id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
0 | {
"en": "Explanatory Report by Elisa Perez Vera",
"fr": "Rapport explicatif de Elisa Perez Vera"
} |
1 | {
"en": "Introduction",
"fr": "Introduction"
} |
2 | {
"en": "Results of the work of the Hague Conference on private international law",
"fr": "Conclusions des travaux de la Conférence de La Haye de droit international prive"
} |
3 | {
"en": "The Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was adopted on 24 October 1980 by the Fourteenth Session of the Hague Conference on private international law in Plenary Session and by unanimous vote of the States which were present ",
"fr": "La Convention sur les aspects civils de l'en... |
4 | {
"en": "On 25 October 1980 the delegates signed the Final Act of the Fourteenth Session which contained the text of the Convention and a Recommendation containing the model form which is to be used in applications for the return of children who have been wrongfully abducted or retained ",
"fr": "Le 25 octobre 1980... |
5 | {
"en": "On this occasion the Hague Conference departed from its usual practice draft Conventions adopted during the Fourteenth Session being made available for signature by States immediately after the Closing Session ",
"fr": "A cette occasion la Conférence de La Haye s'est écartée de sa pratique les projets de C... |
6 | {
"en": "Four States signed the Convention then Canada France Greece and Switzerland which thus bears the date 25 October 1980 ",
"fr": "Quatre Etats ont signé la Convention à cette occasion le Canada la France la Grèce et la Suisse de sorte qu'elle porte la date du 25 octobre 1980"
} |
7 | {
"en": "As regards the starting point of the proceedings which resulted in the adoption of the Convention as well as the matter of existing conventions on the subject or those directly related to it we shall refer to the introduction to the Report of the Special Commission ",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne le point de ... |
8 | {
"en": "The Fourteenth Session of the Conference which took place between 6 and 25 October 1980 entrusted the task of preparing the Convention to its First Commission the Chairman of which was Professor A E Anton United Kingdom and the ViceChairman Dean Leal Canada who had already been Chairman and Vice Chairman res... |
9 | {
"en": "Professor Elisa PerezVera was confirmed in her position as Reporter Mr Adair Dyer First Secretary of the Permanent Bureau who had prepared important documents for the Conference proceedings was in charge of the scientific work of the secretariat ",
"fr": "D'autre part le professeur Elisa Pérez Vera a été c... |
10 | {
"en": " In the course of thirteen sittings the First Commission gave a first reading to the Pre1iminary Draft drawn up by the Special Commission ",
"fr": "Au cours de treize séances la Première commission a procédé à une première lecture de l'avant projet élaboré par la Commission spéciale"
} |
11 | {
"en": "At the same time it named the members of a Drafting Committee which drafted the text concurrently with the progress of the main proceedings ",
"fr": "Simultanément elle a nommé un Comité de rédaction qui au fur et à mesure de la progression des travaux a mis les textes au point "
} |
12 | {
"en": "Seven other sittings were devoted to a discussion of the text prepared by the Drafting Committee; as well as of clauses relating to the application of the Convention to States with nonunified legal systems Application Clauses and of the model form drafted by ad hoc Committees ",
"fr": "Sept autres Séances ... |
13 | {
"en": "The final clauses had been suggested by the Permanent Bureau and were incorporated into the preliminary draft Convention drawn up by the Drafting Committee ",
"fr": "Les clauses finales suggérées par le Bureau Permanent ont été incorporées dans l'avant projet établi par le Comité de rédaction "
} |
14 | {
"en": "Aim and structure of this Report",
"fr": "Objet et plan du présent Rapport "
} |
15 | {
"en": "The Explanatory Report on a text which is destined to become positive law that is to say a text which will require to be cited and applied must fulfil at least two essential aims ",
"fr": "Le Rapport explicatif d'un texte destiné à devenir du droit positif c'est à dire d'un texte qui devra être invoqué et ... |
16 | {
"en": "On the one hand it must throw into relief as accurately as possible the principles which form the basis of the Convention and wherever necessary the development of those ideas which led to such principles being chosen from amongst existing options ",
"fr": "D'une part le Rapport doit mettre en relief aussi... |
17 | {
"en": "It is certainly not necessary to take exhaustive account of the various attitudes adopted throughout the period during which the Convention was being drawn up but the point of view reflected in the Convention will sometimes be more easily grasped by being set opposite other ideas which were put forward ",
