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1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
running well but finished 32nd when he and his teammate Danica Patrick were caught up in a spectacular late crash that saw Kurt Busch flip over and land on top of Newman. Newman, however, recovered well to collect two consecutive Top 10 finishes at both Darlington and Charlotte, displaying a large performance difference between the All-Star Race and the Coca-Cola 600.
At Dover, Newman was running well until a pit road accident. There, he nearly tapped Jimmie Johnson after locking up his wheels when coming into pit road. He was penalized for a speeding violation resulting from the locked wheels and was one lap down after the penalty. Not long after the penalty, Newman was involved in an accident | 25,500 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
with David Gilliland, ending his race.
The following week at Pocono, Newman led 19 laps and finished 5th, after running most of the race on an off-sequence pit stop strategy.
Newman strung together three unimpressive races at Michigan, Kentucky, and Sonoma, before finishing 10th at Daytona after a crash at the finish line. This made him, Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. the only three drivers to sweep the Top 10 at Daytona in 2013 (with only Johnson sweeping the Top 5 by winning both).
At New Hampshire, Newman finished 39th in the Camping World RV Sales 301 after a crash with Kurt Busch, giving Newman his 5th DNF of 2013. On July 27, Newman won the pole for the Brickyard 400. The race | 25,501 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
was mainly a duel between Newman and Jimmie Johnson. On the final set of pit stops, Newman capitalized on a mistake by Johnson's pit crew and held on to the lead to win the race. It was Newman's first victory since the 2012 Goody's Fast Relief 500. Newman was leading near the finish of the Richmond race when Clint Bowyer spun with seven laps to go. Newman pitted, and ended up falling behind Carl Edwards, Kurt Busch and Paul Menard on the restart. He got past Menard, but could not catch Busch or Edwards on the last three laps, and lost the tiebreaker for the runner-up Wildcard spot with Martin Truex, Jr.
On September 9, 2013, it was announced that Newman would replace Truex in the Chase after | 25,502 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
an investigation into Bowyer's spin proved that Bowyer had spun himself out intentionally to give Truex an opportunity to hold off Newman for the spot, under which Truex would have clinched a tiebreaker over Newman.
### Richard Childress Racing (2014–2018).
On July 12, 2013, it was announced that Kevin Harvick would be joining Stewart-Haas Racing, driving the No. 4 Chevrolet SS, and that Newman would depart from the team at season's end, due to the team having no funding to run a four-car team.
On September 9, 2013, it was announced that Newman would be moving to Richard Childress Racing for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, replacing Jeff Burton in the No. 31 Chevrolet.
Newman's | 25,503 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
first highlight of the year was at The Profit on CNBC 500 Phoenix Spring race. During the Cup series event, Newman controlled the race with less than 50 laps to go battling Kyle Busch for the lead for several laps. An untimely caution came out with less than 40 to go. Having not pitted in over 60 laps, Newman and Busch were forced to pit during the caution. As a result, Newman and Busch lost their shot at the win.
At Michigan in August, Newman questioned a move that Jimmie Johnson pulled on him in the final five laps of the Pure Michigan 400. Jimmie and him exchanged heated words after the race. Newman refused to comment and when asked what Newman had to say, Johnson replied "Typical Ryan Newman | 25,504 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
stuff."
Because of consistency throughout the season, Newman beat veteran Jeff Gordon for the final wildcard spot in the 2014 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Newman almost won at Talladega when he controlled the final 10 laps. However, a final Green-White-Checkered finish attempt relegated Newman to a fifth-place finish. Although his car failed post-race inspection, NASCAR gave no penalties because of damage received during the Talladega race.
Newman was so consistent that after starting the Chase 11th in the standings, he moved up each round and was fourth when they came to Phoenix for the next-to-last round of the Chase.
At Phoenix, Newman was in danger of missing the final round. On the final | 25,505 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
lap, Newman pulled a controversial move on Kyle Larson, forcing Larson to slap the wall. Newman with finishing 11th, bumped Jeff Gordon out of the Chase. Newman defended his move stating that while it was unintentional, he felt like he owed Larson one for a previous accident. Larson later himself agreed with Newman's situation but admitted to have been initially furious over the move.
At Homestead, Newman almost won the Championship but because he finished second to Kevin Harvick in the race, he finished second to Harvick in the standings. When Newman was interviewed he stated that he was not going to play dirty and wanted to have a clean race with Harvick. Ryan Newman was in position to win | 25,506 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
the race with a two-tire call prior to the final caution. Jeff Gordon pit which allowed Harvick to gain one row for the upcoming restart for the championship.
Newman announced in January 2015 that he renewed his Richard Childress Racing contract and would drive the No. 31 again for the 2015 NASCAR Cup series season. Though Newman did not win a pole in 2014 he was listed as being among the drivers allowed in the Sprint Unlimited because NASCAR allowed all Chase drivers to participate in the race.
Newman began his season with a string of Top 10s, including a third-place finish at Las Vegas. While running sixth in the standings in late-March, NASCAR confiscated various tires from Newman's team | 25,507 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
following the 2015 Auto Club 400 suspecting that Newman's team illegally tampered with the tires. Many teams including Newman's were accused of poking holes in the tires to allow air to bleed, which produces more grip for the tires and allows a car to maintain faster speed. Two weeks later NASCAR penalized Newman's team with a 75-point deduction, a $125,000 fine, a six-race suspension for crew chief Luke Lambert and two key crew members. Richard Childress Racing announced that they would appeal the penalties. Both appeals were exhausted with the same outcome, when the Final Appeals officer upheld the partially reduced penalties including the suspensions. The only reason the penalties were partially | 25,508 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
reduced was because of a gray area in the NASCAR rulebook over whether or not the penalties were post-race inspection penalties.
Newman went on to make the Chase, but was eliminated at the end of round 2. He went on to finish 11th in the final standings, one point short of the Top 10. Jimmie Johnson beat him out for 10th by one point.
On October 10, 2016, Newman signed a multi-year extension with Richard Childress Racing to return in 2017. This extension was rewarded with Newman's and Childress's first victory in four years with his triumph in the Camping World 500 at Phoenix International Raceway. The race was dominated by Kyle Busch, but a late caution caused by Joey Loganoblowing a tire | 25,509 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
with five laps to go set up a final restart. Newman elected to stay out and held off Kyle Larson to claim the win. The win marked Newman's 18th and RCR's 106th Cup victory, ending 127- and 112-race winless streaks, respectively. This was also the first win for the No. 31 car since Jeff Burton won at Lowe's Motor Speedway in 2008. Newman was eliminated in the first round, after finishing only 2 points behind Ricky Stenhouse Jr.
On September 15, 2018, it was announced that Newman will not return to Richard Childress Racing in 2019.Newman barely missed the Playoffs since 2016 and wound up 17th in the final standings despite also concluding his first full-time season with zero top-five finishes | 25,510 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
for the first time in his career.
### Roush Fenway Racing (2019–present).
On September 22, 2018, it was announced that Newman will drive the No. 6 Ford Mustang GT full-time for Roush Fenway Racing starting in 2019. At the conclusion of the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, Clint Bowyer chopped Newman's nose which sent Bowyer into the wall during the cool-down lap. Following the race, Bowyer attacked Newman on pit road. Both drivers were called to the NASCAR hauler, but neither was penalized for the incident. During an autograph session at a Bass Pro Shops store on May 23, a fan brought a pair of boxing gloves for both drivers to sign.
