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in. Multi-line hunting attempts to avoid glare by selecting circuits in opposite preference order so the highest numbered line, which is last choice for incoming calls, is first choice for outgoing calls, like so: incoming -->1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<-- outgoing With PRI circuits, the channel selection sequence is specified whe... | The condition that occurs when a trunk or channel is seized at both ends simultaneously. If you have ever tried to make a call out on a PBX, and been accidentally connected to an incoming call, you have experienced glare. This can sometimes happen at home too, if you pick up your phone to make a call out at the exact s... |
call originator and the call receiver and (b) the instant the call originator or the call receiver terminates the call. In data transmission, the duration of the information transfer phase of an | time between (a) the instant a circuit, i.e., off-hook condition at each end, is established between the call originator and the call receiver and (b) the instant the call originator |
an access attempt in spite of issuance of a user blocking signal. This is most often found in a switchboard system at a company. Instead of going to voicemail or simply sitting on hold until the line is free, this feature places you in a queue whereby the call | a called-party camp-on is a communication system service feature that enables the system to complete an access attempt in spite of issuance of a user blocking signal. This is most often found in a switchboard system at a company. Instead of going to |
routing the call based on dialed digits or lack thereof. The automated treatment may include routing the call to an Interactive Voice Response System (IVR), sending the call to a voice mail system, queuing the call, etc. or a combination of steps and real-time decisions. See also Automated attendant. The end-to-end seq... | sequence of operations performed by a switching system from the acceptance of an incoming call through the final disposition of the call. See call control for a more complete description. The series of steps and processes by which an organization automates the handling of telephone calls (usually incoming calls). Call ... |
CCS = 1 call-hour. In a communication network, a trunk (link) can carry numerous concurrent calls by means of multiplexing. Hence a particular number of call-seconds can be carried in infinitely many ways as calls are established and cleared over time. For example, one call-hour could be one call for an hour or two (po... | numerous concurrent calls by means of multiplexing. Hence a particular number of call-seconds can be carried in infinitely many ways as calls are established and cleared over time. For example, one call-hour could be one call for an hour or two (possibly concurrent) calls for half an hour each. Call-seconds give a meas... |
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. Note: In the table of allocation, the first two characters of each call sign (whether two letters or one number and one letter, in that order) identify the nationality of the station. In certain instances where the complete alphabetical block is allocated t... | the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. Note: In the table of allocation, the first two characters of each call sign (whether two letters or one number and one letter, in |
is a procedure that permits an entitled user to be informed about the routing of data for an established connection, identifying the entire route from the origin to the destination. There are two types of call tracing. | call tracing permits tracing, upon request, of a specific call, provided that the called party dials a designated code immediately after the |
a connection. Synonym: call waiting A teleprinter exchange facility signal that automatically causes a calling station to retry the | that automatically causes a calling station to retry the call-receiver number after a given interval when the call-receiver teleprinter is occupied |
is sometimes called "Kill Word" ("KW") in this context. In some Videotex formats, it stops any running macros. In others, it clears the current line after the cursor position (compare ). A control character ("CCH", "Cancel Character", U+0094, or ESC T) used to erase the previous character. This character was created as... | transmission formats, it signifies that the preceding word should be deleted; it is sometimes called "Kill Word" ("KW") in this context. In some Videotex formats, it stops any running macros. In others, it clears the current line after |
to produce DC-balanced waveforms. The most common classes of DC-balanced line codes are constant-weight codes and paired-disparity codes. Gimmick loop A gimmick loop is a simple type of capacitive coupler: two closely spaced strands of wire. It provides capacitive coupling of a few picofarads between two nodes. Sometim... | in a circuit is carried out, the capacitance at each point and between points can be described in a matrix form. Use in analog circuits In analog circuits, a coupling capacitor is used to connect two circuits such that only the AC signal from the first circuit can pass through to the next while DC is blocked. This tech... |
result in the suppression of the weaker signal. The capture effect phenomenon was first documented in 1938 by General Electric engineers conducting test transmissions. Two experimental FM stations, located 15 miles (24 km) apart in Albany and Schenectady, New York, were configured to transmit on the same frequency, in ... | result in the suppression of the weaker signal. The capture effect phenomenon was first documented in 1938 by General Electric engineers conducting test transmissions. Two experimental FM stations, located 15 miles (24 km) apart in Albany and Schenectady, New York, were configured to transmit on the same frequency, in ... |
for mobile phones Information carrier or substrate, the image in a photographic layer Other Carrier, Oklahoma, a town in Garfield County, Oklahoma Carrier Dome, in Syracuse, New York Carrier Global Corporation, air conditioning and commercial refrigeration manufacturing company Carrier language, the Athabaskan language... | hosting fixed-wing aircraft Carrier recovery in telecommunications Carrier signal, a waveform suitable for modulation by an information-bearing signal Helicopter carrier, a warship primarily hosting helicopters Universal Carrier, a tracked vehicle Wireless carrier, an organization that operates a wireless network for m... |
