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621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
with a typical weight of . While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, technically permits balls as small as , no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer, and the "de facto" standard is . The three standard balls in most carom billiards games cons... | 13,000 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
including clay, wood, ivory, plastics (including celluloid, Bakelite, crystalate, and phenolic resin, polyester and acrylic) and even steel. The dominant material from 1627 until the early- to mid-20th century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns but ba... | 13,001 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
billiard cues have specialized refinements making them different from the typical pool cue with which many people are more familiar. Such cues tend to be shorter and lighter overall, with a shorter , a thicker and , a wooden joint (in high-end examples) and wood-to-wood joint (for a one-piece cue "feel"... | 13,002 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
be defined as displacement of the cue ball's path away from the parallel line formed by the cue stick's direction of travel. It is a factor that occurs every time () is employed, and its effects are magnified by speed. In some carom games, deflection plays a large role because many shots require extreme... | 13,003 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
in a consistent manner, and generally makes a table play faster. A heated table is required under international carom rules and is an especially important requirement for the games of three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. Heating table beds is an old practice. Queen Victoria (lived 1819–1901) ... | 13,004 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
billiards a heated table will be used ..."
# History of games.
## Straight rail.
Straight rail, sometimes referred to as carom billiards, straight billiards, the three-ball game, the carambole game, and the free game in Europe, is thought to date to the 18th century, although no exact time of origin ... | 13,005 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
number of counts.
At straight rail's inception there was no restriction on the manner of scoring. However, the technique of "crotching", or freezing two balls into the corner where the rails meet—the "crotch"—vastly increasing counts, resulted in an 1862 rule which allowed only three counts before at l... | 13,006 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
at the end of each stroke in the same or near the same configuration such that the nurse can be replicated again and again.
Straight rail is still popular in Europe, where it is considered a fine practice game for both balkline and three-cushion billiards. Additionally, Europe hosts professional compet... | 13,007 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
new game appearing in 1879, called the champion's game or limited-rail, is considered an intermediary game between straight rail and balkline and was designed with the specific intent of frustrating the rail nurse. The game employed diagonal lines—balklines—at the table's corners to regions where counts... | 13,008 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
succeeded the champion's game, adding more rules to curb nursing techniques. There are many variation of balkline but all divide the table into marked regions called "balk spaces". Such balk spaces define areas of the in which a player may only score up to a threshold number of points while the are with... | 13,009 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
where each balkline meets a rail, called "anchor spaces", which developed to stop a number of nursing techniques that exploited the fact that if the object balls straddled a balkline, no count limit was in place.
For the most part, the differences between one balkline game to another is defined by two ... | 13,010 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
slash, indicates the count restriction in balk spaces, which is always either one or two. For example, in "18.2 balkline", one of the more prominent balkline games and of U.S. origin, the name indicates that balklines are drawn 18 inches distant from each rail, and only two counts are allowed (before th... | 13,011 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
13.2, 12½.2, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 28.2, 38.2, 39.2, 42.2, 45.1, 45.2, 47.1, 47.2, 57.2 and 71.2 balkline. In its various incarnations, balkline was the predominate carom discipline from 1883 to the 1930s when it was overtaken by three-cushion billiards (and pocket billiards). Balkline is popular in E... | 13,012 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
(""una banda"") and German (""einband"").
The object of the game is to score cushion caroms, meaning a carom off of both object balls with at least one rail being struck before the hit on the second object ball. Cushions caroms was defunct for a number of years, but was revived in the late 1860s as ano... | 13,013 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
contacted before the contact of the cue ball with the second object ball. Three-cushion is a very difficult game. Averaging one point per is professional-level play, and averaging 1.5 to 2 is world-class play. An average of one means that for every turn at the table, a player makes 1 point and misses on... | 13,014 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
and New Yorker Leon Magnus the winner. The high run for the tournament was just 6 points, and the high average a 0.75. The game was infrequently played, with many top carom players of the era voicing their dislike of it, until after the 1907 introduction of the Lambert Trophy. By 1924, three-cushion had... | 13,015 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
in of 600–527.