## Nationwide Series.
Newman made his Busch Series | 25,511 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
debut on February 24, 2001, at Rockingham in the Alltel 200. He started second and finished ninth; it was his first of fifteen appearances in the 2001 season, where he finished with one win and eight Top 10 finishes.
He joined Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s JR Motorsports for the 2009 campaign as the driver of the No. 5 Chevy, signing on for four appearances for the year. In May 2010, Newman was hired to drive the No. 1 car for Phoenix Racing at Dover. In 2011, Newman drove the No. 30 Chevrolet for Turner Motorsports at Phoenix International Raceway.
## Camping World Truck Series.
Newman made his Truck Series debut on October 25, 2008 at Atlanta Motor Speedway, starting 10th in the 33 truck field driving | 25,512 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
Kevin Harvick's No. 2 Truck and passed his teammate Ron Hornaday with less than five laps to go to pick up his first truck series win in his first start making him the first driver to get their first Truck win at Atlanta and becoming the fourth driver to win in their first Truck race and joining the list of drivers who have won in all three of NASCAR's top series.
Newman made his Truck Series return on July 24, 2013 at the inaugural Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway, and finished third.
In 2015, Newman made his return to the Truck Series at Kansas, replacing Joe Nemechek to drive the No. 8 Chevrolet Silverado where he finished 2nd.
On July 10, 2018, it was announced that Newman drove the | 25,513 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
No. 3 Chevrolet for Jordan Anderson Racing at Eldora.
# Personal life.
Newman was born December 8, 1977 in South Bend, Indiana. He graduated from Purdue University in 2001 with a B.S. in engineering. He has a sister, Jamie. Newman is married to Krissie, and they have two daughters.
Newman's car was featured on the cover of the 2005 EA Sports computer game "NASCAR SimRacing", and he was actively involved in its development.
Newman was on an episode of "American Pickers", buying bumper cars for his children.
## Charity.
Newman and his wife, Krissie, operate Rescue Ranch, whose mission is to promote, through its education, respect for all animals, as well as agricultural, environmental,
and | 25,514 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
wildlife conservation; and facilitates rehabilitation, rescue, and responsible pet ownership in order to enhance the human-animal bond. The Newmans themselves have rescued and cared for five dogs: Socks, Dunkin, Fred, Jasmine, and Hollow. They are also the proud owners of an orange feline whom they named Benjamin Ries-Roncalli after the famous ex-driver. He helped fund the construction of the Catawba County, North Carolina Humane Society shelter, in the county where he once lived.
## Hobbies.
Newman is a car enthusiast and owns 14 cars. He enjoys driving and working on vintage cars, particularly 1950s Chryslers. His first car was a 74 Triumph TR-6. His favorite car is his 1948 Buick Roadmaster | 25,515 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
convertible he received from his wife as a birthday gift. His collection can be viewed on the History Channel show "American Pickers" (Episode: "Art of the Deal").
Newman also enjoys fishing when he finds time during race weekends.
Newman is the proud owner of Suds Hut Pub and Grille, which he operates with his wife and two kids.
# Awards and honors.
On April 29, 2008, the St. Joseph County, Indiana, Board of Commissioners dedicated a half-mile stretch of newly rerouted Lincoln Way West (formerly U.S. Route 20) near the South Bend Regional Airport to Newman.
# Motorsports career results.
## NASCAR.
### Camping World Truck Series.
Season still in progressbr
# See also.
- List of all-time | 25,516 |
1600272 | Ryan Newman (racing driver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Newman%20(racing%20driver) | Ryan Newman (racing driver)
er of Suds Hut Pub and Grille, which he operates with his wife and two kids.
# Awards and honors.
On April 29, 2008, the St. Joseph County, Indiana, Board of Commissioners dedicated a half-mile stretch of newly rerouted Lincoln Way West (formerly U.S. Route 20) near the South Bend Regional Airport to Newman.
# Motorsports career results.
## NASCAR.
### Camping World Truck Series.
Season still in progressbr
# See also.
- List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners
- List of NASCAR drivers who have won in each of top three series
- List of NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race drivers
- List of people from Indiana
- List of Purdue University people
# External links.
- Ryan Newman Foundation | 25,517 |
1600377 | Washington State Route 102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%20State%20Route%20102 | Washington State Route 102
Washington State Route 102
State Route 102 (SR 102) is a state highway serving the Washington Corrections Center and Washington State Patrol Academy in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway extends northeast and east as Dayton Airport Road from the Washington Corrections Center through rural Mason County to an intersection with U.S. Route 101 (US 101) northwest of Shelton. SR 102 was established in 1984 on an unpaved roadway that was built by the 1950s.
# Route description.
SR 102 begins as the two-lane Dayton Airport Road at an intersection with the Washington Corrections Center access road and travels northeast into a heavily wooded area. The highway turns east and passes the Washington | 25,518 |
1600377 | Washington State Route 102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%20State%20Route%20102 | Washington State Route 102
State Patrol Academy before ending at an intersection with US 101 north of Sanderson Field and west of Turtle Lake. The entire highway is located northwest of Shelton in unincorporated Mason County.
Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 2,000 and 4,100 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly at the US 101 intersection.
# History.
SR 102 was established in 1984 on the existing Dayton Airport Road northwest | 25,519 |
1600377 | Washington State Route 102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%20State%20Route%20102 | Washington State Route 102
in unincorporated Mason County.
Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 2,000 and 4,100 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly at the US 101 intersection.
# History.
SR 102 was established in 1984 on the existing Dayton Airport Road northwest of Shelton. Dayton Airport Road was built as an unpaved road by the 1950s and was not paved until the 1980s.
# External links.
- Highways of Washington State | 25,520 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
Mud engineer
A mud engineer (correctly called a Drilling Fluids Engineer, but most often referred to as the "Mud Man") works on an oil well or gas well drilling rig, and is responsible ensuring the properties of the drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, are within designed specifications.
# Use of mud.
Mud is a vital part of drilling operations. It provides hydrostatic pressure on the borehole wall to prevent uncontrolled production of reservoir fluids, lubricates and cools the drill bit, carries the drill cuttings up to the surface, forms a "filter-cake" on the borehole wall to prevent drilling fluid invasion, provides an information medium for well logging, and helps the drilling by | 25,521 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
fracturing the rock from the jets in the bit. To fulfill these tasks effectively, the mud contains carefully chosen additives to control its chemical and rheological properties.
Drilling mud is usually a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid of variable viscosity. When it is under more shear, such as in the pipe to the bit and through the bit nozzles, viscosity is lower which reduces pumping-power requirements. When returning to the surface through the much roomier annulus it is under less shear stress and becomes more viscous, and hence better able to carry the rock cuttings. Bentonite is commonly used as an additive to control and maintain viscosity, and also has the additional benefit of forming | 25,522 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
a mud-cake (also known as a filter cake) on the bore-hole wall, preventing fluid invasion.
Barite is commonly used to "weight" the mud to maintain adequate hydrostatic pressure down-hole. This is critical in a drilling operation to avoid a kick and ultimately a blowout from uncontrolled production of formation fluids. The "mud-pits" at the surface have their levels carefully monitored, since an increase in the mud level indicates a kick is taking place, and may require shutting in the well and circulating heavier weighted drilling mud to prevent further formation fluid or gas production.