nodes because, for instance, in a wireless network, the Access Point only issues a Clear to Send to one node at a time. However, wireless 802.11 implementations do not typically implement RTS/CTS for all transmissions; they may turn it off completely, or at least not use it for small packets (the overhead of RTS, CTS a... | wireless network, the Access Point only issues a Clear to Send to one node at a time. However, wireless 802.11 implementations do not typically implement RTS/CTS for all transmissions; they may turn it off completely, or at least not use it for small packets (the overhead of RTS, CTS and transmission is too great for s... |
As the slot time in Ethernet is 512 bits, the difference between slot time and round-trip-time is 48 bits (6 bytes), which is the maximum jam-time. This in turn means: A station noting a collision has occurred is sending a 4 to 6 byte long pattern composed of 16 1-0 bit combinations. Note: The size of this jam signal i... | of collisions. Re-enter main procedure at stage 1. Methods for collision detection are media dependent. On a shared, electrical bus such as 10BASE5 or 10BASE2, collisions can be detected by comparing transmitted data with received data or by recognizing a higher than normal signal amplitude on the bus. On all other med... |
binary or teletypewriter signals, keying in which the frequency of the carrier signal is shifted in one direction for marking signals and in the opposite direction for spacing signals. In amplitude modulation, a condition that results from | carrier signal is shifted in one direction for marking signals and in the opposite direction for spacing signals. In amplitude modulation, a condition that results from imperfect modulation in which the positive and negative excursions of the modulating envelope are unequal in amplitude. Note 1: The carrier shift |
of the carrier signal are time-division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). A cable television system is an example of frequency-division multiplexing. Many television programs are carried simultaneously on the same coaxial cable by sending each at a different frequency. Multiple layers of mul... | At a given receiving node, specific channels may be demultiplexed individually. History The purpose of carrier systems is to save money by carrying more traffic on less infrastructure. 19th century telephone systems, operating at baseband, could only carry one telephone call on each wire, hence routes with heavy traffi... |
1922 paper. Carson's bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation: where: is the bandwidth requirement; is the peak frequency deviation; is the highest frequency in the modulating signal. For example, a typical VHF/UHF two-way radio signal using FM mode, with 5 kHz peak deviation, and a maximum audio frequency of 3 kHz,... | of sidebands and hence an infinite bandwidth but, in practice, all significant sideband energy (98% or more) is concentrated within the bandwidth defined by Carson's rule. It is a useful approximation, but setting the arbitrary definition of occupied bandwidth at 98% of the power still means that the power outside the ... |
on the central axis of the dish. However, in offset Cassegrain configurations, the primary dish reflector is asymmetric, and its focus, and the secondary reflector, are located to one side of the dish, so that the secondary reflector does not partially obstruct the beam. Advantages This design is an alternative to the ... | shape of the convex secondary reflector is a hyperboloid. The geometrical condition for radiating a collimated, plane wave beam is that the feed antenna is located at the far focus of the hyperboloid, while the focus of the primary reflector coincides with the near focus of the hyperboloid. Usually the secondary reflec... |
network equipment. It is a reliable, connection-oriented packet switched data communications protocol. Transmission Rates Cell relay transmission rates usually are between 56 kbit/s and several gigabits per second. ATM, a particularly popular form of cell relay, is most commonly used for home DSL connections, which oft... | DSL connections, which often runs between 128 kbit/s and 1.544 Mbit/s (DS1), and for high-speed backbone connections (OC-3 and faster). Cell relay protocols have neither flow control nor error correction capability, are information-content independent, and correspond only to layers one and two of the OSI Reference Mode... |
as s–1 in scientific literature, but here the units implicitly mean radians per second. In contrast, the unit Hz should be interpreted as cycles per second. The conversion formula is , which implies that 1 Hz corresponds to an angular frequency of approximately 6.28 radians per second (or 6.28 s–1 where radians is omit... | imply: = = = c = m = h = 9,192,631,770 Hz × J s = J = = = kg Notably, the wavelength has a fairly human-sized value of about 3.26 centimetres and the photon energy is surprisingly close to the average molecular kinetic energy per degree of freedom per kelvin. From these it follows that: 1 kilogram, kg, = 1 joule, J, = ... |
and enterprises The Channel (nightclub), a music venue in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Channel Express, a defunct British airline Channel Home Centers, a defunct home improvement chain based in the northeastern United States Business and legal terms Channel (chart pattern), a pair of parallel trend lines that form a cha... | channel, part of a song structure of popular music Science and technology Communications Communication channel, a transmission medium used to convey information Audio channel, a communications channel in a storage device used in operations such as multitrack recording and playback Channel (broadcasting), a range of fre... |
to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference. The noise power spectral density in the frequency range of interest. The average noise | power spectral density in the frequency range of interest. The average noise power in the frequency range of interest. |
where T o is the channel total outage time, T s is the channel total scheduled time, and T a is the channel total available time. References External links | communication channel was available for use in a specified period of scheduled availability. Channel reliability is given by where T o is the channel total outage time, T s is |
