id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
200 | {
"en": "In drawing it up it seemed advisable to have recourse to the general law governing international organizations ",
"fr": "Pour l'établir il semble souhaitable de recourir au droit général des organisations internationales "
} |
201 | {
"en": "Now viewed from this perspective a recommendation is in substance a nonobligatory invitation addressed by one international organization to one several or all Member States ",
"fr": "Or dans cette optique une recommandation est en substance une invitation non contraignante adressée par une organisation int... |
202 | {
"en": "Consequently States arc not strictly required to make use of the model form contained in the Recommendation; indeed the Commission took care to avoid presenting the form as an annex to the Convention ",
"fr": "Par conséquent les Etats ne sont pas tenus stricto sensu d'utiliser la formule modèle contenue da... |
203 | {
"en": "The reasons for this are clear ",
"fr": "Les motifs en sont évidents"
} |
204 | {
"en": "Most importantly given the lack of prior international experience in this field it can well be imagined that after a number of years the practical application of the Conventions provisions will result in certain modifications to the present form being thought advisable ",
"fr": "Avant tout étant donné l'ab... |
205 | {
"en": "Now it seems better not to subject future revisions of the text to the formalities required by public international law for the revision of international treaties ",
"fr": "Or il semble préférable de ne pas soumettre une éventuelle révision du texte aux formalités qu'exigerait le droit international public... |
206 | {
"en": "Besides it could be said in connection with any future concerted action by the Conference in this regard that adaptation of the form which was recommended to States should also be a matter for bilateral negotiations between Central Authorities in implementation of their general obligation contained in articl... |
207 | {
"en": "On the other hand a direct consequence of the decision not to make the use of the model form obligatory is the catalogue of details which every application to a Central Authority must contain article 8",
"fr": "D'autre part une conséquence directe de la décision de ne pas rendre obligatoire l'emploi de la ... |
208 | {
"en": "49 The second comment bears upon the sphere of application and the terms of the recommended form ",
"fr": "49 La deuxième remarque porte sur le domaine d'application et sur la teneur de la formule recommandée "
} |
209 | {
"en": "Although the Convention also governs important matters concerning access rights the model form proposed is merely a model application for the return of the child ",
"fr": "En effet bien que la Convention règle aussi des aspects importants concernant le droit de visite la formule proposée se limite à offrir... |
210 | {
"en": "This demonstrates the concentration of interest within the Conference on the resolution of problems arising out of the removal of a child whilst at the same time throwing into relief the novelty of the means chosen to resolve them ",
"fr": "Ceci montre la polarisation de l'intérêt de la Conférence sur la s... |
211 | {
"en": "It is precisely because the means are new that it was thought advisable to include some indication of the way in which they should be used ",
"fr": "C'est justement parce que cette voie est nouvelle qu'on a cru souhaitable d'insérer une indication concernant son mode d'utilisation "
} |
212 | {
"en": "50 The actual terms of the form narrate precisely those points required by the Convention itself ",
"fr": "50 Quant à la teneur de la formule elle développe très justement les éléments exigés par la Convention"
} |
213 | {
"en": "We should however like to draw attention to two minor points ",
"fr": "Pourtant nous voudrions attirer l'attention sur deux points mineurs"
} |
214 | {
"en": "Firstly the phrase date and place of marriage of the parents of the child in question in as much as it is not followed in parentheses by the words if any it would seem to treat natural children in an exceptional and discriminatory fashion ",
"fr": "D’abord sur la mention date et lieu du mariage des parents... |
215 | {
"en": "Moreover the absence of the same phrase alongside the reference to the date and place of birth of the child compares badly with the precision shown by article 8 of the Convention which adds referring to the date of birth the words where available",
"fr": "D'ailleurs l'absence de cette même expression à côt... |
216 | {
"en": "51 Secondly there is an inconsistency between the French and English texts regarding the information concerning the person alleged to have removed or retained the child",
"fr": "51 D'autre part on constate un manque de concordance entre le texte français et le texte anglais du point de vue des renseignemen... |
217 | {
"en": "It would be advisable to follow the English text here since it is more comprehensive especially as regards its reference to the nationality of the alleged abductor a fact which will sometimes prove decisive in efforts to locate the child",
"fr": "A cet égard il semble préférable de suivre le texte anglais ... |
218 | {
"en": "IV STRUCTURE AND TERMINOLOGY",
"fr": "IV Structure et terminologie "
} |
219 | {
"en": "A The structure of the Convention",
