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358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of the city and its fortifications were destroyed and most of the Algerian fleet was sunk.
In the 19th century, the pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "licence tax" in exchange for safe harbour of their vessels.
Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the United St... | 2,000 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of tributes. In addition, the Dey agreed to end the practice of enslaving Christians.
Despite being removed from Algeria in the 19th century, Spain retained a presence in Morocco. Algeria consistently opposed Spanish fortresses and control in nearby Morocco through the 20th century.
## French colonization (18... | 2,001 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of Algeria, which stood at about 2.9 million in 1872, reached nearly 11 million in 1960. French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country. The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest. The conquest of Algeria by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodsh... | 2,002 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and "département" of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, who became known as "colons" and later, as... | 2,003 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
in both cities.
During the late 19th and early 20th century; the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious r... | 2,004 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
and eventually independence from France. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian... | 2,005 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of injuries. Historians, like Alistair Horne and Raymond Aron, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casua... | 2,006 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the Oran massacre of 1962, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city, and began attacking civilians.
Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) leader A... | 2,007 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
to a symbolic role. He collectivised agriculture and launched a massive industrialization drive. Oil extraction facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international 1973 oil crisis.
In the 1960s and 1970s under President Houari Boumediene, Algeria pursued a pro... | 2,008 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Poli... | 2,009 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
and a High Council of State was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil insurgency between the Front's armed wing, the Armed Islamic Group, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent camp... | 2,010 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
and most opposition groups which were won by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a referendum, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted... | 2,011 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, which wa... | 2,012 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisa... | 2,013 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.
On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from th... | 2,014 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
The vast mountain ranges of Aures and Nememcha occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is Mount Tahat ( m).
Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 19° and 37°N (a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes 9°W and 12°E. Most of the ... | 2,015 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
about south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities.
## Climate and hydrology.
In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights... | 2,016 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
also has ergs, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to .
## Fauna and flora.
The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. Many of th... | 2,017 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
forests in the north-eastern areas.
A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals. Barbary macaques are the sole native monkey. Snakes, monitor lizards, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of rodents throug... | 2,018 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
various palm trees grow in the warmer areas. The grape vine is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. Acacias with wild olives are the predominant flora in the remainder of the Sahara.
Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes,... | 2,019 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
generals have died or retired. After the death of General Larbi Belkheir, Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that make him re-electable indefinitely.
The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term. The president... | 2,020 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
on April 3 . Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the army, the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government.
The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly... | 2,021 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.
Parliamentary elections were last held in May 2012, and were judged to be largely free by international monitors, though local groups alleged fraud and irregularities. In the elections, the FLN won 221 seats, the mili... | 2,022 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.
In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defense Minister Herve Morin... | 2,023 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
an obstacle to tightening the Arab Maghreb Union, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.
## Military.
The military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defenc... | 2,024 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).
In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with... | 2,025 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor" issued a report regarding violation of media freedom in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restriction on freedom of the press; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the med... | 2,026 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
deregistered by the government.
Homosexuality is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison.
# Administrative divisions.
Algeria is divided into 48 provinces ("wilayas"), 553 districts ("daïras") and 1,541 municipalities ("baladiyahs"). Each province, district, ... | 2,027 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
by the World Bank. Algeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and f... | 2,028 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business clima... | 2,029 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
human development.
The Algerian economy grew by 2.6% in 2011, driven by public spending, in particular in the construction and public-works sector, and by growing internal demand. If hydrocarbons are excluded, growth has been estimated at 4.8%. Growth of 3% is expected in 2012, rising to 4.2% in 2013. The rate... | 2,030 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
In general, the country exported $73 billion worth of commodities while it imported $46 billion.
Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbon stabilization fund. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2... | 2,031 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of the labor force are employed in the agricultural sector. Fiscal policy in 2011 remained expansionist and made it possible to maintain the pace of public investment and to contain the strong demand for jobs and housing.
Algeria has not joined the WTO, despite several years of negotiations.
In March 2006, Ru... | 2,032 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
conglomerate Emarat Dzayer Group said it had signed a joint venture agreement to develop a $1.6 billion steel factory in Algeria.
## Hydrocarbons.
Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an OPEC member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is al... | 2,033 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algeria had of proven natural-gas reserves. It also ranks 16th in oil reserves.
Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon pr... | 2,034 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.
The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in pa... | 2,035 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, ... | 2,036 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programmes introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the programme to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).