signal regeneration point, on the loop side, coming from the central office, before the regenerated signal reaches a multiplexer or data terminal equipment (DTE). Common varieties CSUs can be categorized by the class of service they support (DS1, DS3, DDS, etc.) and by the capabilities within that class. For example, b... | test pattern generation and monitor capabilities. Common practice CSUs are required by PSTN providers at digital interfaces that terminate in a DSU on the customer side. They are not used when the service terminates in a modem, such as the DSL family of service. The maintenance capabilities of the CSU provide important... |
signals that are not associated with individual characters. An example of a time interval that is excluded when determining character interval is any time | total number of unit intervals required to transmit any given character, including synchronizing, information, error checking, or control characters, but not including signals that are not associated with individual characters. An example of a |
ratio to no longer equal the characteristic impedance. This new ratio including the reflected energy is called the input impedance. The input impedance of an infinite line is equal to the characteristic impedance since the transmitted wave is never reflected back from the end. Equivalently: The characteristic impedance... | and are again constants of integration. The above equations are the wave solution for and . In order to be compatible, they must still satisfy the original differential equations, one of which is Substituting the solutions for and into the above equation, we get or Isolating distinct powers of and combining identical p... |
on Prolog CHIP-8, a video game programming language in the 1970s ChucK for iPhone/iPad (ChiP), a programming language used for music synthesis Connected Home over IP (CHIP), a protocol for home automation Finance Chip (stock market), description of stock of a particular quality Clearing House Interbank Payments System ... | stage name of American songwriter James Wesley Voight (born 1940) Chip Fairway, a ring name of American professional wrestler Brett J. Keen (1972–2011) Biology Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a molecular biology method to map DNA sites STUB1, a human gene also known as CHIP (C terminus of HSC70-Interacting Protei... |
Bird vocalization Chirping, the act of signaling with chirps, signals in which | frequency increases / decreases with time Chirping, pulse compression by |
a complete electrical network with a closed-loop giving a return path for current Analog circuit, uses continuous signal levels Balanced circuit, paths are impedance-matched Circuit analysis, the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in an electrical circuit Circuit diagram, ... | and media Circuit (film), a 2001 gay-themed film set in the world of gay circuit parties Mario Kart: Super Circuit, a 2001 Game Boy Advance game and the third game in the Mario Kart series "Circuit", a character from the Munna Bhai film series Circuit, a character from Power Rangers Time Force Church Circuit (LCMS), a ... |
point to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference. The circuit noise level is usually expressed in dBrn0, signifying the reading of a circuit noise | as a reference. The circuit noise level is usually expressed in dBrn0, signifying the reading of a circuit noise meter, or in dBa0, signifying circuit noise |
an electronic circuit was available for use in a specified period of scheduled availability. Circuit reliability is given by where T o is the circuit total outage time, Ts is the circuit | was available for use in a specified period of scheduled availability. Circuit reliability is given by where T o is the circuit total outage time, Ts is the circuit total |
the process by which a communications circuit is established between two users after disruption or loss of the original circuit. The loss may be widespread due to a natural disaster like an | or loss of the original circuit. The loss may be widespread due to a natural disaster like an ice storm or hurricane, or local by being cut underground in construction or damaged in a thunderstorm or |
may also utilize a separate control channel as in the case of links between telephone exchanges which use CCS7 packet-switched signalling protocol to communicate the call setup and control information and use TDM to transport the actual circuit data. Early telephone exchanges were a suitable example of circuit switchin... | Circuit switching contrasts with message switching and packet switching. Both of these methods can make better use of available network bandwidth between multiple communication sessions under typical conditions in data communication networks. Message switching routes messages in their entirety, one hop at a time, that ... |
of that hand curl in the same direction of the field's temporal rotation. It is considered clockwise circularly polarized because, from the point of view of the source, looking in the same direction of the wave's propagation, the field rotates in the clockwise direction. The second animation is that of left-handed or a... | left) is reached one quarter of a cycle before the vertical maximum displacement is reached. Now referring again to the illustration, imagine the center of the circle just described, traveling along the axis from the front to the back. The circling dot will trace out a helix with the displacement toward our viewing lef... |
A circulator is a passive, non-reciprocal three- or four-port device that only allows a microwave or radio-frequency signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered. Optical circulators have similar behavior. Ports are where an external waveguide or transmission line, such as a microstrip line or a co... | Duplexer In radar, circulators are used as a type of duplexer, to route signals from the transmitter to the antenna and from the antenna to the receiver, without allowing signals to pass directly from transmitter to receiver. The alternative type of duplexer is a transmit-receive switch (TR switch) that alternates betw... |
walls of a building Copper cladding, applying copper to the exterior of buildings Rainscreen cladding, an exterior wall detail to create a capillary break and to allow drainage and evaporation of water Cladding (fiber optics), fiber optics property to contain light in the | to allow drainage and evaporation of water Cladding (fiber optics), fiber optics property to contain light in the core of the fiber by total internal reflection Cladding (metalworking), a bonding together of dissimilar metals Cladding (nuclear fuel), the outer layer |
