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It is essentially the same as what is popularly described today as photonics. It is not only concerned with the "electro–optic effect". Thus it concerns the interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical (electronic) states of materials. Electro-optical devices The electro-optic effect is a change... | only concerned with the "electro–optic effect". Thus it concerns the interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical (electronic) states of materials. Electro-optical devices The electro-optic effect is a change in the optical properties of an optically active material due to interaction with light... |
direction of the propagating wave); this then corresponds to left-handed elliptical polarization; the semi-major axis is now oriented at an angle . Similarly, if becomes negative from zero, the line evolves into an ellipse that is being traced out in the clockwise direction; this corresponds to right-handed elliptical ... | direction with an amplitude . When increases from zero, i.e., assumes positive values, the line evolves into an ellipse that is being traced out in the counterclockwise direction (looking in the direction of the propagating wave); this then corresponds to left-handed elliptical polarization; the semi-major axis is now ... |
used in FM broadcasting and vinyl (e.g. LP) records. In waveform signals In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase (within a frequency band) the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in... | the antinoise system called emphasis. De-emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, (within a band of frequencies), the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the advers... |
encoding Binary-to-text encoding Character encoding Encoding, or code Encoding (memory) Encoding (semiotics) ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA | MPEG encoding Semantics encoding Text encoding — see character encoding applied to textual data Video encoding |
start-stop teletypewriter operation, end distortion refers to the shifting of the end of all marking pulses, except the stop pulse, from their proper positions in relation to the beginning of the next start pulse. Shifting of the end of the stop pulse | end distortion. Spacing end distortion is the termination of marking pulses before the proper time. Marking end distortion is the continuation of marking pulses past the proper |
have included one or more texts and any associated message headings. An EOT is often used to initiate other functions, such as releasing circuits, disconnecting terminals, or placing receive terminals in a standby condition. Its most common use today is to cause a Unix terminal driver to signal end of file and thus exi... | more texts and any associated message headings. An EOT is often used to initiate other functions, such as releasing circuits, disconnecting terminals, or placing receive terminals in a standby condition. Its most common use today is to cause a Unix terminal driver to signal end of file and thus exit programs that are a... |
usually months, despite a severe natural or man-made disturbance, such as a nuclear attack, or a loss of external logistic or utility support. | the property of a system, subsystem, equipment, or process that enables it to continue to function within specified performance limits for an extended period of time, usually months, despite a severe natural or man-made disturbance, such as a nuclear attack, or a loss of |
used in interstate communications, that employs computer processing applications that act on the format, content, code, protocol, or similar aspects | transmission facilities used in interstate communications, that employs computer processing applications that act |
is purely lunar. The official Iranian calendar (also used in Afghanistan) dates from the Hijra, but as it is a solar calendar, its year numbering does not coincide with the religious calendar. Olympiads, the ancient Greek era of four-year periods between Olympic Games, beginning in 776 BC. The Yoruba calendar (Kọ́jọ́dá... | was introduced. It is still very common in Taiwan to date events via the republican era. The People's Republic of China adopted the common era calendar in 1949 (the 38th year of the Chinese Republic). Pre-modern eras Ab urbe condita (753 BC), used in the Roman imperial period. The Anno Domini or "Common Era" system, st... |
given by where is the spectral density, is the Boltzmann's constant, is the standard noise temperature (290 K), so . Note: The equivalent noise resistance in terms of the mean-square noise-generator voltage, e2, within a frequency | noise resistance is a quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral density of a noise-voltage generator, given by |
created by quantization noise in a PCM channel. Note 1: The speech quality judgment is based on comparative tests. Note 2: Generally, 33.5 dBrnC ±2.5 dB is considered the approximate equivalent | a PCM channel. Note 1: The speech quality judgment is based on comparative tests. Note 2: Generally, 33.5 dBrnC ±2.5 dB is considered the approximate equivalent PCM noise of a 7-bit PCM system. References Multiplexing |
many feel that linguistics should restrain itself from such prescriptivist judgments to avoid reinforcing dominant class value claims about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. One may distinguish various kinds of linguistic errors – some, such as aphasia or speech disorders, where the user is unable to... | can arise due to human error, which includes cognitive bias. Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error-tolerant. (In computational mechanics, when solving a system such as Ax = b there is a distinction between the "error"... |
error burst. The last symbol in a burst and the first symbol in the following burst are accordingly separated by m correct symbols or more. The parameter m should be specified when describing an error burst. Channel model The Gilbert–Elliott model is a simple channel model introduced by Edgar Gilbert and E. O. Elliott ... | of m correctly received symbols within the error burst. The integer parameter m is referred to as the guard band of the error burst. The last symbol in a burst and the first symbol in the following burst are accordingly separated by m correct symbols or more. The parameter m should be specified when describing an error... |
