, archbishop of Gniezno (d. 1219) Hermann Joseph, German priest and mystic (d. 1241) Honorius II... | the Zangids. The city of Ashkelon is fortified with 53 towers by order of the 17-year-old Caliph Al-Zafir, as it is the most strategic frontier fortress of the Fatimid Caliphate. Europe February 8 – Battle of Flochberg: German forces under Henry VI defeat the army of the House of Welf at Bopfingen. At the same time, Ki... |
calendar. Events <onlyinclude> September 7 – Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV, as the 170th pope. The Heiji Rebellion breaks out in Japan. Tunis is reconquered from the Normans, by the Almohad caliphs. (Approximate date): Churchman Richard FitzNeal is appointed Lord High Treasurer in England, in charge of Hen... | date): Churchman Richard FitzNeal is appointed Lord High Treasurer in England, in charge of Henry II of England's Exchequer, an office he will hold for almost 40 years. Births Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Japanese general (d. 1189) Deaths May 30 – Wladislaus II, the Exile of Poland (b. 1105) August 29 – Bertha of Sulzbach, ... |
will acknowledge him as their overlord. Henry is recognized as "Lord of Ireland", traders are invited to Dublin where an English colony is set up. Ascall mac Ragnaill (or Torcaill), last Norse–Gaelic king of Dublin, is captured while trying to retake Dublin from the English forces under Richard de Clare, perhaps in com... | assembled at Pembroke – several siege towers are shipped over, should Henry need to assault the Norman-held towns (or others such as Cork and Limerick). October 17 – Henry II invades Ireland and lands with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights, and 4,000 men and archers at Waterford. Henry commandeers merchant s... |
29 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege of Alessandria in northern Italy. He is opposed by the Lombard League (now joined by Venice, Sicily and Constantinople). Levant May 15 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Syria, dies at Damascus after a 28-year reign. He is succee... | is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Baldwin IV (the Leper), who becomes ruler of Jerusalem. Count Raymond of Tripoli is appointed as his regent. November 23 – Saladin arrives at Damascus and spends the night at his father's old house, until the gates of the Citadel of Damascus, are opened to him, after a brief siege by... |
England King Henry II begins living openly with his mistress Rosamund Clifford, raising suspicions about their relationship and alienating Henry's wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor of Aquitaine is held under house arrest at Old Sarum Castle in Wiltshire. She is kept in comfort there – fine clothes for her are d... | him during the siege of Aleppo. But his bodyguard saves his life, the others are slain while trying to escape. Asia The Chinese court establishes several government-paper money factories in the cities of Chengdu, Hangzhou and Huizhou. In Hangzhou alone a daily workforce of more than 1,000 men is employed. The Namayan K... |
Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader. January 13 – Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria. March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani. March 16 – The Spanish Award ... | Austria. March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani. March 16 – The Spanish Award is signed and witnessed by, among others, Robert de Stuteville III and John of Greenford August 1 – The Holy Roman Empire renounces a... |
He will repeat the ceremony in 1186. Returning to Germany, he begins proceedings against Henry III (the Lion), duke of Saxony, who has been charged by Saxon noblemen with breaking the king's peace. July 17 – Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the Cistercian monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands... | an estimated 300 and taking captives. The surviving captives are freed from the Balearic Islands in 1185. King George III defeats a nobles' revolt and proclaims his 18-year-old daughter Tamar (the Great) as co-ruler of Georgia. Orio Mastropiero is elected by the Council of Forty as doge of Venice, following the retirem... |
the city, representing himself as the 'protector' of Alexios. He is proclaimed as co-emperor under the name Andronikos I, and has Maria imprisoned and later condemned to be strangled – forcing a signature from Alexios to put his mother to death. September – Alexios II is murdered after a 3-year reign at Constantinople.... | the finest library in Islam). December – Baldwin IV raids through the Hauran and reaches Bosra, while Raymond of Tripoli recaptures Habis Jaldak. A few days later, Baldwin sets out with a Crusader force to Damascus and encamped at Dareiya in the suburbs. He decides not to attack the city and retires laden with booty, t... |
14 – Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures, and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan (traditional Japanese date: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of Juei). November 17 – Battle of Mizushima: The Taira Clan defeat... | marries Alexios' widow, the 11-year-old Agnes of France, and makes in November a treaty with Venice in which he promised a yearly indemnity as compensation for Venetian losses during the Massacre of the Latins. Europe June 25 – The Peace of Constance is signed, between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League, formi... |