Weatherbox The Clearing (Sleep for Sleepers album), 2009 The Clearing (Locrian album), 2011 The Clearing (Homeland), an episode of the American television series Homeland Ecology Clearing (forest), a tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area Clearing (geography), the process by which vegetation ... | (finance), the process of settling a transaction after committing to it Market clearing, the matching of supply and demand via price movement Other uses Clearing, Chicago, a community area in Illinois, U.S. The Clearing (Ellison Bay, Wisconsin), also known as The Clearing Folk School Clearing (telecommunications), the ... |
his primary FRCS examination at the age of 18 and ultimately achieving MRCS and LRCP. At Bristol, one of his teachers was Rendle Short, who had proposed that appendicitis is caused by a lack of cellulose in the diet (it is worth noting, perhaps, from a biographical perspective, that Cleave's sister had died at the age ... | and 1927, he attended medical schools at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, and St Mary's Hospital, London, where he was an academic prodigy winning prize after prize and qualifying at the early age of 21, having passed his primary FRCS examination at the age of 18 and ultimately achieving MRCS and LRCP. At Bristol, one of h... |
the clipping of overexposed area by digital cameras and film Soft clipping Animals Horse clipping, trimming all or part of a horse's fur horse short Sheep shearing Wing clipping, trimming a bird's primary flight feathers to disable flight Sports Clipping (climbing), the process of protecting against a fall Clipping (gr... | small portion of precious metal for profit Clipping (computer graphics), only drawing things that will be visible to the viewer Noclip mode, or "Noclipping", when the player or another object in a video game unrealistically passes through another object Clipping (gardening), pruning, removing unwanted portions from a p... |
captions on their HD service and used the same format on the satellite service, which has since caused major timing issues in relation to server load and the loss of captions from most SD DVB-S receivers, such as the ones Sky Television provides their customers. As of April 2, 2013, only the Teletext page 801 caption s... | the display of subtitles/captions. History Open captioning Regular open-captioned broadcasts began on PBS's The French Chef in 1972. WGBH began open captioning of the programs Zoom, ABC World News Tonight, and Once Upon a Classic shortly thereafter. Technical development of closed captioning Closed captioning was first... |
shown below: The summing node and the G(s) and H(s) blocks can all be combined into one block, which would have the following transfer function: is called feedforward transfer function, is called feedback transfer function, and their product is called the Open loop transfer function. Derivation We define an intermediat... | streams. An example of a closed-loop transfer function is shown below: The summing node and the G(s) and H(s) blocks can all be combined into one block, which would have the following transfer function: is called feedforward transfer function, is called feedback transfer function, and their product is called the Open l... |
A process for converting a code of some predetermined bit structure, such as 5, 7, or 14 bits per | code into corresponding signals, or groups of signals, in another code. 2. A process for converting a code of some predetermined bit structure, such as 5, 7, or 14 bits per character interval, to another code with the |
a set of elements onto which another set of elements has been mapped according to a code. Examples of coded sets include the list of names of airports that is mapped | code. Examples of coded sets include the list of names of airports that is mapped onto a set of corresponding three-letter representations of airport names, the list of classes of emission that is mapped |
used for reasons of reliability, clarity, brevity, or secrecy. See also Coded set Commercial code (communications) Compartmentalization (information security) Duress code Error correction and detection Marine VHF radio Password Safeword Spelling alphabet References UNHCR Procedure for | or protocol. Each code word is assembled in accordance with the specific rules of the code and assigned a unique meaning. Code words are typically used for reasons of reliability, clarity, brevity, or secrecy. |
of DNA in molecular biology Legal coding, the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document in the legal profession Medical coding, representation of medical diagnoses and procedures in standard | creating and maintaining the source code of computer programs Line coding, in data storage Source coding, compression used in data transmission Coding theory Channel coding, in coding theory Other uses Coding (social sciences), an analytical process in which data are |
spectral width of the source. If the source has a Gaussian spectrum with FWHM spectral width , then a path offset of ± will reduce the fringe visibility to 50%. Coherence length is usually applied to the optical regime. The expression above is a frequently used approximation. Due to ambiguities in the definition of spe... | and is the optical path length difference of a self-interfering laser beam which corresponds to a fringe visibility, where the fringe visibility is defined as where is the fringe intensity. In long-distance transmission systems, the coherence length may be reduced by propagation factors such as dispersion, scattering, ... |
the central wavelength of the source, and is the spectral width of the source in units of frequency and wavelength respectively, and is the speed of light in vacuum. A single mode fiber laser has a linewidth of a few kHz, corresponding to a coherence time | is calculated by dividing the coherence length by the phase velocity of light in a medium; approximately given by where is the central wavelength of the source, and is the spectral width of the source in units of frequency and wavelength respectively, and is the speed of light in vacuum. A single mode fiber laser has a... |
Collective routing avoids the need to list each single address in the message heading. Major relay stations usually transmit messages bearing | is routing in which a switching center automatically delivers messages to a specified list of |