control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more characters would follow to specify some detailed action, after which the device would go back to interpreting characters normally. For example, the sequence of , followed by the printable characters , would cause a DEC VT102 terminal to move its cursor ... | of the syntax for many programming languages, data formats, and communication protocols. For a given alphabet an escape character's purpose is to start character sequences (so named escape sequences), which have to be interpreted differently from the same characters occurring without the prefixed escape character. The ... |
fewer than 10% of network users, and recommended for use in conjunction with NS/EP telecommunications services. References Telecommunication | telecommunication, an essential service (critical service) is a network-provided service feature in which a priority dial tone |
community Elsewhere Exchange Alley, in London, United Kingdom Exchange District, a historic area in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Business and economy Bureau de change, a business whose customers exchange one currency for another Cryptocurrency exchange, a business that allows customers to trade cryptocurrencies or digita... | the purchase/sale of foreign currencies Foreign exchange market (a.k.a. forex, FX, or currency market), a global decentralized market where one currency is exchanged for another Foreign-exchange reserves, holdings of other countries' currencies Foreign exchange risk, arises from the change in price of one currency agai... |
message and deemed by the message originator as having no need for the information in the message. Exempted addressees may be explicitly excluded from the | information in the message. Exempted addressees may be explicitly excluded from the collective address group |
(PER) is the ratio of optical powers of perpendicular polarizations, usually called TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic). In telecommunications, the PER is used to characterize the degree of polarization in a polarization-maintaining device or fiber. For coherent transmitter and receiver, the PER is a | a fraction, in dB, or as a percentage. It may be given by where P1 is the optical power level generated when the light source is on, and P0 is the power level generated when the light source is off. The polarization extinction ratio (PER) is the ratio of optical powers of perpendicular polarizations, usually called TE |
histogram, with the X axis representing time within the UI and the Y axis representing voltage. This is then normalized by dividing the value in each histogram bin by the value in the largest bin. Tone mapping, logarithmic scaling, or other mathematical transformations may be applied in order to emphasize different por... | the signal. (While spread spectrum modulation on a clock is technically jitter in the strict sense, receivers for these systems are designed to track the modulation. The only jitter of interest to a signal integrity engineer is jitter much faster than the modulation rate, which the receiver cannot track effectively.) R... |
valid and further if that phone number is on net to place a valid phone call. So all carriers in the world get the signal from the Telecom Facilities of the Digicel in Jamaica. In Canada Telecommunications facility, is same as Airport Facility. A location where a Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) have their Har... | services can be really be offered. A location where a Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) have their Hardware to process Telecom services. A phone call made to Jamaica can not be processed by a Telecom Facility in Canada or USA. If a phone number series belongs to say operator or carriers in Jamaica then only tha... |
device that changes the signal modulation from frequency-shift keying (FSK) to amplitude modulation (AM). 2. In a facsimile transmitter, a device that changes the | meanings: 1. In a facsimile receiver, a device that changes the signal modulation from frequency-shift |
a received signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold value. It is mainly used to describe a communication system such as satellite, for example a system like globalstar operates at 25-35 dB Fade margin. See also Multipath propagation Link Budget References Radio ... | required quality of service is maintained. The amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold value. It is mainly used to describe a communication system such as satellite, for example a system like globalstar operates at 25-35 dB Fade margi... |
field strength usually approximates a Rayleigh distribution when several signal components of equal amplitude are present. The field strength is usually measured in volts per | probability distribution of the value of signal fading, relative to a specified reference level. In the case of phase interference fading, the time distribution of the instantaneous |
A control operation or function that prevents improper system functioning or catastrophic degradation in the event of circuit malfunction or operator error; for example, the failsafe track circuit used to control railway block signals. The fact that a flashing amber is more permissive than a solid amber on many railway... | to 80% of its full range, such that a cable break or short results in a 0% or 100% reading. In control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires (<signal> and <not_signal>). Only states where the two signals are opposite (one is high, the other low) are valid. If both are hig... |
the time taken for the amplitude of a pulse to decrease (fall) from a specified value (usually 90% of the peak | from a specified value (usually 90% of the peak value exclusive of overshoot or undershoot) to another specified value (usually 10% of the maximum value exclusive of overshoot |
fast packet switching is a variant of packet switching that increases the throughput by eliminating overhead associated with flow | by eliminating overhead associated with flow control and error correction functions, which are either offloaded to upper layer networking protocols or removed altogether. ATM |
failure Electrical fault, an abnormal current Sport and competition Fault (breeding), an undesirable aspect of structure or appearance of an animal Fault, in tennis jargon, a serve that fails to place a tennis ball in the correct area of play Fault, a penalty in | rock fractures showing evidence of relative movement Fault (law), blameworthiness or responsibility Fault(s) may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media "Fault", a song by Taproot from Welcome Faults (film), 2014 Science and technology Fault (computing), |