Drilling fluid must be chemically compatible with the formations being drilled. Salinity must be chosen | 25,523 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
so as not to cause clay swelling or other problems. Mud can be "oil-based" or "water-based". In many areas oil-based muds are being phased out, as they are less environmentally friendly, although in some formations they are necessary because of chemical compatibility issues. Offshore rigs typically use synthetic oil based mud.
# The job.
The mud engineer (or drilling fluids engineer) may be a university, college, or technical institute graduate, having gained experience working on rigs. On land, this experience would come from being a derrick hand, and offshore, the experience would come from being a pump man. Prior to working on his own, he has been on a special training course, known as | 25,524 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
"mud school", and often spends time working with a senior mud engineer to gain experience.
Before the mid-1940s, the driller dealt with drilling mud; but specialization occurred with the increasing complexity and overlapped more with the geologist.
Prior to drilling a well, a "mud program" will be worked out according to the expected geology, in which products to be used, concentrations of those products, and fluid specifications at different depths are all predetermined. As the hole is drilled and gets deeper, more mud is required, and the mud engineer is responsible for making sure that the new mud to be added is made up to the required specifications. The chemical composition of the mud | 25,525 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
will be designed so as to stabilize the hole. It is sometimes necessary to completely change the mud to drill through a particular subsurface layer.
As drilling proceeds, the mud engineer will get information from other service providers such as the mud logger (mud logging technician) about progress through the geological zones, and will make regular physical and chemical checks on the drilling mud. In particular the Marsh funnel viscosity and the density are frequently checked. As drilling proceeds, the mud tends to accumulate small particles of the rocks which are being drilled through, and its properties change. It is the job of the mud engineer to specify additives to correct these changes, | 25,526 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
or to partially or wholly replace the mud when necessary. He or she must also keep an eye on the equipment which is used to pump the mud and to remove particles, and be prepared if the geologists' predictions are not entirely correct, or if other problems arise.
It is sometimes necessary to stabilize the wall of a borehole at a particular depth by pumping cement down through the mud system, and the mud engineer is sometimes in charge of this process.
The mud engineer is well supported by the mud supply company with computer aids and manuals dealing with all known problems and their solution, but it is his or her responsibility to get it right in a situation where mistakes can be very costly | 25,527 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
indeed.
A mud engineer's job may involve long shifts of over 12 hours a day. Typical offshore and foreign work schedules are four weeks working and four weeks off.
# Important fluid properties.
One of the most important mud properties is the mud weight (density). If the mud weight exceeds the fracture pressure of the formation, the formation may fracture and large quantities of mud are lost to it, in a situation referred to as lost circulation. These cracks can also cause water to seep into the well bore or into a hydrocarbon bearing zone, which would likely impede the ability of the formation to produce oil (or require the separation of large quantities of water).
Conversely, if the mud | 25,528 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
weight is too low it will have a hydrostatic pressure that is less than the formation pressure. This will cause pressurized fluid in the formation to flow into the wellbore and make its way to the surface. This is referred to as a formation "kick" and can lead to a potentially deadly blowout if the invading fluid reaches the surface uncontrolled.
Other important mud properties to be maintained are the YP (Yield Point) which determines the carrying capacity of the mud to carry the drill cuttings to the surface. Mud should be capable of forming a thin "mud cake" which forms a lining of the borehole walls.
# Drilling fluids companies.
Drilling fluids operations are often contracted to service | 25,529 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
companies, a trend commonly observed in the oil industry for most of it operations. The largest four companies for mud services are M-I SWACO (A Schlumberger Company), Baroid Drilling Fluids (Halliburton Oilfield Services), Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids, and Weatherford International Drilling Fluids and Drilling Waste Management. There are, however, many smaller companies providing drilling fluid services as well. Independent companies can provide a localized knowledge, and quality services and mud products.
Hamilton Technologies is also the largest independent drilling fluids company presently in West Africa
# See also.
- Boring
- Derrickhand
- Drilling mud
- Drilling rig
- Marsh funnel
- | 25,530 |
1600356 | Mud engineer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud%20engineer | Mud engineer
Independent companies can provide a localized knowledge, and quality services and mud products.
Hamilton Technologies is also the largest independent drilling fluids company presently in West Africa
# See also.
- Boring
- Derrickhand
- Drilling mud
- Drilling rig
- Marsh funnel
- Oil well
- Society of Petroleum Engineers
# Further reading.
- ASME Shale Shaker Committee (2005) "The Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook"
- Kate Van Dyke (1998) Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment
- G. V. Chilingarian & P. Vorabutr (1983) "Drilling and Drilling Fluids"
- G. R. Gray, H. C. H. Darley, & W. F. Rogers (1980) "The Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids" | 25,531 |
1600389 | Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenfiddich%20Food%20and%20Drink%20Awards | Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards
Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards
The Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards were intended to recognize achievements in writing, publishing and broadcasting on the subjects of food and drink. The awards had been sponsored since 1972 by William Grant & Sons, a family-owned Scottish distiller that produces Glenfiddich, a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky.
In total 12 awards were made annually.
In 2008, Glenfiddich decided to discontinue distributing Food and Drink Awards, reviewing their "strategy, scope and potential application in some of Glenfiddich’s key markets outside the UK."
# See also.
- Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards
# External links.
- Glenfiddich website
- Glenfiddich Food | 25,532 |
1600389 | Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenfiddich%20Food%20and%20Drink%20Awards | Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards
he Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards were intended to recognize achievements in writing, publishing and broadcasting on the subjects of food and drink. The awards had been sponsored since 1972 by William Grant & Sons, a family-owned Scottish distiller that produces Glenfiddich, a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky.
In total 12 awards were made annually.
In 2008, Glenfiddich decided to discontinue distributing Food and Drink Awards, reviewing their "strategy, scope and potential application in some of Glenfiddich’s key markets outside the UK."
# See also.
- Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards
# External links.
- Glenfiddich website
- Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards official website | 25,533 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
Wald test
In statistics, the Wald test (named after Abraham Wald) assesses constraints on statistical parameters based on the weighted distance between the unrestricted estimate and its hypothesized value under the null hypothesis, where the weight is the precision of the estimate. Intuitively, the larger this weighted distance, the less likely it is that the constraint is true. While the finite sample distributions of Wald tests are generally unknown, it has an asymptotic χ-distribution under the null hypothesis, a fact that can be used to determine statistical significance.
Together with the Lagrange multiplier and the likelihood-ratio test, the Wald test is one of three classical approaches | 25,534 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
to hypothesis testing. An advantage of the Wald test over the other two is that it only requires the estimation of the unrestricted model, which lowers the computational burden as compared to the likelihood-ratio test. However, a major disadvantage is that (in finite samples) it is not invariant to changes in the representation of the null hypothesis; in other words, algebraically equivalent expressions of non-linear parameter restriction can lead to different values of the test statistic. That is because the Wald statistic is derived from a Taylor expansion, and different ways of writing equivalent nonlinear expressions lead to nontrivial differences in the corresponding Taylor coefficients. | 25,535 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
Another aberration, known as the Hauck–Donner effect, can occur in binomial models when the estimated (unconstrained) parameter is close to the boundary of the parameter space—for instance a fitted probability being extremely close to zero or one—which results in the Wald test no longer monotonically increasing in the distance between the unconstrained and constraint parameter.
# Mathematical details.
Under the Wald test, the estimated formula_1 that was found as the maximizing argument of the unconstrained likelihood function is compared with a hypothesized value formula_2. In particular, the squared difference formula_3 is weighted by the curvature of the log-likelihood function.
## Test | 25,536 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
on a single parameter.