... |
18 | {
"en": "Now given the fact that the preliminary draft Convention prepared by the Special Commission enjoyed widespread support and that the final text essentially preserves the structure and fundamental principles of the Preliminary Draft this final Report and in particular its first part repeats certain passages in... |
19 | {
"en": "This final Report must also fulfil another purpose viz to supply those who have to apply the Convention with a detailed commentary on its provisions ",
"fr": "Ce Rapport final doit remplir aussi un autre objectif : fournir à ceux qui auront à appliquer la Convention un commentaire détaillé de ses dispositi... |
20 | {
"en": "Since this commentary is designed in principle to throw light upon the literal terms of these provisions it will be concerned much less with tracing their origins than with stating their content accurately ",
"fr": "Ce commentaire étant en principe destiné à éclairer la teneur littérale des dispositions co... |
21 | {
"en": "We can conclude from the foregoing considerations that these two objectives must be clearly distinguished and that even the methods of analysis used cannot be the same f r each of them ",
"fr": "Des considérations précédentes nous pouvons conclure que les deux objectifs envisagés sont nettement différencié... |
22 | {
"en": "Nevertheless the need to refer in both cases to the one text that of the Convention implies that a certain amount of repetition will be necessary and indeed inevitable ",
"fr": "Toutefois la référence dans les deux cas à un texte unique celui de la Convention impliquera certaines redites qui nous semblent ... |
23 | {
"en": "Despite this risk and in view of the emphasis which is placed on a double objective the Report has been divided into two parts the first being devoted to a study of the general principles underlying the Convention the second containing an examination of the text article by article ",
"fr": "En dépit de ce ... |
24 | {
"en": " Finally as Professor von Overbeck emphasized in 19779 it would be as well to remember that this Report was prepared at the end of the Fourteenth Session from the procèsverbaux and the Reporters notes ",
"fr": "Finalement comme le soulignait en 1977 le professeur von Overbeck il semble opportun de rappeler... |
25 | {
"en": "Thus it has not been approved by the Conference and it is possible that despite the Rapporters efforts to remain objective certain passages reflect a viewpoint which is in part subjective ",
"fr": "Il n'a donc pas été approuvé par la Conférence et il est possible que malgré les efforts faits par le Rapport... |
26 | {
"en": "First Part General characteristics of the Convention",
"fr": "Première partie Caractères généraux de la Convention "
} |
27 | {
"en": "The Convention reflects on the whole a compromise between two concepts different in pare concerning the end to be achieved ",
"fr": "La Convention reflète dans son ensemble Un compromis entre deux conceptions partiellement différentes du but à atteindre"
} |
28 | {
"en": "In fact one can sec in the preliminary proceedings a potential conflict between the desire to protect factual situations altered by the wrongful removal or retention of a child and that of guaranteeing in particular respect for the legal relationships which may underlie such situations ",
"fr": "On perçoit... |
29 | {
"en": "The Convention has struck a rather delicate balance in this regard ",
"fr": "A cet égard l'équilibre consacré par la Convention est assez fragile"
} |
30 | {
"en": "On the one hand it is clear that the Convention is not essentially concerned with the merits of custody rights article 19 but on the other hand it is equally dear that the characterization of the removal or retention of a child as wrongful is made conditional upon the existence of a right of custody which gi... |
31 | {
"en": "OBJECT OF THE CONVENTION",
"fr": "OBJET DE LA CONVENTION "
} |
32 | {
"en": "O The title of this chapter alludes as much to the problem addressed by the Convention as to the objectives by which it seeks to counter the increase in abductions ",
"fr": "Le titre de ce chapitre fait allusion tant au problème auquel répond la Convention qu'aux objectifs qu'elle a adoptés pour lutter con... |
33 | {
"en": "After tackling both of these points we shall deal with other connected questions which appreciably affect the scope of the Conventions objectives and in parti9ular the importance which has been placed on the interest of the child and on the possible exceptions to the rule requiring the prompt return of child... |
34 | {
"en": "Definition of the Conventions subjectmatter",
"fr": "Délimitation du sujet "
} |
35 | {
"en": "With regard to the definition of the Conventions subjectmatter we need only remind ourselves very briefly that the situations envisaged are those which derive from the use of force to establish artificial jurisdictional links on an international level with a view to obtaining custody of a child ",
