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157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
electric motor). Switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.
# Vehicle type.
## Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles.
Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric ... | 2,200 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
a wheel using a transmission element. Most motorized bicycles, mopeds are of this type.
- In a series hybrid bicycle (SHB) (a kind of chainless bicycle) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being... | 2,201 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal ... | 2,202 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
drone and small hand-tool sized internal combustion engine, and a 3D printed drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port.
## Heavy vehicle.
Hybrid power trains us... | 2,203 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives — e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/hydraulic accumulators... | 2,204 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
or 25000 V on different rail systems. It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and Wyoming company.
Chinabr
The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and built in 2000. It was a G12 locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200... | 2,205 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel.
North Americabr
In the US, General Electric made a locomotive with sodium - nickel chloride (Na-NiCl) battery storage... | 2,206 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
regenerative braking is used; but in principle it is easily utilized.
Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. ... | 2,207 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad among others.
### Cranes.
Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloa... | 2,208 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings. With advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced the Kenworth T... | 2,209 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
peak efficiency.
In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph.
I... | 2,210 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
components would add only $700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology.
### Military off-road vehicles.
Since 1985, the US military has been te... | 2,211 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface.
Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds.
### Aircraft.
The ... | 2,212 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wing span of , the airplane will be able to cruise at about on power from the fuel cell.
Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by... | 2,213 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h, Hyundai Ioniq and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines) and electric motors to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engin... | 2,214 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid tram and sold a small hybrid locomotive.
In 1899, Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with an internal combustion ge... | 2,215 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website.
The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged... | 2,216 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation.
Developing a BEV infrastructure would provide th... | 2,217 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
(see Conduit current collection, trams, electric rail, trolleys, third rail). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes.
## Hybrid fuel (dual mode).
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different device... | 2,218 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although , no such design seems to have been announced.
- Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank — typically gas... | 2,219 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
switch between petroleum and natural gas, offering a range of over 1000 km (650 miles). While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel, and flexibility where LPG or CNG infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. While ... | 2,220 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
gasoline is $28.00, compared to natural gas's $4.00 per MMBTU. On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this makes natural gas much cheaper than gasoline. All of these factors are making CNG-Gasoline bi-fuel vehicles very attractive.
- Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it ... | 2,221 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
the wheels via hydraulic (liquid) or pneumatic (compressed air) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the... | 2,222 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".
### Petro-hydraulic hybrid.
Petr... | 2,223 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing. The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle oper... | 2,224 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
vehicles, high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswa... | 2,225 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to t... | 2,226 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size.
Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. Focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors... | 2,227 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
The BMW 530i, gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average p... | 2,228 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 m... | 2,229 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
with no friction brakes are used in industrial vehicles. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. Energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charg... | 2,230 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minvan was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment.
PSA Peugeot Citroën exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energ... | 2,231 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until a partnership can be arranged.
## Electric-human power hybrid vehicle.
Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles. These include such... | 2,232 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.
The first mass production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was ... | 2,233 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID, BMW 7 Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids, Suzuki S-Cross, Suzuki Wagon R and Smart fortwo with micro hybrid drive.
## Power-split or series-parallel hybrid.
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an... | 2,234 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
the batteries.
Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device this provides a continuously variable transmission.
On the open road, the primary po... | 2,235 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
emissions.
Passenger car installations include Toyota Prius, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h.
## Series hybrid.
A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply... | 2,236 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
(EREV/REEV/EVER).
The BMW i3 with Range Extender is a production series-hybrid. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The Fisker Karma was the first series-hy... | 2,237 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Porsche effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a wheel hub motor design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This a... | 2,238 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
this car also has a mechanical connection between the engine and drivetrain. Supercapacitors combined with a lithium ion battery bank have been used by AFS Trinity in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using supercapacitors they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.
## Plug-in hybrid elec... | 2,239 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
or parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.
This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding – or at least minimizing – the use of ICE during daily driving. A... | 2,240 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of t... | 2,241 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. For crashes involving cycl... | 2,242 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles (EVs) travelling at low speeds. Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in all-electric mode.
Vehicles in the market with such safety devices include the Nissan Leaf, ... | 2,243 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
reductions.
The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:
- 1. Relying on both... | 2,244 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator;
Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are ... | 2,245 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve vehicle handling at the same time.
- 4. Using low rolling resistance tires (tires were often made to give a quiet... | 2,246 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
whatever the power source.
- 5. Powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts.