If the hypothesis involves only a single parameter restriction, then the Wald statistic takes the following form:
which under the null hypothesis follows an asymptotic χ-distribution with one degree of freedom. The square root of the single-restriction Wald statistic can be understood as a (pseudo) "t"-ratio that is, however, not actually "t"-distributed except for the special case of linear regression. Instead, it follows an asymptotic "z" distribution.
where formula_6 is the standard error of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), the square root of the variance. There are several ways to consistently estimate the variance matrix which in finite samples leads to alternative | 25,537 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
estimates of standard errors and associated test statistics and "p"-values.
## Test(s) on multiple parameters.
The Wald test can be used to test a single hypothesis on multiple parameters, as well as to test jointly multiple hypotheses on single/multiple parameters. Let formula_7 be our sample estimator of P parameters (i.e., formula_7 is a P formula_9 1 vector), which is supposed to follow asymptotically a normal distribution with covariance matrix V, formula_10.
The test of Q hypotheses on the P parameters is expressed with a Q formula_9 P matrix R:
The test statistic is:
where formula_15 is an estimator of the covariance matrix.
Suppose formula_10. Then, by Slutsky's theorem and by | 25,538 |
1600352 | Wald test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wald%20test | Wald test
the properties of the normal distribution, multiplying by R has distribution:
Recalling that a quadratic form of normal distribution has a Chi-squared distribution:
Rearranging n finally gives:
What if the covariance matrix is not known a-priori and needs to be estimated from the data? If we have a consistent estimator formula_20 of formula_21, then by the independence of the covariance estimator and equation above, we have:
## Nonlinear hypothesis.
In the standard form, the Wald test is used to test linear hypotheses, that can be represented by a single matrix R. If one wishes to test a non-linear hypothesis of the form:
The test statistic becomes:
where formula_26 is the derivative | 25,539 |
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of c evaluated at the sample estimator. This result is obtained using the delta method, which uses a first order approximation of the variance.
### Non-invariance to re-parameterisations.
The fact that one uses an approximation of the variance has the drawback that the Wald statistic is not-invariant to a non-linear transformation/reparametrisation of the hypothesis: it can give different answers to the same question, depending on how the question is phrased. For example, asking whether "R" = 1 is the same as asking whether log "R" = 0; but the Wald statistic for "R" = 1 is not the same as the Wald statistic for log "R" = 0 (because there is in general no neat relationship between the standard | 25,540 |
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errors of "R" and log "R", so it needs to be approximated).
# Alternatives to the Wald test.
There exist several alternatives to the Wald test, namely the likelihood-ratio test and the Lagrange multiplier test (also known as the score test). Robert F. Engle showed that these three tests, the Wald test, the likelihood-ratio test and the Lagrange multiplier test are asymptotically equivalent. Although they are asymptotically equivalent, in finite samples, they could disagree enough to lead to different conclusions.
There are several reasons to prefer the likelihood ratio test or the Lagrange multiplier to the Wald test:
- Non-invariance: As argued above, the Wald test is not invariant to a | 25,541 |
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reparametrization, while the Likelihood ratio tests will give exactly the same answer whether we work with "R", log "R" or any other monotonic transformation of "R".
- The other reason is that the Wald test uses two approximations (that we know the standard error, and that the distribution is χ), whereas the likelihood ratio test uses one approximation (that the distribution is χ).
- The Wald test requires an estimate under the alternative hypothesis, corresponding to the "full" model. In some cases, the model is simpler under the zero hypothesis, so that one might prefer to use the score test (also called Lagrange Multiplier test), which has the advantage that it can be formulated in situations | 25,542 |
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atio test uses one approximation (that the distribution is χ).
- The Wald test requires an estimate under the alternative hypothesis, corresponding to the "full" model. In some cases, the model is simpler under the zero hypothesis, so that one might prefer to use the score test (also called Lagrange Multiplier test), which has the advantage that it can be formulated in situations where the variability is difficult to estimate; e.g. the Cochran–Mantel–Haenzel test is a score test.
# See also.
- Chow test
- Sequential probability ratio test
- Sup-Wald test
- Student's t-test
- Welch's "t"-test
# External links.
- Wald test on the Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics | 25,543 |
1600392 | Kobe Shimbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe%20Shimbun | Kobe Shimbun
Kobe Shimbun
# External links.
- Kobe Shimbun Webnews | 25,544 |
1600390 | Karkarthar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karkarthar | Karkarthar
Karkarthar
Karkathar is a Forward caste in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a sub-caste of the greater Vellalar community of India. Karkathar are also known as Karalar.
# Etymology.
Karkathar (Kar-cloud, Kathar- protector) means protector of clouds in Tamil .
# History.
According to tradition, the Karkathar migrated from the Gangetic plains and over time spread over the entire macro region of present day Tamil Nadu. According to "satakams", the Pandya country was settled by these people after they had resided in the Chola country. According to historian Burton Stein, this theory is purely mythical.
According to anthropologist Nicholas B. Dirks, the Pudukottai region was sparsely populated | 25,545 |
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until the early Chola period. But with the beginning of the Chola era, there is strong evidence of increasing agrarian settlement, the growth of villages, institutions, the construction and expansion of temples. According to the Tekkattur manuscript, the Karkathar were initially divided into "Kanāttars" and "Kōnāttars", each of which had many exogamous sub-divisions. Kōnādu or the land of the king (Chola country) mostly consisted of the regions north of the river Vellar except for the western part of the state where it included certain regions south of the river as well. Kanādu, literally meaning the land of the forests was included in the Pandya country. The manuscript goes on to describe the | 25,546 |
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decline in the position of the Karkathar after the initial golden age due to the fighting between the two branches over various issues such as land, rights to the water of the river Vellar, temples etc. and the subsequent settlement and dominance of the Maravars in the region who were initially imported from Ramnad by both branches. The copper plate inscriptions held by every Maravar community in the region indicates that the Kōnāttu vellalar were victorious in the end.
According to historian Arokiaswami, the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur who were the main allies of the Cholas from an early period were all Vellalars. According to Dirks, the local sources like palm leaf manuscripts, copper plate | 25,547 |
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alm leaf manuscripts, copper plate inscriptions and many of the origin stories also indicate that there was a relationship between the Irukkuvel family of chieftains and the Karkathar vellalar community and he says, that the Irukkuvel titles such as "Vēlār" as in "Madurantaka Irukkuvēlār", "Śembiyan Irukkuvēlār", etc. proves that the Irukkuvels were indeed Vellalar. Stein disputes Arokiaswami's claim that the Irukkuvels were Vellalar.
# Distribution.
Areas of Karkarthar population have included:
- Tanjore. Kumbakonam, Thirupanandal, Nagapattinam , Thiruvarur , Mayavaram, Trichy, Chidambaram, Cuddalore, Sripuram districts.
- Attur and Omalur taluks.
# References.
Citations
Bibliography | 25,548 |
1600410 | Nine Stories | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nine%20Stories | Nine Stories
Nine Stories
Nine Stories may refer to:
- "Nine Stories" (Nabokov), a collection of stories by Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov, released in 1947
- "Nine Stories" (Salinger), a collection of short stories by American writer J. D. Salinger, released in 1953
- Nine Stories, an American band formed by singer-songwriter Lisa Loeb | 25,549 |
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Hawthorne Heights
Hawthorne Heights is an American rock band from Dayton, Ohio, formed in 2001. Their lineup currently consists of JT Woodruff (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Matt Ridenour (bass guitar, backing vocals), Mark McMillon (lead guitar, unclean backing vocals), and Chris Popadak (drums, percussion).