"fr": "A La structure de la convention "
} |
220 | {
"en": "52 Articles 1 2 3 and 5 define the Conventions scope with regard to its subject matter by specifying its aims and the criteria by which the removal or retention of a child can be regarded as wrongful",
"fr": "52 Les articles 1 2 3 et 5 définissent le domaine d'application matériel de la Convention en préci... |
221 | {
"en": "Article 4 concerns the persons to whom the Convention applies while article 35 determines its temporal application ",
"fr": "L'article 4 s'attache au domaine d'application personnel de la Convention tandis que l'article 35 détermine son application dans le temps "
} |
222 | {
"en": "Articles 6 and 7 are devoted to the creation of the Central Authorities and their duties ",
"fr": "Les articles 6 et 7 sont consacrés à la création des Autorités centrales et à leurs obligations "
} |
223 | {
"en": "Articles 8 27 and 28 are concerned with applications to Central Authorities and the documents which may accompany or supplement an application to them ",
"fr": "Les articles 8 27 et 28 se réfèrent à la saisine des Autorités centrales et aux documents qui peuvent accompagner ou compléter une demande qui leu... |
224 | {
"en": "Articles 9 to 12 and 14 to 19 deal with the various means established for bringing about the return of a child as well as the legal significance of a decree to that effect ",
"fr": "Les articles 9 à 12 et 14 à 19 traitent des différentes voies ins laurées pour obtenir le retour d'un enfant ainsi que de la ... |
225 | {
"en": "Articles 13 and 20 concern the exceptions to the general rule for the return of the child ",
"fr": "Les articles 13 et 20 s'occupent des exceptions à l'obligation générale de renvoyer l'enfant "
} |
226 | {
"en": "Article 21 lays down the specific duties which the States have taken upon themselves with regard to access rights ",
"fr": "L'article 21 établit les devoirs spécifiques assumés par les Etats à l'égard du droit de visite "
} |
227 | {
"en": "Articles 22 to 26 and 30 like the aforementioned articles 27 and 28 deal with certain technical matters regarding proceedings and the costs which can result from applications submitted pursuant to the provisions of the Convention ",
"fr": "Les articles 22 à 26 et 30 ainsi que les articles 27 et 28 susmenti... |
228 | {
"en": "Articles 29 and 36 reflect the nonexclusive view which prevailed during the preparation of the Convention in stating on the one hand that applications may be submitted directly by individuals to the judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting States outwith the framework of the provisions of th... |
229 | {
"en": "Articles 31 to 34 refer to States with more than one system of law and to the Conventions relations with other conventions ",
"fr": "Les articles 31 à 34 ont trait aux Etats plurilégislatifs et aux rapports avec d'autres conventions "
} |
230 | {
"en": "Lastly articles 37 to 45 contain the Final Clauses",
"fr": "Finalement les articles 37 à 45 contiennent les clauses finales "
} |
231 | {
"en": "B Terminology used in the Convention",
"fr": "B Terminologie utilisée par la Convention "
} |
232 | {
"en": "53 Following a longestablished tradition of the Hague Conference the Convention avoided defining its terms with the exception of those in article 5 concerning custody and access rights where it was absolutely necessary to establish the scope of the Conventions subjectmatter",
"fr": "53 Selon une tradition ... |
233 | {
"en": "These will be examined in their context",
"fr": "Ceci sera examiné dans son contexte "
} |
234 | {
"en": "At this point we wish merely to consider one aspect of the terminology used which in our opinion merits a brief comment ",
"fr": "Nous voulons simplement considérer ici un aspect qui concerne la terminologie et qui mérite à notre avis un bref commentaire "
} |
235 | {
"en": "It has to do with lack of correspondence between the title of the Convention and the terms used in the text ",
"fr": "Il s'agit du manque de concordance entre le titre de la Convention et la terminologie utilisée dans son texte "
} |
236 | {
"en": "Whilst the former uses the phrase international child abduction the provisions of the Convention avail themselves of circumlocutions or at any event of less evocative turns of phrase such as removal or retention ",
"fr": "En effet tandis que le premier emploi l'expression enlèvement international d’enfant... |
237 | {
"en": "The reason for this is quite in keeping with the Conventions limited scope ",
"fr": "L'explication est directement en rapport avec la délimitation du domaine de la Convention "
} |
238 | {
"en": "As was stressed above see Nos 12 to 16 studies of the topic with which the Convention deals show clearly that with regard both to the relationship which normally exists between abductor and child and to the intentions of the former we are far removed from the offences associated with the terms kidnapping enl... |
239 | {
"en": "Since one is far removed from problems peculiar to the criminal law the use in the text of the Convention of possibly ambiguous terms was avoided",
"fr": "Comme on est fort éloignés des problèmes propres au droit pénal on a donc évité d'utiliser dans le texte de la Convention des appellations pouvant avoi... |
240 | {
