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forces were not marching in combat formation, and were interspersed with large numbers of camp followers. As they entered the forest northeast of Osnabrück, they found the track narrow and muddy. According to Dio Cassius a violent storm had also arisen. He also writes that Varus neglected to send out reconnaissance par... | Romans could march was constricted by the hill, so that there was a gap of only about between the woods and the swampland at the edge of the Great Bog. The road was further blocked by a trench, and, towards the forest, an earthen wall had been built along the roadside, permitting the Germanic alliance to attack the Rom... |
leave Berlin before Germany and the United States went to war. His 1942 book, Last Train from Berlin: An Eye-Witness Account of Germany at War describes his observations from Berlin in the year after the departure of Berlin Diary author William L. Shirer. Last Train from Berlin became an American best-seller and was re... | DuPont Awards in 1955 and 1963, a Sigma Delta Chi Award for radio journalism in 1957, and an award from the American Jewish Congress in 1960. In 1962 he received the Paul White Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association. Smith also appeared in a number of films, often as himself; The Best Man (1964), The ... |
, , or before certain voiced consonants, particularly before : "bed" may be a somewhat less open : "cot" has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to cardinal 5, which Beaken (1971) claims characterises "vigorous, informal" Cockney. is on occasion somewhat fronted and/or lightly rounded, giving Cockney variant... | pronounced as well in broad Cockney. Broad is used in words such as bath, path, demand. This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of Received Pronunciation (RP). T-glottalisation: use of the glottal stop as an allophone of in various positions, including after a stressed syllable. Glottal st... |
treaty. Work The European Convention was established with 102 members. Former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was appointed Chairman, former Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato and former Belgian Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene were appointed Vice-Chairmen. Its members were drawn from the national parliamen... | for the Council to finalise and adopt. The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. See History of the European Constitution for developments after this point. Laeken Declaration In December 2001, when the European Council met in Laeken, a fresh declarati... |
to receive pardons, most prominently Benjamin Hornigold. After the pirates' surrender, the Proprietors leased their land in the Bahamas to Rogers' company for 21 years. Rogers controlled Nassau, but Charles Vane was loose and threatening to drive the governor and his forces out. Learning that the King of Spain wanted t... | (or Watling's) Island. Its name has been officially changed to San Salvador. Columbus visited several other islands in the Bahamas before sailing to present-day Cuba and afterwards to Hispaniola. The Bahamas held little interest to the Spanish except as a source of slave labor. Nearly the entire population of Lucayan (... |
a quick sanity check could show that this result cannot be true. Consider that yet Since squaring positive integers preserves their inequality, the result cannot be true, and so the calculated result is incorrect. The correct answer, is more than 10 times higher than 54,464. In multiplication, is not 142,135 since 918 ... | true. It is a simple check to see if the produced material is rational (that the material's creator was thinking rationally, applying sanity). The point of a sanity test is to rule out certain classes of obviously false results, not to catch every possible error. A rule-of-thumb or back-of-the-envelope calculation may ... |
discovery of oil in 1932 by Bahrain Petroleum Company brought rapid modernisation to Bahrain. Relations with the United Kingdom became closer, as evidenced by the British Royal Navy moving its entire Middle Eastern command from Bushehr in Iran to Bahrain in 1935. British influence continued to grow as the country devel... | Bahrain's reliance on trade, and its prosperity continued to be dependent on markets in Mesopotamia. After Baghdad emerged as the seat of the caliph in 750 and the main centre of Islamic civilization, Bahrain greatly benefited from the city's increased demand for foreign goods especially from China and South Asia. Bahr... |
– Battle of Harlaw in Scotland: Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar battle to a bloody draw. September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliam... | was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çele... |
(d. 1483) April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452) June 5 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478) August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464) November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468) Dece... | of Mantua (d. 1478) August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464) November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468) December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468) Deaths March – Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 136... |
Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum. August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull. October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło. Date unknown Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christiani... | Some Spiritual Scientists are & has been saying that this Epoch is the beginning of the end our earthly existence. Births February 24 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465) September 8 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian cloistered nun (d. 1463) November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1471) date unknown – Joanot M... |
line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke. Alien priory cells are suppressed in England. The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism... | later. Births March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455) May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450) July 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Co-ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg (1442–1450) (d. 1451) July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484) November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492) November... |
the world at the time) is destroyed. Births February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448) March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480) March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489) May 25 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480) October 26 – Edm... | de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469) probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472) Deaths February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave. February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363) April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379) May 21 – Ann... |
as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier. September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450. November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope. Date unknown The earliest ... | succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope. Date unknown The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law. The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders... |