in such a fashion, doubling their number will produce double the gain, with an increase of 3.01 dB. In practice, the gain realized will be below this due to imperfect radiation spread and losses. Collinear arrays are frequently constructed as a stack of dipoles, but can also be constructed as a stack of phased quarter-... | collinear array is to increase the power radiated in horizontal directions and reduce the power radiated into the sky or down toward the earth, where it is wasted. They radiate vertically polarized radio waves. Theoretically, when stacking idealized lossless antennas in such a fashion, doubling their number will produc... |
all of the total kinetic energy is lost (dissipated as heat, sound, etc. or absorbed by the objects themselves), the collision is said to be inelastic; such collisions involve objects coming to a full stop. An example of such a collision is a car crash, as cars crumple inward when crashing, rather than bouncing off of ... | is changed to some other form of energy in the collision. Momentum is conserved in inelastic collisions (as it is for elastic collisions), but one cannot track the kinetic energy through the collision since some of it is converted to other forms of energy. In this case, coefficient of restitution is not equal to one. I... |
or a discrete set of radio frequencies when in a frequency hopping mode. CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces. In the United States, two military standards | in a frequency hopping mode. CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces. In the United States, two military standards govern the use of combat net radios and the host app... |
plant equipment. This arrangement permits the association of any outside line with any desired terminal equipment. These connections are made either with twisted pair wire, normally referred to as jumper wire, or with optical fiber cables, normally referred to as jumper cables. In technical control facilities, the | pair wire, normally referred to as jumper wire, or with optical fiber cables, normally referred to as jumper cables. In technical control facilities, the vertical side may be used to terminate equipment as well as outside lines. The horizontal |
codes are also known as self-synchronizing block codes because no synchronization is required to | no concatenation of two code words contains a valid code word that overlaps both. Comma-free codes are also |
equipment that it serves. In many telecommunications applications, the common battery is at a nominal −48 VDC. A central office common battery in the battery room supplies power to operate all directly connected instruments. Common battery may include one or more power conversion devices to transform commercial power t... | a string of electrolytic cells and is usually centrally located to the equipment that it serves. In many telecommunications applications, the common battery is at a nominal −48 VDC. A central office common battery |
and the startup program begins execution at the location designated by that PSW. The IPL device is usually a disk drive, hence the special significance of the read-type command, but exactly the same procedure is also used to IPL from other input-type devices, such as tape drives, or even card readers, in a device-indep... | device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU. Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot load... |
of the goods during transport. A common carrier offers its services to the general public under license or authority provided by a regulatory body, which has usually been granted "ministerial authority" by the legislation that created it. The regulatory body may create, interpret, and enforce its regulations upon the c... | convenience and necessity." A common carrier must further demonstrate to the regulator that it is "fit, willing, and able" to provide those services for which it is granted authority. Common carriers typically transport persons or goods according to defined and published routes, time schedules, and rate tables upon the... |
are an integral part of the switching network. Strowger exchanges are usually direct control systems, whereas crossbar, and electronic exchanges (including all stored program control systems) are common control systems. Common control is also known as indirect control or register control. History Early semi-mechanical ... | of the switching network. Strowger exchanges are usually direct control systems, whereas crossbar, and electronic exchanges (including all stored program control systems) are common control systems. Common control is also known as indirect control or register control. History Early semi-mechanical installations with co... |
Information Service (CMIS) is the service interface specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.710, ISO/IEC International Standard 9595 that is employed by OSI network elements for network management. It defines the service interface that is implemented by the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) as specified in ITU-... | on a managed object Management notification services M-EVENT-REPORT – Send events occurring on managed objects Management association services To transfer management information between open systems using CMIS/CMIP, peer connections, i.e., associations, must be established. This requires the establishment of an Applica... |
142:39 and ending at 142:45, and was 1 minute 27 seconds longer than had been predicted. Communications blackouts for re-entry are not solely confined to entry into Earth's atmosphere. They apply to entry into any atmosphere where such ionization occurs around a craft. The Mars Pathfinder endured a 30-second communicat... | a cessation of communications or communications capability, caused by a lack of power to a communications facility or to communications equipment. a total lack of radio communications capability, caused by ionospheric anomalies, e.g., during strong auroral activity or during re-entry of a spacecraft into the Earth's at... |
communications network, (b) is equipped for technical control and maintenance of the circuits originating, transiting, or terminating at the node, (c) may contain message-center facilities, and (d) may serve as a gateway. Synonym comm center. See also Network operations center | originating, transiting, or terminating at the node, (c) may contain message-center facilities, and (d) may serve as a gateway. Synonym comm center. See also Network operations center |