"fr": "E... |
36 | {
"en": "The variety of different circumstances which can combine in a particular case makes it impossible to arrive at a more precise definition in legal terms ",
"fr": "La diversité des circonstances qui peuvent concourir dans un cas d'espèce fait échouer toute tentative d'établir une définition plus précise d'un... |
37 | {
"en": "However two elements are invariably present in all cases which have been examined and confirm the approximate nature of the foregoing characterization ",
"fr": "Cependant deux éléments se font jour de façon inéluctable dans toutes les situations examinées et confirment la caractérisation approximative que ... |
38 | {
"en": "Firstly we are confronted in each case with the removal from its habitual environment of a child whose custody had been entrusted to and lawfully exercised by a natural or legal person ",
"fr": "En premier lieu dans toutes les hypothèses nous nous trouvons confrontés au déplacement d'un enfant hors de son ... |
39 | {
"en": "Naturally a refusal to restore a child to its own environment after a stay abroad to which the person exercising the right of custody had consented must be put in the same category",
"fr": "Bien entendu il faut assimiler à une telle situation le refus de réintégrer l'enfant dans son milieu après un séjour ... |
40 | {
"en": "In both cases the outcome is in fact the same the child is taken out of the family and social environment in which its life has developed ",
"fr": "Dans les deux cas la conséquence est en effet la même l'enfant a été soustrait à l'environnement familial et social dans lequel sa vie se déroulait "
} |
41 | {
"en": "What is more in this context the type of legal title which underlies the exercise of custody rights over the child matters little since whether or not a decision on custody exists in no way alters the sociological realities of the problem ",
"fr": "D'ailleurs dans ce contexte peu importe la nature du titre... |
42 | {
"en": "Secondly the person who removes the child or who is responsible for its removal where the act of removal is undertaken by a third party hopes to obtain a right of custody from the authorities of the country to which the child has been taken ",
"fr": "En second lieu la personne qui déplace l'enfant ou qui e... |
43 | {
"en": "The problem therefore concerns a person who broadly speaking belongs to the family circle of the child; indeed in the majority of cases the person concerned is the father or mother ",
"fr": "Il s'agit donc de quelqu'un qui appartient au cercle familial de l'enfant au sens large du terme en fait dans la plu... |
44 | {
"en": " It frequently happens that the person retaining the child tries to obtain a judicial or administrative decision in the State of refuge which would legalize the factual situation which he has just brought about ",
"fr": "Il est fréquent que la personne qui retient l'enfant essaie d'obtenir qu'une décision ... |
45 | {
"en": "However if he is uncertain about the way in which the decision will go he is just as likely to opt for inaction leaving it up to the dispossessed party to take the initiative ",
"fr": "Mais si elle n'est pas sûre du sens de la décision il est aussi possible qu'elle opte pour l'inactivité laissant ainsi l'i... |
46 | {
"en": "Now even if the latter acts quickly that is to say manages to avoid the consolidation through lapse of time of the situation brought about by the removal of the child the abductor will hold the advantage since it is he who has chosen the form in which the case is to be decided a forum which in principle he r... |
47 | {
"en": "To conclude il can firmly be stated that the problem with which the Convention deals together with all the drama implicit in the fact that it is concerned with the protection of children in international relations derives all of its legal importance from the possibility of individuals establishing legal and ... |
48 | {
"en": "In fact resorting to this expedient an individual can change the applicable law and obtain a judicial decision favorable to him ",
"fr": "En effet par ce biais le particulier peut altérer la loi applicable et obtenir une décision judiciaire qui lui soit favorable "
} |
49 | {
"en": "Admittedly such a decision especially one coexisting with others to the opposite effect issued by the other forum will enjoy only a limited geographical validity but in any event it bears a legal title sufficient to legalize a factual situation which none of the legal systems involved wished to see brought a... |
50 | {
"en": "The objectives of the Convention",
"fr": "Les objectifs de la Convention "
} |
51 | {
"en": "The Conventions objects which appear in article l can be summarized as follows since one factor characteristic of the situations under consideration consists in the fact that the abductor claims that his action has been rendered lawful by the competent authorities of the State of refuge one effective way of ... |