cousins, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Yoritomo, for the control of Japan. February 21 – Battle of Awazu: Minamoto no Yoshinaka is killed during a pursuit by his cousin's armies. He is joined by his foster brother Imai Kanehira, who commits suicide. March 20 – Battle of Ichi-no-Tani: Japanese forces under Mina... | diplomat (d. 1251) Deaths January 2 – Theodora Komnene, duchess of Austria January 13 – Gerard la Pucelle, English bishop (b. 1117) February 16 – Richard of Dover, English archbishop February 21 Imai Kanehira, Japanese military leader (b. 1152) Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Japanese shogun (b. 1154) March 27 – George III, kin... |
Byzantine city of Thessalonica, which he takes and pillages (massacring some 7,000 Greek citizens). September 11–12 – Isaac II (Angelos) leads a revolt in Constantinople and deposes Emperor Andronikos I (Komnenos). Andronikos tries in vain to flee across Asia – but he is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is pr... | Taira clan in the Shimonoseki Strait. December – Retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa grants Minamoto no Yoritomo the authority to form the first bakufu (shogunate) in Japan, ending the Genpei War. By topic Astronomy May 1 – The Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185, visible across Central America, Northern, and Eastern Europe, and Kaza... |
Sicily (d. 1198) Ogedei, third son and successor of Genghis Khan (d. 1241) Deaths January 26 – Ismat ad-Din Khatun, wife of Saladin May 29 or June 23 or June 24 – Robert of Torigni June 1 – Minamoto no Yukiie, Japanese warlord August 19 – Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158) August – Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. 1177)... | future Queen into promising that should she become so, she would not appoint him the title. The first nunnery is inaugurated in Iceland, the Kirkjubæjar Abbey. Births May 18 – Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218) date unknown Queen Urraca of Portugal, wife of King Afonso II of Portugal (d. 1220) Song Ci, ... |
ud-Daulah. It was later conquered by the British East India Company at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Bengal directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain but led to its deindustrialization. The Bengal Presidency was later established. The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the separation... | Peasantry in the eastern areas were compelled by financial needs towards market production. The countryside's elite in the western and northern areas were protected from the immediate impact of market factors because they provided agrarian credit. The British abandoned the former official language, Persian, in the 1830... |
objects in pristine condition, while others use the items they collect. Value of collected items After a collectable has been purchased, its retail price no longer applies and its value is linked to what is called the secondary market. There is no secondary market for an item unless someone is willing to buy it, and an... | in life often modify their aims when they get older. Some novice collectors start purchasing items that appeal to them then slowly work at learning how to build a collection, while others prefer to develop some background in the field before starting to buy items. The emergence of the internet as a global forum for dif... |
1989) was a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarre images in his work. Born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, Dalí received his formal education in fine arts in Madrid. Influenced by Impressionism and the Renaissance masters from a young age, he beca... | and prompted a popular Madrid illustrated weekly to publish an interview with Dalí. Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí was influenced by many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic, to the most cutting-edge avant-garde. His class... |
Arbor intrat ("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the dendrophoroi ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree, hung from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman ca... | the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year. In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis, being the day Canna intrat ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river. He w... |
mutation that prevents the formation of an O-antigen and is thus not typeable. Genome plasticity and evolution Like all lifeforms, new strains of E. coli evolve through the natural biological processes of mutation, gene duplication, and horizontal gene transfer; in particular, 18% of the genome of the laboratory strain... | This study also integrated genetic interactions and protein structures and mapped 458 interactions within 227 protein complexes. Normal microbiota E. coli belongs to a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms that are found in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. E. coli normally colonizes an infa... |
a picaresque tale. He also began work, never finished, on the novel later published as A Shabby Genteel Story. Along with The Luck of Barry Lyndon, Thackeray is probably best known now for Vanity Fair. Literary theorist Kornelije Kvas wrote that "the meteoric rise of the heroine of Vanity Fair Rebecca Sharp is a satiri... | Rebecca Sharp is a satirical presentation of the striving for profit, power and social recognition of the new middle class. Old and new members of the middle class strive to emulate the lifestyle of the higher class (noblemen and landowners), and thereby to increase their material possessions and to own luxury objects.... |
Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, a Dissenter allegory first published in 1678. In that work, "Vanity Fair" refers to a stop along the pilgrim's route: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which represents man's sinful attachment to worldly things. Thackeray does not mention Bunyan in the novel or in his surviv... | and profligate baronet Sir Pitt Crawley, who has engaged her as a governess to his daughters. Her behaviour at Sir Pitt's house gains his favour, and after the premature death of his second wife, he proposes marriage to her. However, he finds that Becky has secretly married his second son, Captain Rawdon Crawley, but B... |
and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. Description All acetic acid bacteria are rod-shaped and obligate aerobes. Acetic acid bac... | for the industrial production of compounds. They are used as the important biocatalysts for the development of eco-friendly fermentation processes as an alternative to the chemical synthesis. Some genera, such as Acetobacter, can oxidize ethanol to carbon dioxide and water using Krebs cycle enzymes. Other genera, such ... |
enzyme Alu obtained from Arthrobacter luteus is able to cleave Alu sequences which is frequently repeated in human DNA. Species Arthrobacter comprises the following species: Arthrobacter agilis Arthrobacter alkaliphilus Arthrobacter alpinus Arthrobacter bambusae Arthrobacter bussei Arthrobacter castelli Arthrobacter ci... | a nitrogen source. The vitamins, minerals, and some other types of nutrients can be provided by adding corn steep liquour. Other uses Various Arthrobacter species have been investigated for other commercial applications. A. crystallopoietes and A. chlorophenolicus have been shown to reduce hexavalent chromium and 4-chl... |
is a selective medium for bacteria that can metabolize pyridine (which is an unusual carbon source that a select few | (which is an unusual carbon source that a select few types of bacteria can use). This |
activities that are covered by Louis Kazagger. Debuted in the third season. "Musical Chickens" – A bunch of Muppet chickens would peck the keys of a piano and play a classic song to show off their musical talents. "Panel Discussions" – A sketch where Kermit the Frog, the featured guest star, and other Muppets discuss v... | to maintain control of the overwhelming antics of the other Muppet characters, as well as appease the rotating slate of guest stars. The Muppet Show is also known for its uniquely designed characters, burlesque nature, physical slapstick, sometimes absurdist and surreal humour, and parodies. As The Muppet Show became p... |
between 10 °C and 50 °C, though some strains can grow at low temperatures. Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 and 11); ingestion leads to two types of illness: diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome. The diarrheal type is ass... | leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption. Distinguishing from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications such as by Staphylococcus aureus can be difficult. Emetic toxin can withstand for 90 minutes. The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: hemolysi... |
said that: Chapter 4: The Laity (30-38) The laity are gathered together in the People of God and make up the Body of Christ under one Head. Whoever they are they are called upon, as living members, to expend all their energy for the growth of the Church and its continuous sanctification... Through their baptism and con... | mystically the components of His own Body."(7) It goes on to describe "the sole Church of Christ which in the Creed is professed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic, which our Saviour, after His Resurrection, commissioned Peter to shepherd, and him and the other apostles to extend and direct with authority, which He e... |
and Sacred Scripture are to be accepted and venerated with the same sense of loyalty and reverence. The Word of God is transmitted both through the canonical texts of Sacred Scripture, and through Sacred Tradition, which includes various forms such as liturgy, prayers, and the teachings of the Apostles and their succes... | "Easy access to Sacred Scripture should be provided for all the Christian faithful." To this end the Church sees to it that suitable and correct translations are made into different languages, especially from the original texts of the sacred books. Frequent reading of the divine Scriptures is encouraged for all the Chr... |
growth matches the rate of cell death. The result is a “smooth,” horizontal linear part of the curve during the stationary phase. Mutations can occur during stationary phase. Bridges et al. (2001) presented evidence that DNA damage is responsible for many of the mutations arising in the genomes of stationary phase or s... | the rate of population increase doubles with each consecutive time period. For this type of exponential growth, plotting the natural logarithm of cell number against time produces a straight line. The slope of this line is the specific growth rate of the organism, which is a measure of the number of divisions per cell ... |
temperature is between 28-30°C, making B. bacteriovorus a mesophile. Bdellovibrio is grown in the laboratory in its stationary HI (host-independent) phase at 29°C on yeast peptone broth agar. Host-dependent (predatory) cultures are grown with a population of E. coli S-17 at 29°C for 16 hrs. They may also be cultured us... | then rapidly killed allowing the passage of molecules from the interior of the host cytoplasm through to the periplasm freely, and the periplasm dwelling Bdellovibrio to feed. Using some of these molecules the Bdellovibrio creates a protective environment by reinforcing the peptidoglycan cell wall of the host in which ... |
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