Three-cushion billiards retains great popularity in parts of Europe, Asia, and Latin America, and is the most popular carom billiards game played in the US today, where pool is far more widespread. The principal governing body of the sport is the Union Mondiale de Billard (UMB). It had b... | 13,016 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
Each set shot has a maximum point value assigned for perfect execution, ranging from a 4-point minimum for lowest level difficulty shots, and climbing to an 11-point maximum for shots deemed highest in difficulty level. There is a total of 500 points available to a player. The governing body of the spor... | 13,017 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
skill, devoted practice and specialized knowledge to perform.
World title competition first started in 1986 and required the use of ivory balls. However, this requirement was dropped in 1990. The highest score ever achieved in world competition was 374, by the Frenchman Jean Reverchon in 1992, while th... | 13,018 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
(like the actually ANAG Billiard Cup).
- Pentathlon: Straight rail, Balkline (47.2 & 71.2), One-cushion and Three-cushion.
# In popular culture.
- Carom billiards appear in "The Hustler" (1961) and "Le Cercle Rouge" (1970).
# External links.
- Union Mondiale de Billard — world tournament sanctionin... | 13,019 |
621039 | Carom billiards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carom%20billiards | Carom billiards
com: Online Carom Billiard Magazine live streaming all UMB events
- Animation showing the "rail nurse" with a description
- BiliardoWeb - The first Italian Community and e-magazine (in Italian)
- "Il Biliardo Universale", by Fabio Margutti - siteweb on the "Margutti's system" and theory of the multip... | 13,020 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Geology of the Grand Canyon area
The geology of the Grand Canyon area includes one of the most complete and studied sequences of rock on Earth. The nearly 40 major sedimentary rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area range in age from about 200... | 13,021 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
the Laramide orogeny; a mountain-building event that is largely responsible for creating the Rocky Mountains to the east. In total, the Colorado Plateau was uplifted an estimated . The adjacent Basin and Range Province to the west started to form about 18 million years ago as the result... | 13,022 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
climates brought upon by ice ages starting 2 million years ago greatly increased excavation of the Grand Canyon, which was nearly as deep as it is now, 1.2 million years ago. Volcanic activity deposited lava over the area 1.8 million to 500,000 years ago. At least 13 lava dams blocked t... | 13,023 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
events still affect the region.
# Deposition of sediments.
## Vishnu Basement Rocks.
At about 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago in Precambrian time, sand, mud, silt, and ash were laid down in a marine basin adjacent to an orogenic belt. From 1.8 to 1.6 billion years ago at least two isla... | 13,024 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Vishnu Schist and the metavolcanic Brahma and Rama Schists that were formed 1.75 billion to 1.73 billion years ago. This is the resistant rock now exposed at the bottom of the canyon in the Inner Gorge.
As the volcanic islands collided with the mainland around 1.7 billion years ago, bl... | 13,025 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
period, and a third around 1.4 billion years ago. The third phase was accompanied by large-scale faulting, particularly along north–south faults, leading to a partial rifting of the continent. The collision expanded the continent from the Wyoming–Colorado border into Mexico and almost d... | 13,026 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
which is also seen in other parts of the world, the Great Unconformity. Other sediments may have been added but, if they ever existed, were completely removed by erosion. Such gaps in the geologic record are called unconformities by geologists. The Great Unconformity is one of the best ... | 13,027 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Laurentia was flooded with a shallow seaway that extended from at least present-day Lake Superior to Glacier National Park in Montana to the Grand Canyon and the Uinta Mountains. The resulting Grand Canyon Supergroup of sedimentary units is composed of nine varied geologic formations th... | 13,028 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
in the Unkar Group was the Bass Formation. Fluvial gravels initially accumulated in shallow river valleys. They later lithified into a basal conglomerate that is known as the Hotauta Member of the Bass Formation. The Bass Formation was deposited in a shallow sea near the coast as a mix ... | 13,029 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
regression (retreat) of the seashore in the area that left mud flats. Today it is very bright orange-red and gives the Red Canyon its name. Shinumo Quartzite is a resistant marine sedimentary quartzite that was eroded to form monadnocks that later became islands in Cambrian time. Those ... | 13,030 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Fossils of stromatolites and algae are found in this layer. At 1070 ± 70 million years old, the Cardenas Basalt is the youngest formation in the Unkar Group. It is made of layers of dark brown basaltic rocks that flowed as lava up to thick.