## Tourism.
The development of the touris... | 2,037 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; and the Casbah of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Site is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range.
## Transport.
The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its l... | 2,038 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Tunisia.
# Demographics.
In January 2016 Algeria's population was an estimated 40.4 million, who are mainly Arab-Berber ethnically. At the outset of the 20th century,... | 2,039 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. 60% of university students are women, according to university researchers.
Between 90,000 and 165,000 Sahrawis from Western Sahara live in the Sahrawi refugee camps, in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000 Pal... | 2,040 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Berbers as well as Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantine Greeks, Arabs, Turks, various Sub-Saharan Africans, and French have contributed to the history of Algeria. Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Cast... | 2,041 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algerians are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylie region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of Northeast Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria.
During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in ... | 2,042 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Arabic is heavily infused with borrowings from French and Berber.
Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002. Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie. In February 2016, t... | 2,043 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as a lingua franca of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French or 18 million in a population of 30 million then. After an e... | 2,044 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
by 27–30%.
## Religion.
Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2012 CIA World Factbook estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2010. There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Gharda... | 2,045 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
history. Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist ... | 2,046 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.
Contemporary Algerian cinema is various in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concer... | 2,047 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to... | 2,048 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature, with authors like Ahmad al-Buni, Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.
Albert Camus was an Algerian-... | 2,049 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
is the publication of novels as the "Algerian trilogy" of Mohammed Dib, or even "Nedjma" of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zak... | 2,050 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted recent works, there is t... | 2,051 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
master of this music is El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka. The Constantinois Malouf style is saved by musician from whom Mohamed Tahar Fergani is a performer.
Folk music styles include Bedouin music, characterized by the poetic songs based on long kacida (poems); Kabyle music, based on a rich repertoire that is poetry a... | 2,052 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the staïfi music is born in Sétif and remains a unique style of its kind.
Modern music is available in several facets, Raï music is a style typical of western Algeria. Rap, a relatively recent style in Algeria, is experiencing significant growth.
## Cinema.
The Algerian state's interest in film-industry acti... | 2,053 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a tota... | 2,054 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.
Algeria won the Palme d'Or for "Chronicle of the Years of Fire" (1975), two Oscars for "Z" (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie "The Battle of Algiers".
## Sports.
Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the Aures, people played... | 2,055 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, and Taoufik Makhloufi, all specialized in middle-distance running.
Football is the most popular sport in Algeria. Several names are engraved in the ... | 2,056 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
The Algerian Football Federation is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team.
## Cuisine.
Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the "granary of Rome". It offers a compone... | 2,057 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the dishes known, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices.
Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities... | 2,058 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
cakes. Marketed and home-made bread products include varieties such as Kessra or Khmira or Harchaya, chopsticks and so-called washers Khoubz dar or Matloue. Other traditional meals sold often as street food include mhadjeb or mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, and t'chicha.
# Health.
In 200... | 2,059 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favors preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. I... | 2,060 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
in 1905 during French rule.
# Education.
Since the 1970s, in a centralized system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to trac... | 2,061 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.
Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educati... | 2,062 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.
Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and... | 2,063 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
most of the other sectors as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, the University of Mentouri Constantine, and University of Oran Es-Senia. The University of Abou Bekr Belk... | 2,064 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects". Routledge. .
- Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). "The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
- Fanon, Frantz (1966; 2005 paperback). "The Wretched of the Earth". Gro... | 2,065 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
hn (1992). "Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation". Bloomington: Indiana University Press. .
- Stora, Benjamin (2001). "Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History". Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. .
- Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". "Rel... | 2,066 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
Battle of Tourcoing
The Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) saw a Republican French army directed by General Joseph Souham defend against an attack by an Austrian, British, and Hanoverian Coalition army under Austrian Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany... | 2,067 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
just north of Lille in northeastern France.
The Coalition battle plan drawn up by Karl Mack von Leiberich launched six columns that attempted to envelop a part of the French army holding an awkward bulge at Menen (Menin) and Kortrijk (Courtrai). The French were able to hold off François Sébastien C... | 2,068 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
Hanoverian troops. The action is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Turcoine, a gesture towards the English pronunciation of the town.
