wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson was reported to have held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called | 25,100 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
"The Adelson Primary". On May 13, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign.
In October 2016 Adelson, whose son died of a drug overdose, donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.
### Views on Donald Trump.
Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored | 25,101 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.
## 2018.
For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.
## 2019.
On January 31, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the | 25,102 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
Trust's largest to date.
# Philanthropy.
Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totalling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014.
Adelson also has funded the private, Boston-based Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) | 25,103 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.
In a 2016 listing of the top 100 people positively influencing Jewish life, Adelson was described as one of the world's most generous and influential Jewish philanthropists, who 'continues to make outsized gifts to a range of Jewish and non-Jewish groups'.
# Personal life.
## Marriage.
In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. They divorced in 1988.
Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year and married in 1991. She was previously married | 25,104 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam "Miri" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1946, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Miriam spoke about her | 25,105 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
lifelong work in a 2012 interview with Fortune Magazine, saying that "saving a drug addict is the equivalent of saving about 20 people. Treating one drug addict reduces his criminal activity, reduces his arrests, reduces his appearances in court, reduces his time sitting in prison, reduces his injecting drugs, reduces him being infected with HIV & Hepatitis C while sharing needles, and reduces his infecting others if he is already infected. It also improves his general medical condition, improves his behavior at home and in the environment, improves his work habits, and has a positive impact on his family by having a normal person around them. By treating one person, we can save many lives, | 25,106 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
and a mission like that is very much fulfilling."
## Litigation.
A June 2008 profile in "The New Yorker" detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with top Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million | 25,107 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson is appealing again. Adelson faces another trial over claims by three alleged "middlemen" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million.
In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino.
Adelson successfully sued the "Daily Mail" of London for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing "despicable business practices" and having "habitually and corruptly bought political favour". Adelson won the | 25,108 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
libel case, which was described as "a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation", and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.
In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated "Chinese prostitution money" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson "personally approved" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, | 25,109 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.
## Wealth.
In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.
In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News "So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero...(there is) no such thing | 25,110 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no." In the "Forbes" 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to #178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.
In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes' Annual "Biggest Winner" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes, and as of December 2014, his net worth is $30.4 billion.
## Private jet fleet.
Adelson owns a fleet of private | 25,111 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii by way of the Arctic Ocean.
# Health.
In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricts his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment | 25,112 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
had "restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.
# See also.
- List of people and organisations named in the Paradise Papers
# External links.
- Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics
- "Break the Immigration Impasse", a "NYT" article co-authored by Sheldon G. Adelson, Warren E. Buffett and Bill Gates, July 10, 2014
- "An Interview with Philanthropist Extraordinaire Sheldon Adelson", Marcia Friedman, "The Jewish Press", December 28, 2011
- "Who Is Sheldon Adelson, the Gingrich Super PAC's Billionaire Backer?", Molly | 25,113 |
1599923 | Sheldon Adelson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon%20Adelson | Sheldon Adelson
T" article co-authored by Sheldon G. Adelson, Warren E. Buffett and Bill Gates, July 10, 2014
- "An Interview with Philanthropist Extraordinaire Sheldon Adelson", Marcia Friedman, "The Jewish Press", December 28, 2011
- "Who Is Sheldon Adelson, the Gingrich Super PAC's Billionaire Backer?", Molly Ball, "The Atlantic", January 25, 2012
- "Secrets of the billionaire bankrolling Gingrich's shot at the White House", Paul Harris, "The Guardian", January 28, 2011
- "Sheldon Adelson Spent Far More on Campaign ($150 Million) Than Previously Known", Peter H. Stone, "The Huffington Post", December 3, 2012
- "Tallying the Adelsons' $92 million", Lindsay Young, Sunlight Foundation, December 7, 2012 | 25,114 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
Bunnings Warehouse
Bunnings Group, trading as Bunnings Warehouse, is an Australian household hardware chain. The chain has been owned by Wesfarmers since 1994, and has stores in Australia and New Zealand.
Bunnings was founded in Perth, Western Australia in 1887, by two brothers who had emigrated from England. Initially a limited company focused on sawmilling, it became a public company in 1952 and subsequently expanded into the retail sector, purchasing several hardware stores. Bunnings began to expand into other states in the 1990s, and opened its first warehouse-style store in Melbourne in 1994. The chain currently has 295 stores and over 30,000 employees.
Bunnings has a market share of | 25,115 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
around 20 percent in the Australian retail hardware sector, with competing chains including Home Timber & Hardware, Mitre 10 and various independent retailers.
# History.
## Pre 1900s.
In 1886 brothers Arthur and Robert Bunning left London to settle in Perth, Western Australia, and soon gained a government building contract, which led to them founding a group of building companies which later became Bunning Bros Pty Ltd. They purchased their first sawmill the following year in the south west of Western Australia, and over the next few years they concentrated more on sawmilling and timber distribution and less on building.
## 20th century.
The company expanded to include several new mills | 25,116 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
around Western Australia. In 1952, Bunnings Limited became a public company, expanded into retailing and purchased several hardware stores. In 1970, Bunnings bought the merchandising and sawmilling operations of the Hawker Siddeley Group. In 1983, they bought out Millars (WA) Pty Ltd and, in 1990, the Alco Handyman hardware operations. The Victorian stores McEwans, owned by James McEwans Limited and the South Australian stores, Harry's & Lloyds were acquired by Bunnings in 1993, with many branches subsequently closed, leaving only the best performing sites. Bunnings Limited was then bought out by Wesfarmers in 1994.
In late 1995, the 'Red Hammer' symbol was introduced and in June 1996, its | 25,117 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
trademark slogan "Lowest Prices Are Just The Beginning" was established.
Both are still in use today.
## Store development post-1994.
After the acquisition of Bunnings by Wesfarmers, the first Bunnings Warehouse was opened in the Melbourne suburb of Sunshine by Victorian premier Jeff Kennett and Joe Boros, the managing director of Bunnings. This was quickly followed by three other Melbourne stores. Subsequently, new warehouses have been opened, on average, every three months across Australia. Development in Sydney and Brisbane proved more difficult than in other areas, as large blocks of land in the metropolitan area were limited. In 1997, the remaining smaller-format McEwans stores were | 25,118 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
renamed "Bunnings".
In August 2001, Wesfarmers bought the Howard Smith Group, owner of BBC Hardware, previously Nock & Kirby, and big-box offshoot, Hardwarehouse. This supplemented the Bunnings national network by several dozen stores, many of them large Hardwarehouse stores in Sydney, Brisbane and New Zealand. Hardwarehouse had been dominant in New South Wales and Queensland, but the purchase complemented Bunnings' prior domination in Victoria, where Hardwarehouse had only seven stores to Bunnings' twenty at the time of the buy-out. The market leader at the time of purchase was Mitre 10 with 12% market share but inclusion of the Hardwarehouse and BBC Hardware stores brought Bunnings market | 25,119 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
share to 13.5%.