On November 24, 2007, rhythm guitarist and unclean backing vocalist Casey Calvert died, leaving the band as a four-piece. On June 2014 it was announced the departure of original drummer Eron Bucciarelli. On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Micah Carli (lead guitar, unclean backing vocals) had left the band as well.
The band found success with both of their first two albums, their | 25,550 |
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2004 release, "The Silence in Black and White", and their 2006 album, "If Only You Were Lonely", both achieving Gold certification. Their second album additionally peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard"'s Independent Albums chart and No. 3 on the "Billboard" 200 charts. They are also well known for their 2006 single "Saying Sorry", which reached Gold status and peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. The band's third album, "Fragile Future", was released on August 5, 2008, surprisingly through Victory Records again, after a lengthy legal battle between the two parties.
Hawthorne Heights released their fourth studio album with Wind-up Records (who also represent popular acts | 25,551 |
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such as Evanescence, Creed and Cartel) on June 1, 2010. The album's title is "Skeletons", and it peaked at No. 50 on the "Billboard" 200. The band's former label, Victory, released a Hawthorne Heights "greatest hits" album, entitled "", on November 9, 2010. Shortly afterward, Hawthorne Heights left Wind-up Records to begin their own record label, Cardboard Empire. Via this new label, the band will be releasing an EP trilogy, beginning with "Hate" released August 23, 2011, and followed by "Hope" released June 5, 2012.
After signing with Red River Entertainment in 2013, the band postponed the release of the third EP in the trilogy, and released a full length concept album titled "Zero" on June | 25,552 |
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25, 2013. The band played on the 2013 Vans Warped Tour. In September 2015, the band released Hurt, the third EP of the trilogy. The band's seventh LP, titled "Bad Frequencies" followed in 2018.
# History.
## Formation, "The Silence in Black and White", and "If Only You Were Lonely" (2001–2006).
Originally known as A Day in the Life, their first record was a demo entitled "Four Bullets for One Girl". After one album ("Nine Reasons to Say Goodbye"), an EP, "Paper Chromatography: The Fade from Dark to Light" (which was later re-released as part of the compilation "From Ohio With Love"), and significant line-up changes, the band changed its name to Hawthorne Heights. On the DVD portion of "The | 25,553 |
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Silence in Black and White", drummer Eron Bucciarelli states that the band took their current name from the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Vocalist and guitarist JT Woodruff is the only original member.
Their first album "The Silence in Black and White", was recorded over a four-week period, and was released in 2004. The album was slow to build sales at first; however, soon the video for the song "Ohio Is for Lovers" began getting airplay on MTV, and the band enjoyed breakout success at radio as well as a growing nationwide fan base, and the album became Victory Records' highest selling debut. "The Silence in Black and White" peaked at number 56 on the Billboard charts. The singles "Niki FM" and | 25,554 |
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"Silver Bullet" were released in 2005.
When their second album "If Only You Were Lonely" was released on Feb 28, 2006, it debuted at number 3 on the Billboard charts, powered by the lead single "Saying Sorry" which has received regular airplay on MTV, VH1 and Fuse. The Legion of Doom remixed a song from the album, entitled "Where Can I Stab Myself in the Ears?" and it appeared on the "". The remix was re-titled "Where Do I Stab Myself in the Ears".
The band performed on the 2006 Nintendo Fusion Tour. A live CD/DVD was intended to be recorded from this tour, but was cancelled, likely due to complications with Victory.
## Death of Casey Calvert (2007).
Casey Calvert, the band's rhythm guitarist, | 25,555 |
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was found dead on the band's tour bus on November 24, 2007. The band had begun its American tour just the day before in Detroit, Michigan. Toxicology and autopsy reports stated that Calvert died of combined drug intoxication. A statement issued by the members of the band said that Calvert died in his sleep, and that his body was discovered before the band was to carry out a sound check before its show at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C. The members of the band spent a few days mourning, reflecting, and writing a song about the death.
This song became "Four Become One" on its album "Fragile Future". The members also dedicated another song to Calvert called "Sugar in the Engine". In the end | 25,556 |
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of the song, JT Woodruff can be heard speaking of Calvert. Calvert was only 26 when he died. When the band plays old hits from either "The Silence in Black and White" or "If Only You Were Lonely" Carli steps in and does all of Calvert's parts.
According to the results of an autopsy performed by the office of the chief medical examiner in Washington, and released in December 2007, Calvert's death was accidental. Dr. John Mendelson, a pharmacologist at the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, told MTV News that "Cases like Calvert's are so rare that they're almost nonexistent. It's so rare that you can't even put a number on it," and that "It's exceedingly rare that 26-year-olds | 25,557 |
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die of "anything" medical. This kind of death is one in several million." Both citalopram (also known by the brand name Celexa) and clonazepam (also known by the brand names Klonopin and Rivotril) are prescription drugs, the former an antidepressant and the latter used to treat seizure disorders and panic attacks.
Drummer Eron Bucciarelli issued the following statement:
From the time of the incident we suspected a possible drug interaction as the cause. Casey wrestled with depression for as long as we knew him. He saw numerous doctors and took an ever-changing array of medicines to get better. He finally had his depression under control. According to the toxicology report, the cause of death | 25,558 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
was due to a fatal interaction between depression meds, anxiety meds, and an opiate. Opiates being mentioned along with the term "substance abuse", coupled with "rockstar" stereotypes immediately conjure up images of hard drug use and addiction, which simply couldn't be further from the truth in Casey's instance. What the toxicology report doesn't show is that before our leaving for tour, Casey had a root canal, and he was prescribed Vicodin (an opiate) for the pain. Once again, Casey was not involved in anything illegal, nor was he a substance abuser.
JT Woodruff has stated that "We won't add another guitar player or add another screamer", and that "In our albums, it'll always say 'Casey Calvert: | 25,559 |
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guitar/vocals.'" Bucciarelli stated in another interview that, "We don't need another screamer ... If the fans want screaming, they can provide it themselves."
## "Fragile Future" and "Rhapsody Originals" (2008–2009).
Hawthorne Heights released a demo for their new song "Come Back Home" on their MySpace page in 2007. A reprised version of the song became one of the twelve tracks that were selected for the band's third studio album. A second song was released on their Myspace, a cover of the Smashing Pumpkins song "Bullet with Butterfly Wings", which was contributed to MySpace Tribute to The Smashing Pumpkins. This cover song, however, did not become a track on the album.
Hawthorne Heights | 25,560 |
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and Victory Records patched up their relationship and the band's third album, "Fragile Future", was released with the label on August 5, 2008. Jeff Schneeweis produced the album. The lead single "Rescue Me" was released on July 22, 2008. Hawthorne Heights played "Rescue Me" live as special guests on "The Tonight Show" with Jay Leno as host after the album's full release, on September 18, 2010, as promotion for "Fragile Future".
"Rhapsody Originals" was released exclusively for Rhapsody as the first EP by Hawthorne Heights on August 26, 2008. It was recorded by Rhapsody, and released as promotion for the studio album "Fragile Future". It contains three live acoustic songs from "Fragile Future", | 25,561 |
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and one from their second studio album, "If Only You Were Lonely".