"en": "On the other hand it was felt desirable to keep the term abduction in the title of the Convention owing to its habitual use by the mass media and its resonance in the public mind ",
"fr": "Par contre on a cru souhaitable de retenir le terme d’ enlèvement dans le titre de la Convention étant donné son emplo... |
241 | {
"en": "Nonetheless so as to avoid any ambiguity the same title as in the Preliminary Draft states clearly that the Convention only aims to regulate the civil aspects of this particular phenomenon ",
"fr": "Néanmoins pour éviter toute équivoque ce même litre précise comme le faisait déjà le titre de l'avant projet... |
242 | {
"en": "If in the course of this Report expressions such as abduction or abductor are used from time to time and one will find them also in the model form that is because they sometimes permit of easier drafting; but at all events they will have to be understood to contain nuances which their application to the spec... |
243 | {
"en": "Second Part Commentary on the specific articles of the Convention",
"fr": "Deuxième partie Commentaire des articles de la Convention "
} |
244 | {
"en": "CHAPTER ONE SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION",
"fr": "CHAPITRE PREMIER CHAMP D'APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION "
} |
245 | {
"en": "54 The first chapter defines the scope of the Convention as regards its subjectmatter and the persons concerned its scope ratione materiae and ratione personae ",
"fr": "54 Le chapitre premier définit le domaine d'application de la Convention quant à la matière et aux personnes concernées domaine d'applica... |
246 | {
"en": "However so as to have an overall picture of the Conventions scope one must consider also article 34 which deals with the Conventions relationship with other conventions article 35 which concerns the Conventions temporal application and articles 31 to 33 which relate to the application of the Convention in St... |
247 | {
"en": "Article I The aims of the Convention",
"fr": "Article premier Les objectifs de la Convention"
} |
248 | {
"en": "a General observations",
"fr": "a Observations générales "
} |
249 | {
"en": "55 This article sets out in two paragraphs the objects of the Convention which were discussed in broad terms in the first part of this Report ",
"fr": "55 Cet article expose en deux paragraphes les objectifs conventionnels que nous avons traités assez largement dans la première partie de ce Rapport "
} |
250 | {
"en": "It is therefore clear that the lack of correspondence between the title and the specific provisions of the Convention is more than merely a matter of terminology ",
"fr": "Il est donc évident que l'absence de parallélisme entre le titre et le contenu de la Convention va plus loin que la question purement t... |
251 | {
"en": "In any event it must be realized that the terms used in the title while lacking legal exactitude possess an evocative power and force which attract attention and this is essential ",
"fr": "De toute façon il faut reconnaître que les termes employés dans le titre malgré leur manque de rigueur juridique ont ... |
252 | {
"en": "56 As for the nature of the matters regulated by the Convention one general comment is required ",
"fr": "56 En ce qui concerne la nature des espèces réglées une remarque de portée générale s'impose "
} |
253 | {
"en": "Although the Convention does not contain any provision which expressly states the international nature of the situations envisaged such a conclusion derives as much from its title as from its various articles ",
"fr": "Quoique la Convention n'inclue aucune disposition proclamant le caractère international ... |
254 | {
"en": "Now in the present case the international nature of the Convention arises out of a factual situation that is to say the dispersal of members of a family among different countries ",
"fr": "Or dans le cas présent le caractère international provient d'une situation de fait à savoir de la dispersion des membr... |
255 | {
"en": "A situation which was purely internal to start with can therefore come within the scope of the Convention through for example one of the members of the family going abroad with the child or through a desire to exercise access rights in a country other than that in which the person who claims those rights li... |
256 | {
"en": "On the other hand the fact that the persons concerned hold different nationality does not necessarily mean that the international type of case to which the Convention applies automatically will arise although it would clearly indicate the possibility of its becoming international in the sense described",
"... |
257 | {
"en": "b Subparagraph a",
"fr": "b Lettre a "
} |
258 | {
"en": "57 The aim of ensuring the prompt return of children wrongfully removed or retained has already been dealt with at length ",
"fr": "57 L'objectif d'assurer le retour immédiat des enfants déplacés ou retenus illicitement a été déjà longuement présenté "
} |
259 | {
"en": "Besides the Fourteenth Session in no way altered the literal meaning of the wording devised by the Special Commission ",
"fr": "D'ailleurs la Quatorzième session n'a changé en rien la teneur littérale de la formule élaborée par la Commission spéciale "
} |
260 | {
"en": "Thus only two brief points by way of explanation will he put forward here ",
"fr": "Nous ne ferons donc ici que deux brèves considérations d'éclaircissement relatives à son libellé "