# Summary.
Under the temporary leadership of Souham, Maj-Gen Charles Pichegru's Army of the North ("Armée du Nord") encountered an Austro-British-German force ... | 2,069 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
the separated allied columns of Georg Wilhelm von dem Bussche, Rudolf Ritter von Otto and the Duke of York between them. Meanwhile, part of Moreau's command held off the assault of the Count of Clerfayt from the north. It was a sprawling engagement fought out over many square miles of countryside ju... | 2,070 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
Saxe-Coburg's army consisted of three Austrian columns commanded by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (18½ battalions, 6 squadrons), the François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt and Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky. Von dem Bussche commanded the Hanoverians (5 bns, 8 sqdns). The Duke ... | 2,071 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
In addition, Compère's brigade held Tourcoing and Thierry's brigade held Mouscron. Osten's division defended Pont-à-Marcq on the right (south) flank. These dispositions straddle the current French-Belgian border.
Saxe-Coburg's chief-of-staff, General Karl Mack von Leiberich proposed enveloping and ... | 2,072 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
of Souham and Moreau against the Lys. To the south, Archduke Charles and Kinsky would brush Osten and Bonnaud aside and wheel northwest, linking with Clerfayt and trapping the French left flank. The movement began on 16 May.
# Battle.
On 17 May, Clerfayt found his crossing resisted by Brig-Gen Dom... | 2,073 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
column crossed the Marque River at Bouvines but made little progress beyond there. Archduke Charles' column got a late start and barely made it to Pont-à-Marcq. Only the columns of Abercromby and Otto had reached their assigned positions by evening.
On 18 May, Souham determined to hurl 40,000 men a... | 2,074 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
completely inert, despite Mack's frantic orders for them to march to Lannoy. Instead, Charles became obsessed with protecting his left flank and rear from French incursions.
At dawn, Brig-Gen Étienne MacDonald's brigade of Souham's division rushed and recaptured Tourcoing from Otto. Malbrancq's bri... | 2,075 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
brigade distinguishing itself during the withdrawal. This ended the battle. The Duke of York, separated from his command, narrowly avoided capture and was obliged to wade a deep brook to escape. Souham immediately faced his tired troops about and prepared to attack Clerfayt. That general, realizing ... | 2,076 |
157752 | Battle of Tourcoing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tourcoing | Battle of Tourcoing
3,000 casualties and lost 7 cannon. There was no pursuit of the defeated Allied main body. The Allies lost 4,000 killed and wounded, with 1,500 men and 60 guns captured. The 1st Hanoverian Infantry Regiment was nearly destroyed. The reasons for the Allied defeat were simple. There was poor staff wor... | 2,077 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
Battle of Vimeiro
In the Battle of Vimeiro (sometimes shown as or "Vimiera" or "Vimeira" in contemporary British texts) on 21 August 1808, the British under General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington) defeated the French under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village o... | 2,078 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
his army to face the assault. Meanwhile, Junot sent in two central columns but these were forced back by sustained volleys from troops in line. Soon afterwards, the flanking attack was beaten off and Junot retreated towards Torres Vedras having lost 2,000 men and 13 cannon, compared to 700 Anglo-Portu... | 2,079 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
Since most of his reinforcements had arrived by 20 August, Wellesley planned to advance south on Lisbon. Eight independent infantry brigades under Rowland Hill, Ronald Craufurd Ferguson, Miles Nightingall, Barnard Foord Bowes, Catlin Craufurd, Henry Fane, Robert Anstruther and Wroth Acland formed the ... | 2,080 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
and Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières, while Louis Henri Loison's division included two brigades commanded by Jean-Baptiste Solignac and Hugues Charlot. In addition, François Étienne de Kellermann commanded a 2,100-man reserve made up of four converged grenadier battalions. These units were created ... | 2,081 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
4,300-man brigade and some dragoons swung in a wide flanking manoeuvre to seize an empty ridge to the northeast of the village. Wellesley detected Brenier's move and switched Nightingall, Ferguson and Bowes to the northeastern ridge. Once Junot realised that British troops occupied the ridge, he sent ... | 2,082 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
by skirmishers, the brigade was formed into a column of companies.