throne. Date unknown João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands. Births January 9 – Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485) March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492) April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood May 16 – John II of Cypru... | Michael I of Wallachia. April 22 – The Council of Constance ends. May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris. July – The English Siege of Rouen begins. September 18 – King Taejong (r. 1400-1418) of the Joseon dynasty abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne. Date unknown João Gonçalves ... |
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin. November – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans. December 22 – Ceará wins its 6th Campeonato Cearense in a row against the Tapeba's Team. Reinaldo ... | Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru, and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courie... |
September 1 – a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.Manuel Abad, Tatiana Izquierdo, Miguel Cáceres, Enrique Bernárdez and Joaquín Rodríguez‐Vidal (2018). Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the At... | the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty." October 28 – Beijing is officially designated the capital of the Ming Dynas... |
France in Paris, while the Dauphin, Charles, is proclaimed King Charles VII of France in Bourges. Undated Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court, ending the Bulgarian Empire. On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 ... | a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city. Births March 8 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1479) June 7 – Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (d. 1482) October 5 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Sp... |
Events January–December April 27 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Hořice: The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists. May 21–22 – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula. July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravan... | Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula. July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies. August – Th... |
of Navarre (d. 1464) August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511) October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444) December 8 – Anselm Adornes, Merchant, politician and diplomat (d. 1483) December 25 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445) August 10 or 1426 – Boniface III, Marquess of Montferr... | occurred in 1409 and 1421). Births January 1 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436–1449) (d. 1449) June 9 – Blanche II of Navarre (d. 1464) August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511) October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444) December 8 – Anselm Adornes, Merchant, politician and diplomat (d. 1483)... |
new rights, is delivered to them. Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date). By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0.025% to 0.014% of its original value in the 14th century; this, and the counterfeiting of copper coin currency, will le... | to them. Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date). By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0.025% to 0.014% of its original value in the 14th century; this, and the counterfeiting of copper coin currency, will lead to a dramatic shift to... |
Christian of Oldenburg, King of Denmark 1448–1481, of Norway 1450–1481 and of Sweden 1457–1464 (d. 1481) July 13 – Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1492) September 19 – Maria of Cleves, French noble (d. 1487) November 30 – Johann IV Roth, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1506) date unknown – John II, Duke of Bourbon (d. ... | Egypt, where he is ransomed after ten months. Date unknown Castello Orsini-Odescalchi is built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family. Eunuch-dominated secret police start to control the palace guards and imperial workshops, infiltrate the civil service, and head all foreign missions in China. Births February 2 – Ele... |
account of the citizens of Paris. October 13 – Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln. Date unknown Gabriel V is elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time. Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma). The Conflict of Druimn... | Order is established in France. The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint). Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League. Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago. Battle of the Echinades: A Byzantine fleet def... |
English kingmaker (d. 1471) December 4 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe (1429–1511) (d. 1511) date unknown – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (d. 1478) Maria Ormani, Italian artist, scribe and illuminator probable – Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date) Deaths January 4 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 137... | Triple Alliance (also known as The Aztec Empire) forms with the alliance of three Aztec city-states—Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, and Tlacopán—and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. The Valais witch trials begin. A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in London, England. Voices tell Joan of Arc th... |
is crowned in Rheims. September – The Hafsid Saracens attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders. September 8 – Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris, and is wounded. November 4 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Joan of Arc liberates Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. November 24 – Joan of Arc besiege... | enters Orléans with a relief expedition. May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge. May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans. June 18 – Battle of Patay: Fr... |
to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end. Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg. Optical methods are first used in the creation of art. Births March 10 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1511) March 23 – Margaret of Anjou, quee... | January–December January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal. January 10 – Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece. March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, under Murad II, captures Thessalonica after an eight-year siege. May 14 – The French first attempt to relieve the Siege of Comp... |
the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Countess of Holland and Zeeland, is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour, ending Hainaut and Holland as independent counties. May 6 – Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece is first presented to the public. ... | manages to escape. December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Date unknown The Université de Caen is founded.... |