Hawthorne Heights performed at Linkin Park's Projekt Revolution 2008 tour this year on the Revolution Stage with former labelmates Atreyu, Armor For Sleep, Street Drum Corps, and 10 Years. Joining Linkin Park on the Main Stage was Chris Cornell, The Bravery, Busta Rhymes, and Ashes Divide.
### The Hits" (2009–2011).
Hawthorne Heights posted a blog through their MySpace profile stating that they had officially been signed to Wind-up Records, and had been writing and recording for a new record. The band revealed that while there is not a new member of the band and no replacement was made for Hawthorne Heights former vocalist, | 25,562 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
Casey Calvert, the new album would feature a new "screamer". While on tour, Hawthorne Heights announced that Micah Carli would now be providing screaming vocals for the band.
As the album was being recorded, lead singer JT Woodruff and drummer Eron Bucciarelli named two songs from the record on several occasions, leading many to believe that they would be released as singles. Acoustic versions of the two songs were also said to have been recorded. The songs are entitled "Here I Am" and "Nervous Breakdown". "Nervous Breakdown" did become the first single from the album on March 23, 2010. On October 2, 2009, both Woodruff and Buicarelli posted updates on their Twitter pages saying that they had | 25,563 |
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just finished gang vocals for the record. Woodruff stated "Just finished up doing gang vocals on a few songs. Return to hardcore!"
On October 14, an e-mail was sent out to the official mailing list telling fans that the new album would be titled "Skeletons" and would be released in early 2010. The e-mail stated:
Not all of the bands mentioned, however, ended up joining Hawthorne Heights for the 2009 Never Sleep Again tour.
As promised, download cards for the song "Unforgivable" were distributed while on tour. In addition, a song entitled "End of the Underground" has been performed live.
After the Never Sleep Again 2009 tour, frontman JT began performing several solo acoustic shows with songs | 25,564 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
he had written outside of Hawthorne Heights.
The track listing for the album was announced on February 5, 2010. "Skeletons" was released on June 1, 2010. According to JT Woodruff's February "SayNow" voice message (also uploaded on the band's Twitter), Micah Carli plays ukulele, mandolin, and various other "weird instruments" in the lute family for many of the bonus tracks on "Skeletons".
Victory Records announced the release date for their "best of" compilation of Hawthorne Heights songs, entitled "". The album was released on November 9, 2010, and contains 16 songs taken from the band's first three Victory Records' studio albums.
## Cardboard Empire and EP trilogy (2011–2012).
In July 2011, | 25,565 |
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Hawthorne Heights parted ways with Wind-up Records and created their own record label, Cardboard Empire. The band will be self-releasing a trilogy of EPs, beginning with "Hate", released August 23, 2011. Each EP will be released within four or five months of the prior release. Between releases the band will embark on various North American tours.
On August 11, 2011, the album art and track listing for "Hate" was revealed. The next day the band premiered one of the EP's tracks, "Four White Walls". The EP leaked onto the internet on August 21, 2011. Hawthorne Heights plans to release a music video for each track from "Hate", the first for the song "Is This What You Wanted?".
On April 24, 2012, | 25,566 |
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the band announced that the second EP in the trilogy, titled "Hope", would be released on June 5, 2012. They also announced dates for their Summer of Hope tour, in support of the EP, which began on June 1 and will end on July 14. Their first single from "Hope", entitled "New Winter", is the only song by Hawthorne Heights to be featured on MTV in almost 5 years. During their Autumn of Hope European tour, they did an interview in a bathtub.
## "Zero", line-up changes and "Bad Frequencies" (2013–present).
It was announced that the band has signed with Red Entertainment. They released a new album titled "Zero" on June 25, 2013. The band played at Vans Warped Tour 2013 on all dates. It was as part | 25,567 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
of this announcement that Mark McMillon of The Story Changes was formally introduced as part of the band, though he had been a touring member for many years.
On June 1, exactly 10 years after Hawthorne Heights' debut album "The Silence in Black and White" was released, an acoustic version of the album was released via inVogue Records. The band embarked on a tour to celebrate the albums 10-year anniversary, kicking off the European leg in Fibber Magees, Dublin, Ireland. On June 18, it was announced that Eron Bucciarelli had parted ways from the band shortly after its release. On January 20, 2015, it was announced Micah Carli had also departed. On February 13, it was announced on the band's Facebook | 25,568 |
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page that they are recording new material. The Band performed at Emo Nite LA in March 2018. Hurt, the final part of the EP trilogy was released on September 18, 2015. "Pink Hearts" was made available for streaming on March 1, 2018. The group's next album, "Bad Frequencies", was released on April 27 through Pure Noise Records. The band supported Silverstein on their 15-year anniversary tour of their debut album "When Broken Is Easily Fixed".
# Musical style and classification.
The band has been referred to as hard rock and alternative rock. The band has been mainly categorized as post-hardcore, emo and screamo. The band is often described as post-hardcore because this genre encompasses a wide | 25,569 |
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range of musical styles, making it a general enough term to be applied to Hawthorne Heights' diverse style. Likewise, Hawthorne Heights's albums have been tagged as alternative rock by iTunes. Hawthorne Heights also have been described as indie rock, indie emo, and punk rock.
Eron Bucciarelli, the band's drummer, noted that the band's sound has "always been pigeon holed as emo or screamo". In the same interview he said that the band prefers to be referred to simply as "a rock band".
While commenting on the band's first album, "The Silence in Black and White", Eron said that the "triple guitar attack" allows them to "add a lot of layering effects and intricacies to our music along with legitimately | 25,570 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
pulling in different musical styles." The album also includes feminine backing vocals provided by band member Micah Carli's sister, Graci Carli. This gave many of the songs a broader emotional spectrum not limited by gender.
Hawthorne Heights began to be recognized as melodic hardcore due to the release of "If Only You Were Lonely". After "softening their lyrical stance, incorporating melancholy keyboards and adding upbeat melodies that were a perfect counterbalance to their screaming backup chants" their unique sound became more recognized.
Even after the death of one of the guitarists, Hawthorne Heights continued to allow its sound to evolve. With the release of "Fragile Future", the band | 25,571 |
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used elements of power pop. Hawthorne Heights' fourth album, "Skeletons", stylistically reverts to "music similar to their first two albums", yet is much softer. The album, however, "refuses to stomp over old ground" by incorporating "electro" and "pop punk" elements into a few of the tracks. The album also "broke new ground by adding a unique electronica sound." In addition, various other musical styles are incorporated into "Skeletons". The acclaimed blues rock track, "Gravestones," opens with "uncharacteristic western acoustics, and then delves into a more fascinating chorus, leaving the wild wild west sound and replacing it with pianos and ethereal presence."
After forming their own record | 25,572 |
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label, Hawthorne Heights made plans to release a trilogy of EPs. The first of the trilogy, "Hate", lyrically deals with feelings of hate, anger, and solitude. According to Woodruff, "Hate" features more "aggressive songs" that are "a lot heavier than anything we've ever done." The EP has been compared to other screamo albums, such as releases by Senses Fail. Screamed vocals and breakdowns are prominent features throughout the album, reflecting the musical style of the band's first two albums. One review states "this aggressive side, dormant for the past few years, has finally boiled over all at once."
Hawthorne Heights cite Sunny Day Real Estate, The Get Up Kids, Quicksand, Led Zeppelin, Youth | 25,573 |
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of Today, Gorilla Biscuits, and Black Sabbath as their influences.