Hardwarehouse and BBC Hardware stores retained their branding for a year, while television advertisements were tagged with each of Bunnings Warehouse, Hardwarehouse and BBC Hardware during this transition period. Lower-volume stores were closed and, in 2002, remaining Hardwarehouses were renamed Bunnings Warehouse.
From 2004 to 2008, Bunnings purchased and re-branded Mitre 10 stores in Griffith, Kempsey, Randwick and Wodonga, Magnet Mart in Griffith and a Mitre 10 Mega store in Modbury. In 2008 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) looked into its acquisitions of five Mitre 10 stores, as it deemed the purchases would be anti-competitive. In February 2009, | 25,120 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
the ACCC allowed the purchases, finding that "the acquisition of the Mitre 10 stores did not significantly alter the level of competition in the relevant market."
Since the development of the Bunnings Warehouse stores, two general operational formats exist: Bunnings and Bunnings Warehouse. The smaller "Bunnings" stores stock a more limited range of hardware, whereas the larger "Bunnings Warehouses" contain a more comprehensive hardware range and, often, garden supplies including plants. Over time, some smaller-format Bunnings stores have gradually been closed. However, 2015 saw six new stores open in Victoria, mainly in smaller regional markets and inner-suburban areas. The "big box" format | 25,121 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
comprises 167 stores of the network of 280.
# Bunnings Warehouse UK and Ireland.
In February 2016, Bunnings' parent company Wesfarmers bought the United Kingdom-based hardware chain Homebase for £340 million. The chain's 265 stores in the UK and 15 in Ireland were intended to be rebranded with the Bunnings name within five years. The first Bunnings store in the UK was opened at the end of January 2017 in St Albans, Hertfordshire, four months later than planned to ensure the adopted format was suited to the UK public. The company planned to use that store as a test model prior to fine-tuning and expanding in that region. In April 2017, they bought a former B&Q store in Folkestone, Kent to be | 25,122 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
the fifth Bunnings store in the UK.
On 25 May 2018, after mounting losses, Wesfarmers sold the UK and Ireland Bunnings/Homebase operation to the turnaround specialist Hilco for the nominal sum of £1. It was reported that the 24 stores already rebranded as "Bunnings" would revert to the "Homebase" name.
# Community involvement.
On weekends (and weekdays at some sites), Bunnings outlets regularly host sausage sizzles and cake stalls for community groups and causes. Having become a ubiquitous part of the Bunnings Warehouse brand, its sausage sizzles have reached iconic status within the Australian public.
Bunnings also provides gardening, craft, and woodwork Do it yourself (DIY) workshops for | 25,123 |
1600068 | Bunnings Warehouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunnings%20Warehouse | Bunnings Warehouse
it yourself (DIY) workshops for children in store, as well as for other groups in schools, nursing homes, and hospitals. The Bunnings staff are available to community groups for assistance with DIY projects.
# House brands.
House brands of Bunnings include:
- "Saxon" - gardening and landscaping products
- "Click" - electrical fittings and accessories
- "Eiger Electrical" UK and Ireland - electrical supplies
# See also.
- Charles Bunning, played an early role in the development of Bunnings
# External links.
- Bunnings Warehouse home page
- Bunnings Warehouse NZ home page
- Bunnings Warehouse UK home page
- Wesfarmers home page
- Bunnings Trade Home Page
- Bunnings Property Trust | 25,124 |
1600086 | Großhöflein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Großhöflein | Großhöflein
Großhöflein
Großhöflein (, ) is a market town in eastern Austria, in the state of Burgenland.
# People.
- Nikolaus Esterházy de Galántha, lived and died here in 1645
# Nearby municipalities.
- Kleinhöflein im Burgenland (now a part of Eisenstadt)
- Müllendorf
- Wulkaprodersdorf
- Steinbrunn
# See also.
- Weingut Kollwentz , a winery | 25,125 |
1600119 | Curious George Brigade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curious%20George%20Brigade | Curious George Brigade
Curious George Brigade
The Curious George Brigade (CGB) is an anarchist collective (or, as it styles itself, an "elusive anarchist thinktank") based in Queens, New York. It is a part of the larger CrimethInc. network.
The CGB produced the book "Anarchy in the Age of Dinosaurs", a meditation on anarchism which displays tendencies of post-left anarchy along with videos, articles and a zine about urban anarchy.
A CGB member, Elliott "Smokey" Madison, was arrested on September 24, 2009 in Pittsburgh, and had his Jackson Heights, Queens home (the anarchist collective known as Tortuga House) raided by the FBI and the Joint Terrorism Task Force on October 1, 2009.
# Writings.
- "A Swarm of Butterflies: | 25,126 |
1600119 | Curious George Brigade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curious%20George%20Brigade | Curious George Brigade
along with videos, articles and a zine about urban anarchy.
A CGB member, Elliott "Smokey" Madison, was arrested on September 24, 2009 in Pittsburgh, and had his Jackson Heights, Queens home (the anarchist collective known as Tortuga House) raided by the FBI and the Joint Terrorism Task Force on October 1, 2009.
# Writings.
- "A Swarm of Butterflies: A Fierce Defense of Chaos in Direct Action" (2002)
- "The End Of Arrogance: Decentralization and Anarchist Organizing" (2002)
- "The Inefficient Utopia, or How Consensus Will Change the World" (2003)
- "Anarchy in the Age of Dinosaurs" (2004)
- "Liberate Not Exterminate" (2005)
- "Insurrectionary Mutual Aid" (retrieved February 28, 2014) | 25,127 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
1992 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1992 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1991–92 season, and the culmination of the 1992 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested by the Prince of Wales Conference and defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins and the Clarence Campbell Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks. The Blackhawks were appearing in their first Finals since . After the Blackhawks jumped to an early 4–1 lead in the first game of the series, Mario Lemieux and the Penguins came back to win the game, sweep the series in four games, and win their second consecutive and second overall Stanley Cup. It was the 99th year of the Stanley Cup, and | 25,128 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
the first to extend into the month of June. It was the last final for Chicago Stadium as it closed in 1994.
# Paths to the Finals.
Pittsburgh defeated the Washington Capitals 4–3, the New York Rangers 4–2, and the Boston Bruins 4–0.
Chicago had to defeat their three biggest rivals, first the St. Louis Blues 4–2, then their long-time Original Six rival Detroit Red Wings 4–0, and then, the Edmonton Oilers 4–0.
With their co-tenants at Chicago Stadium, the Bulls, coached by Phil Jackson and led by Michael Jordan, playing in (and winning) the NBA Finals, it was an opportunity for both the Blackhawks and the Bulls to help the city of Chicago become the first city to have both NHL and NBA championships | 25,129 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
in the same year. (New York also had this opportunity in 1994, when the Knicks and Rangers made the finals in their respective sport; however, the result was the same, albeit a reversal of Chicago's ending, as the Rangers won their first Stanley Cup since 1940, and the Knicks lost, with both of those series going the full seven games.)