} |
261 | {
"en": "The first concerns the characterization of the behavior which the realization of this objective seeks to prevent ",
"fr": "La première concerne la caractérisation des comportements que l'on voudrait éviter par la réalisation de cet objectif "
} |
262 | {
"en": "To sum up as we know the conduct concerned is that which changes the family relationships which existed before or after any judicial decision by using a child and thus turning it into an instrument and principal victim of the situation ",
"fr": "En résumé comme nous le savons déjà il s'agit de toute condui... |
263 | {
"en": "In this context the reference to children wrongfully retained is meant to cover those cases where the child with the consent of the person who normally has custody is in a place other than its place of habitual residence and is not returned by the person with whom it was staying ",
"fr": "Dans ce contexte ... |
264 | {
"en": "This is the typical situation which comes about when the removal of the child results from the wrongful exercise of access rights ",
"fr": "C'est la situation type qui se produit quand le déplacement de l'enfant est la conséquence d'un exercice abusif du droit de visite "
} |
265 | {
"en": "58 Secondly the text states clearly that the children whose return it is sought to secure are those who have been removed to or retained in any Contracting State ",
"fr": "58 En second lieu le texte commenté précise que les enfants dont on essaie d'assurer le retour sont ceux qui ont été déplacés ou retenu... |
266 | {
"en": "This wording is doubly significant ",
"fr": "Une telle précision a une double signification "
} |
267 | {
"en": "On the one hand the provision in article 4 limits the scope of the Convention ratione personae to those children who while being habitually resident in one of the Contracting States are removed to or retained in the territory of another Contracting State ",
"fr": "D'une part en ce qui concerne la dispositi... |
268 | {
"en": "59 But these same words also have a quite different meaning",
"fr": "59 Mais ces quelques mots ont aussi une signification toute différente "
} |
269 | {
"en": "In fact through this formulation this particular object of the Convention whether considered in its own right or in relation to article 2 becomes indirectly a general one applicable to all children who in the circumstance set forth are in any Contracting State ",
"fr": "En effet par ce biais l'objectif de ... |
270 | {
"en": "However there will always be a difference between the legal position of those children who prior to their removal were habitually resident in another Contracting State and that of other children ",
"fr": "Pourtant il y aura toujours une différence dans la situation juridique entre les enfants qui avaient l... |
271 | {
"en": "The position of the former will have to be resolved by the direct application of the provisions of the Convention",
"fr": "Ainsi la situation des premiers devra être résolue par application directe des dispositions conventionnelles "
} |
272 | {
"en": "On the other hand the duty of States towards the other children is less clear leaving aside provisions of internal law in so far as it derives from the obligation stated in article 2 which could be described as a duty to take appropriate measures to prevent their territory being turned into a place of refuge... |
273 | {
"en": "c Subparagraph b",
"fr": "с Lettre b "
} |
274 | {
"en": "60 The aim of the Convention contained in this subparagraph was clarified in the course of drafting at the Fourteenth Session ",
"fr": "60 L'objectif conventionnel visé à ce sous alinéa a été clarifié dans la rédaction qu'il a reçue lors de la Quatorzième session "
} |
275 | {
"en": "So far as its scope is concerned it is now clear that the situations under consideration are the same as those to which the Convention applies that is to say international situations which involve two or more Contracting States ",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne son domaine il est maintenant manifeste que les si... |
276 | {
"en": "It should not be thought that precision in this matter is unnecessary especially when one considers that the text of the Preliminary Draft allowed of other interpretations and in particular a reference to internal situations",
"fr": "La précision n'est pas superflue surtout si l'on tient compte du fait que... |
277 | {
"en": "61 As for knowing the desired meaning of the aim stated therein it is necessary to draw a distinction between custody rights and access rights ",
"fr": "61 Quant à savoir quelle est la portée qu'on a voulu donner à l'objectif qui y est consacré il s'impose de faire une distinction entre droit de garde et d... |
278 | {
"en": "With regard to custody rights it can be said that the Convention has not attempted to deal with them separately ",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne le droit de garde on peut dire que la Convention n'a pas essayé de le développer de manière autonome "
} |
279 | {
"en": "It is thus within the general obligation stated in article 2 and the regulation governing the return of the child which is based as we shall see in the commentary on article 3 upon respect for custody rights actually exercised and attributed under the law of the childs habitual residence that one must look i... |
280 | {