Nankoweap Formation is around 1050 million ye... | 13,031 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
700 million years ago. The Galeros Formation is a mainly greenish formation composed of interbedded sandstone, limestone, and shale. Fossilized stromatolites are found in the Galeros. The Kwagunt Formation consists of black shale and red to purple mudstone with some limestone. Isolated ... | 13,032 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
mountain ranges. About 100 million years of erosion took place that washed most of the Chuar Group away along with part of the Unkar Group (exposing the Shinumo Quartzite as previously explained). The mountain ranges were reduced to hills, and in some places, the whole of the supergroup... | 13,033 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
The Cambrian Explosion of life took place over about 15 million years in this part of the world. Climate was warm and invertebrates, such as the trilobites, were abundant. An ocean started to return to the Grand Canyon area from the west about 550 million years ago. As its shoreline mov... | 13,034 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
in the Tapeats. Today it is a cliff-former that is thick. Bright Angel Shale averages 515 million years old and is made of mudstone-derived shale that is interbedded with small sections of sandstone and shaly limestone with a few thin beds of dolomite. It was mostly deposited as mud jus... | 13,035 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
from calcium carbonate precipitates (see 3c in figure 1). The western part of the canyon has a much thicker sequence of Muav than the eastern part. The Muav is a cliff-former, thick.
These three formations were laid down over a period of 30 million years from early-to-middle Cambrian t... | 13,036 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Limestone form the platform's cliffs and the Bright Angel Shale forms its slopes. Unlike the Proterozoic units below it, the Tonto Group's beds basically lie in their original horizontal position. The Bright Angel Shale in the group forms an aquiclude (barrier to groundwater seeping dow... | 13,037 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
in the first place. Either way, this break in the geologic history of the area spans about 65 million years. A type of unconformity called a disconformity was formed. Disconformities show erosional features such as valleys, hills and cliffs that are later covered by younger sediments.
... | 13,038 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
displays these filled purplish-colored channels well. Temple Butte Limestone is a cliff-former in the western part of the park where it is gray to cream-colored dolomite. Fossils of animals with backbones are found in this formation; bony plates from freshwater fish in the eastern part ... | 13,039 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
thick-bedded, dark brown to bluish gray limestone and dolomite with white chert nodules mixed in. It was laid down in a retreating shallow tropical sea near the equator during 40 million years of the early-to-middle Mississippian. Many fossilized crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, horn c... | 13,040 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
gets its characteristic color from rainwater dripping from the iron-rich redbeds of the Supai and Hermit shale that lie above.
Surprise Canyon Formation is a sedimentary layer of purplish-red shale that was laid down in discontinuous beds of sand and lime above the Redwall (see 4c in f... | 13,041 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
unconformity marks the top of the Surprise Canyon Formation and in most places this unconformity has entirely removed the Surprise Canyon and exposed the underlying Redwall.
## Supai Group.
An unconformity of 15 to 20 million years separates the Supai Group from the previously deposit... | 13,042 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
and streams brought eroded sediment from them to the Grand Canyon area.
Supai Group formations in the western part of the canyon contain limestone, indicative of a warm, shallow sea, while the eastern part was probably a muddy river delta. This formation consists of red siltstones and ... | 13,043 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
to youngest (an unconformity is present at the top of each): Watahomigi (see 5a in figure 1) is a slope-forming gray limestone with some red chert bands, sandstone, and purple siltstone that is thick. Manakacha (see 5b in figure 1) is a cliff- and slope-forming pale red sandstone and re... | 13,044 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Formation was probably deposited on a broad coastal plain (see 6a in figure 1). The alternating thin-bedded iron oxide, mud and silt were deposited via freshwater streams in a semiarid environment around 280 million years ago. Fossils of winged insects, cone-bearing plants, and ferns ar... | 13,045 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
the area dried out and sand dunes made of quartz sand invaded a growing desert (see 6b in figure 1). Some Coconino fills deep mudcracks in the underlying Hermit Shale and the desert that created the Coconino lasted for 5 to 10 million years. Today, the Coconino is a thick golden white t... | 13,046 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
geologic column is the -thick Toroweap Formation (see 6c in figure 1). It consists of red and yellow sandstone and shaly gray limestone interbedded with gypsum. The formation was deposited in a warm, shallow sea as the shoreline transgressed (invaded) and regressed (retreated) over the ... | 13,047 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
chert. Wood Ranch is a slope-forming pale red and gray siltstone and dolomitic sandstone. An unconformity marks the top of this formation.