a protocol such as SNMP. An alarm is a persistent indication of a fault that clears only when the triggering condition has been resolved. A current list of problems occurring on the network component is often kept in the form of an active alarm list such as is defined in RFC 3877, the Alarm MIB. A list of cleared fault... | a severity of clear. A fault management console allows a network administrator or system operator to monitor events from multiple systems and perform actions based on this information. Ideally, a fault management system should be able to correctly identify events and automatically take action, either launching a progra... |
which teaches computer programming Science and technology Face-centered cubic Female cosmetic coalitions, a theory about the emergence of art, ritual and symbolic culture Fibrocystic change Flash column chromatography Fluid catalytic cracking Food Chemicals Codex Future Circular Collider, a proposed particle collider A... | who currently play in MLS FC Cincinnati (2016–18), predecessor to the above, which played in the league now known as the USL Championship FIFA Confederations Cup, international association football tournament for men's national teams organised by FIFA Four Continents Championships, a figure skating competition Transpor... |
Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. This includes the assignment of identification numbers to the equipment and the testing of the equipment. Note 2: The FCC registration program contains no requirement that accepted terminal equipment be | private line services. Note 1: The FCC registration program requires the registering of terminal equipment and protective circuitry in accordance with Subpart C of part 68, Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. This includes the |
domestic animals in the course of animal husbandry Fodder, foodstuffs manufactured for animal consumption Forage, foodstuffs that animals gather themselves, such as by grazing Compound feed, foodstuffs that are blended from various raw materials and additives Arts, entertainment, and media Comedy A straight man who 'fe... | Dead Online media Feed Magazine, one of the earliest e-zines that relied entirely on its original online content "The Feed", video game news and blogs, published by G4 Media, an NBCUniversal subsidiary Web feed or news feed, a data format used for providing users with frequently updated content Television The Feed (Aus... |
close to that signal by saturation of the inhomogeneously broadened ions. Spectral holes vary in width depending on the characteristics of the optical fiber in question and the power of the burning signal, but are typically less than 1 nm at the short wavelength end of the C-band, and a few nm at the long wavelength en... | other wavelength ranges Thulium doped fiber amplifiers have been used in the S-band (1450–1490 nm) and Praseodymium doped amplifiers in the 1300 nm region. However, those regions have not seen any significant commercial use so far and so those amplifiers have not been the subject of as much development as the EDFA. How... |
ring of trees". A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as routers and concentrators rather than host computers, were "dual-attached" to both rings. Host computers then connect as single-attached devices to the routers or concentrators. The dual ring in its most degenerate form simply collapses... | data transmission in a local area network. It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium, although it was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), standardized as TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent), also referred t... |
field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an electric field E). For example, an electromagnetic field results in both electric field strength and magnetic field strength. As an application, in radio | of a vector-valued field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an electric field E). For example, an electromagnetic field results in both electric field strength and magnetic field strength. As an application, in radio frequency telecommunications, the signal |
as file servers even when the database is stored in files, as they are not designed to provide those files to users and tend to have differing technical requirements. Design of file servers In modern businesses, the design of file servers is complicated by competing demands for storage space, access speed, recoverabili... | that is faster than the magnetic disks), as well as advanced functions like RAID and storage virtualization. Typically disk arrays increase level of availability by using redundant components other than RAID, such as power supplies. Disk arrays may be consolidated or virtualized in a SAN. Network-attached storage Netwo... |
in the sheath and migrating inside the cable. A metallic cable filled with a dielectric material, such as a coaxial cable or a metal waveguide, is not considered to be a "filled cable". References Further reading See Telcordia GR-421-CORE, Generic Requirements for | dielectric material, such as a coaxial cable or a metal waveguide, is not considered to be a "filled cable". References Further reading See Telcordia GR-421-CORE, Generic Requirements for |
computers to laypeople with little technical knowledge, greater automation became necessary to allow a lay-user to easily run programs for practical purposes. This gave rise to a kind of software that a user would not consciously run, and it led to software that a lay user wouldn't even know about. Originally, it meant... | kernel fli4l an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel OpenWrt an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel m0n0wall an embedded firewall distribution of FreeBSD Proprietary firmware In NAS systems: NAS4Free an open-source NAS operating system based on FreeBSD Openfi... |
relationship between a terminal and the access interface. A single "identifier" serves for both the access interface and the terminal. If the terminal moves to another access interface, that | a terminal and the access interface. A single "identifier" serves for both the access interface and the terminal. If the terminal moves to |
Flag sequence: In data transmission or processing, a sequence of bits used to delimit, i.e. mark the beginning and end of a | and end of a frame. Note 1: An 8-bit sequence is usually used as the flag sequence; for example, the 8-bit flag sequence 01111110. Note 2: |
over a frequency range that must be stated. Notes Note 1: Flat noise power is expressed in dBrn (f1 − f2) or in | flat weighting" and "15 kHz flat weighting" are based on amplitude-frequency characteristics that are flat between 30 Hz and the frequency indicated. |