These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city tr... | 2,247 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
than the recommended level set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of . The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic, Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, set the standards even higher by ... | 2,248 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
car battery.
Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today most hybrid car batteries are one of two types: 1) nickel metal hydride, or 2) lithium ion; both are regarded as more environmentally frie... | 2,249 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
cadmium according to one source. Another source claims nickel metal hydride batteries are much more toxic than lead batteries, also that recycling them and disposing of them safely is difficult. In general various soluble and insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel chloride and nickel oxide, have know... | 2,250 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
performance that helps to protect the environment with features such as improved charge efficiency without memory effect.
The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–meta... | 2,251 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO emissions helping to prevent global warming.
## Charging.
There are two different levels of charging. Level one charging is the slower method as it uses ... | 2,252 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
batteries is 3-4.2 V. Recharging with a 120 volt household outlet takes several hours, a 240 volt charger takes 1–4 hours, and a quick charge takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. Three important factors—distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge
In order for the hybrid to ... | 2,253 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars.
## Raw materials increasing costs.
There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybr... | 2,254 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare earth elements have resulted in an unknown amount of supply.
A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as ... | 2,255 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
Braking. The drivetrain can be used to convert kinetic energy (from the moving car) into stored electrical energy (batteries). The same electric motor that powers the drivetrain is used to resist the motion of the drivetrain. This applied resistance from the electric motor causes the wheel to slow down a... | 2,256 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
speeds.
- Automatic Start/Shutoff. It automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This automation is much simpler with an electric motor. Also see dual power above.
# Alternative green vehicles.
Other types of green vehicles... | 2,257 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
on a network of specially built guideways.
# Peugeot/Citroën Hybrid Vehicle.
Peugeot and Citroën have announced that they too are building a car that uses compressed air as an energy source. However, the car they are designing uses a hybrid system which also uses a gasoline engine (which is used for pr... | 2,258 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
by Washington lobbyist to lower the worlds emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption. In 2005, sales went beyond 200,000 Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by 200,000 gallons per day — a tiny fraction of the 360 million gallons used p... | 2,259 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
appropriation of environmental virtue." Temma Ehrenfeld explained in an article by Newsweek. Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely inaccurate. Hybrid car companies have... | 2,260 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
This "Green Myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness. Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill ups. Secondly, people find it rewarding to own the bette... | 2,261 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
a Hybrid it is easy to think it's the right thing to do, but in fact may not be as green as it appears.
In 2019 the term "Self-Charging Hybrid" became popular in advertising, though cars referred to by this name do not offer any different functionality than a standard hybrid vehicle provides. The only s... | 2,262 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
as more models are offered and incremental costs decline due to learning and scale benefits. However, forecasts vary widely. For instance, Bob Lutz, a long-time skeptic of hybrids, indicated he expects hybrids "will never comprise more than 10% of the US auto market." Other sources also expect hybrid pen... | 2,263 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
how quickly the vehicle stock could be hybridized and/or electrified in the United States. The analogs are (1) the electric motors in US factories in the early 20th century, (2) diesel electric locomotives on US railways in the 1920–1945 period, (3) a range of new automotive features/technologies introdu... | 2,264 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
reducing the average CO2 passenger car emissions to 95 g/km by 2020, according to a European Commission press release.
According to the release, the key details of the agreement are as follows:
Emissions target: The agreement will reduce average CO2 emissions from new cars to 95 g/km from 2020, as prop... | 2,265 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
in line with the EU's long-term climate goals.
Super credits for low-emission vehicles: The Regulation will give manufacturers additional incentives to produce cars with CO2 emissions of 50 g/km or less (which will be electric or plug-in hybrid cars). Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicl... | 2,266 |
157736 | Hybrid vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid%20vehicle | Hybrid vehicle
r credits can make to their target in any year.
# See also.
- Alternative propulsion
- Bivalent (engine)
- Diesel-electric
- Efficient energy use
- Electric vehicle
- Global Hybrid Cooperation
- Global warming
- Human-electric hybrid vehicle
- Hybrid electric vehicle
- Hybrid locomotive
- Hyb... | 2,267 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
Battle of Trebbia (1799)
The Battle of Trebbia or the Napoleonic Battle of the Trebbia (17–20 June 1799) was fought near the Trebbia River in northern Italy between the joint Russian and Habsburg Austrian army under Alexander Suvorov and the Republican French army of Jacques MacDonald. Though ... | 2,268 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
after the battles of Magnano and Cassano and they placed the key fortress of Mantua under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, MacDonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, MacD... | 2,269 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
bumped into a holding force led by Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz along the Tidone River. Ott was rapidly reinforced by the bulk of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th but the outnumbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive. On 19... | 2,270 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of MacDonald's army arrived.