"en": "On the other hand access rights are treated more favorably and the foundations upon which respect for their effective exercise seem fixed at least in broad outline within the context of article 21",
"fr": "Par contre le droit de visite a eu un sort plus favorable et les bases sur lesquelles doit se constru... |
281 | {
"en": "Article 2 General obligation of Contracting States",
"fr": "Article 2 Obligation générale des Etats contractants "
} |
282 | {
"en": "62 Closely related to the objects stated in broad and flexible fashion in article 1b is the fact that this article sets forth a general duty incumbent upon Contracting States",
"fr": "62 En étroite relation avec les objectifs vastes et souples de l'article l6 cet article consacre une obligation générale de... |
283 | {
"en": "It is thus a duty which unlike obligations to achieve a result which are normally to be found in conventions does not require that actual results be achieved but merely the adoption of an attitude designed to lead to such results ",
"fr": "Il s'agit donc d'une obligation qui à l'encontre des obligations de... |
284 | {
"en": "In the present case the attitude and behavior required of States is expressed in the requirement to take all appropriate measures to secure within their territories the implementation of the objects of the Convention ",
"fr": "Dans le cas présent l'attitude le comportement demandé aux Etats se traduit par ... |
285 | {
"en": "The Convention also seeks while safeguarding the selfexecuting character of its other articles to encourage Contracting States to draw inspiration from these rules in resolving problems similar to those with which the Convention deals but which do not fall within its scope ratione personae or ratione tempori... |
286 | {
"en": "On the one hand this should lead to careful examination of the Conventions rules whenever a State contemplates lhanging its own in ternal laws on rights of custody or access on the other hand extending the Conventions objects to cases which are not covered by its own provisions should influence courts and b... |
287 | {
"en": "63 Moreover the last sentence of the article specified one of the particular means envisaged while stressing also the importance placed by the Convention on the use of speedy procedures in matters of custody or access rights ",
"fr": "63 De plus dans sa dernière phrase l'article précise une des mesures env... |
288 | {
"en": "However this provision does not impose an obligation upon States to bring new procedures into their internal law and the correspondence now existing between the French and English texts rightly seeks to avoid such an interpretation which the original French text made possible ",
"fr": "Pourtant cette dispo... |
289 | {
"en": "It is therefore limited to requesting Contracting States in any question concerning the subjectmatter of the Convention to use the most expeditious procedures available in their own law",
"fr": "Elle se limite donc à demander aux Etats contractants d'utiliser dans toute question concernant la matière objet... |
290 | {
"en": "Article 3 The unlawful nature of a removal or retention",
"fr": "Article 3 Le caractère illicite d'un déplacement ou d'un non retour "
} |
291 | {
"en": "a General observations",
"fr": "a Observations générales "
} |
292 | {
"en": "64 Article 3 as a whole constitutes one of the key provisions of the Convention since the setting in motion of the Conventions machinery for the return of the child depends upon its application ",
"fr": "64 L'ensemble de l'article 3 constitue une disposition clé de la Convention puisque de son application ... |
293 | {
"en": "In fact the duty to return a child arises only if its removal or retention is considered wrongful in terms of the Convention ",
"fr": "En effet la Convention n'impose l'obligation de retourner l'enfant que lorsqu'il y a eu un déplacement ou un non retour considérés par elle comme illicites "
} |
294 | {
"en": "Now in laying down the conditions which have to be met for any unilateral change in the status quo to be regarded as wrongful this article indirectly brings into clear focus those relationships which the Convention seeks to protect ",
"fr": "Or en précisant les conditions que doit réunir une situation pou... |
295 | {
"en": "Those relationships are based upon the existence of two facts firstly the existence of rights of custody attributed by the State of the childs habitual residence and secondly the actual exercise of such custody prior to the childs removal ",
"fr": "Ces rapports sont basés sur un double élément : primo l'ex... |
296 | {
"en": "Let us examine more closely the import of these conditions",
"fr": "Examinons de plus près la teneur des conditions mentionnées "
} |
297 | {
"en": "b The juridical element",
"fr": "b L'élément juridique "
} |
298 | {
"en": "65 A for what could be termed the juridical element present in these situations the Convention is intended to defend those relationships which are already protected at any rate by virtue of an apparent right to custody in the Stale of the childs habitual residence ie by virtue of the law of the State where t... |
299 | {
"en": "The foregoing remark requires further explanation in two respects",
"fr": "L'affirmation antérieure exige certaines précisions sur deux points "
} |
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