52 | {
"en": "The Convention in order to bring this about places at the head of its objectives the restoration of the status quo by means of the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State ",
"fr": "Pour y parvenir la Convention consacre en tout premier lieu parmi ses objectifs l... |
53 | {
"en": "The insurmountable difficulties encountered in establishing within the framework 9f the Convention directly applicable jurisdictional rules indeed resulted in this route being followed which although an indirect one will tend in most cases to allow a final decision on custody to be taken by the authorities o... |
54 | {
"en": "Besides although the object stated in subparagraph b to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States appears to stand by itself its teleological connection with the return of the child object is no less evident ",... |
55 | {
"en": "In reality it can be regarded as one single object considered at two different times; whilst the prompt return of the child answers to the desire to reestablish a situation unilaterally and forcibly altered by the abductor effective respect for rights of custody and of access belongs on the preventive level ... |
56 | {
"en": "Now since the Convention does not specify the means to be employed by each State in bringing about respect for rights of custody which exist in another Contracting State one must conclude that with the exception of the indirect means of protecting custody rights which is implied by the obligation to return t... |
57 | {
"en": "On the other hand rights of access form the subject of a rule which although undoubtedly incomplete nevertheless is indicative of the interest shown in ensuring regular contact between parents and children even when custody has been entrusted to one of the parents or to a third party",
"fr": "Par contre le... |
58 | {
"en": "If the preceding considerations are wellfounded it must be concluded that any attempt to establish a hierarchy of objects of the Convention could have only a symbolic significance",
"fr": "Si on admet le bien fondé des considérations précédentes il faut en conclure que toute tentative de hiérarchisation de... |
59 | {
"en": "In fact it would seem almost impossible to create a hierarchy as between two objects which spring from the same concern ",
"fr": "En effet il semble presque impossible d'établir une hiérarchisation entre deux objectifs qui prennent leurs racines dans une même préoccupation "
} |
60 | {
"en": "For at the end of the day promoting the return of the child or taking the measures necessary to avoid such removal amount to almost the same thing ",
"fr": "Car en définitive il revient à peu près au même de faciliter le retour d'un enfant déplacé ou de prendre les mesures nécessaires pour éviter un tel dé... |
61 | {
"en": "Now as will be seen below the one matter which the Convention has tried to regulate in any depth is that of the return of children wrongfully removed or retained ",
"fr": "Or comme nous le verrons par la suite l'aspect que la Convention a essayé de régler en profondeur est celui du retour des enfants dépla... |
62 | {
"en": "The reason for this seems clear the most distressing situations arise only after the unlawful retention of a child and they are situations which while requiring particularly urgent solutions cannot be resolved unilaterally by any one of the legal systems concerned ",
"fr": "La raison nous semble évidente :... |
63 | {
"en": "Taken as a whole all these circumstances justify in our opinion the Conventions development of rules for regulating the return of the child whilst at the same time they give in principle a certain priority to that object ",
"fr": "Prises dans leur ensemble toutes ces circonstances justifient à notre avis l... |
64 | {
"en": "Thus although theoretically the two abovementioned objects have to be placed on the same level in practice the desire to guarantee the reestablishment of the status quo disturbed by the adions of the abductor has prevailed in the Convention ",
"fr": "Ainsi donc bien qu'en théorie les deux objectifs mention... |
65 | {
"en": "In a final attempt to clarify the objects of the Convention it would be advisable to underline the fact that as is shown particularly in the provisions of article I the Convention does not seek to regulate the problem of the award of custody rights ",
"fr": "Dans un dernier effort de clarification des obje... |
66 | {
"en": "On this matter the Convention rests implicitly upon the principle that any debate on the merits of the question ie of custody rights should take place before the competent authorities in the State where the child had its habitual residence prior to its removal; this applies as much to a removal which occurre... |
67 | {
"en": "Importance attached to the interest off the child",
"fr": "Importance accordée à l’intérêt de l'enfant "
} |
68 | {