Due to participation of some 3,000 soldiers of the Polish Legions, the Battle of Trebbia is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "TREBBIA 17 - 19 VI 1799".
# Background.
... | 2,271 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
while inflicting losses of 8,000 men and 18 guns on their foes. The defeat was a crushing blow to French morale and prompted Schérer to plead with the French Directory to be relieved of command. Finding his strong position behind the Mincio River outflanked on the north by 12,000 Austrians, Sch... | 2,272 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
Battle of Cassano along the Adda River. The next day at Verderio, Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier's division was surrounded and in the fighting that followed the French lost 252 men killed before the 2,700 survivors gave up. The defeats caused Moreau to fall back, leaving 2,400 men to hold the ... | 2,273 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
moved up the north bank of the Po River toward Turin. On the morning of 26 May, Josef Philipp Vukassovich's advance guard seized Turin with its arsenal and over 300 cannons plus large stocks of ammunition. Pascal Antoine Fiorella and his 3,400-man French garrison withdrew to the citadel where t... | 2,274 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
Heinrich von Bellegarde from Switzerland to Milan where they arrived on 5 June. To face this array, Moreau counted about 25,000 soldiers in the divisions of Paul Grenier, Claude Victor-Perrin, Pierre Garnier de Laboissière at Genoa, Paul Louis Gaultier de Kervéguen at Florence and Joseph Hélie ... | 2,275 |
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MacDonald reached Rome on 16 May and Florence ten days later. From there, the safest course was to use the west coast road to reach Genoa, keeping the Apennine Mountains between him and the Allies. However, MacDonald believed that the coast road was unusable for his artillery beyond Lerici and ... | 2,276 |
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passage across the Apennines, MacDonald hoped to crush some of the Austrian covering forces. As it moved north, the "Army of Naples" absorbed the divisions of Victor, Montrichard and Gaultier, bringing its total field force to 36,728 soldiers.
On 9 June Suvorov received news from Peter Karl Ot... | 2,277 |
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MacDonald. With the exception of Kaim's division, the Austro-Russian army marched to Asti, reaching there on 11 June. The Allied troops reached the Bormida River near the French-held fortress of Alessandria on 13 June. That day, Suvorov got definite news of MacDonald's offensive. Meanwhile, a F... | 2,278 |
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Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca formed the eastern-most column, moving from Florence to Bologna. Next to the west were the divisions of Jean-Baptiste Olivier and François Watrin, accompanied by MacDonald and advancing from Pistoia on Modena. Farther west was Jean Henri Dombrowski's division desce... | 2,279 |
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Modena with 4,800 troops and Ott west of Fornovo di Taro. MacDonald planned to destroy Hohenzollern's division by pinning it with his own column while enveloping it with Dombrowski's division from the west and Rusca's division from the east. Klenau deduced the French strategy and shifted northe... | 2,280 |
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pursuit, MacDonald was set upon by a troop of French Royalist cavalry and suffered saber cuts on the head and arm before his own soldiers could finish off their enemies.
Since the fortress of Alessandria commanded the only crossing of the Bormida, the Austro-Russian main body waited on a ponto... | 2,281 |
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Suvorov detached Mikhail Mikhailovich Veletsky with one battalion of the "Jung-Baden" Musketeer Regiment, 50 Cossacks and 80 dragoons from the "Karaczay" Regiment. Allowing for the possibility of defeat, the Russian army commander ordered the Po to be bridged at Mezzana Corti for the main army ... | 2,282 |
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make a fighting retreat to the Stradella defile. By this time Austrian military engineer Albert Johann de Best got the Piacenza citadel into a defensible state after eight days of work; two or three companies of the "Fröhlich" Regiment were assigned to garrison it. Victor's division led the Fre... | 2,283 |
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the "Fröhlich" Regiment, the remainder of the "Karaczay" Regiment and one and one-half batteries of horse artillery. If Ott could hold out along the Tidone River, it would allow ample space for the Austro-Russian army to deploy between the Po and the mountain spurs to the south. If Ott were for... | 2,284 |
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Column. The Austrian forces numbered 9,851 foot and 4,586 horse while the Russians counted 16,219 infantry and 2,000 Cossacks. These numbers amounted to 32,656 and did not include artillerymen. The figures in brackets represent Austrian casualties. The First Column on the right was headed by an... | 2,285 |
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of two battalions of the "Rosenberg" Grenadier Regiment, one battalion each of the "Dalheim" and "Schveikovsky" Musketeer Regiments and six squadrons of the Austrian "Lobkowitz" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 10 [107].