# Controversy.
## Incident with Ne-Yo.
In February 2006, as the band was readying the release of "If Only You Were Lonely", Victory Records issued two statements to fans through the band's mailing lists as well as their MySpace profile, stating that "ROCK music needs your support" and that "the No. 1 slot that belongs to us." They also pleaded with fans to go into chain stores and make sure Hawthorne Heights CDs are in stock and to sabotage the sales count of Ne-Yo's record "In My Own Words", which was being released the same day. The statement said:
They ended their rallying cry by quoting Winston Churchill: "Victory at | 25,574 |
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all costs, Victory in spite of all terror, Victory however long and hard the road may be; for without Victory, there is no survival."
Later, group members claimed that the statements were issued by their record label, Victory Records, without their consent.
On August 7, 2006, the band announced they would be leaving Victory Records, and sued the label for breach of contract, copyright and trademark infringement, fraud and abuse.
Victory Records then countersued for breach of contract and libel in September 2006.
In October 2006, a Chicago judge dismissed two of the three main claims in the band's suit, ruling that the trademark and copyright violation allegations were unsound.
On March | 25,575 |
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5, 2007 a federal judge in Chicago ruled that Victory Records does "not" hold exclusive rights for the band's recording services and that the band can record for any label. Specifically, the Judge stated: "The agreement contains no exclusivity provision, nor does any of its language appear to prevent [the band] from recording elsewhere during the life of the agreement".
The judge later reaffirmed this ruling on May 17, 2007, stating that Hawthorne Heights is still contractually bound to deliver two albums to Victory, but may record albums which are released elsewhere.
## Wild Justice Records lawsuit.
On October 16, 2007, Wild Justice Records sued Hawthorne Heights for breach of an oral contract, | 25,576 |
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stemming from a dispute over the management company's share of the band's revenues.
# Band members.
- Current members
- JT Woodruff – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, keyboards
- Matt Ridenour – bass, backing vocals
- Mark McMillon – lead guitar, unclean backing vocals rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals studio backing vocals and group vocals on "Skeletons" , "Hate" , and "Hope"
- Chris "Poppy" Popadak – drums, percussion, backing vocals studio group vocals on "Hope"
- Touring and session members
- Grace Carli – female backing vocals on "Blue Burns Orange", "The Transition", and "Wake Up Call" from "The Silence in Black and White" and "The Transition" from "Midwesterners: The Hits"
- | 25,577 |
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John Bender – backing vocals on "If Only You Were Lonely"
- Sebastian Davin – piano on "If Only You Were Lonely"
- Former members
- Jesse Blair – rhythm and lead guitar
- Andy Saunders – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals
- Kevin Byers – bass, backing vocals
- Andy Lazier – drums, percussion
- Shane Hawk – rhythm and lead guitar
- Josh Bethel – bass, backing vocals
- Micah Carli – lead guitar unclean backing vocals
- Nick Corns – rhythm and lead guitar
- Nick Testa – bass, backing vocals
- Eron Bucciarelli – drums, percussion
- Casey Calvert – rhythm and lead guitar, unclean backing vocals
# Discography.
- Studio albums
- "The Silence in Black and White" (2004)
- "If Only | 25,578 |
1600291 | Hawthorne Heights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne%20Heights | Hawthorne Heights
tar, backing vocals
- Kevin Byers – bass, backing vocals
- Andy Lazier – drums, percussion
- Shane Hawk – rhythm and lead guitar
- Josh Bethel – bass, backing vocals
- Micah Carli – lead guitar unclean backing vocals
- Nick Corns – rhythm and lead guitar
- Nick Testa – bass, backing vocals
- Eron Bucciarelli – drums, percussion
- Casey Calvert – rhythm and lead guitar, unclean backing vocals
# Discography.
- Studio albums
- "The Silence in Black and White" (2004)
- "If Only You Were Lonely" (2006)
- "Fragile Future" (2008)
- "Skeletons" (2010)
- "Zero" (2013)
- "The Silence in Black and White Acoustic" (2014)
- "Bad Frequencies" (2018)
# External links.
- Official website | 25,579 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, historically known as the Chicago Drainage Canal, is a canal system that connects the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River. It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of Lake Michigan rather than into it. The related Calumet-Saganashkee Channel does the same for the Calumet River a short distance to the south, joining the Chicago canal about halfway along its route to the Des Plaines. The two provide the only navigation for ships between the Great Lakes Waterway and the Mississippi River system.
The canal was primarily built as a sewage treatment scheme. Prior | 25,580 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
to its opening in 1900, sewage from the city of Chicago was dumped into the Chicago River and flowed into Lake Michigan. The city's drinking water supply was located offshore, and there were fears that the sewage could reach the intake and cause serious disease outbreaks. Since the sewer systems were already flowing into the river, the decision was made to dam the river and reverse its flow, thereby sending all the sewage inland where it could be treated before emptying it into the Des Plaines.
A secondary goal was to replace the shallow and narrow Illinois and Michigan Canal (I&M), which had originally connected Lake Michigan with the Mississippi starting in 1848. As part of the construction | 25,581 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
of the new canal, the entire route was built to allow much larger ships to navigate it. It is wide and deep, over three times the size of the I&M. The I&M became a secondary route with the new canal's opening and was shut down entirely with the creation of the Illinois Waterway network in 1933.
The building of the Chicago canal served as intensive and practical training for engineers who later built the Panama Canal. The canal is operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. In 1999, the system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The Canal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places | 25,582 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
on December 20, 2011.
# Reasons for construction.
Early Chicago sewage systems discharged directly into Lake Michigan or into the Chicago River, which itself flowed into the lake. The city's water supply also came from the lake, through water intake cribs located two miles offshore. There were fears that sewage could infiltrate the water supply, leading to typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river far out into the lake (although reports of an 1885 cholera epidemic are untrue), spurring a panic that a future similar storm would cause a huge epidemic in Chicago. The only reason for the storm not causing such a catastrophic | 25,583 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
event was that the weather was cooler than normal. The Sanitary District of Chicago (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call.
In addition, the canal was built to supplement and ultimately replace the older and smaller Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848) as a conduit to the Mississippi River system. In 1871, the old canal had been deepened in an attempt to reverse the river and improve shipping but the reversal of the river only lasted one season. The I&M canal was also badly polluted as a result of unrestricted dumping from city sewers and industries, such as the Union Stock Yards.
# Planning and construction, | 25,584 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
1887–1922.
By 1887, it was decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering. Engineer Isham Randolph noted that a ridge about 12 miles from the lakeshore divided the Mississippi River drainage system from the Great Lakes drainage system. This low divide had been known since pre-Columbian time by the Native Americans, who used it as the Chicago Portage to cross from the Chicago River drainage to the Des Plaines River basin drainage. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was cut across that divide in the 1840s. In an attempt to better drain sewage and pollution in the Chicago River, the flow of the river had already been reversed in 1871 when the Illinois and Michigan Canal | 25,585 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
was deepened enough to reverse the river's flow for one season. A plan soon emerged to cut through that ridge and carry wastewater away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. In 1889, the Illinois General Assembly created the Sanitary District of Chicago (SDC) to carry out the plan. After four years of turmoil during construction, Isham Randolph was appointed Chief Engineer for the newly formed Sanitary District of Chicago and resolved many issues circulating around the project. While the canal was being built, permanent reversal of the Chicago River was attained in 1892, when the Army Corps of Engineers further deepened the | 25,586 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
Illinois and Michigan Canal.