Chicago set an NHL playoff record in winning 11 games in a row to reach the finals.
Pittsburgh had won seven in a row entering the finals and swept Chicago in four games to tie Chicago's record. Pittsburgh then extended the playoff winning streak record to 14 with wins in the first three games against the New Jersey Devils in the following season's first playoff | 25,130 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
round.
# Game summaries.
The Penguins were led by captain Mario Lemieux, coach Scotty Bowman, and goaltender Tom Barrasso. The Blackhawks were led by captain Dirk Graham, head coach Mike Keenan and goaltender Ed Belfour. They also made history in having the first Russian-born player to have a chance to get their name on the Stanley Cup in Igor Kravchuk.
Mario Lemieux won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP for the second consecutive year, becoming only the second player in NHL history to do so: Bernie Parent had won it when the Philadelphia Flyers won the Cup in the consecutive years of and .
Game four was the first NHL game played in the month of June.
# Broadcasting.
In Canada, the | 25,131 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
series was televised in English on the CBC and in French on SRC.
In the United States, this was the last Stanley Cup Finals to air nationally on SportsChannel America. ESPN would pick up the national U.S. contract for the next season.
SportsChannel America's national coverage was blacked out in the Chicago and Pittsburgh areas due to the local rights to Blackhawks and Penguins games in those respective TV markets. SportsChannel Chicago aired the games in Chicago. In Pittsburgh, KBL televised games one and two while KDKA aired games three and four.
# Team rosters.
Years indicated in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column signify that the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.
# | 25,132 |
1600064 | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals | 1992 Stanley Cup Finals
evised games one and two while KDKA aired games three and four.
# Team rosters.
Years indicated in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column signify that the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.
# Aftermath.
The Penguins won a league record 17-straight games en route to the Presidents' Trophy in the season, despite Mario Lemieux missing much of the season to Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, they lost in the Patrick Division final to the New York Islanders.
The Blackhawks, however, got swept in the first round to the St. Louis Blues, 4-0.
# See also.
- 1991–92 NHL season
- List of Stanley Cup champions
- 1991–92 Chicago Blackhawks season
- 1991–92 Pittsburgh Penguins season | 25,133 |
1600088 | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloucester%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Wagon%20Company | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (GRC&W) was a railway rolling stock manufacturer based at Gloucester, England; from 1860 until 1986. Products included goods wagons, passenger coaches, diesel multiple units, electric multiple units and various special-purpose vehicles. The company supplied the original fleet of red trains for the Toronto Subway, which were based upon similar vehicles to the London Underground. The company also produced pivoting sections for the Mulberry Harbour for the British War Office 1944.
# 19th century.
The company was formed at a meeting of 30 January 1860 with an initial capital of £100,000 in 10,000 shares | 25,134 |
1600088 | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloucester%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Wagon%20Company | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
of £10 each. The first General Manager was Isaac Slater.
A works was established in 1860, producing over 300 wagons in the first year. Through the latter part of the 19th century the company manufactured wagons and carriages. In 1887 it was renamed the "Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company" from the "Gloucester Wagon Company". During the Boer War the company manufactured horse drawn ambulances, and during the First World War produced stretchers, ambulances, and shells as well as wagons.
# 20th century.
In the 1920s underground, trains for the District line were manufactured and trains for the Piccadilly line and Hammersmith & City line were made in the 1930s. The firm began manufacturing | 25,135 |
1600088 | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloucester%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Wagon%20Company | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
all welded wagons in 1935, as well as manufacturing the bodyshells for GWR railcars. In 1936 the firm won the contract to build a 68 feet long air-conditioned carriage for the Maharajah of Indore to be designed by a German architect and to include a kitchen, servants quarters and a nursery. By 1937 the firm had a site including a 980 kW electricity generating station, and employed 2400 people.
During World War II the company produced tank carrying wagons, shells, and other parts and equipment; by 1941 the company began producing Churchill tanks, eventually making 764 units by 1945; parts for Mulberry harbours were also made.
After the war, the company's leased wagon fleet of over 10,000 coal | 25,136 |
1600088 | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloucester%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Wagon%20Company | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
wagons was nationalised. Gloucester Foundry was acquired in 1950. After the war until the late 1950s the company manufactured more tube trains for London and the Toronto subway, electric passenger multiple units for Victorian Railways in Australia, diesel multiple units for the Australian Commonwealth Railways.
In 1961 the company was acquired by Wingets Ltd (Kent), and renamed "Gloucester Engineering Company Limited". After 1960 much export work was lost to foreign competitors; the company then focused on wagon bogies and suspension. The last carriage was made in 1963 and the last complete wagon in 1968. The company was acquired by Babcock Industrial and Electrical Products in 1986.
Powell | 25,137 |
1600088 | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloucester%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Wagon%20Company | Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
wagon in 1968. The company was acquired by Babcock Industrial and Electrical Products in 1986.
Powell Duffryn Rail acquired the remains of the company in 1986, but ceased its operations in 1993-1994.
# People associated with the company.
- James Platt of Fielding & Platt, former Director.
- Robert Blinkhorn, Gloucester businessman, former Director.
- Sir Leslie Boyce, former Chairman.
# Records.
The company's records are held at the Gloucestershire Archives under reference D4791.
# See also.
- List of products of the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
# External links.
- http://glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/grcwandcement.htm
- http://grcwm.jimdo.com/ | 25,138 |
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Self-replicating machine
A self-replicating machine is a type of autonomous robot that is capable of reproducing itself autonomously using raw materials found in the environment, thus exhibiting self-replication in a way analogous to that found in nature. The concept of self-replicating machines has been advanced and examined by Homer Jacobson, Edward F. Moore, Freeman Dyson, John von Neumann and in more recent times by K. Eric Drexler in his book on nanotechnology, "Engines of Creation" (coining the term clanking replicator for such machines) and by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle in their review "Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines" which provided the first comprehensive analysis of the entire | 25,139 |
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replicator design space. The future development of such technology is an integral part of several plans involving the mining of moons and asteroid belts for ore and other materials, the creation of lunar factories, and even the construction of solar power satellites in space. The possibly misnamed von Neumann probe is one theoretical example of such a machine. Von Neumann also worked on what he called the universal constructor, a self-replicating machine that would operate in a cellular automata environment.
A self-replicating machine is an artificial self-replicating system that relies on conventional large-scale technology and automation. Certain idiosyncratic terms are occasionally found | 25,140 |
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in the literature. For example, the term clanking replicator was once used by Drexler to distinguish macroscale replicating systems from the microscopic nanorobots or "assemblers" that nanotechnology may make possible, but the term is informal and is rarely used by others in popular or technical discussions. Replicators have also been called "von Neumann machines" after John von Neumann, who first rigorously studied the idea. However, the term "von Neumann machine" is less specific and also refers to a completely unrelated computer architecture that von Neumann proposed and so its use is discouraged where accuracy is important. Von Neumann himself used the term universal constructor to describe | 25,141 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
such self-replicating machines.