subscribers to have telephone numbers independent of switch codes. Flood search routing provides the highest probability that a telephone call will go through even though a number of switches and links fail. Flood search routing is used in military telecommunication systems, such as | search routing is non-deterministic routing in which a dialed number received at a switch is transmitted to all switches, i.e., flooded, in the area code directly connected to that switch; if the dialed number is not an affiliated subscriber at that switch, the number is then retransmitted to all directly connected swi... |
of electronic flutter are: Rapid variations in received signal levels, such as variations that may be caused by atmospheric disturbances, antenna movements in a high wind, or interaction with other signals. In radio propagation, a phenomenon in which nearly all radio signals that are usually reflected by ionospheric la... | radio transmission, rapidly changing signal levels, together with variable multipath time delays, caused by reflection and possible partial absorption of the signal by aircraft flying through the radio beam or common scatter volume. The variation in the transmission characteristics of a loaded telephone line caused by ... |
The flywheel effect is the continuation of oscillations in an oscillator circuit after the control stimulus has been removed. This is usually caused by interacting inductive and capacitive elements in the oscillator. | flywheel effect may be desirable, such as in phase-locked loops used in synchronous systems, or undesirable, such as in voltage-controlled oscillators. Flywheel effect is used in Class C modulation where efficiency of modulation can be achieved as high as |
exchange service (finance) Foreign exchange service | (finance) Foreign exchange service (telecommunications) |
not in regular human language, but rather in machine to machine (instrumentation) language or in a combination of regular human language and instrumentation language. FISINT is also considered as a subset of MASINT (measurement and signature intelligence). Typical examples of such communication include: Telemetry data ... | the following meanings: 1. Intelligence information derived from electromagnetic emissions associated with the testing and operational deployment of foreign aerospace, surface, and subsurface systems. 2. Technical information and intelligence information derived from the intercept of foreign instrumentation signals by ... |
and then forward again by another discontinuity. Forward echoes can be supported by reflections caused by splices or other discontinuities in the transmission medium (e.g. optical fiber, twisted pair, or coaxial tube). In metallic lines, they may be supported by impedance mismatches between | of energy reflected back by one discontinuity and then forward again by another discontinuity. Forward echoes can be supported by reflections caused by splices or other discontinuities |
visible-thermal photometry include C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany), C/1975 V1 (West), and C/1980 Y1 (Bradfield). Comets studied forward-scattering in SOHO non-thermal C3 coronograph photometry include 96P/Machholz and C/2004 F4 (Bradfield). The brightness of the great comets C/2006 P1 (McNaught) and Comet Skjellerup–M... | are large with respect to the wavelength in question but small with respect to the beam diameter—of a portion of an incident electromagnetic wave, in such a manner that the energy so deflected propagates in a direction that is within 90° of the direction of propagation of the incident wave (i.e., a phase angle greater ... |
MUF for the specified time and path. The FOT is usually the most effective frequency for ionospheric reflection of radio waves between two specified points on Earth. Synonyms for this term include: frequency of optimum traffic optimum traffic frequency optimum transmission frequency optimum working frequency See also L... | just below the value of the maximum usable frequency (MUF). In the prediction of usable frequencies, the FOT is commonly taken as 15% below the monthly median value of the MUF for the specified time and path. The FOT is usually the most effective frequency for ionospheric reflection of radio |
four conductors to create two complete electrical circuits, one for each direction. The two separate circuits (channels) allow full-duplex operation with low crosstalk. In telephony a four-wire circuit was historically used to transport and switch baseband audio signals in the phone company telephone exchange before th... | telco plant became so impractical and labor-intensive that in-office and inter-office signal wiring progressed to high bandwidth coaxial cable (still a popular interconnection method in the 21st century, used with the Lucent 5ESS Class-5 telephone switch to present day), microwave radio relay and ultimately fiber-optic... |
4-wire circuit may, by means of a 4-wire terminating set, be connected to a 2-wire telephone set. Also, a pair of 4-wire terminating sets may be used to introduce an | a 4-wire circuit may, by means of a 4-wire terminating set, be connected to a 2-wire telephone set. Also, a pair of 4-wire terminating sets may be used to introduce an intermediate 4-wire circuit into a 2-wire circuit, in which |
is a simple container for a single network packet. In other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division multiplexing. A frame typically includes frame synchronization features consisting of a sequence of bits or symbols that indicate to the receiver the beginning and end of the... | over the physical layer. A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet." Each frame is separated from the next by an interframe gap. A frame is a series of bits generally composed of frame synchronization bits, the packet payload, and a frame che... |
as jerky motion. To minimize the perceived flicker, projectors employed dual- and triple-blade shutters, so each frame was displayed two or three times, increasing the flicker rate to 48 or 72 hertz and reducing eye strain. Thomas Edison said that 46 frames per second was the minimum needed for the eye to perceive moti... | conversions have similar uneven frame doubling. Newer video standards support 120, 240, or 300 frames per second, so frames can be evenly sampled for standard frame rates such as 24, 48 and 60 FPS film or 25, 30, 50 or 60 FPS video. Of course these higher frame rates may also be displayed at their native rates. Frame r... |