Portugal. September – Cosimo de' Medici, later the de facto ruler of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction (Cosimo returns a year later, in September 1434). October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II. Date unknown The Ming Dynasty in ... | ruler of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction (Cosimo returns a year later, in September 1434). October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II. Date unknown The Ming Dynasty in China completes its last great maritime expedition, led by A... |
Engelbrektsson begins a Swedish rebellion against King Eric of Pomerania (named the Engelbrekt rebellion after him), eventually leading to the deposition of the king. July 10–August 9 – Suero de Quiñones and his companions stage the Passo Honroso, at the Órbigo in León. August 16 – King Eric of Pomerania is deposed fro... | of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, France, is laid. May 30 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Ultraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars. June 19 or 20 – Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia. Late June – Miner Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson begins a Swedish rebellion against King Eric of Pomer... |
was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 11 – Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under rebel leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, who is elected rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm), in the absence of a ki... | Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV. February 2 – The Kingdom of Naples passes to René of Anjou. By August – Battle of Podraga: Brothers Iliaș and Stephen II battle to a draw for the throne of Moldavia, leading to a joint rule by them, helped by the intervention of the Pol... |
(link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary. January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna. January 10 – The Council of Florence... | January–December January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary. January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna. January 10 – The Council of Florence opens in Ferrara. February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is estab... |
Grotnik: Władysław III's royal army defeats the Hussite movement in Poland. June 29 – Date of Venerable Macarius' Miracle of the Moose, according to Russian hagiographers. July 6 – Pope Eugene IV issues the Bull of Union with the Greeks, proclaiming the end of the East–West Schism, which was repudiated by most eastern ... | Kingdom. Births March 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (d. 1491) April 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (d. 1457) May 29 – Pope Pius III (d. 1503) July 18 – John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German duke (d. 1507) July 26 – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria, member of the Wittelsb... |
I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina). Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery. Eton College is founded by Henry VI of England. Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England. The Ming Dynasty government of... | September 13 – Breton knight Gilles de Rais is taken into custody, upon an accusation brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes. September – The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends, as newly elected king of Denmark Christopher of Bavaria is also elected king of Sweden. October 22 – Gilles de Rais confes... |
is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe. A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states. With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and... | of the Ethiopian Empire attend a Christian ecclesiastical council at Florence as part of negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic Orthodoxy and the Latin Church. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe. A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the ... |
January–December March 18–25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire 80,000 strong, led by Mesid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in Transylvania. June 2 – Alfonso of Aragon proclaims himself King of Naples. September – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong)... | Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia. Date unknown The community of Rauma, Finland is granted its town rights. The municipality of Juva, Finland is founded. The national law of Kristofers landslag is introduced in Sweden. Aft... |
Great establishes Hangul, as the native alphabet of the Korean language. Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II. The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of Ming Dynasty China. A powerf... | goes to Albania. November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag. Date unknown In Moldavia, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers Iliaș and Stephen II reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining ... |
January–December March 2 – The League of Lezhë, an alliance of Albanian principalities, is established in Lezhë; George Kastrioti Skanderbeg is proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance. May 22 – The Treaty of Tours, signed between England and France, secures a truce in the Hundred Years' War for five years. June... | starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1444. Events January–December March 2 – The League of Lezhë, an alliance of Albanian principalities, is established... |
remains sole ruler of Moldavia. Births March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510) April 4 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. 1517) October 25 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (d. 1479) October 31 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbes... | of the battle). Date unknown The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin. Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa. Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay, of Adal. Vlad II Dracul,... |
is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+5(V)+1(I) = 1446). Events January–December September 27 – Battle of Otonetë: Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans. Before October – Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate, in favor of his father Murad... | noble (d. 1484) May 3 Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488) Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503) August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493) December 26 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (d. 1472) date unknown ... |
Soest occurs, in the course of the Soest Feud. According to Ryū'''s own sources, Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese koryū martial art, that is still extant in modern times.</onlyinclude> Births February 1 – Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1504) Febru... | Württemberg (d. 1504) February 4 – Lodovico Lazzarelli, Italian poet (d. 1500) June 27 – Jean IV de Rieux, Breton noble and Marshal (d. 1518) September 10 – Paolo da San Leocadio, Italian painter in Spain (d. 1520) October 30 – Lucas Watzenrode, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1512) December 3 – Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan ... |
Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden. August 14 – Battle of Oronichea: Albania is victorious over Venice. June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde, as King Charles VIII of Sweden. June 28 – Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at... | January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden. August 14 – Battle of Oronichea: Albania is victorious over... |