Historians of machine tools, even before the numerical control era, sometimes figuratively said that machine tools were a unique class of machines because they have the ability to "reproduce themselves" by copying all of their parts. Implicit in these discussions is that a human would direct the cutting processes (later planning and programming the machines), and would then be assembling the parts. The same is true for RepRaps, which are another class of machines sometimes mentioned in reference to such non-autonomous "self-replication". In contrast, machines that are "truly autonomously" self-replicating (like biological machines) are the main subject discussed | 25,142 |
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here.
# History.
The general concept of artificial machines capable of producing copies of themselves dates back at least several hundred years. An early reference is an anecdote regarding the philosopher René Descartes, who suggested to Queen Christina of Sweden that the human body could be regarded as a machine; she responded by pointing to a clock and ordering "see to it that it reproduces offspring." Several other variations on this anecdotal response also exist. Samuel Butler proposed in his 1872 novel "Erewhon" that machines were already capable of reproducing themselves but it was man who made them do so, and added that ""machines which reproduce machinery do not reproduce machines | 25,143 |
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after their own kind"". In George Eliot's 1879 book "Impressions of Theophrastus Such", a series of essays that she wrote in the character of a fictional scholar named Theophrastus, the essay "Shadows of the Coming Race" speculated about self-replicating machines, with Theophrastus asking "how do I know that they may not be ultimately made to carry, or may not in themselves evolve, conditions of self-supply, self-repair, and reproduction".
In 1802 William Paley formulated the first known teleological argument depicting machines producing other machines, suggesting that the question of who originally made a watch was rendered moot if it were demonstrated that the watch was able to manufacture | 25,144 |
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a copy of itself. Scientific study of self-reproducing machines was anticipated by John Bernal as early as 1929 and by mathematicians such as Stephen Kleene who began developing recursion theory in the 1930s. Much of this latter work was motivated by interest in information processing and algorithms rather than physical implementation of such a system, however. In the course of the 1950s, suggestions of several increasingly simple mechanical systems capable of self-reproduction were made—notably by Lionel Penrose.
## von Neumann's kinematic model.
A detailed conceptual proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward by mathematician John von Neumann in | 25,145 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
lectures delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton model as a thought experiment. Von Neumann's concept of a physical self-replicating machine was dealt with only abstractly, with the hypothetical machine using a "sea" or stockroom of spare parts as its source of raw materials. The machine had a program stored on a memory tape that directed it to retrieve parts from this "sea" using a manipulator, assemble them into a duplicate of itself, and then copy the contents of its memory tape into the empty duplicate's. The machine was envisioned as consisting of as few as eight different types of components; four logic elements that send and receive stimuli | 25,146 |
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and four mechanical elements used to provide a structural skeleton and mobility. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicating machine due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop an even more abstract model self-replicator based on cellular automata. His original kinematic concept remained obscure until it was popularized in a 1955 issue of "Scientific American".
## Moore's artificial living plants.
In 1956 mathematician Edward F. Moore proposed the first known suggestion for a practical real-world self-replicating machine, also published in "Scientific American". Moore's "artificial | 25,147 |
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living plants" were proposed as machines able to use air, water and soil as sources of raw materials and to draw its energy from sunlight via a solar battery or a steam engine. He chose the seashore as an initial habitat for such machines, giving them easy access to the chemicals in seawater, and suggested that later generations of the machine could be designed to float freely on the ocean's surface as self-replicating factory barges or to be placed in barren desert terrain that was otherwise useless for industrial purposes. The self-replicators would be "harvested" for their component parts, to be used by humanity in other non-replicating machines.
## Dyson's replicating systems.
The next | 25,148 |
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major development of the concept of self-replicating machines was a series of thought experiments proposed by physicist Freeman Dyson in his 1970 Vanuxem Lecture. He proposed three large-scale applications of machine replicators. First was to send a self-replicating system to Saturn's moon Enceladus, which in addition to producing copies of itself would also be programmed to manufacture and launch solar sail-propelled cargo spacecraft. These spacecraft would carry blocks of Enceladean ice to Mars, where they would be used to terraform the planet. His second proposal was a solar-powered factory system designed for a terrestrial desert environment, and his third was an "industrial development | 25,149 |
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kit" based on this replicator that could be sold to developing countries to provide them with as much industrial capacity as desired. When Dyson revised and reprinted his lecture in 1979 he added proposals for a modified version of Moore's seagoing artificial living plants that was designed to distill and store fresh water for human use and the "Astrochicken."
## "Advanced Automation for Space Missions".
In 1980, inspired by a 1979 "New Directions Workshop" held at Wood's Hole, NASA conducted a joint summer study with ASEE entitled to produce a detailed proposal for self-replicating factories to develop lunar resources without requiring additional launches or human workers on-site. The study | 25,150 |
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was conducted at Santa Clara University and ran from June 23 to August 29, with the final report published in 1982. The proposed system would have been capable of exponentially increasing productive capacity and the design could be modified to build self-replicating probes to explore the galaxy.
The reference design included small computer-controlled electric carts running on rails inside the factory, mobile "paving machines" that used large parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight on lunar regolith to melt and sinter it into a hard surface suitable for building on, and robotic front-end loaders for strip mining. Raw lunar regolith would be refined by a variety of techniques, primarily hydrofluoric | 25,151 |
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acid leaching. Large transports with a variety of manipulator arms and tools were proposed as the constructors that would put together new factories from parts and assemblies produced by its parent.
Power would be provided by a "canopy" of solar cells supported on pillars. The other machinery would be placed under the canopy.
A "casting robot" would use sculpting tools and templates to make plaster molds. Plaster was selected because the molds are easy to make, can make precise parts with good surface finishes, and the plaster can be easily recycled afterward using an oven to bake the water back out. The robot would then cast most of the parts either from nonconductive molten rock (basalt) | 25,152 |
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or purified metals. A carbon dioxide laser cutting and welding system was also included.
A more speculative, more complex microchip fabricator was specified to produce the computer and electronic systems, but the designers also said that it might prove practical to ship the chips from Earth as if they were "vitamins."
A 2004 study supported by NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts took this idea further. Some experts are beginning to consider self-replicating machines for asteroid mining.
Much of the design study was concerned with a simple, flexible chemical system for processing the ores, and the differences between the ratio of elements needed by the replicator, and the ratios available | 25,153 |
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in lunar regolith. The element that most limited the growth rate was chlorine, needed to process regolith for aluminium. Chlorine is very rare in lunar regolith.