and the surveyor-general. It also provided that the legislature could no longer function as a court of appeals nor otherwise intervene in cases before the courts, as it had often done. The 1786 Constitution continued in effect when, in 1791, Vermont made the transition from independence to the status of one of the stat... | largely based upon the 1777 Constitution of the Vermont Republic which was drafted at Windsor in the Old Constitution House and amended in 1786. At 8,295 words, it is the shortest U.S. state constitution. History 1777 From 1777 to 1791, Vermont was an independent country, often referred to in the present day as the Ver... |
the loss of synchronization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal, causing a frame misalignment event, and resulting in the loss of the data contained | the reception of framed data, a frame slip is the loss of synchronization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal, causing a frame misalignment event, and resulting in the |
used for synchronization of the incoming data with the receiver. In a bit stream, framing bits indicate the beginning or end of a frame. They occur at specified positions in the frame, do not carry information, and are usually repetitive. Syncword framing Some systems use a special syncword at the beginning of every fr... | A common practice in telecommunications, for example in T-carrier, is to insert, in a dedicated time slot within the frame, a noninformation bit or framing bit that is used for synchronization of the incoming data with the receiver. In a bit stream, framing bits indicate the beginning or end of a frame. They occur at s... |
evidence or testimony to prove someone guilty of a crime Framing (social sciences) Framing (visual arts), a technique used to bring the focus to the subject Framing (World Wide Web), a technique using multiple panes within a web page Pitch framing, a baseball concept Timber framing, | Web), a technique using multiple panes within a web page Pitch framing, a baseball concept Timber framing, a traditional method of building with heavy timbers See also Frame synchronization, in telecommunications Frame of reference, a coordinate system Frame (disambiguation) Framed |
radio waves due to these factors: Intensity () – the power density of the radio waves decreases with the square of distance from the transmitting antenna due to spreading of the electromagnetic energy in space according to the inverse square law Antenna capture area () – the amount of power the receiving antenna captur... | that it acts as if it is in free space. This last restriction requires an ellipsoidal area around the line of sight out to 0.6 of the Fresnel zone be clear of obstructions. The Fresnel zone increases in diameter with the wavelength of the radio waves. Often the concept of free space path loss is applied to radio system... |
image of specified quality, e.g., resolution and color depth, freeze-frame television has a lower bandwidth requirement than that of full-motion television. For this reason, NASA, which refers to this technique as sequential still | than that of full-motion television. For this reason, NASA, which refers to this technique as sequential still video, uses it on UHF when Ku band full-motion video signals are not available. See also Slow-scan television Narrowband television References Film and video technology |
the heterosphere, where chemical composition varies with height. Generally speaking, the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1 and F2 layers. The F-region is located directly above the E region (formerly the Ke... | Earth and only during daylight hours. It is composed of a mixture of molecular ions O2+ and NO+, and atomic ions O+. Above the F1 region, atomic oxygen becomes the dominant constituent because lighter particles tend to occupy higher altitudes above the turbopause (at ~100 km, 60 miles). This atomic oxygen provides the ... |
compared for the purpose of defining a single time standard. A process in which network synchronization is achieved by use, at all nodes, of oscillators that adjust their frequencies to the average frequency of the digital bit streams received from connected nodes. In frequency averaging, all oscillators are assigned e... | frequencies to the average frequency of the digital bit streams received from connected nodes. In frequency averaging, all oscillators are assigned equal weight in determining the ultimate network frequency. In terms of musical note frequency, the averaging of the frequency of low or high notes in a solo instrumental p... |
a telegraph signaling method in which one or more particular frequencies correspond to each desired signaling condition of a telegraph code. The transition from | In telecommunication, frequency-change signaling is a telegraph signaling method in which one or more particular frequencies correspond to each desired signaling condition of a telegraph code. The transition |
following meanings: 1. Of an electronic device, the extent to which it will operate at its designed performance level in its intended operational environment | to which an electrical or electronic device or devices operating on or responding to a specified frequency or frequencies is capable of |
FM broadcasting range between 87.5 and 108 MHz uses a typical channel spacing of 100 or 200 kHz, with a maximum frequency deviation of +/-75 kHz, in some cases leaving a buffer above the highest and below the lowest frequency to reduce interaction with other channels. The most common FM transmitting applications use pe... | used as synonymous with frequency drift, which is an unintended offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. The frequency deviation of a radio is of particular importance in relation to bandwidth, because less deviation means that more channels can fit into the same amount of frequency spectrum. The FM broadcas... |
in amplitude of one or more frequencies and by buildup in amplitude of one or more other frequencies. Frequency-exchange signaling applies to supervisory signaling and user-information transmission. | decay in amplitude of one or more frequencies and by buildup in amplitude of one or more other frequencies. Frequency-exchange signaling |
correct for a high frequency response slope in the transmission line. In microwave radio relay systems, the alternate use of two frequencies at repeater sites to prevent feedback and oscillation. Note: Frequency frogging is accomplished by having modulators, which are integrated into specially designed repeaters, trans... | oscillation, to reduce crosstalk, and to correct for a high frequency response slope in the transmission line. In microwave radio relay systems, the alternate use of two frequencies at repeater sites to prevent feedback and oscillation. Note: Frequency frogging is accomplished by having modulators, which are integrated... |