One of the highest, and therefore youngest, formations seen in the Grand Canyon area is the Kaibab Limestone (see 6d in figure 1). It erodes into l... | 13,048 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
of the canyon and the Coconino Plateau immediately south. Shark teeth have been found in this formation as well as abundant fossils of marine invertebrates such as brachiopods, corals, mollusks, sea lilies, and worms. An unconformity marks the top of this formation.
## Mesozoic deposit... | 13,049 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
(a mesa near the southeastern park border), and in Red Butte (located south of Grand Canyon Village). Remnants of the Shinarump Conglomerate, itself a member of the Chinle Formation, are above the Moenkopi Formation near the top of Red Butte but below a much younger lava flow.
Formatio... | 13,050 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
and erosion of the canyon.
## Uplift and nearby extension.
The Laramide orogeny affected all of western North America by helping to build the American cordillera. The Kaibab Uplift, Monument Upwarp, the Uinta Mountains, San Rafael Swell, and the Rocky Mountains were uplifted, at least... | 13,051 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
today. Streams draining the Rocky Mountains in early Miocene time terminated in landlocked basins in Utah, Arizona and Nevada but there is no evidence for a major river.
Around 18 million years ago, tensional forces started to thin and drop the region to the west, creating the Basin an... | 13,052 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
the boundary between the two provinces.
Uplift from the Laramide orogeny and the creation of the Basin and Range province worked together to steepen the gradient of streams flowing west on the Colorado Plateau. These streams cut deep, eastward-growing, channels into the western edge of... | 13,053 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Both events changed the direction of many streams toward the sagging region and the increased gradient caused them to downcut much faster. From 5.5 million to 5 million years ago, headward erosion to the north and east consolidated these streams into one major river and associated tribu... | 13,054 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
and the drainage from much of the rest of the Colorado Plateau is not known. Possible explanations include headward erosion or a broken natural dam of a lake or river. Whatever the cause, the Lower Colorado probably captured the landlocked Upper Colorado somewhere west of the Kaibab Upl... | 13,055 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Colorado cut faster than ever before and started to quickly excavate the Grand Canyon 2 million years before present, almost reaching the modern depth by 1.2 million years ago.
The resulting Grand Canyon of the Colorado River trends roughly east to west for between Lake Powell and Lake... | 13,056 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
during the Laramide orogeny. Streams flowing into the Colorado River have since exploited these faults to excavate their own tributary canyons, such as Bright Angel Canyon.
## Volcanic activity in the western canyon.
Volcanic activity started in Uinkaret volcanic field (in the western... | 13,057 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
River backed up behind the dams in large lakes that extended as far as Moab, Utah. Dams were overtopped in short time; those that were high were overtopped by their lakes in 2 to 17 days. At the same time, sediment filled the lakes behind the dams. Sediment would fill a lake behind a -h... | 13,058 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
fail due to fluid flow through fractures in the dams and around dam abutments, through permeable river deposits and alluvium.
Since the demise of these dams the Colorado River has carved a maximum of about into the rocks of the Colorado Plateau
# Ongoing geology and human impact.
The... | 13,059 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
its tributary canyon system occurred. An average of two debris flows per year reach the Colorado River from tributary canyons to form or expand rapids. This type of mass wasting is the main way the smaller and steeper side canyons transport sediment but it also plays a major role in exc... | 13,060 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
the level of Lake Powell otherwise needs to be lowered. An interim conservation measure since 1991 has held maximum flows at per second even though the dam's power plant can handle per second more flow.