## Lackner-Wendt Auxon replicators.
In 1995, inspired by Dyson's 1970 suggestion of seeding uninhabited deserts on Earth with self-replicating machines for industrial development, Klaus Lackner and Christopher Wendt developed a more detailed outline for such a system. They proposed a colony of cooperating mobile robots 10–30 cm in size running on a grid of electrified ceramic tracks around stationary manufacturing equipment and fields of solar cells. Their proposal didn't include a complete analysis of the system's material requirements, | 25,154 |
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but described a novel method for extracting the ten most common chemical elements found in raw desert topsoil (Na, Fe, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Al, C, O and H) using a high-temperature carbothermic process. This proposal was popularized in Discover Magazine, featuring solar-powered desalination equipment used to irrigate the desert in which the system was based. They named their machines "Auxons", from the Greek word "auxein" which means "to grow."
# Recent work.
## Self-replicating rapid prototypers.
Early experimentation with rapid prototyping in 1997-2000 was not expressly oriented toward reproducing rapid prototyping systems themselves, but rather extended simulated "evolutionary robotics" techniques | 25,155 |
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into the physical world. Later developments in rapid prototyping have given the process the ability to produce a wide variety of electronic and mechanical components, making this a rapidly developing frontier in self-replicating system research.
In 1998 Chris Phoenix informally outlined a design for a hydraulically powered replicator a few cubic feet in volume that used ultraviolet light to cure soft plastic feedstock and a fluidic logic control system, but didn't address most of the details of assembly procedures, error rates, or machining tolerances.
In 2005, Adrian Bowyer of the University of Bath started the RepRap Project to develop a rapid prototyping machine which would be able to manufacture | 25,156 |
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some or most of its own components, making such machines cheap enough for people to buy and use in their homes. The project is releasing its designs and control programs under the GNU GPL. The RepRap approach uses fused deposition modeling to manufacture plastic components, possibly incorporating conductive pathways for circuitry. Other components, such as steel rods, nuts and bolts, motors and separate electronic components, would be supplied externally. In 2006 the project produced a basic functional prototype and in May 2008 the machine succeeded in producing all of the plastic parts required to make a 'child' machine.
Some researchers have proposed a microfactory of specialized machines | 25,157 |
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that support recursion—nearly all of the parts of all of the machines in the factory can be manufactured by the factory.
## NIAC studies on self-replicating systems.
In the spirit of the 1980 "Advanced Automation for Space Missions" study, the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts began several studies of self-replicating system design in 2002 and 2003. Four phase I grants were awarded:
- Hod Lipson (Cornell University), "Autonomous Self-Extending Machines for Accelerating Space Exploration"
- Gregory Chirikjian (Johns Hopkins University), "Architecture for Unmanned Self-Replicating Lunar Factories"
- Paul Todd (Space Hardware Optimization Technology Inc.), "Robotic Lunar Ecopoiesis"
- | 25,158 |
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Tihamer Toth-Fejel (General Dynamics), "Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata: An Approach to Self-Replication" The study concluded that complexity of the development was equal to that of a Pentium 4, and promoted a design based on cellular automata.
## Bootstrapping Self-Replicating Factories in Space.
In 2012, NASA researchers Metzger, Muscatello, Mueller, and Mantovani argued for a so-called "bootstrapping approach" to start self-replicating factories in space. They developed this concept on the basis of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) technologies that NASA has been developing to "live off the land" on the Moon or Mars. Their modeling showed that in just 20 to 40 years this industry | 25,159 |
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could become self-sufficient then grow to large size, enabling greater exploration in space as well as providing benefits back to Earth. In 2014, Thomas Kalil of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy published on the White House blog an interview with Metzger on bootstrapping solar system civilization through self-replicating space industry. Kalil requested the public submit ideas for how "the Administration, the private sector, philanthropists, the research community, and storytellers can further these goals." Kalil connected this concept to what former NASA Chief technologist Mason Peck has dubbed "Massless Exploration", the ability to make everything in space so that you | 25,160 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
do not need to launch it from Earth. Peck has said, "...all the mass we need to explore the solar system is already in space. It's just in the wrong shape." In 2016, Metzger argued that fully self-replicating industry can be started over several decades by astronauts at a lunar outpost for a total cost (outpost plus starting the industry) of about a third of the space budgets of the International Space Station partner nations, and that this industry would solve Earth's energy and environmental problems in addition to providing massless exploration.
## Cornell University's self-assembler.
In 2005, a team of researchers at Cornell University, including Hod Lipson, implemented a self-assembling | 25,161 |
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machine. The machine is composed of a tower of four articulated cubes, known as "molecubes", which can revolve about a triagonal. This enables the tower to function as a robotic arm, collecting nearby molecubes and assembling them into a copy of itself. The arm is directed by a computer program, which is contained within each molecube, analogous to how each animal cell contains an entire copy of its DNA. However, the machine cannot manufacture individual molecubes, nor do they occur naturally, so its status as a self-replicator is debatable.
## New York University artificial DNA tile motifs.
In 2011, a team of scientists at New York University created a structure called 'BTX' (bent triple | 25,162 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
helix) based around three double helix molecules, each made from a short strand of DNA. Treating each group of three double-helices as a code letter, they can (in principle) build up self-replicating structures that encode large quantities of information.
## Self-replication of magnetic polymers.
In 2001 Jarle Breivik at University of Oslo created a system of magnetic building blocks, which in response to temperature fluctuations, spontaneously form self-replicating polymers.
## Self-replication of neural circuits.
In 1968 Zellig Harris wrote that "the metalanguage is in the language," suggesting that self-replication is part of language. In 1977 Niklaus Wirth formalized this proposition | 25,163 |
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by publishing a self-replicating deterministic context-free grammar. Adding to it probabilities, Bertrand du Castel published in 2015 a self-replicating stochastic grammar and presented a mapping of that grammar to neural networks, thereby presenting a model for a self-replicating neural circuit.
# Partial construction.
Partial construction is the concept that the constructor creates a partially constructed (rather than fully formed) offspring, which is then left to complete its own construction.
The von Neumann model of self-replication envisages that the mother automaton should construct all portions of daughter automatons, without exception and prior to the initiation of such daughters. | 25,164 |
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Partial construction alters the construction relationship between mother and daughter automatons, such that the mother constructs but a portion of the daughter, and upon initiating this portion of the daughter, thereafter retracts from imparting further influence upon the daughter. Instead, the daughter automaton is left to complete its own development. This is to say, means exist by which automatons may develop via the mechanism of a zygote.
# Self-replicating spacecraft.
The idea of an automated spacecraft capable of constructing copies of itself was first proposed in scientific literature in 1974 by Michael A. Arbib, but the concept had appeared earlier in science fiction such as the 1967 | 25,165 |
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novel "Berserker" by Fred Saberhagen or the 1950 novellette trilogy "The Voyage of the Space Beagle" by A. E. van Vogt. The first quantitative engineering analysis of a self-replicating spacecraft was published in 1980 by Robert Freitas, in which the non-replicating Project Daedalus design was modified to include all subsystems necessary for self-replication. The design's strategy was to use the probe to deliver a "seed" factory with a mass of about 443 tons to a distant site, have the seed factory replicate many copies of itself there to increase its total manufacturing capacity, and then use the resulting automated industrial complex to construct more probes with a single seed factory on board | 25,166 |
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each.