of communications to mislead an adversary's interpretation of the communications. Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent | interpretation of the communications. Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent of confusing or misleading |
Electronic devices and systems used in the transfer of ideas and perceptions; Electronic sensors and sensory systems used in the acquisition of information devoid of semantic influence; Electronic devices and systems intended to allow friendly forces to operate in hostile environments and to deny to hostile forces the ... | Communication electronics radio equipment has been a rapidly growing industry for more than a century. Homeland Security in the USA is one of the reasons for the fast growth. Since the invention of the “solid state” transistor in the 1950s and the TTL (transistor-transistor logic) that led to the development of the IC ... |
access to sensitive unclassified information of value, (b) prevent disruption of telecommunications services, | protection is the application of communications security (COMSEC) measures to telecommunications systems in order to: (a) deny |
the EKMS program to supply electronic key to COMSEC devices in securely and timely manner, and to provide COMSEC managers with an automated system capable of ordering, generation, production, distribution, storage, security accounting, and access control. The Army's platform in the four-tiered EKMS, AKMS, automates fre... | DoD Electronic Key Management System The Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) key management, COMSEC material distribution, and logistics support system. The National Security Agency (NSA) established the EKMS program to supply electronic key to COMSEC devices in secure... |
may be used to maintain communications services, such as using alternate routing, different transmission media or | be damaged or destroyed. Various methods may be used to maintain communications services, such as using alternate |
communications use different frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring used. Since the power wiring system was originally intended for transmission of AC power, the power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a l... | Telegraph Edison Telegraph TV cable Computer By application area A tactical communications system is a communications system that (a) is used within, or in direct support of tactical forces (b) is designed to meet the requirements of changing tactical situations and varying environmental conditions, (c) provides secura... |
compressing before input to an analog-to-digital converter, and then expanding after a digital-to-analog converter. This is equivalent to using a non-linear ADC as in a T-carrier telephone system that implements A-law or μ-law companding. This method is also used in digital file formats for better signal-to-noise ratio... | conversion back to 16-bit. This is effectively a form of lossy audio data compression. Professional wireless microphones do this since the dynamic range of the microphone audio signal itself is larger than the dynamic range provided by radio transmission. Companding also reduces the noise and crosstalk levels at the re... |
required to offer network interconnection (or colocation) opportunities to others that are comparably efficient to the interconnection that its enhanced service | required to offer network interconnection (or colocation) opportunities to others that are comparably efficient to the interconnection that its enhanced service enjoys. Accordingly, a carrier would be |
rail-to-rail comparators with p–n–p input transistors, like the LM139 family, allow the input potential to drop 0.3 volts below the negative supply rail, but do not allow it to rise above the positive rail. Specific ultra-fast comparators, like the LMH7322, allow input signal to swing below the negative rail and above ... | gain differential amplifier whose output is compatible with the logic gates used in the digital circuit. The gain is high enough that a very small difference between the input voltages will saturate the output, the output voltage will be in either the low logic voltage band or the high logic voltage band of the gate in... |
software Software incompatibility Science and mathematics Compatibility (biological), a property which is assigned to splits of a given set of taxa Compatibility (chemical), how stable a substance is when mixed with another substance Compatibility (geochemistry), how readily a particular trace element substitutes for a... | devices Compatibility card, an expansion card for hardware emulation of another device Compatibility layer, components that allow for non-native support of components Compatibility mode, software mechanism in which a software emulates an older version of software Computer compatibility, of a line of machines IBM PC com... |
compatible-sideband over conventional AM are increased spectral efficiency due to a reduction in bandwidth of 50% as well as a decrease in wasted power. By using compatible sideband instead of AM, less RF power is required at the transmitter to transmit the same quality of signal the same distance. This results in comp... | benefits of compatible-sideband over conventional AM are increased spectral efficiency due to a reduction in bandwidth of 50% as well as a decrease in wasted power. By using compatible sideband instead of AM, less RF power is required at the transmitter to transmit the same quality of signal the same distance. This res... |
of the customer local service, such as a business or residence, and several associated service features, such as | a network and to the enhanced service provider. Complementary network services usually consist of the customer local service, such as a |
with reusable software elements Software component, a reusable software element with a specification, used in component-based software engineering Other sciences Component (thermodynamics), a chemically independent constituent of a phase of a system Other uses Component (VTA), a light-rail station in San Jose, Californ... | an entity with discrete structure, such as an assembly or software module, within a system considered at a particular level of analysis Lumped element model, a model of spatially distributed systems Electrical Component video, a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as two or more separate sign... |