Controlling river flow by use of dams has diminished the river's ability to scour r... | 13,061 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
on the southern end of the Intermountain West seismic belt. At least 35 earthquakes larger than 3.0 on the Richter Scale occurred in the Grand Canyon region in the 20th century. Of these, five registered over 5.0 on the Richter Scale and the largest was a 6.2 quake that occurred in Janu... | 13,062 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Mesa Butte and West Kaibab fracture systems. These events are probably the result of eastward-migrating crustal stretching that may eventually move past the Grand Canyon area.
# Trail of Time and Yavapai Geology Museum.
The Trail of Time is an outdoor geology exhibit and nature trail ... | 13,063 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
rim, and displays explaining the geologic history of the Canyon. The trail opened in late 2010.
The Yavapai Geology Museum include three-dimensional models, photographs, and exhibits which allow park visitors to see and understand the complicated geologic story of the area. The museum ... | 13,064 |
621004 | Geology of the Grand Canyon area | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology%20of%20the%20Grand%20Canyon%20area | Geology of the Grand Canyon area
hree-dimensional models, photographs, and exhibits which allow park visitors to see and understand the complicated geologic story of the area. The museum building, the historic Yavapai Observation Station (built 1928), located one mile (1.6 km) east of Market Plaza, features expansive c... | 13,065 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
Spider mite
Spider mites are members of the Acari (mite) family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,200 species. They generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed. Spider mites are known to ... | 13,066 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
of spider mites. Under optimal conditions (approximately 27 °C), the two-spotted spider mite can hatch in as little as 3 days, and become sexually mature in as little as 5 days. One female can lay up to 20 eggs per day and can live for 2 to 4 weeks, laying hundreds of eggs. This accelerated reproductive rat... | 13,067 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
eggs produce diploid females. Unmated, unfertilized females still lay eggs that originate exclusively haploid males.
# Genera.
The best known member of the group is "Tetranychus urticae", which has a cosmopolitan distribution, and attacks a wide range of plants, including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, bean... | 13,068 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
Countermeasures.
## Neem oil.
Neem oil may provide control, when combined with a suitable surfactant and diluted with water. As with chemical control, repeated applications are required.
## Predatory mites.
Predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family, including "Phytoseiulus persimilis", eat adult mites,... | 13,069 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
are present.
## Harpin Alpha Beta.
In some cases, the application of Harpin Alpha Beta protein may help in the treatment and prevention of infestation by stimulating the plant's natural defenses, restoring sap sugar levels and encouraging replacement of damaged tissues. This affects the spider mites' abil... | 13,070 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
and toxicity of some miticides towards fish. Thus proper selection, precautions and application are required to minimize risks.
## Environmental conditions.
Temporarily modifying environmental conditions has proven an effective method for insect pest control including spider mites. Generally dramatically ... | 13,071 |
621061 | Spider mite | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spider%20mite | Spider mite
elevated temperatures can lead to mortality at all developmental stages. However mild CO enrichment has been shown to in fact increase mite reproduction. One study determined a concentration of 0.4% O and 20% CO gave a LT (time to 99% mortality) of 113h at 20 °C and 15.5h at 40 °C. Another study reported 10... | 13,072 |
621086 | Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huxley | Huxley
Huxley
Huxley may refer to:
# People.
- Huxley (surname)
- The British Huxley family
- Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895), British biologist known as "Darwin's Bulldog"
- Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), British writer, author of "Brave New World", grandson of Thomas Huxley
- Julian Huxley (1887–1975), British bio... | 13,073 |
621086 | Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huxley | Huxley
and author, son of Julian Huxley
# Geography.
- Huxley, Alberta, Canada
- Huxley, Cheshire, England
- Huxley, Iowa, United States
- Huxley, Texas, United States
- Huxley River, New Zealand
- Mount Huxley (disambiguation)
# Education.
- Huxley College of the Environment, a college of Western Washington U... | 13,074 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Charles Tomlinson Griffes (pron. "GRIFF-iss") (September 17, 1884 – April 8, 1920) was an American composer for piano, chamber ensembles and voice.