to be reallocated. The FCC's 2016 auction allowed two or more stations to share a single 6 MHz television channel while retaining their licenses and all rights. NBC sold the spectrum of three of its stations in the 2017 FCC auction: WNBC New York, Telemundo WSNS Chicago and | use of the same radio frequency by two or more stations that are separated geographically or that use the frequency at different times. It reduces the potential for mutual interference where the assignment of different frequencies to each user is not practical or possible. Channel sharing in digital television U.S. mob... |
signal processing, see Discrete Fourier transform#Shift theorem See also Frequency mixer Voice inversion | white Spectrum shifting in signal processing, see Discrete Fourier transform#Shift theorem See also Frequency |
speech. AFSK is used in the U.S.-based Emergency Alert System to notify stations of the type of emergency, locations affected, and the time of issue without actually hearing the text of the alert. Continuous 4-level modulation Phase 1 radios in the Project 25 system use continuous 4-level FM (C4FM) modulation. Applicat... | an encoded signal suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a binary zero. AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation at baseband frequenc... |
instrument used for providing a stable frequency of some kind. There are different sorts of frequency references, acoustic ones such as tuning forks but also electrical ones that emit a signal of a certain frequency (a frequency standard). Among the most stable frequency references in the world are cesium standards (in... | facility are sometimes administratively designated as primary or secondary. The terms primary and secondary, as used in this context, should not be confused with the respective technical meanings of these words in the discipline of precise time and frequency. Frequency reference A frequency reference is an instrument u... |
centered around the line of the direct transmission path (path AB on the diagram). The first region includes the ellipsoidal space which the direct line-of-sight signal passes through. If a stray component of the transmitted signal bounces off an object within this region and then arrives at the receiving antenna, the ... | captured by the receiver will have the same effect as a wave in the 1st region. That is, the sine wave will have shifted more than 270º but less than 450º (ideally it would be a 360º shift) and will therefore arrive at the receiver with the same shift as a signal might arrive from the 1st region. A wave deflected from ... |
to that transmitted in a backward direction. For receiving antennas, the ratio of received-signal strength when the antenna is rotated 180°. The ratio compares the antenna gain in a specified direction, i.e., azimuth, usually that of maximum gain, to the gain in a direction 180° from the specified azimuth. A front-to-b... | ratio) can mean: The ratio of power gain between the front and rear of a directional antenna. Ratio of signal strength transmitted in a forward direction to that transmitted in a backward direction. For receiving antennas, the ratio of received-signal strength when the antenna is rotated 180°. The ratio compares the an... |
for all acquisitions subject to 40 U.S.C. 759. Note 2: No U.S. Government information processing equipment or customer premises equipment other than that which are required to provide an FTS2000 service are furnished. Note 3: The FTS2000 contractors will be required to provide service directly to an agency's terminal e... | data, image, and video up to 1.544 Mbit/s, packet switched service for data in packet form, video transmission for both compressed and wideband video, and dedicated point-to-point private line for voice and data. Note 1: Use of FTS2000 contract services is mandatory for use by U.S. Government agencies for all acquisiti... |
FWHM and the standard deviation is The corresponding area within this FWHM accounts to approximately 76%. The width does not depend on the expected value x0; it is invariant under translations. If the FWHM of a Gaussian function is known, then it can be integrated by simple multiplication. Other distributions In spectr... | antenna beam width, it is called half-power beam width. Specific distributions Normal distribution If the considered function is the density of a normal distribution of the form where σ is the standard deviation and x0 is the expected value, then the relationship between FWHM and the standard deviation is The correspon... |
In telecommunication, a functional profile is a standardization document that characterizes the requirements of a standard or group of standards, | that characterizes the requirements of a standard or group of standards, and specifies how the options and ambiguities in |
ESB, an open-source integration platform based on Apache Camel Filesystem in Userspace, a virtual file system interface for Unix-like operating systems Fuse (emulator), the Free Unix Spectrum Emulator of the ZX Spectrum Fuse Internet Service, a former Cincinnati Bell Internet service provider based in Cincinnati, Ohio,... | the above band The Fuse (Scottish band), a band from the East of Scotland Fuse (Joe Henry album), a 1999 album by Joe Henry Fuse (Colin James album), a 2000 album by Colin James Fuse (Keith Urban album), a 2013 album by Keith Urban Fused (album), a 2005 album by Tony Iommi The Fuse (Pennywise album), a 2005 album by Pe... |
(My Little Pony), a character in My Little Pony Garble, a character | Garble (My Little Pony), a character in My Little Pony Garble, a character in Freddy and the |
a private special school in Scottsdale, Arizona Sports Gateway International Raceway, a racetrack in Madison, Illinois, United States Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference, a women's sports conference that operated from 1983 to 1992 before being absorbed by the Missouri Valley Conference Gateway Football Conference, a... | games based on the novel Gateway (comics), a supporting character in Marvel's X-Men series Gateway (video game), an interactive fiction game Gateway Galaxy, a galaxy in the video game Super Mario Galaxy Gateway, a British science fiction imprint owned by Victor Gollancz Ltd Buildings The Gateway, Nantwich, England The ... |