One of the issues for Randolph to resolve was a strike of about 2000 union workers, centered in Lemont and Joliet. On June 1, 1893, quarrymen went out to protest a wage cut, an action that also drew in 1200 canal workers. Reports describe 400 quarrymen marching along the length of the canal project on June 2, between Lemont and Romeo, conducting a "reign of terror" at worksites, "armed with clubs and revolvers", "almost crazed with liquor". On the 9th strikers clashed with replacement workers and local law enforcement, and Governor Altgeld called out the First and Second Regiments of the Illinois National Guard. Dozens were wounded and at least five killed: strikers | 25,587 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
Gregor Kilka, Jacob (or Ignatz) Ast, Thomas Moorski, Mike Berger, and 17-year-old bystander John Kluga. The strike was settled by the 15th.
The new Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, linking the south branch of the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River at Lockport, and in advance of an application by the Missouri Attorney General for an injunction against the opening, opened on January 2, 1900. However, it was not until January 17 that the complete flow of the water was released. Further construction from 1903 to 1907 extended the canal to Joliet, as the SDC wanted to replace the previously built Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The rate of flow is controlled | 25,588 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
by the Lockport Powerhouse, sluice gates at Chicago Harbor and at the O'Brien Lock in the Calumet River, and also by pumps at Wilmette Harbor. Two more canals were later built to add to the system: the North Shore Channel in 1910, and the Calumet-Saganashkee Channel in 1922.
Construction of the Ship and Sanitary Canal was the largest earth-moving operation that had been undertaken in North America up to that time. It was also notable for training a generation of engineers, many of whom later worked on the Panama Canal. In 1989, the Sanitary District of Chicago was renamed the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.
# Diversion of water from Great Lakes.
The Chicago Sanitary | 25,589 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
and Ship Canal are designed to work by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed. At the time of construction, a specific amount of water diversion was authorized by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and approved by the Secretary of War, under provisions of various Rivers and Harbors Acts; over the years however, this limit was not honored or well regulated. While the increased flow more rapidly flushed the untreated sewage, it also was seen as a hazard to navigation, a concern to USACE in relation to the level of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, from which the water was diverted. Litigation ensued from 1907, which eventually | 25,590 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
saw states downstream of the canal siding with the sanitary district and those states upstream of Lake Michigan with Canada siding against the district. The litigation was eventually decided by the Supreme Court in "Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States" in 1925, and again in "Wisconsin v. Illinois" in 1929. In 1930, management of the canal was turned over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers reduced the flow of water from Lake Michigan into the canal, but kept it open for navigation purposes. These decisions prompted the sanitary district to accelerate their treatment of raw sewage. Today, diversions from the Great Lakes system are regulated by an international | 25,591 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
treaty with Canada, through the International Joint Commission, and by governors of the Great Lakes states.
# Pollution of the Canals.
Chicago's sewage treatment system discharges fecal matter which is only lightly treated into the canals. Because of concerns of the effects of chlorine, "Chicago has a rare distinction among major American cities: It does not employ a disinfection stage at its three main sewage treatment plants." The result is canal water with fecal coliform colonies, so that "signs along the canals warn that the contents are not suitable for 'any human body contact'".
# Asian carp and the Canal.
On November 20, 2009, the Corps of Engineers announced a single sample of DNA | 25,592 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
from Asian carp had been found above the electric barrier constructed in the canal in an attempt to prevent carp from migrating into the Great Lakes. The silver carp, also known as the flying carp, displace native species of fish by filter feeding and removing the bottom of the food chain. It migrated through the Mississippi River system, and could make its way into the Great Lakes, through the man-made canal. Carp were introduced to the U.S. with the blessing of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1970s to help remove algae from catfish farms in Arkansas. They escaped the farms.
On December 2, 2009, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal closed, as the EPA and the Illinois Department | 25,593 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
of Natural Resources (IDNR) began applying a fish poison, rotenone, in an effort to kill Asian carp north of Lockport. Although no Asian carp were found in the two months of commercial and electrofishing, the massive fish kill did discover a single carp.
On December 21, 2009, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court seeking the immediate closure of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to keep Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The state of Illinois and the Corps of Engineers, which constructed the Canal, are co-defendants in the lawsuit.
In response to the Michigan lawsuit, on January 5, 2010, Illinois State Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a counter-suit with | 25,594 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
the Supreme Court requesting that it reject Michigan's claims. Siding with the State of Illinois, both the Illinois Chamber of Commerce and the American Waterways Operators have filed affidavits, arguing that closing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would upset the movement of millions of tons of vital shipments of iron ore, coal, grain and other cargo, totaling more than $1.5 billion a year, and contribute to the loss of hundreds, perhaps thousands of jobs. However, Michigan along with several other Great Lakes states argue that the sport and commercial fishery and tourism associated with the fishery of the entire Great Lakes region is estimated at $7 billion a year, and impacts the economies | 25,595 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
of all Great Lakes states and Canada.
On January 19, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for a preliminary injunction closing the canal. In August 2011, the United States Court of Appeals also rejected the preliminary injunction.
# See also.
- Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth
- Chicago flood
- Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP)
- Isham Randolph
# External links.
- A History from the Chicago Public Library . (However this credits Rudolph Hering, not Isham Randolph with the project.)
- An album of photographs of the dig, including a 26 stanza poem written by Isham Randolph to Admiral Dewey on the opening of the canal
- History and Heritage of Civil Engineering - Reversal | 25,596 |
1600321 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago%20Sanitary%20and%20Ship%20Canal | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
ee also.
- Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth
- Chicago flood
- Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP)
- Isham Randolph
# External links.
- A History from the Chicago Public Library . (However this credits Rudolph Hering, not Isham Randolph with the project.)
- An album of photographs of the dig, including a 26 stanza poem written by Isham Randolph to Admiral Dewey on the opening of the canal
- History and Heritage of Civil Engineering - Reversal of the Chicago River
- Graph of Lakes Michigan and Huron water levels since 1860
- Evaluation of the Potential for Hysteresis in Index-Velocity Ratings for the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Near Lemont, Illinois United States Geological Survey | 25,597 |
1600391 | Washington State Route 108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%20State%20Route%20108 | Washington State Route 108
Washington State Route 108
State Route 108 (SR 108, also known as the Old Olympic Highway) is a state highway in Grays Harbor and Mason counties, of the U.S. state of Washington. It extends from SR 8 in the city of McCleary, east to an interchange with U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in Kamilche. The route serves as a bypass and connects McCleary with Shelton, and Port Angeles.
The highway was Secondary State Highway 9D (SSH 9D) from 1937 until 1964, which ran from McCleary to Kamilche.
# Route description.
SR 108 runs east from SR 8 in McCleary to an interchange with US 101 in Kamilche. The route serves as a bypass and connects McCleary with Shelton, and Port Angeles. WSDOT has found that more than | 25,598 |
1600391 | Washington State Route 108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%20State%20Route%20108 | Washington State Route 108
11,000 motorists utilize the road daily before the interchange with US 101 based on average annual daily traffic (AADT) data.
SR 108 starts at an intersection with SR 8 west of Downtown McCleary. From the intersection, the road briefly goes north before turning east onto "Simpson Avenue" into Downtown McCleary. Simpson Avenue goes into McCleary and comes to a 3-way intersection with "Main Street" at Beerbower Park. SR 108 then turns onto "Main Street" and becomes "Summit Road", passing Lake Clara before leaving Downtown McCleary. After passing Hillgrove, the highway enters McCleary Junction and turns northeast to parallel the Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad.
At the intersection with "Elma | 25,599 |
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