on context, may be associated with concepts of balance and tolerance. Research has indicated that suboptimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party and settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually better outc... | important problem in fields like game theory and the voting system. In international politics, the compromises most often discussed are usually regarded as nefarious deals with dictators, such as Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Adolf Hitler. Margalit calls these "rotten compromises." In democratic politics, great ... |
one or more computers Web conferencing Data conferencing Distributed computer | conferencing may refer to: Teleconference supported by one or more |
telephone switch, which would provide service to the customer. These devices were initially called remote concentrators or simply remotes. In fibre-optic distribution systems which offer triple-play services (voice, television, internet) the digitization has arrived at the customer premises and signals are digitized at... | between many low-speed, usually asynchronous channels and one or more high-speed, usually synchronous channels. Usually different speeds, codes, and protocols can be accommodated on the low-speed side. The low-speed channels usually operate in contention and require buffering. A device that connects a number of links w... |
specify the core diameter. The concentricity error is used in conjunction with tolerance fields to specify or characterize optical fiber core and cladding geometry. See also Ovality Centration (engineering) References | the distance between the center of the two concentric circles that specify the cladding diameter and the center of the two concentric circles that specify the core |
levels, matched impedances, and equalization between facilities. Corrective networks used to improve data transmission, such | characteristics, such as matched transmission levels, matched impedances, and equalization between facilities. Corrective networks used to improve data transmission, such as |
a conference operation is an operation that allows a call to be established among three or more stations in such a manner that each of the | of the stations is able to communicate directly with all the other stations. In radio systems, the stations may receive simultaneously, but must transmit |
redefined CM from its traditional holistic approach to technical management. Some treat CM as being similar to a librarian activity, and break out change control or change management as a separate or stand alone discipline. Overview CM is the practice of handling changes systematically so that a system maintains its in... | the system's design, hardware, firmware, software, and documentation. Configuration Status Accounting: includes the process of recording and reporting configuration item descriptions (e.g., hardware, software, firmware, etc.) and all departures from the baseline during design and production. In the event of suspected p... |
heart failure, heart failure resulting in congestion in one or more organs Nasal congestion, the blockage of nasal passages due to swollen membranes Prostatic congestion, a medical condition that happens when the prostate becomes swollen by excess fluid Other uses Network congestion, reduced quality of service when a n... | Congestion may refer to: Medicine Excessive fluid in tissues, vessels, or both, including: Edema, abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, manifesting as swelling Peripheral edema, edema in peripheral body parts such as limbs and feet Pulmonary edema, edema in the lungs that impairs |
remember where they are in a "conversation" of message exchanges. In connection-oriented communication the communicating peers must first establish a logical or physical data channel or connection in a dialog preceding the exchange of user data. Connectionless communication has lower overhead than connection-oriented c... | rather than in the setup information of a prearranged, fixed data channel as in connection-oriented communication. Under connectionless communication between two network end points, a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior arrangement. The device at one end of the communication transmits data a... |
point per hour. A unit of traffic measurement used to express the rate at which circuits are established at a switch. The magnitude of the CCH is an instantaneous value subject to change | the following meanings: A unit of teletraffic measurement expressed as the number of connections established at a switching point per hour. A unit of traffic measurement used to |
network, the automatic or manual exchange of information concerning routes to stations that are not directly reachable by the exchange | that are not directly reachable by the exchange originator. The purpose of the exchange is to identify indirect paths and/or possible relay stations to |
computer science, where a mutual exclusion lock reduces the throughput by hindering the concurrency of a program Bus contention, in computer design, where multiple devices on a computer bus attempt to | refer to: The main contention, in rhetoric and logic, the main point being argued Resource contention, a general concept in communications and computing, is competition by users of a system for the facility at the same time: Contention (telecommunications), a channel access method The contention ratio, in computer netw... |
such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times. Continuous operation usually requires that there be fully redundant configuration, | are in an operational state at all times. Continuous operation usually requires that there be fully redundant configuration, or at least a sufficient X |
a body, often shortened to just "contrast" Technology Contrast ratio, a measure of a display system Display contrast, of electronic visual displays Language Contrast (linguistics), expressing distinctions between words Contrast (literary), describing the difference(s) between two or more entities Arts and entertainment... | of a display system Display contrast, of electronic visual displays Language Contrast (linguistics), expressing distinctions between words Contrast (literary), describing the difference(s) between two or more entities Arts and entertainment Music The Contrast (band), an English pop band formed in 1999 Contrast (music),... |
(a) industrial processes, (b) movement of resources, (c) electric power generation, distribution, and utilization, | the branch of technology devoted to the design, development, and application of communications facilities used specifically for control purposes, such as for controlling (a) industrial |