stimuli Synaptic gating, neural circuits suppressing inputs through synapses Technology Gating (telecommunication), a process of selectively modifying signals Gating system metalwork, a process in casting Gating signal, a signal that provides a time window Clock | provides a time window Clock gating, a power-saving techniques used in synchronous circuits Power gating, a power-saving technique for circuits Noise gate, a term in audio signal processing Frequency-resolved optical gating, a term related to auto correlation in optics Other |
a laser's resonator (cavity). "Gaussian beam" normally implies radiation confined to the fundamental (TEM00) Gaussian mode. Mathematical form The Gaussian beam is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. The mathematical expression for the electric field amplitude is a solution to the paraxial Helmholtz equation. Assum... | TEM00) transverse Gaussian mode describes the intended output of most (but not all) lasers, as such a beam can be focused into the most concentrated spot. When such a beam is refocused by a lens, the transverse phase dependence is altered; this results in a different Gaussian beam. The electric and magnetic field ampli... |
exhibit densities similar to those of their constituent liquids. Edible jelly is a common example of a hydrogel and has approximately the density of water. Polyionic polymers Polyionic polymers are polymers with an ionic functional group. The ionic charges prevent the formation of tightly coiled polymer chains. This al... | for more information. Types Hydrogels A hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. A three-dimensional solid results from the hydrophilic polymer chains being held together by cross-links. Because of the inherent cross-links,... |
the ground or nearby structures. At latitudes above about 81°, geostationary satellites are below the horizon and cannot be seen at all. Because of this, some Russian communication satellites have used elliptical Molniya and Tundra orbits, which have excellent visibility at high latitudes. Meteorology A worldwide netwo... | communications satellites, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit. Similarly, the collection of artificial satellites in this orbit is known as the Clarke Belt. In technical terminology the orbit is referred to as either a geostationary or geosynchronous equatorial orbit, with the terms used somewhat interchangeably. The... |
graded index or step index. The advantage of the multi-mode graded index compared to the multi-mode step index is the considerable decrease in modal dispersion. Modal dispersion can be further decreased by selecting a smaller core size (less than 5–10 μm) and forming a single-mode step index fiber. This type of fiber i... | dispersion. Modal dispersion can be further decreased by selecting a smaller core size (less than 5–10 μm) and forming a single-mode step index fiber. This type of fiber is normalized by the International Telecommunications Union ITU-T at recommendation G.651.1. Pulse dispersion Pulse dispersion in a graded index optic... |
available to meet a specific level of demand. It should also be kept in mind that too many circuits will create a situation where the operator is providing excess capacity which may never be used, or at the very least may be severely underutilized. This adds costs which must be borne by other parts of the network. To d... | be measured using Equation 1. For a delayed call system, the Grade of Service is measured using three separate terms: The mean delay – Describes the average time a user spends waiting for a connection if their call is delayed. The mean delay – Describes the average time a user spends waiting for a connection whether or... |
in ISO 646. It can have a visible form, and also a control function (moving the print head). The delete character is strictly a control character, not a graphic character. This is true not only in ISO 646, but also in all related standards including Unicode. However, many modern character sets deviate from ISO 646, and... | a graphic character and a control character in ISO 646. It can have a visible form, and also a control function (moving the print head). The delete character is strictly a control character, not a graphic character. This is true not only in ISO 646, but also in all related standards including Unicode. However, many mod... |
an open circuit condition would mask the ground fault) and transient overvoltages could occur. Ungrounded systems Where the danger of electric shock is high, special ungrounded power systems may be used to minimize possible leakage current to ground. Examples of such installations include patient care areas in hospital... | that indicates how long the resistor can carry the fault current before overheating. A ground fault protection relay must trip the breaker to protect the circuit before overheating of the resistor occurs. High-resistance grounding (HRG) systems use an NGR to limit the fault current to 25 A or less. They have a continuo... |
the electrical parameters of earth: electrical conductivity, σ, electrical permittivity, ε, and magnetic permeability, μ. The values of these | earth: electrical conductivity, σ, electrical permittivity, ε, and magnetic permeability, μ. The values of these parameters vary with the local chemical composition and density of the |
in a conductor connecting two points inadvertently having different potentials Ground loop (aviation), the rapid circular rotation of an aircraft in the horizontal plane while on the ground | may refer to: Ground loop (electricity), an unwanted electric current that flows in a conductor connecting two points inadvertently having different potentials Ground loop (aviation), the rapid circular rotation |
surface. In the ground plane antenna style whip antenna, the "plane" consists of several wires λ/4 long radiating from the base of a quarter-wave whip antenna. The radio waves from an antenna element that reflect off a ground plane appear to come from a mirror image of the antenna located on the other side of the groun... | to run additional traces; component leads needing grounding are routed directly through a hole in the board to the ground plane on another layer. The large area of copper also conducts the large return currents from many components without significant voltage drops, ensuring that the ground connection of all the compon... |
a controlling telephone to place a call to a specified number of telephones simultaneously, (b) enables the call to be recorded, (c) if any of the | place a call to a specified number of telephones simultaneously, (b) enables the call to be recorded, (c) if any |