"en": "Above all one has to justify the reasons for including an examination of this matter within the context of a con sideration of the Conventions objects",
"fr": "vant tout il est nécessaire de justifier les raisons qui nous amènent à insérer l'examen de ce point dans le contexte des considérations sur l'obj... |
69 | {
"en": "These reasons will appear clearly if one considers on the one hand that the interests of the child are often invoked in this regard and on the other hand that it might be argued that the Conventions object in securing the return of the child ought always to be subordinated to a consideration of the childs in... |
70 | {
"en": "In this regard one fact has rightly been highlighted viz that the legal standard the best interests of the child is at first view of such vagueness that it seems to resemble more closely a sociological paradigm than a concrete juridical standard ",
"fr": "A cet égard il a été à juste titre mis en relief qu... |
71 | {
"en": "How can one put flesh on its bare bones without delving into the assumptions concerning the ultimate interests of a child which arc derived from the moral framework of a particular culture? The word ultimate gives rise to immediate problems when it is inserted into the equation since the general statement of... |
72 | {
"en": "On the other hand it must not be forgotten that it is by invoking the best interests of the child that internal juris dictions have in the past often finally awarded the custody in question to the person who wrongfully removed or retained the child ",
"fr": "D'autre part on ne doit pas oublier que c'est e... |
73 | {
"en": "It can happen that such a decision is the most just but we cannot ignore the fact that recourse by internal authorities to such a notion involves the risk of their ex pressing particular cultural social etc attitudes which themselves derive from a given national community and thus basically imposing their o... |
74 | {
"en": "For these reasons among others the dispositive part of the Convention contains no explicit reference to the interests of the child to the extent of their qualifying the Conventions stated object which is to secure the prompt return of children who have been wrongfully removed or retained ",
"fr": "Pour les... |
75 | {
"en": "However its silence on this point ought not to lead one to the conclusion that the Convention ignores the social paradigm which declares the necessity of considering the interests of children in regulating all the problems which concern them ",
"fr": "Cependant il ne faudrait pas déduire de ce silence que ... |
76 | {
"en": "On the contrary right from the start the signatory States declare themselves to be firmly convinced that the interests of children are of paramount importance in matters relating to their custody; it is precisely because of this conviction that they drew up the Convention desiring to protect children interna... |
77 | {
"en": "These two paragraphs in the preamble reflect quite clearly the philosophy of the Convention in this regard ",
"fr": "Ces deux paragraphes du préambule reflètent assez clairement quelle a été la philosophie de la Convention à cet égard"
} |
78 | {
"en": "It can be defined as follows the struggle against the great increase in international child abductions must always be inspired by the desire to protect children and should be based upon an interpretation of their true interests ",
"fr": "L'on pourrait définir comme suit : la lutte contre la multiplication ... |
79 | {
"en": "Now the right not to be removed or retained in the name of more or less arguable rights concerning its person is one of the most objective examples of what constitutes the interests of the child ",
"fr": "Or parmi les manifestations les plus objectives de ce qui constitue l'intérêt de l'enfant figure le dr... |
80 | {
"en": "In this regard it would be as well to refer to Recommendation 8741979 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe the first general principle of which states that children must no longer be regarded as parents property but must be recognized as individuals with their own rights and needs ",
"fr"... |
81 | {
"en": "In fact as Mr Dyer has emphasized in the literature devoted to a study of this problem the presumption generally stated is that the true victim of the childnapping is the child himself",
"fr": "En effet comme a souligné M Dyer dans la littérature consacrée à l'étude de ce problème l'opinion qu'on y trouve ... |
82 | {
"en": "Is the child who suffers from the sudden upsetting of his stability the traumatic loss of contact with the parent who has been in charge of his upbringing the uncertainty and frustration which come with the necessity to adapt to a strange language unfamiliar cultural conditions and un known teachers and rel... |
83 | {
"en": "It is thus legitimate to assert that the two objects of the Convention the one preventive the other designed to secure the immediate reintegration of the child into its habitual environment both correspond to a specific idea of what constitutes the best interests of the child ",