# Musical career.
Griffes was born in Elmira, New York. He had early piano lessons with his sister Katherine and late... | 13,075 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Despite being advised against it by Broughton, he left the conversatory and was briefly taught by composer Engelbert Humperdinck.. During his time in Berlin he composed several German songs and the Symphonische Phantasie for orchestra.
On returning to the U.S. in 1907, he became director of m... | 13,076 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
the German style, his later works make him the most famous American representative of musical Impressionism. He was fascinated by the exotic, mysterious sound of the French Impressionists, and was compositionally much influenced by them while he was in Europe. He also studied the work of conte... | 13,077 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
(1918). He also wrote numerous programmatic pieces for piano, chamber ensembles, and for voice. The amount and quality of his music is impressive considering his short life and his full-time teaching job, and much of his music is still performed. His unpublished "Sho-jo" (1917), a one-act pant... | 13,078 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
related to his life as a homosexual. Donna Anderson (see below) is his current literary executor.
Griffes kept meticulous diaries, some in German, which chronicled his musical accomplishments from 1907 to 1919, and also dealt honestly with his homosexuality, including his regular patronage of... | 13,079 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
in two scenes, after E. Schuré), fl, 2 cl, 2 hn, hp, cel, pf, 1916, New York, 10 Feb 1917; arr. pf, 1916
- "Sho-jo" (Japanese pantomime in one scene), fl, ob, cl, hp, Chin. drum, tam-tam, timp, 4 str, 1917, rev. ?1919, Atlantic City, NJ, 5 Aug 1917
- "Sakura-sakura" (Japanese folkdance arran... | 13,080 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
1907, arranged for 2 pianos, ?1910
- "The Pleasure-Dome of Kubla Khan", Op. 8, 1917, Boston Symphony Orch., cond. P. Monteux, Boston, 28 November 1919 [version of piano piece, 1912]
- "Notturno für Orchester", ?1918, Philadelphia Orch. cond. L. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 December 1919; arr.... | 13,081 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
?1919, Philadelphia Orch., cond. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 Dec 1919 [version of piano piece, 1915]
- "Nocturne", 1919 [version of 2nd movement of Piano Sonata, 1917–18]
- "Notturno", strings [version of orchestral piece, ?1918]
## Chamber music.
- "Three Tone-Pictures", woodwinds and har... | 13,082 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Lento e mesto, Allegro giocoso, str quartet, 1918–19; ?première, Flonzaley Quartet, New York, 24 Nov 1920
## Piano.
- "Six Variations", Op. 2, 1898
- "Four Preludes", Op. 4, 1899–1900
- "Three Tone-Pictures", Op. 5: The Lake at Evening, 1910, L. Hodgson, New York, 3 April 1914; The Vale of... | 13,083 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
pieces, first published under name of Arthur Tomlinson: 6 Short Pieces, 1918; 6 Patriotic Songs, 1918; 6 Bugle-Call Pieces, 1918; 6 Familiar Songs (1919); 6 Pieces for Treble Clef (1919)
- Mazurka, 1898–1900
- Sonata, f, ?1904, Griffes, Berlin, 22 June 1905
- Sonata, D, 1 movement, ?1910
-... | 13,084 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
2nd movement orchestrated as "Nocturne", 1919
- Three Preludes, 1919
- Notturno [arr. of orchestral piece, ?1918]
- Arrangement of J. Offenbach: Barcarolle, Belle nuit, o nuit d'amour, piano solo, perf. 1910
- Arrangement of E. Humperdinck: Hänsel und Gretel, overture, 2 pianos, 1910
## O... | 13,085 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
1915
- 2. Impression du matin, 1915
- 3. La mer, 1912, new setting 1916
- 4. Le réveillon, 1914
- "Three Poems", Op. 9, 1916
- 1. In a Myrtle Shade (William Blake)
- 2. Waikiki (R. Brooke), E. Gauthier, M. Hansotte, New York, 22 April 1918
- 3. Phantoms (A. Giovannitti)
- "Five Poems o... | 13,086 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Re-Sung, 1918
- 2. Sorrow of Mydath, 1917
- "Three Poems of Fiona MacLeod", Op. 11, 1918; V. Janacopulos, Griffes, New York, 22 March 1919; orchestrated 1918, M. Dresser, Philadelphia Orch, cond. T. Rich, Wilmington, DE, 24 March 1919
- 1. The Lament of Ian the Proud