# Other references.
- A number of patents have been granted for self-replicating machine concepts. The most directly relevant include "Autogeneric system" Inventor: Davis; Dannie E. (Elmore, AL) (March 1988), "Self reproducing fundamental fabricating machines (F-Units)" Inventor: Collins; Charles M. (Burke, VA) (August 1997), " Self reproducing fundamental fabricating machine system" Inventor: Collins; Charles M. (Burke, VA)(June 1998); and Collins' PCT patent WO 96/20453: "Method and system for self-replicating manufacturing stations" Inventors: Merkle; Ralph C. (Sunnyvale, CA), Parker; Eric G. (Wylie, TX), Skidmore; George D. (Plano, TX) (January 2003).
- Macroscopic replicators are | 25,167 |
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mentioned briefly in the fourth chapter of K. Eric Drexler's 1986 book "Engines of Creation".
- In 1995, Nick Szabo proposed a challenge to build a macroscale replicator from Lego robot kits and similar basic parts. Szabo wrote that this approach was easier than previous proposals for macroscale replicators, but successfully predicted that even this method would not lead to a macroscale replicator within ten years.
- In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication (from which much of the material in this article is derived, with permission of the authors), in their book "Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines", which includes | 25,168 |
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3000+ literature references. This book included a new molecular assembler design, a primer on the mathematics of replication, and the first comprehensive analysis of the entire replicator design space.
# Prospects for implementation.
As the use of industrial automation has expanded over time, some factories have begun to approach a semblance of self-sufficiency that is suggestive of self-replicating machines. However, such factories are unlikely to achieve "full closure" until the cost and flexibility of automated machinery comes close to that of human labour and the manufacture of spare parts and other components locally becomes more economical than transporting them from elsewhere. As Samuel | 25,169 |
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Butler has pointed out in "Erewhon", replication of partially closed universal machine tool factories is already possible. Since safety is a primary goal of all legislative consideration of regulation of such development, future development efforts may be limited to systems which lack either control, matter, or energy closure. Fully capable machine replicators are most useful for developing resources in dangerous environments which are not easily reached by existing transportation systems (such as outer space).
An artificial replicator can be considered to be a form of artificial life. Depending on its design, it might be subject to evolution over an extended period of time. However, with robust | 25,170 |
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error correction, and the possibility of external intervention, the common science fiction scenario of robotic life run amok will remain extremely unlikely for the foreseeable future.
# See also.
- Grey goo scenario
- Self-reconfiguring modular robot
- AI takeover
- 3D printing
- Computer virus
- Computer worm
- Ecophagy
- Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence
- Astrochicken
- Lights out (manufacturing)
- Nanorobotics
- Spiegelman's Monster
- Self-replicating machines in fiction
- Self-replicating spacecraft
- RepRap project
# Bibliography.
- M. Sipper, Fifty years of research on self-replication: An overview, Artificial Life, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 237-257, Summer | 25,171 |
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1998.
## Other references.
- Freeman Dyson expanded upon Neumann's automata theories, and advanced a biotechnology-inspired theory. See Astrochicken.
- The first technical design study of a self-replicating interstellar probe was published in a 1980 paper by Robert Freitas
- Clanking replicators are also mentioned briefly in the fourth chapter of K. Eric Drexler's 1986 book "Engines of Creation".
- Article about a proposed clanking replicator system to be used for developing Earthly deserts in the October 1995 Discover Magazine, featuring forests of solar panels that powered desalination equipment to irrigate the land.
- In 1995, Nick Szabo proposed a challenge to build a macroscale replicator | 25,172 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
from Lego(tm) robot kits and similar basic parts. Szabo wrote that this approach was easier than previous proposals for macroscale replicators, but successfully predicted that even this method would not lead to a macroscale replicator within ten years.
- In 1998, Chris Phoenix suggested a general idea for a macroscale replicator on the sci.nanotech newsgroup, operating in a pool of ultraviolet-cured liquid plastic, selectively solidifying the plastic to form solid parts. Computation could be done by fluidic logic. Power for the process could be supplied by a pressurized source of the liquid.
- In 2001, Peter Ward mentioned an escaped clanking replicator destroying the human race in his book | 25,173 |
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"Future Evolution".
- In 2004, General Dynamics completed a study for NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts. It concluded that complexity of the development was equal to that of a Pentium 4, and promoted a design based on cellular automata.
- In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication, in their book Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, which includes 3000+ literature references.
- In 2005, Adrian Bowyer of the University of Bath started the RepRap project to develop a rapid prototyping machine that would be able to replicate itself, making such machines cheap enough for people to buy and use in their homes. The project | 25,174 |
1600053 | Self-replicating machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-replicating%20machine | Self-replicating machine
00+ literature references.
- In 2005, Adrian Bowyer of the University of Bath started the RepRap project to develop a rapid prototyping machine that would be able to replicate itself, making such machines cheap enough for people to buy and use in their homes. The project is releasing material under the GNU GPL.
- In 2015, advances in graphene and silicene suggested that it could form the basis for a neural network with densities comparable to the human brain if integrated with silicon carbide based nanoscale CPUs containing memristors.
The power source might be solar or possibly radioisotope based given that new liquid based compounds can generate substantial power from radioactive decay. | 25,175 |
1600139 | Juan-Carlos Cruz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan-Carlos%20Cruz | Juan-Carlos Cruz
Juan-Carlos Cruz
Juan-Carlos Cruz (born 30 January 1962) is a celebrity chef and the former host of "Calorie Commando" and "Weighing In" (formerly titled "Take It Off") on the Food Network. Cruz lost 43 pounds on the Discovery Health Channel show "Discovery Health Body Challenge", which encouraged him to change directions from being a pastry chef to do low-calorie cooking.
# Education.
Cruz graduated in 1993 from the California Culinary Academy.
# Career.
Juan-Carlos Cruz started his career in 1994 as pastry chef at the Stanford Park Hotel. In 1996, he started as pastry sous-chef at the Hotel Bel Air. While at the Bel Air he created pastries for celebrities such as Jack Nicholson, Oprah | 25,176 |
1600139 | Juan-Carlos Cruz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan-Carlos%20Cruz | Juan-Carlos Cruz
Winfrey and Julia Roberts. In 2001, he started the website Pastrydude.com. The site is no longer active and the domain was sold at auction.
# Legal issues.
On Thursday, May 13, 2010, he was arrested at Cheviot Hills Park in Los Angeles, for having allegedly solicited three homeless persons at the Third Street Promenade to murder his wife, Jennifer Campbell. Cruz was initially held on $5 million bail; however, the bail was reduced to $2 million at the arraignment.