Elector of Brandenburg takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg. September 1 – Battle of Tumu Fortress: The Oirat Mongols defeat the Ming dynasty army, and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China; the latter is officially deposed, while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year. October – Bogdan II of Mold... | the Asakura clan of Japan (d. 1486) August 10 – Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1503) September 20 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (d. 1500) October 21 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1478) November 11 – Catherine of Pod... |
effects (extremely high or low temperature) can result in necrosis due to the disruption of cells. In frostbite, crystals form, increasing the pressure of remaining tissue and fluid causing the cells to burst. Under extreme conditions tissues and cells die through an unregulated process of destruction of membranes and ... | of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. A classic example is gangrene. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically, a procedure known as debridement. Classification Structural signs that indicate irreversible cell injury and the progression of ne... |
the signing of the Declaration of Independence () in 1835. The declaration was sent to King William IV and was recognised by Britain. Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the Pākehā (European) population. Treaty of Waitangi In 1839 the New Zealand ... | Zealand. This private colonisation project was part of the reason that the British Colonial Office decided to speed up its plans for the annexation of New Zealand. Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862) exerted a far-reaching influence by helping create the New Zealand Company. Due to his conviction and three-year impriso... |
widely popular among audiences; they were frequently voted television's favorite couple in polls and magazines. After a four-year hiatus, Aniston returned to film work in 1996, when she performed in the ensemble cast of romantic comedy She's the One. Her first starring film vehicle was Picture Perfect (1997), where she... | The Edge and Muddling Through, and guest-starred in Quantum Leap, Herman's Head and Burke's Law. 1994–2004: Friends and worldwide recognition Depressed over her four unsuccessful television shows, Aniston approached Warren Littlefield at a Los Angeles gas station asking for reassurance. The head of NBC entertainment en... |
parliament with a Senate (later abolished in 1949) and an elected Legislative Assembly. Joseph Howard was named Prime Minister. In 1923 the Innu Malti was played for the first time in public, and the same year Francisco Buhagiar became Prime Minister, followed in 1924 by Sir Ugo Pasquale Mifsud and in 1927 by Sir Geral... | Paris a year later. The islands became an important naval base for the British, serving as the headquarters of the Mediterranean Fleet. Due to this, Malta was attacked by the Axis powers during World War II, and in 1942 the island was awarded the George Cross, which today appears on Malta's flag and coat of arms. The C... |
whites when they'd fought for their country. In March 1945, the white majors created the Major League Committee on Baseball Integration. Its members included Joseph P. Rainey, Larry MacPhail and Branch Rickey. Because MacPhail, who was an outspoken critic of integration, kept stalling, the committee never met. Under th... | of Philadelphia, the Orions of Philadelphia, and the Manhattans of Washington, D.C., merged to form the Cuban Giants. The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the first recognized "Negro league" in 1887—the National Colored Base Ball League. It was organized strictly as a minor league and founded with six teams... |
Elise Hwasser, and the Crown Prince neglected his shy wife. On the other hand, his relationship to his only daughter, Louise, was warm and close. Reign As Crown Prince, Charles's brusque manner led many to regard his future accession with some apprehension, yet he proved to be one of the most popular of Scandinavian ki... | she was considered to be quite plain and Charles was disappointed with her appearance. Louise was in love with her husband, whereas he preferred other women, saddening her deeply. His well-known mistresses included the actress Laura Bergnéhr, the countess Josephine Sparre, Wilhelmine Schröder and the actresses Hanna St... |
of Norway, princess consort and regent of Sweden (d. 1361) William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English nobleman (d. 1344) Ni Zan, Chinese painter (d. 1374) Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese head of the Nitta clan (d. 1338) Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, French cardinal and diplomat of the Hundred Years' War (d. 1364) Deaths... | – Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales. March 3 – Emperor Go-Nijō succeeds Emperor Go-Fushimi on the throne of Japan. November 1 – Charles, Count of Valois, enters Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroy much of the city, kill many of their e... |
of Courtrai): the County of Flanders gains a major victory over the Kingdom of France. July 27 – Battle of Bapheus: The Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire, heralding the Turkish conquest of Bithynia. September 24 – Treaty of Caltabellotta: Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily, ending the... | Guelphs and Ghibellines). Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland, reconciles with Edward I of England. Philip IV of France confiscates Jewish property. The Confucian Temple is erected in Beijing. Births December 7 – Azzone Visconti, Lord of Milan (d. 1339) date unknown Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Islamic scholar (d. 1367) An... |
Amsterdam for a year. Births Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (d. 1373) Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of China (d. 1323) Deaths March 4 – Daniel of Russia, first prince of Moscow May 19 – Saint Ivan of martingale, French canon lawyer (b. 1253) September 7 – Gregory Bicker, archbishop of Ergosterol October 11 – Pope Boniface... | The Scots defeat the English. April 4 – Battle of Arques: The Flemings defeat the French. April 20 – Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza. May 29 – The Treaty of Paris restores Gascony to the English. August 8 – 1303 Crete earthquake: An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt,... |
signed between the khanates of the Mongol Empire, ends the Mongol civil war. The Genoese Benedetto I Zaccaria takes control of Chios Island from the Byzantine Empire, establishing an autonomous lordship there. The construction of Ypres Cloth Hall is completed. Births February 25 – Ibn Battuta, Moroccan jurist and explo... | between the French army and the Flemish militias. October 24 – Sasa Bey of the Beylik of Menteşe conquers Ephesus from the Eastern Roman Empire, massacring and deporting its native population. Date unknown James II of Aragon reconquers Villena, Spain. Holland and Zeeland are occupied by John II, Duke of Brabant and Guy... |