The first company of 120 men formed in a three-deep line would have a front rank 40 men wide. All the other companies formed behind the first company, making the entire brigade about 40 files wide and 48 ranks deep. According to Frenc... | 2,083 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
four companies of riflemen (60th Regiment of Foot & 95th Rifles). These outnumbered and outfought the French skirmishers, who fell back to the sides of the brigade column. Without their skirmishers in front of them, the French column blundered into the 945 men of the 50th Regiment. At , the British, f... | 2,084 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
column, it struck one battalion of Anstruther's brigade, which had been hidden behind a crest. Before they could deploy, the French were taken in flank by a second battalion. Unable to effectively reply to the devastating British volley fire, Charlot's men soon ran away. Seeing the battle going agains... | 2,085 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
Kellermann's retreating grenadiers and routed them. Excited by their easy success, the British horsemen charged out of control. They soon came up against Margaron's French cavalry division and were routed in their turn. Taylor was killed and the British horsemen lost about one man in four.
As Brenier... | 2,086 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
and Ferguson's brigades before they could deploy. Smashed by British volleys, Solignac's men fled.
Brenier's brigade, marching to the sound of battle, came on four battalions abreast. At first they enjoyed success when they surprised and defeated two British battalions. These units had let down their... | 2,087 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
Aftermath.
In hindsight, Junot faced very long odds with only 14,000 Frenchmen against 18,000 British and Portuguese led by Wellesley. Junot correctly launched his heaviest attack on the weakest point in the British position, the unoccupied northeastern ridge. However, his attacks suffered by being b... | 2,088 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
French far more generous terms than they could have hoped for. Under the terms of the "Convention of Sintra", the defeated army was transported back to France by the British navy, complete with its guns and equipment and the loot it had taken from Portugal. The Convention of Sintra caused a massive ou... | 2,089 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
British troops, for example, lay the desire not just to receive assistance but also to obtain command over them. Equally a desire was beginning to emerge amongst the British to further their influence in Spain and to impose their own political solutions. With the British army in the hands of an office... | 2,090 |
157765 | Battle of Vimeiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Vimeiro | Battle of Vimeiro
ut also to obtain command over them. Equally a desire was beginning to emerge amongst the British to further their influence in Spain and to impose their own political solutions. With the British army in the hands of an officer who was not only highly ambitious but deeply frustrated, at odds with the ... | 2,091 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
Battle of Tudela
The Battle of Tudela (23 November 1808) saw an Imperial French army led by Marshal Jean Lannes attack a Spanish army under General Castaños. The battle resulted in the complete victory of the Imperial forces over their adversaries. The combat occurred near Tudela in Navarre, Spain dur... | 2,092 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
of 2 May 1808, followed by extensive uprisings throughout Spain, forced the French to pull back from their occupation of Spain to the Ebro River. There was an opportunity for the Spanish to finally expel the French altogether but this was missed due to their failure to appoint a Supreme Commander leavi... | 2,093 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
strategy was to make a strong attack towards Burgos splitting off the army of Blake from the others and to outflank them by then swinging both north and south. It was in his interest that the Spanish maintain their exposed advanced positions. The French armies facing them were therefore ordered not to ... | 2,094 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
was the area between Tudela and the neighbouring hills on the left. The Spanish front was deployed on the hills of Santa Barbara, Tudela, Torre Monreal, Santa Quiteria the top of Cabezoe Maya (the hill where the retreat of San Juan de Calchetas was), and the villages of Urzante (now disappeared), Murch... | 2,095 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
the Ebro at Logrono and headed east towards Calahorra while at the same time Marshal Michel Ney with the VI Corps reached the Upper Douro Valley and headed towards Tudela.
These movements threatened Castaños with entrapment between these two armies. To avoid this Castaños withdrew to Tudela. He decide... | 2,096 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
move without an order from Palafox. This did not arrive until noon on 22 November 1808. O’Neylle moved promptly to the east bank of the Ebro opposite Tudela but decided not to cross the river until the next day.
By nightfall on 22 November 1808 Castaños had almost 45,000 soldiers in the vicinity of Tu... | 2,097 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
and Felipe Augusto de Saint-Marcq.
Most of the fighting in the battle of Tudela would involve only the three divisions of Roca, O’Neylle, and Saint-Marcq – totaling about 23,000 infantry.
For the French only the III Corps was involved in the Battle of Tudela. Prior to 22 November 1808 this force had ... | 2,098 |
157764 | Battle of Tudela | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Tudela | Battle of Tudela
night of 22 November the French Army camped at Alfaro – 17 kilometres up the Ebro from Tudela.
## The battle.
On the morning of 23 November 1808 Lagrange's infantry and two cavalry brigades were sent towards Cascante. The rest of the force was sent along the Ebro towards Tudela.
At this time O’Neyll... | 2,099 |
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