On Tuesday, October 26, 2010, Cruz entered into a plea agreement pursuant to which he pleaded "no contest" to a charge of soliciting murder, and the charge of attempted murder was dropped. While it was reported that the plea agreement | 25,177 |
1600139 | Juan-Carlos Cruz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan-Carlos%20Cruz | Juan-Carlos Cruz
was initially held on $5 million bail; however, the bail was reduced to $2 million at the arraignment.
On Tuesday, October 26, 2010, Cruz entered into a plea agreement pursuant to which he pleaded "no contest" to a charge of soliciting murder, and the charge of attempted murder was dropped. While it was reported that the plea agreement proposes a nine-year sentence, the sentencing hearing was set to take place on Monday, December 13, 2010.
On Monday December 13, 2010 Cruz was sentenced to nine years in a California Prison. Initially housed at the California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi, a supermax facility. In December 2012, Cruz was moved to California City Correctional Facility. | 25,178 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
Glen Canyon Park
Glen Canyon Park is a city park in San Francisco, California. It occupies about along a deep canyon adjacent to the Glen Park, Diamond Heights, and Miraloma Park neighborhoods. O'Shaughnessy Hollow is a rugged, undeveloped tract of parkland that lies immediately to the west and may be considered an extension of Glen Canyon Park.
The park and hollow offer an experience of San Francisco's diverse terrains as they appeared before the intense development of the region in the late 19th and the 20th centuries. The park incorporates free-flowing Islais Creek and the associated riparian habitat, an extensive grassland with adjoining trees that supports breeding pairs of red-tailed | 25,179 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
hawks and great horned owls, striking rock outcrops, and arid patches covered by "coastal scrub" plant communities. In all, about of the park and hollow are designated as undeveloped "Natural Area". Elevations in Glen Canyon Park range from approximately 225 feet (69 m) above sea level at the south end of the park to 575 feet (175 m) above sea level at the north end and along the eastern rim of the canyon; the walls of the canyon are extremely steep, with many slopes approaching a length-to-height ratio of 1:1 (100 percent).
Formal recreational facilities in Glen Canyon Park are mostly located at its southern end (see the aerial photograph). These facilities include a community recreation center, | 25,180 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
ball fields and tennis courts, playgrounds, and a ropes course. The park is also well used by local rock climbers, who consider it one of the best "bouldering" sites near San Francisco. An additional building about halfway up the canyon near Islais Creek serves the Silver Tree Day Camp and the Glenridge Cooperative Nursery School.
The park is easily entered at its southeastern corner (end of Bosworth Street). Somewhat further north, there is a wooden stairway leading down into the park (the Sussex Street entrance). There are also trails leading into the park from the Diamond Heights Shopping Center. Of one of these, Joseph Stubbs has written, "It is a dramatic, sudden revelation of the park | 25,181 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
interior from high up, which is simply stunning. It occurs midsection of the park behind Diamond Heights Shopping Center and George Christopher Playground."
# Islais Creek.
A branch of Islais Creek (named after the wild cherry "islay") originates in the canyon. It is the largest remaining creek in San Francisco with public access. The bottom of the canyon, where Islais Creek flows, is irregular but moderate in slope, dropping 350 feet (107 m) over a distance of about 1 mile (1.6 kilometer). The creek is surrounded by willow thickets. In earlier times, the creek had an open water channel sustained by a much larger water flow, and was "more of a river than a creek". Urban development has reduced | 25,182 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
the watershed of Islais Creek by as much as 80 percent. At the southern end of the canyon, Islais Creek enters a culvert which carries it to its exit into San Francisco Bay.
# Wildlife.
The creek has a meager but year-round natural flow, and the water and resulting vegetation provide a habitat for animals, including skunks, opossums, raccoons, red-tailed hawks, red-shouldered hawks, great horned owls, coyotes, and the rare native San Francisco forktail damselfly, "Ischnura gemina".
# Geology and rock outcrops.
The scenery of Glen Canyon Park is also distinguished by numerous large outcrops of rock. The most striking of these consist of reddish, layered "Franciscan" chert. These outcrops | 25,183 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
have clearly visible banding (see photo) which is due to the different weathering of the layers.
The bedrock of the canyon is made up of rocks of the Marin Headlands "terrane", which is a large packet of rock that extends diagonally from the Marin Headlands (just north of the Golden Gate), through the Twin Peaks and Glen Canyon area, and on to the southeast. This terrane is from 100 to 200 million years old (i.e. the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods). The bedrock of the lower slopes of the canyon - largely hidden under slope debris/ravine fill - is pillow lava or greenstone; these erupted from fissures in the deep ocean floor when the terrane was located hundreds of miles southwest of its present | 25,184 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
location.
The upper slopes and cliffs are of layered chert, which hardened into rock from the ooze of remains of countless radiolarian creatures that accumulated on top of the lava. The ooze was colored red by iron from hydrothermal springs. Both lava and chert were formed in the deep ocean near the equator, and were rafted northeast on the gradually-moving ocean floor toward California. Near shore, greywacke accumulated on the chert in some areas, including a small part of the southeast slope of Glen Canyon. Subduction then squeezed the terrane against the continent, and it eventually became part of the Franciscan formation that makes up much of coastal California. During subduction - 160 | 25,185 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
to 80 million years ago - and the subsequent uplift, the terrane was twisted, broken and disrupted, and the chert was deformed into the tight folds now visible in road cuts along O'Shaughnessy Boulevard (see photo).
These rock outcrops provide some of the best outdoor rock climbing in San Francisco, primarily in the form of bouldering.
# History.
## Sutro's Gum Tree Ranch.
The park's history commences with Adolph Sutro's purchase in the 1850s of of the canyon, which he named "Gum Tree Ranch" after the blue gum eucalyptus trees he had planted.
## Giant Powder Company.
The first commercial manufacturing of dynamite in the U.S. occurred in the canyon; on March 19, 1868, the Giant Powder Company | 25,186 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
began production at its first manufacturing plant, under exclusive license from Alfred Nobel to produce his new explosive in America. The plant was apparently located near the present recreation center, at the southern end of the park. The factory did not last long. On November 26, 1869, an explosion completely destroyed the entire facility, turning every one of the buildings on the site and the surrounding fencing, into "hundreds of pieces", according to a newspaper account. Two people were killed, and nine injured; the plant was later rebuilt in the sand dunes south of Golden Gate Park. The site of the plant has been designated as California Historical Landmark #1002, although no marker has | 25,187 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
been placed on the site yet.