- 2. Thy Dark Eyes to ... | 13,087 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
7. Das sterbende Kind (Emanuel Geibel)
- 8. Der träumende See (Julius Mosen)
- 9. Des müden Abendlied (Geibel)
- 10. Elfe (J. von Eichendorff)
- 11. Entflieh mit mir (Heine)
- 12. Es fiel ein Reif (Heine)
- 13. Frühe (Eichendorff)
- 14. Gedicht von Heine (Mit schwarzen Segeln)
- 15. Ic... | 13,088 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
rings umdunkelt (Heine), c1903–11
- 24. Wohl lag ich einst in Gram und Schmerz (Geibel)
- 25. Zwei Könige sassen auf Orkadal (Geibel), before 1910
- The Water-Lily (J.B. Tabb), 1911
- The Half-Ring Moon (Tabb), 1912
- Nachtlied (Geibel), 1912
- Pierrot (S. Teasdale), 1912
- Les ballons ... | 13,089 |
621065 | Charles Tomlinson Griffes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Tomlinson%20Griffes | Charles Tomlinson Griffes
aupt voll Blut und Wunden") (P. Gerhardt), SSATB, 1906
- Lobe den Herren (J. Neander), SSATB, 1906
- Dies ist der Tag (I. Watts), SSATB, 1906
- These things shall be (J.A. Symonds), unison chorus, 1916
# Further reading.
- The definitive biography of the composer and is widely available s... | 13,090 |
621090 | Photophore | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photophore | Photophore
Photophore
A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The bioluminescence can variously be produced from com... | 13,091 |
621090 | Photophore | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photophore | Photophore
and reflectors. The bioluminescence can variously be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells), or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism that is cultured.
The character of p... | 13,092 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
Black-hooded oriole
The black-hooded oriole ("Oriolus xanthornus") is a member of the oriole family of passerine birds and is a resident breeder in tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia.
It is a bird of open woodland and cultivation. The nest is built in a tree, and con... | 13,093 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
unrelated New World orioles and the Old World orioles. In his entry for "Coracias xanthornus" he cited a descriptions of birds occurring in Jamaica by Mark Catesby and Patrick Browne as well as an illustration by George Edwards of a bird occurring in Bengal. Linnaeus specified the habitat as "Americ... | 13,094 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
twelfth edition of his "Systema Naturae". The name is from Medieval Latin "oryolus" for the Eurasian golden oriole which in turm comes from the Latin word "aureolus" for "golden". The specific epithet "xanthornus" is from the Ancient Greek "xanthos" "yellow" and "ornis" "bird".
Alternate names for ... | 13,095 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
"O. x. ceylonensis" - : Originally described as a separate species. Found in Sri Lanka
- "O. x. reubeni" - : Found on the Andaman Islands
- "O. x. tanakae" - : Found on north-eastern Borneo
# Description.
The male is striking, with the typical oriole black and yellow colouration. The plumage is ... | 13,096 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
the Indian golden oriole, which is a summer visitor to northern India. Orioles can be shy, and even the male may be difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of the canopy.
The black-hooded oriole's flight is somewhat like a thrush, strong and direct with some shallow dips over longer... | 13,097 |
621072 | Black-hooded oriole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-hooded%20oriole | Black-hooded oriole
ces.
While foraging the species uses foliage-gleening, wood-gleening, or sallying methods.
# Relationship to humans.
The black hooded oriole lives in common contact with humans in rural and urban India.
A folk tale from Bengal has it that an unfortunate girl of a merchant family was tortured by ... | 13,098 |
621105 | Chestnut-backed sparrow-lark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chestnut-backed%20sparrow-lark | Chestnut-backed sparrow-lark
Chestnut-backed sparrow-lark
The chestnut-backed sparrow-lark ("Eremopterix leucotis") is a passerine bird which is a resident breeder in Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
# Taxonomy and systematics.
The chestnut-backed sparrow-lark was originally placed in the genus "Loxia". Alternate ... | 13,099 |
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