January–December June 5 – Pope Clement V, formerly the Archbishop of Bordeaux Bertrand de Got, succeeds Pope Benedict XI as the 195th pope, and is crowned at Lyon. July – Battle of Apros: The Catalan Company defeats the Byzantine Empire. August 5 – English troops capture William Wallace. Date unknown Wenceslaus III bec... | France accuses the Knights Templar of heresy. Births August 18 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese Shōgun (d. 1358) date unknown Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of Germany (d. 1330) Deaths April 2 – Joan I of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre, and queen consort of Philip IV of France (b. 1273) April 30 – Roger de Flor, comm... |
executes Nigel Bruce (brother of Robert I), and captures Queen Elizabeth de Burgh, Christina Bruce and Mary Bruce (sisters of Robert I), and Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert I. September 29 – The Hatuna Games are played in Sweden. December 6 – The monetary policy of Philippe le Bel triggers a revolt in Paris. The pro... | Bruce murders John Comyn, his leading political rival, sparking revolution. March 25 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of the Scots. May – Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of Edward, Prince of Wales, marries heiress Eleanor de Clare. May 15 – One of the first exchange contracts (cambium) to mention the city of Bruge... |
surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes. September 12 – Ferdinand IV of Castile captures the town of Gibraltar, in his campaign against the Emirate of Granada. December... | – Reconquista: Aragonese forces led by King James II land on the coast of Almería, beginning the Siege of Almería. August 15 – The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island and rename themselves as the ... |
Peter's Basilica being occupied by Romans hostile to him. September 27 – The Charter of Kortenberg is signed, and is possibly the first constitution which allows democratic decisions in feudal mainland Europe. October 31 – Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is forced to abandon his campaign against Florence. Date unknown Ba... | Levant Births November 13 – King Edward III of England (d. 1377) date unknown William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d. 1333) Agnes, Countess of Dunbar, defender of Dunbar (d. 1369) William II, Duke of Athens (d. 1338) Deaths May 13 – Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1263) June 19 – Piers Gaveston, favourite of Ed... |
calendar. Events January–December January 6 – Henry VII is crowned King of Italy in Milan, and on February 12 crushes a local rebellion. March 15 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V, Count of Brienne and his forces, to take control of the Duchy of Athens. April 7 – Battle of Wopławki: The Teutoni... | years), a record it holds until the spire is blown down in 1549. Births January 28 or 1312 – Joan II of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (d. 1349) June 24 or 1314 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (d. 1369) August 13 – King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350) July 1 – Liu Bowen, Chinese military strat... |
January – Forces of the Kingdom of Castile retreat from the Siege of Algeciras, after enduring severe losses, and secure a peace treaty. March – Muhammed III, former Sultan of the Emirate of Granada, is blinded and found dead in a pool, after an attempted coup to retake his throne from his brother Nasr. May 11 – In Fra... | the battle against the Tatars, is named "big prince" of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country remains under Hungarian domination until the Battle of Posada on 12 October, 1330. Births April 30 – King Casimir III of Poland (d. 1368) May 5 – Preczlaw of Pogarell, Cardinal and Bishop of Wrocław (d. 1376... |
independence. August 31 – King Haakon V of Norway moves his capital from Bergen to Oslo, where he builds Akershus Fortress, from which Norway is ruled for the next 500 years. October 19 – Frederick the Fair of the House of Habsburg is elected King of the Romans at Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main), by four of the elect... | Omer, co-lord of Thebes, Marshal of Achaea February 8 – Helen of Anjou, queen of Serbia (b. 1236) March 4 – Jakub Świnka, Polish Catholic priest March 18 Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar Geoffroy de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy for the Knights Templar April 20 – Pope Clement V (b. 1264) June... |
Hospitallers in Greece. The Arsenian schism ends. History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah): A Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascends the throne of Dongola as king. Estimation: Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China. The Borou... | in Ireland): Edward Bruce (brother of the King of Scotland), with a Scots-Irish army, defeats a garrison of Hiberno-Norman troops of the Lordship of Ireland at Armagh, as part of his attempt to revive the High Kingship of Ireland. October 25 – Banastre Rebellion: Adam Banastre, Henry de Lea and William Bradshaw attack ... |
Catalan forces of Ferdinand of Majorca defeat those of Matilda of Hainaut on the Peloponnese. July 5 – Battle of Manolada: Forces of the Duchy of Burgundy defeat the Kingdom of Majorca, kill its king, Ferdinand, and conquer the Principality of Achaea. August – Battle of Gransee: A North German-Danish alliance, led by H... | Pope John XXII succeeds Pope Clement V as the 196th pope. August 10 – Second Battle of Athenry: Norman rule is retained in Ireland, at the cost of over 5,000 dead. Date unknown The Great Famine of 1315–1317 is at its peak. The Pound sterling experiences the greatest year of inflation in its history, at 100.04 percent, ... |
Year 1317 (MCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events December December 10–11 – King Birger of Sweden has his brothers, Dukes Eric and Valdemar, captured and thrown into a dungeon during the Nyköping Banquet, as a revenge for their imprisonment ... | dungeon during the Nyköping Banquet, as a revenge for their imprisonment of him in the Håtuna games in 1306. As the dukes soon starve to death in the dungeon, their followers rebel against the king, throwing Sweden into civil war, in which the king is deposed in 1318. Date unknown The Great Famine of 1315-1317 comes to... |
Birger of Sweden is deposed, and forced to flee to Denmark (alternative date is April). April 1 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is retaken by the Scottish from the English. April – The inhabitants of Benevento, Italy rise against the Pope, and demand some political autonomy. The rebellion is crushed by William of Frejus, and the ... | Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (d. 1355) September 11 – Eleanor of Lancaster (d. 1372) date unknown – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (d. 1369) probable Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg Pope Urban VI (d. 1389) Deaths February 14 – Marguerite of France, queen of... |
given a place in the regency, in both Sweden and Norway. July 23 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet, off Chios. September 20 – Battle of Myton: The forces of Robert the Bruce defeat an English army. December 22 – The infante James of Aragon renounces his right to inherit the C... | His mother Ingeborg of Norway is given a place in the regency, in both Sweden and Norway. July 23 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet, off Chios. September 20 – Battle of Myton: The forces of Robert the Bruce defeat an English army. December 22 – The infante James of Aragon ren... |