## The Crocker era.
In 1889, the Crocker Real Estate Company bought the canyon to develop a neighborhood that would attract homebuyers. As Jeanne Alexander has written,
## City park.
The Crocker era ended in 1922 when the City of San Francisco purchased the Glen Canyon Park and Recreation site. At present, O'Shaughnessy Boulevard defines the western perimeter of Glen Canyon Park. In conjunction with an extension of Bosworth Street, the Boulevard was built in 1935 using roadcuts and filled slopes on the canyon's steep slopes. It was named after Michael O'Shaughnessy, who was for many years the Chief Engineer of the City. The recreation center at the south end | 25,188 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
of the park was built by the Works Progress Administration in 1937.
In 1958, the California State Highway Department proposed a Crosstown Freeway that would have followed Bosworth Street through the neighborhood of Glen Park and then O'Shaughnessy Boulevard through Glen Canyon Park.
Six years later, in 1964, homes and businesses along Bosworth Street were demolished in order to greatly widen the section of the street leading to O'Shaughnessy Boulevard.
An undeveloped, very steep area just west of O'Shaughnessy Boulevard was acquired by the City of San Francisco in the 1990s using eminent domain. The area was being considered for residential development. The 3.6 acre parcel was named O'Shaughnessy | 25,189 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
Hollow.
# Future management.
The city government of San Francisco mandated the development of management plans for all the "natural areas" under the city's control, and this process culminated in release of the "Significant Natural Resources Areas Management Plan" in February 2006. The plan favors the re-establishment of native species and species diversity in the city's parks. Some aspects of the plan have been controversial. For example, the plan envisions the removal of some large, mature trees (often eucalpytus, which was imported from Australia) to favor smaller native plants. The plan also includes new restrictions on recreational use of the park, such as the closure of some trails and | 25,190 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
of some areas for rock climbing, and prohibitions against unleashed dogs.
In Glen Canyon Park, about 20 mature eucalpytus trees were removed in 2004 as part of an effort to increase the diversity of species living along Islais Creek. The plan envisions the removal of an additional 120 trees (of the total of 6000 trees in the park) to further improve the creek, to increase the extent of the park's grasslands, and to promote forest understory plants. The plan also seeks to restore some open-water areas along the creek, which is nearly totally obscured by the willow thickets. The change in the creek would be established both by re-planting sections of the creek's banks with different plants and | 25,191 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
by the introduction of "scouring" structures.
Glen Canyon Park used to support populations of two rare species: the "vulnerable" San Francisco forktailed damselfly and the "endangered" Mission blue butterfly. The plan proposes changes in the management of the park that would promote self-sustaining populations of these insects. The damselfly population in the park was studied by John Hafernik and his colleagues in the 1980s prior to its local extinction; they re-introduced a population of these damselflies in 1996 that persisted for two seasons. The damselflies need open water habitat, which has proven difficult to maintain.
There has been a declining population of Mission blue butterflies | 25,192 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
at the nearly contiguous Twin Peaks Natural Area; while park employees logged about 150 butterflies in the 1980s, only four were found between 2001 and 2007. A reintroduction was done in April 2009. Reintroduction may also be possible in Glen Canyon Park. Here the main issue appears to be re-establishing the native plant "silver bush lupine", whose leaves are the larval food of these butterflies. A substantial fraction of Glen Canyon Park is now covered by non-native species including eucalyptus forest (17 acres), French broom (6 acres), and field mustard, but no specific proposal for re-introduction of the lupine was included in the Management Plan.
# Urban planning.
The importance of Glen | 25,193 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
Canyon Park to its surrounding neighborhoods is indicated by a recent community plan for Glen Park that contains the following statement: "The Glen Park community's special character is created by the unique combination of eclectic building styles, pedestrian scale, the layering of green space and buildings climbing into the canyon, public spaces, walkable streets, a compact village, and proximity to transit and the canyon. Every new development project, whether public or private, must incorporate these features based on principles of good design and human scale."
A section of Bosworth Street connects the southern entrance to Glen Canyon Park with the central commercial district of Glen Park | 25,194 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
that lies about a third of a mile east. This section presents an important opportunity for urban design because the properties along the north side have remained undeveloped since their acquisition by the City in the 1950s. The community plan proposes that this land be developed into a greenway and pedestrian plaza. The plan also suggests that Islais Creek, which runs underneath this section of Bosworth Street, be "daylighted" in this section. The plan was formally endorsed by the San Francisco Planning Commission in 2004, but implementation has not been funded as of 2007.
# External links.
- , a volunteer citizen stewardship group that was organized in 1986.
- A detailed guide for the urban | 25,195 |
1600100 | Glen Canyon Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen%20Canyon%20Park | Glen Canyon Park
about a third of a mile east. This section presents an important opportunity for urban design because the properties along the north side have remained undeveloped since their acquisition by the City in the 1950s. The community plan proposes that this land be developed into a greenway and pedestrian plaza. The plan also suggests that Islais Creek, which runs underneath this section of Bosworth Street, be "daylighted" in this section. The plan was formally endorsed by the San Francisco Planning Commission in 2004, but implementation has not been funded as of 2007.
# External links.
- , a volunteer citizen stewardship group that was organized in 1986.
- A detailed guide for the urban hiker. | 25,196 |
1600144 | Anabar River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anabar%20River | Anabar River
Anabar River
The Anabar River (; ) is a river in Sakha, Russia, located just west of the Lena River. Its catchment extends into the Putoran Mountains that form the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau.
Its mean annual discharge is approximately , concentrated heavily in early summer when the ice that covers the river for most of the year thaws. The Gulf of Anabar is believed to be the easternmost fjord in Russia – defining the point at which the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum became too dry for glaciers to form. A clear transition from fjords to deltas at river mouths is apparent shortly to the east at the Lena River delta.
The basin of the Anabar river is notable as the location | 25,197 |
1600144 | Anabar River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anabar%20River | Anabar River
ed to be the easternmost fjord in Russia – defining the point at which the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum became too dry for glaciers to form. A clear transition from fjords to deltas at river mouths is apparent shortly to the east at the Lena River delta.
The basin of the Anabar river is notable as the location of the largest concentration of diamond deposits in the world outside of Africa and Australia. These deposits made the Soviet Union into one of the world's largest producers of diamonds, and remain the economic mainstay of the area.
# History.
Historically Evenks have inhabited the basin of the Anabar River. Vasiliy Sychev was the first Russian to reach the river in 1643. | 25,198 |
1600140 | Conch piercing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conch%20piercing | Conch piercing
Conch piercing
A conch piercing is a perforation of the cartilage of the ear for the purpose of inserting and wearing jewelry. There are two types of conch piercings, inner and outer. The name is derived from the resemblance of this part of the ear to a conch (sea creature) shell.
# Inner vs Outer Conch.
The inner conch piercing is located at the center of the ear, the cup-shaped area adjacent to the ear canal. An outer conch piercing is positioned in the flat portion of the ear between the rim/edge (helix) and the ridge that defines the antihelix. Both piercings are performed in much the same manner as other ear cartilage piercings and cared for in the same way as well.
# Procedure.
The | 25,199 |
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