Rosenberg personally accompanied the Second Column in the center. The division comman... | 2,286 |
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General der Kavallerie Melas was made up of a division under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ott and a reserve under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Fröhlich with attached artillery [64]. Ott's division included four battalions of the "Nádasdy" Nr. 39 [565] and two battalions of the "Mittrowsky" Nr. ... | 2,287 |
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[62] and "Wouwermanns" [102] Grenadier Battalions. A second source stated that there were 17,000 Russians and 20,000 Austrians present and added three battalions of the "Fröhlich" Nr. 28 Infantry Regiment, six squadrons of the "Württemberg" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 8 [2] and listed seven rather tha... | 2,288 |
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Victor Léopold Berthier served as chief of staff, Chef de bataillon Jacques Bardenet as chief of artillery and Jean-Louis Dubreton as commissary officer. In the 8 June order of battle that follows, the figures in parentheses are unit strengths. The Advanced Guard was led by General of Brigade J... | 2,289 |
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Infantry Demi-Brigades, 7th Chasseurs à Cheval (321) and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval (314) Regiments and gunners and sappers (311). The 2nd Division was directed by General of Division Rusca and comprised the 17th Light (1,880), 55th Line (886) and 97th Line (1,760) Infantry Demi-Brigades, 16th Dra... | 2,290 |
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and sappers (112). The 4th Division was commanded by General of Division Watrin and consisted of the 62nd Line (3,420) and 78th Light (2,120) Infantry Demi-Brigade, 25th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (260) and artillerists (33). The 5th Division was directed by General of Division Dombrowski and ... | 2,291 |
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park. A second authority placed the 12th Line in Olivier's division rather than Salme's Advanced Guard, specified that the 17th in Rusca's division was Light Infantry, put the 2nd Line instead of the 3rd Line in Montrichard's division and listed different unit totals in some divisions. This sec... | 2,292 |
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17 June.
The Tidone River runs north into the Po west of Piacenza. With steep banks 2 to 3 metres high and a width of about , the stream has some defensive value. Like the Tidone, the bed of the Trebbia is filled with white stones. On 17 June at 8:00 am the French opened their attack against O... | 2,293 |
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of the fight, but he stayed in Piacenza, resulting in poor coordination of the French effort. Nevertheless, the determined initial assault ousted the "D'Aspre" Jägers from their west-bank positions in the hamlets of Agazzino, Pontetidone and Veratto di Sopra. As Dombrowski's troops mounted a fl... | 2,294 |
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were thrown into the fight. Nevertheless, at 3:00 pm the French overran both Sarmato and its defending battery, forcing Ott's troops back to a position in front of Castel San Giovanni.
Soon afterward Melas arrived with three battalions of Austrians foot and some squadrons of the "Archduke Jose... | 2,295 |
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to battle near Castel San Giovanni. Despite the odds turning against them, the French continued to mount spirited attacks. Gradually the Allies massed in two battle lines in front of Castel San Giovanni. By the end of the day, 30,656 Austrian and Russian troops were present to face the now-outn... | 2,296 |
157757 | Battle of Trebbia (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Trebbia%20(1799) | Battle of Trebbia (1799)
French suffered losses of about 1,000 killed and wounded plus 1,200 more captured. Allied casualties are not given.
## Trebbia River - 18 June.
Unexpectedly confronted by a large Austro-Russian army, MacDonald was in a dilemma. He believed that his 22,000 available soldiers were outnumbered a... | 2,297 |
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Genoese at Bobbio, sending them fleeing back to Genoa. On morning of 18 June the injured MacDonald inspected his army. He found his men ready to fight and the enemy inactive. Meanwhile, Suvorov and Chasteler planned to throw three columns at the French, with the main strength on the right to br... | 2,298 |
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of Ott and Fröhlich. Ott was ordered to drive straight ahead to the Trebbia supported by his colleague. At some point Fröhlich's grenadiers were supposed to reinforce the right flank in order to give more weight to its attack.
Suvorov's desire to start the attack at 7:00 am proved to be imprac... | 2,299 |
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