sine wave that is traced out using the sin trig function. When an increasing angle x makes a complete CCW rotation around the circle, one cycle of the function’s pattern is generated. Further increasing the angle beyond 360 degrees simply rotates around the circle again, completing another cycle, where each succeeding ... | easier to achieve than a flat phase delay. As is often the case for a radio system, the red LTI device in Fig 1 can represent two LTI devices in cascade, one at the sending end and the other at the receiving end. Background Frequency components of a signal For a periodic signal, a frequency component is a sinusoid with... |
is confined by the core. For step index fiber, light entering the fiber will be guided if it falls within the acceptance cone of the fiber, that is if it makes an angle with the fiber axis that is less than the acceptance angle, , where θ is the angle the ray makes with the fiber axis, before entering the fiber, n0 is ... | ray or trapped ray) is a ray of light in a multi-mode optical fiber, which is confined by the core. For step index fiber, light entering the fiber will be guided if it falls within the acceptance cone of the fiber, that is if it makes an angle with the fiber axis that is less than the acceptance angle, , where θ is the... |
In telecommunication, a Hagelbarger code is a convolutional code that enables error bursts to be corrected provided that there are relatively long error-free intervals between the error bursts. In | check bits are spread out in time so that an error burst is not likely to affect more than one of the groups in which parity is |
of the recorded copy and the density of the original, or the relationship between the amplitude of the facsimile signal to either the density of the object or the density of the recorded | the original, or the relationship between the amplitude of the facsimile signal to either the density of the object or the |
there are seven possible single bit errors, so three error control bits could potentially specify not only that an error occurred but also which bit caused the error. Hamming studied the existing coding schemes, including two-of-five, and generalized their concepts. To start with, he developed a nomenclature to describ... | that can be seen from visual inspection is that any given bit is included in a unique set of parity bits. To check for errors, check all of the parity bits. The pattern of errors, called the error syndrome, identifies the bit in error. If all parity bits are correct, there is no error. Otherwise, the sum of the positio... |
C is said to be k error detecting if, and only if, the minimum Hamming distance between any two of its codewords is at least k+1. For example, consider the code consisting of two codewords "000" and "111". The hamming distance between these two words is 3, and therefore it is k=2 error detecting. Which means that if on... | for an appropriate choice of the − operator, much as the difference between two integers can be seen as a distance from zero on the number line. For binary strings a and b the Hamming distance is equal to the number of ones (population count) in a XOR b. The metric space of length-n binary strings, with the Hamming dis... |
setup, FTP RFC 4217. In place of the term "handshake", FTP RFC 3659 substitutes the term "conversation" for the passing of commands. A simple handshaking protocol might only involve the receiver sending a message meaning "I received your last message and I am ready for you to send me another one." A more complex handsh... | "handshake" is not present in RFCs covering FTP or SMTP. One exception is Transport Layer Security, TLS, setup, FTP RFC 4217. In place of the term "handshake", FTP RFC 3659 substitutes the term "conversation" for the passing of commands. A simple handshaking protocol might only involve the receiver sending a message me... |
be remotely altered or otherwise manipulated. Dot-matrix printers are ideal for this task, as they can sequentially print each log entry, one entry at a time, as they are added to the log. The usual dot-matrix printer support for continuous stationery also prevents incriminating pages from being surreptitiously removed... | as they can sequentially print each log entry, one entry at a time, as they are added to the log. The usual dot-matrix printer support for continuous stationery also prevents incriminating pages from being surreptitiously removed or altered without evidence of tampering. "Dead-tree" dysphemism The hacker's Jargon File ... |
between two sector holes, to mark the start of the entire track of sectors. When the index or sector hole was recognized by an optical sensor, a sector signal was generated. Timing electronics or software would use the faster timing of the index hole between sector holes, to generate an index signal. Data read and writ... | by punching sector holes in the disk to mark the start of each sector. These were equally spaced holes, at a common radius. This was in addition to the index hole, situated between two sector holes, to mark the start of the entire track of sectors. When the index or sector hole was recognized by an optical sensor, a se... |
perceive those partials as separate phenomena. Rather, a musical note is perceived as one sound, the quality or timbre of that sound being a result of the relative strengths of the individual partials. Many acoustic oscillators, such as the human voice or a bowed violin string, produce complex tones that are more or le... | partials that are near matches to integer multiples of the fundamental frequency and therefore resemble the ideal harmonics and are called "harmonic partials" or simply "harmonics" for convenience (although it's not strictly accurate to call a partial a harmonic, the first being real and the second being ideal). Oscill... |
bearer B channels bonded together in a primary rate access (PRA) or primary rate interface (PRI) frame in support of applications with bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbit/s. The channels, once bonded, remain so end-to-end, from transmitter to receiver, through the ISDN network. The feature ... | support of applications with bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbit/s. The channels, once bonded, remain so end-to-end, from transmitter to receiver, through the ISDN network. The feature is known variously as multirate ISDN, Nx64, channel aggregation, and bonding. H channels are implemented a... |
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