1422) probable – Emperor John III of Trebizond (d. 1362) Deaths January 12 or 1322 – Maria of Brabant, queen consort of Philip III of France (b. 1256) January 13 – Bonacossa Borri, Lady of Milan (b. 1254) February 25 – Beatrice d'Avesnes, consort of Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg March 18 – Matthew III Csák, Hungarian o... | Births February 5 – John II, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1372) July 5 – Joan of The Tower, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1362) August 29 – John of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (d. 1387) date unknown James I, Count of Urgell Khwaja Bande Nawaz, Sufi saint (d. 1422) probable – Emperor John III of Trebizond (d. 1362... |
Marsilius of Padua writes his defence of the secular state, Defensor pacis. Emperor Musa I of Mali arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca, accompanied by an entourage numbering in the thousands, and with hundreds of pounds of gold. This display of wealth garners the Mali Empire a place on European maps in 1395. On his r... | Suzdal (d. 1383) Louis of Durazzo, Count of Gravina and Morrone (d. 1362) Constance of Sicily, princess regent of Sicily (d. 1355) Giovanni Manfredi, lord of Faenza (d. 1373) Prince Tsunenaga, Japanese imperial prince (d. 1338) probable – Manuel II, Emperor of Trebizond (d. 1333) Deaths January 8 or January 9 – Marco P... |
Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 7 – Afonso IV becomes King of Portugal. February – Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeds his father Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, as Sultan of Delhi. July – War of the Bucket breaks out: Modena makes incursions into the territory of... | Empire. Ibn Battuta begins his travels. Mansa Musa completes his pilgrimage to Mecca. Recognized year of the founding of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan on a small island in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica. It becomes Mexico City in 1521. Births May 12 – Rupert II, Elector Palatine (d. 1398) date unknown John Wycliffe, Engli... |
is deposed from political power in Norway. November – Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign. English abbot Richard of Wallingford describes the construction of an astronomical clock in his Tractatus Horologii Astronomici. Grand Canal (China), which ran from Hangzhou to Beijing over a distance of 1800 km, was completed.... | peace treaty is signed between Norway and Sønderjylland. June 21 – Ingeborg of Norway marries her lover Knud Porse, but is deposed from political power in Norway. November – Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign. English abbot Richard of Wallingford describes the construction of an astronomical clock in his Tractatus H... |
Wars of Scottish Independence. May 12 – Antipope Nicholas V is consecrated at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice. May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon, under threat from Pope John XXII. May 29 – King Philip VI of France is crowned, founding the House of Valois, after the death of King Ch... | is consecrated at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice. May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon, under threat from Pope John XXII. May 29 – King Philip VI of France is crowned, founding the House of Valois, after the death of King Charles IV of France, who has no sons to inherit. August 23 – ... |
of the Julian calendar. Events January–December February 1 – King John of Bohemia (of the Teutonic Order) captures Medvėgalis, an important fortress of the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and baptizes 6,000 of its defenders. February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia, begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim pr... | the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Andrew in Frombork, Poland. Amberg, Germany, passes to the House of Wittelsbach. Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans. Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia defeats Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia. Wiesbaden is granted the right of coinage by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Birt... |
King Edward III of England starts his personal reign, arresting his regent Roger Mortimer, and having him executed. November 9–12 – Battle of Posada: The Wallachians, under Basarab I, defeat the Hungarians, though heavily outnumbered, thus making a firm statement towards the independence of Wallachia. December 6 – The ... | painter (d. 1390) Nicolas Flamel, French scribe and manuscript-seller, reputed alchemist (d. 1417) John Gower, English poet (d. 1410) Deaths January 13 – Duke Frederick I of Austria (b. 1286) January 21 – Joan II, Countess of Burgundy, queen dowager of France (b. 1291) March 19 – Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, ... |
Moor: Edward Balliol rebels, and the English defeat the loyalists of David II in Scotland. September – Edward Balliol crowns himself King of Scotland. November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. December 16 – Battle of Annan: The loyalists of David II defeat Edward Balliol in S... | King Edward III of England (d. 1379 or 1382) June 18 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1391) October 10 – King Charles II of Navarre (d. 1387) date unknown Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier (d. 1407) Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363) Andrea Vanni, Italian painter (d. c. 1414) Hanna van R... |
David Bruce defeats Edward Balliol in Scotland. December 1 – Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan dies, a victim of the plague that ravages the Ilkhanate. This is an early outbreak of the Black Death. His death without a clear heir causes the Ilkhanate to disintegrate. Date unknown Georgians under King George V (the Brilliant) final... | common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December May 2 – Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia. July 30 – Battle of Boroughmuir: John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray defeats Guy, Count of Namur in Scotland. November 30 – Battle of Culb... |
Philip VI of France confiscates Gascony from English control. August – English forces relieve Stirling Castle, ending Edward III of England's last campaign in Scotland. October – Hundred Years' War: Edward III of England formally rejects Philip VI's claim to the French throne, initiating hostilities between France and ... | painter (b. 1267) June 7 – William I, Count of Hainaut (b. 1286) June 15 – Angelo da Clareno, Italian Franciscan and leader of a group of Fraticelli (b. 1247) June 25 – Frederick III of Sicily (b. 1272) June 30 – Eleanor de Clare, politically active English noble (b. 1290) date unknown William Frangipani, Latin Archbis... |
Kashmir, beginning the Muslim Shah Mir Dynasty. All streets in the city of Florence are paved, the first European city in post-Roman times where this has happened. The Moscow Kremlin is first referred to as a kremlin. Births July 23 – Louis I, Duke of Anjou (d. 1384) November 1 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1365) da... | (modern Sumbal), asks her to marry him, but she commits suicide rather than do so; thus he takes over sole rule of Kashmir, beginning the Muslim Shah Mir Dynasty. All streets in the city of Florence are paved, the first European city in post-Roman times where this has happened. The Moscow Kremlin is first referred to a... |