information, that is designed to provide administrative control and safety, or that serves as a buffer for controlling access to limited-access areas. It can also refer to an area to | an area to which security controls have been applied to protect an information-processing system's equipment and wirelines, equivalent to that required for the information transmitted through the system. References Privacy |
(control function) is an operation that affects the recording, processing, transmission, or interpretation of | In telecommunication, a control operation (control function) is an operation that affects the recording, processing, |
of a convolutional decoder. The fact that errors appear as "bursts" should be accounted for when designing a concatenated code with an inner convolutional code. The popular solution for this problem is to interleave data before convolutional encoding, so that the outer block (usually Reed–Solomon) code can correct most... | arbitrary quality at the expense of computation and delay. In 1967, Andrew Viterbi determined that convolutional codes could be maximum-likelihood decoded with reasonable complexity using time invariant trellis based decoders — the Viterbi algorithm. Other trellis-based decoder algorithms were later developed, includin... |
has been embodied, such as a book Copy (command), a shell command on DOS and Windows systems Copy (written), written content in publications, in contrast to photographs or other elements of layout Copy (album), the debut album of the electronica artist Mitsuki Aira Copy (musician), the Portland-based electronic music a... | of information or an artifact Cut, copy and paste, a method of reproducing text or other data in computing File copying Photocopying, a process which makes paper copies of documents and other visual images Fax, a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies of documents, especially over the telephone network F... |
and station cord. In modern cordless switchboards, the cord-circuit function is switch operated and may be programmable. In early and middle 20th century telephone exchanges this task was done by a | the switchboard position equipment. The cords may be referred to as front cord and rear cord or trunk cord and station cord. In modern cordless switchboards, the cord-circuit function is switch operated and may be programmable. In early and middle 20th century telephone exchanges this task was done by a supervisory rel... |
NDS game Core (video game), a video game with integrated game creation system "CORE", an area in the Underground in the video game Undertale "The Core", an episode of The Transformers cartoon Film and television Cores (film), a 2012 film The Core, a 2003 science fiction film The Core, the 2006–2007 name for the program... | weapon) or core, the fissile material in a nuclear weapon Semiconductor intellectual property core (IP core), is a unit of design in ASIC/FPGA electronics and IC manufacturing Atomic core, an atom with no valence electrons Geology and astrophysics Core sample, in Earth science, a sample obtained by coring Ice core Core... |
equal for any ray entering the reflector, regardless of the location where it first reflects. In radar Radar corner reflectors are designed to reflect the microwave radio waves emitted by radar sets back toward the radar antenna. This causes them to show a strong "return" on radar screens. A simple corner reflector con... | from any direction, 8 corner reflectors are placed back-to-back in an octahedron (diamond) shape. The reflecting surfaces must be larger than several wavelengths of the radio waves to function. In maritime navigation they are placed on bridge abutments, buoys, ships and, especially, lifeboats, to ensure that these show... |
signals with this antenna for several months, Jansky categorized them into three types: nearby thunderstorms, distant thunderstorms, and a faint steady hiss of an unknown origin. He discovered the location of maximum intensity rose and fell once a day, which led him to believe he was detecting radiation from the Sun. A... | radio waves at a frequency of 20.5 MHz, which is a wavelength of approximately 14.6 meters. After recording signals with this antenna for several months, Jansky categorized them into three types: nearby thunderstorms, distant thunderstorms, and a faint steady hiss of an unknown origin. He discovered the location of max... |
assumption is that the filter removes the upper sideband with frequency from the input but leaves the lower sideband without change. Thus it is assumed that VCO input is This makes a Costas loop equivalent to a phase-locked loop with phase detector characteristic corresponding to the particular waveforms and of input a... | detector is passed through a low-pass filter. The outputs of these low-pass filters are inputs to another phase detector, the output of which passes through noise-reduction filter before being used to control the voltage-controlled oscillator. The overall loop response is controlled by the two individual low-pass filte... |
from one shaft to another when the two shafts are slightly misaligned. They can accommodate varying degrees of misalignment up to 1.5° and some parallel misalignment. They can also be used for vibration damping or noise reduction. In rotating shaft applications a flexible coupling can protect the driving and driven sha... | its compact size. The coupler is named for John Oldham who invented it in Ireland, in 1821, to solve a problem in a paddle steamer design. Rag joint Rag joints are commonly used on automotive steering linkages and drive trains. When used on a drive train they are sometimes known as giubos. Rigid coupling Rigid coupling... |
receipt of goods Cover charge, an entry fee Cover (hospitality) Cover Corp., parent organization for VTuber idol company Hololive Production Deception and concealment Cover (telecommunications), a communications concealment technique Cover, something fake used in a cover-up Non-official cover, the identity assumed by a... | 2012 Covers (Regine Velasquez album), 2004 Covers (Placebo album), 2003 Covers (Show of Hands album), 2000 Covers (James Taylor album), 2008 Covers (Fayray album), 2005 Covers (Deftones album), 2011 Covers, an album by Break of Reality Extended plays Covers (A Camp EP), 2009 Covers (Franz Ferdinand EP), 2009 Covers (Ge... |
above which total internal reflection occurs Critical angle of attack, in aerodynamics; the angle | of repose, in engineering; the steepest angle of descent of a slope when the material is on the verge of sliding |
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