"fr": "Il est donc légitime... |
84 | {
"en": "However even when viewing from this perspective it has to be admitted that the removal of the child can sometimes be justified by objective reasons which have to do either with its person or with the environment with which it is most closely connected ",
"fr": "Cependant même dans l'optique choisie il fall... |
85 | {
"en": "Therefore the Convention recognizes the need for certain exceptions to the general obligations assumed by States to secure the prompt return of children who have been unlawfully removed or retained ",
"fr": "De sorte que la Convention reconnaît certaines exceptions à l'obligation générale assumée par les E... |
86 | {
"en": "For the most part these exceptions arc only concrete illustrations of the overly vague principle whereby the interests of the child arc stated to be the guiding criterion in this area ",
"fr": "Pour la plupart ces exceptions ne sont que des manifestations concrètes du principe trop imprécis qui proclame qu... |
87 | {
"en": "What is more the rule concerning access rights also reflects the concern to provide children with family relationships which arc as comprehensive as possible so as to encourage the development of a stable personality ",
"fr": "D'ailleurs la réglementation du droit de visite répond aussi au souci de fournir... |
88 | {
"en": "However opinions differ on this a fact which once again throws into relief the ambiguous nature of this principle of the interests of the child ",
"fr": "Pourtant ici encore les avis ne sont pas unanimes ce qui met une fois de plus en relief le caractère ambigu du principe de l'intérêt de l'enfant "
} |
89 | {
"en": "In fact there exists a school of thought opposed to the test which has been accepted by the Convention which maintains that it is better for the child not to have contact with both parents where the couple are separated in law or in fact ",
"fr": "En effet à l'encontre du critère admis par la Convention ce... |
90 | {
"en": "As to this the Conference was aware of the fact that such a solution could sometimes prove to be the most appropriate ",
"fr": "A cet égard la Conférence a été consciente du fait qu'une telle solution peut parfois s'avérer la plus souhaitable "
} |
91 | {
"en": "Whilst safeguarding the element of judicial discretion in individual cases the Conference nevertheless chose the other alternative and the Convention upholds unequivocally the idea that access rights are the natural counterpart of custody rights a counterpart which must in principle be acknowledged as belong... |
92 | {
"en": "Exceptions to the duty to secure the prompt return of children",
"fr": "Exceptions à l'obligation d'assurer le retour immédiat des enfants "
} |
93 | {
"en": "Since the return of the child is to some extent the basic principle of the Convention the exceptions to the general duty to secure it form an important element in understanding the exact extent of this duty ",
"fr": "Etant donné que le retour de l'enfant est en quelque sorte l’idée de base de la Convention... |
94 | {
"en": "It is not of course necessary to examine in detail the provisions which constitute these exceptions but merely to sketch their role in outline while at the same time stressing in particular the reasons for their inclusion in the Convention ",
"fr": "Il ne s'agit évidemment pas d'examiner ici en détail les ... |
95 | {
"en": "From this vantage point can be seen those exceptions which derive their justification from three different principles",
"fr": "De ce point de vue nous pouvons distinguer des exceptions basées sur trois justifications différentes "
} |
96 | {
"en": "On the one hand article 13a accepts that the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State are not bound to order the return of the child if the person re questing its return was not actually exercising prior to the allegedly unlawful removal the rights of custody which he now seeks to invok... |
97 | {
"en": "Consequently the situations envisaged are those in which either the conditions prevailing prior to the removal of the child do not contain one of the elements essential to those relationships which the Convention seeks to protect that of the actual exercise of custody rights or else the subsequent behavior o... |
98 | {
"en": "On the other hand paragraphs 1b and 2 of the said article 13 contain exceptions which clearly derive from a consideration of the interests of the child",
"fr": "D'autre part les alinéas 1b et 2 du même article 13 retiennent des exceptions s'inspirant clairement de la prise en considération de l'intérêt de ... |
99 | {
"en": "Now as we pointed out above the Convention invests this notion with definite content ",
"fr": "Or comme nous l'avons signalé auparavant la Convention a donné un contenu précis à cette notion "
} |
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