By area Asia August 28 – Emperor Go-Fushimi succeeds Emperor Fushimi on the throne of Japan. John Tarchaneiotes is appointed governor of the southern portions of Byzantine Anatolia. Europe April 20 – Rintfleisch-Pogrom: The Jews of Röttingen are burned en masse; other Jewish communities are destroyed later in the year.... | of Pope Boniface VIII, in an act of debellatio. By topic Markets The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm. Religion Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Pope Gregory I are named the first Doctors of the Church. They ar... |
war elephants by Wareru. Births August 10 – "Blind" King John I of Bohemia (d. 1346) December – Marjorie Bruce, Scottish princess, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland (d. 1316) date unknown Charles of Taranto (d. 1315) Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica (d. 1359) Roland of Sicily, Italian nobleman (d. 1361) ... | the Julian calendar. Events <onlyinclude> January–December March 30 – Capture of Berwick: King Edward I of England storms and captures Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking what is at this time a Scottish border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches. April 12 – K... |
Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia abdicates; Srindravarman succeeds him. Marco Polo returns to Venice, from his travels to China. Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII begin having disagreements. Construction begins on Beaumaris Castle in Anglesey, the last of the ring of castles built by Edward I of... | Edward I of England summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. Date unknown Mongol leader Ghazan Khan converts to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders. Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia abdicates; Srindravarman succeeds him. M... |
khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China) has deepened. Europe July 5 – Following the Papal election, 1292–94, Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV, becoming the 192nd pope. Autumn – In response to the action... | revolt against his English overlords. December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V, becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit. John Balliol... |
Kamakura, Japan kills an estimated 23,000. May 31 – The forces of Raden Wijaya win a major victory in the Mongol invasion of Java, which is considered to be the founding date of the city of Surabaya. The Japanese era Shōō ends, and the Einin era begins. Khubilai sends a fleet to the islands of Southeast Asia, including... | 26 – An earthquake in Kamakura, Japan kills an estimated 23,000. May 31 – The forces of Raden Wijaya win a major victory in the Mongol invasion of Java, which is considered to be the founding date of the city of Surabaya. The Japanese era Shōō ends, and the Einin era begins. Khubilai sends a fleet to the islands of Sou... |
was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events April 5 – The Papal election, 1292–94 begins. November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. November 17 (Julian calendar) – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as King of Scotl... | Scotland, from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, creating a politi... |
of San Marino by papal bull. All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano, in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there. Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system. King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privile... | Moors of the Marinid Sultanate. Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino by papal bull. All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano, in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there. Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a f... |
was begun. The Mongol Golden Horde invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia. The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under King Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases, and allowi... | of land leases, and allowing the sale of fee simple estates. King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese is the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity. Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun. Asia September 27 – The 6.8 Chihli earthquake affects the province... |
Duanzong of Song. Alamut Castle is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force, under a son of Rukn al-Din Khurshah and a descendant of the Khwarezmshahs. Europe March 9 – Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City. Ravensburg also does in the same year. June – King Rudolph I of Germany declares war on King Otakar II... | 14 – Remnants of the Song Chinese court in Fuzhou province conduct the coronation ceremony for the Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor Duanzong of Song. Alamut Castle is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force, under a son of Rukn al-Din Khurshah and a descendant of the Khwarezmshahs. Europe March 9 – Augsburg ... |
finished; it began in 1274. By topic Arts Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section (the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230). Markets In Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries; ... | of Sweden. September 11 – 1275 British earthquake. The earthquake struck the south of Great Britain. The epicentre is unknown, although it may have been in the Portsmouth/Chichester area on the south coast of England or in Glamorgan, Wales. October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle o... |
consider the liberation of the Holy Land via Crusades, and address the East-West Schism with the Byzantine church. The Council eventually approves a tithe to support efforts to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism, which ultimately proves unsuccessful. All but four mendican... | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By area Africa The Marinid amir, Abu Yusuf Yaqub, enters peacefully into Ceuta, putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence. Asia Japan October 5 – November 20: Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty attempts the first of two Mongol invasions of Japan (3... |
the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram. Asia January 31 – The six-year-long battle of Xiangyang ends as the commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat. In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo... | King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne. October 6 – Thomas Aquinas writes Summa Theologica, a master work of Catholic theology, leaving it unfinished after... |
father, Count William II. King Afonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro. Worshipful Company of Cordwainers and Curriers granted rights to regulate the leather trade in the City of London (England); Fishmongers Company chartered. In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables... | the Julian calendar. Events February – Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durazzo, Albania, and establishes the Albanian Kingdom. May 12 – The Mamluk sultan Baibars and the Kingdom of Jerusalem conclude a ten-year truce at Caesarea. November 16 – Edward I becomes King of England on the death of his father Hen... |
East April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in modern-day Syria. Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, Lebanon, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion... | Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples (d. 1295) September 27 – King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland (d. 1305) November 5 – Mahmud Ghazan, Mongol ruler (d. 1304) Emperor Bing of Song (d. 1279) Elizabeth of Aragon, queen of Denis of Portugal (d. 1336) Mikhail Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1318) Duke Rudolph ... |
Paris. The Summa Theologica, a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain). Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European ac... | from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin, from a Hebrew version by John of Capua. Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed. The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed. Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey in England (his father's foundation) a ... |
of Rostov defeat Konstantin's younger brothers Yuri II and Yaroslav II for the rule of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (modern Russia). July 24 – Albigensian Crusade: French forces under Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, besiege Castle Beaucaire in May. After three months, the occupants are running low on supplies an... | Events By place England Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by King John (Lackland), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed (or Berwick), and raids southern Scotland. John pushes up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. On his return, he puts down a revolt in East Anglia. On March 24, King John arrives at ... |
Louis so Henry's forces sack the city. To the south, inhabitants of towns between Lincoln and London ambush and kill many of the French soldiers. August 24 – Battle of Sandwich: An English fleet under Hubert de Burgh defeats the French armada (10 large ships and 70 supply ships) in the English Channel, near Sandwich. T... | spends his time collecting alleged relics. By the end of December, supplies run out, and the crusaders retreat to Acre. England Spring – First Barons' War: English forces of King Henry III besiege the French-controlled Mountsorrel Castle in Leicestershire. Prince Louis sends reinforcements (some 20,000 men) to assist t... |
Crusaders create a new type of naval siege weaponry, attributed by the German chronicler Oliver of Paderborn: two ships are bound together, with a siege tower and ladder constructed on top. On August 24, after a fierce fight, the Crusaders manage to establish themselves on the ramparts and capture the fort. September –... | who lifts the siege a month later. Raymond VI is restored as count of Toulouse after a popular rebellion. July – In order to facilitate the movement of Reconquista, Pope Honorius III reverses Innocent III’s earlier judgement, and declares King Ferdinand III (the Saint) legitimate heir to the Kingdom of León. Ivan Asen ... |
Khan sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son Jochi and Jebe to cross the Tian Shan mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile Fergana Valley, in the eastern part of the Khwarezm Empire. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks th... | flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed baptism, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp. October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True ... |
of Muret: The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon are defeated by the Albigensian Crusade, under Simon de Montfort. Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coup... | countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege. Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem. Construction of the Kilkenny Castle in Ireland is completed. Births March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader... |
After arriving in Marseilles the vast majority returns home to their families. The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle (or Dietrichstein) in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights built another five castles, some of... | meets Pope Innocent III. June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseilles the vast majority returns home to their families. The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle (or Dietrichstein) in the Burzenland (... |
in force overall) under Theodore I prepare an ambush, but Henry assaults his positions along the river and defeats the Byzantine army in a day-long battle. Henry marches unopposed through the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as Nymphaion. Mongol Empire Spring – Genghis Khan summon his Mongol chieftains ... | the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as Nymphaion. Mongol Empire Spring – Genghis Khan summon his Mongol chieftains and prepare to wage war against the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty in northern China. He advances across the Gobi Desert with a massive army of 100,000 warriors with 300,000 horses, strung out in... |
common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe May – The Second Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in Central Greece, in order to resolve the differences between the princes of Frankish Gre... | Events By place Europe May – The Second Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in Central Greece, in order to resolve the differences between the princes of Frankish Greece, and the Roman Catholic clergy of their domains. The assembled nobles and prelates conclu... |
modern-day Plovdiv, Bulgaria. August 27 – Queen Irene Angelina dies in childbirth after the death of her husband Philip of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle. Leaving behind four daughters Beatrice, Maria, Kunigunde, and Elisabeth. November 11 – Otto IV is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at Frankfurt. He is ... | continues until the end of World War I in 1918. England March 24 – Innocent III places England under an interdict, as punishment for King John ("Lackland") for refusing to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. During the interdict, religious services as marriages, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed.... |
eldest son of Genghis Khan, subjugates people of the Siberian forest (taiga); the Uriankhai, the Oirats, the Barga, the Khakas, the Buryats, and the Tuvans. Extending the northern border of the Mongol Empire. Hōnen and his followers of the Pure Land sect are persecuted and exiled to remote parts of Japan, while a few a... | Grand Prince of Kiev, and is forced to surrender the town of Torchesk (a major centre of resistance against Polovtsian raids). Pope Innocent III declares for King Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor a reversal of his previous support for Philip's rival Otto IV. England King John (Lackland) introduces the first incom... |
council of Mongol chiefs, the tribes under his rule and is elected as their leader. He is given the title of "Genghis Khan" of the Mongol people – founding the Mongol Empire. Genghis takes immediate steps to underpin his military command, starting with a fundamental reordering of tribal loyalties. United under one noma... | banner and one authority. Muqali (or Mukhali), a Mongol general in service of Genghis Khan, is rewarded with the command of the left-wing of the newly reorganized Mongol army and takes control over the eastern Mingghans. March 15 – Sultan Muhammad of Ghor is murdered and succeeded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, his deputy in In... |
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