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1600498 | Matilde Hidalgo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilde%20Hidalgo | Matilde Hidalgo
to study Pediatrics, Neurology, and Dietetics in Argentina.
# Awards/recognitions.
- First woman to receive a Bachelor's Degree in Loja and the country.
- First woman licensed in Medicine Universidad del Azuay (today Universidad de Cuenca)
- First Doctorate in Medicine Universidad de Quito
- First Academic Professional woman in the country.
- First woman to vote in Latin America.
- First female Vice President of a Municipal Council.
- First Deputy Elected to Congress.
- Teacher, politician, poet, professional, public official, wife, mother.
- National Merit Award, granted by Presidential Decree in 1956.
- Homage from the city of Loja, declaring her "Illustrious Woman" (1966).
- National | 25,700 |
1600498 | Matilde Hidalgo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilde%20Hidalgo | Matilde Hidalgo
Merit Award, from the Department of Public Health, granted by the Public Health Minister of Ecuador (1971).
# Poems.
Literary critic Cecilia Ansaldo Briones offers a compilation of twenty poems by Matilde Hidalgo in the book by Jenny Estrada, "Matilde Hidalgo of Prócel, Biography and Poetry Book". From there it is known that Matilde Hidalgo Navarro wrote her first poems when she was in secondary school and in college, writing on topics such as "the cult of Science, the admiration of Nature, praise of people or dates, Marian devotion, little poetry about love, and the topic of women".
Other known titles include:
- "The woman and love."
- "The goldfinch."
- "Where is my happiness?"
- "In | 25,701 |
1600498 | Matilde Hidalgo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilde%20Hidalgo | Matilde Hidalgo
the apotheosis of Don Bernardo Valdivieso."
- "The constant woman's plea."
- "Forget me by God."
- "To María."
- "The Tenth of August."
- "Proscription."
- "My ideal."
- "To Cuenca Jonah."
- "Celicano patriotic hymn."
- "Sacrifice."
- "The poet."
- "The drop of dew."
- "By leaving we do not raise our store."
- "Song of spring."
- "In the agony of the evening."
# Memberships.
- Medical Federation of Ecuador (founding member)
- Surgical Association of Quito (founding member)
- Press circle of Quito
- Machala Feminine Institute of Culture
- Committee of Women of the Red Cross in the Gold Province.
- House of the Ecuadorian Culture, center of the Gold Province.
- Committee | 25,702 |
1600498 | Matilde Hidalgo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilde%20Hidalgo | Matilde Hidalgo
gony of the evening."
# Memberships.
- Medical Federation of Ecuador (founding member)
- Surgical Association of Quito (founding member)
- Press circle of Quito
- Machala Feminine Institute of Culture
- Committee of Women of the Red Cross in the Gold Province.
- House of the Ecuadorian Culture, center of the Gold Province.
- Committee of Women Lions of Machala.
- Medical Society of Ecuador.
- Society of Women Physicians of Guayas.
- National Federation of Journalists.
- College of Physicians of El Oro.
- Union of American Women, UMA.
- National Union of Ecuadorian Women, UNME.
- Pan-American Medical Association (PAMA), Ecuador Chapter.
- Benemérita Surgical Society of Guayas. | 25,703 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS) is a public school district located in Jefferson County, Kentucky and operating all but one of the public schools in the county. It is governed by an elected seven-member Board of Education which selects and hires a Superintendent who serves as the system's chief executive.
JCPS operates 150 schools with more than 101,000 students, making it the 27th largest school district in the United States. In 2014–15 the system had a $1.1 billion budget and more than 18,000 employees. With a fleet of more than 1,500 vehicles, it operates one of the 10 largest transportation systems in the nation. Jefferson County's total | 25,704 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
population stands at approx. 760,000—by far the largest in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
# Board of education.
The seven members of the Jefferson County Board of Education (JCBE) are elected by general election to four-year terms. Each board member is responsible for an area of Jefferson County and the schools contained therein. The Superintendent, Dr. Marty Pollio, serves as secretary to the board at all meetings. The current board members are (in order of district number) Diane Porter, Chris Kolb, Stephanie Horne, Benjamin M. Gies, Linda Duncan, Lisa Willner and Chris Brady.
The board was very proactive in year 2011 and into 2012 regarding the request for a curriculum management audit, | 25,705 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
and work on a much needed strategic plan. The results of the audit were published in January 2012. The board reviewed the report and with board support Hargens followed through on the recommendations. The Strategic Plan-Vision 2015 was approved by the board on May 29, 2012. The process beginning at a much needed board retreat in October 2011 resulted in this important document. In addition, in 2011 the board approved Board Operating Principles to improve board governance.
# History.
Public education in the Louisville area dates to 1829 and the beginning of the Louisville Public School District. In 1838 a separate county school system began operating. In 1975 the two systems were merged by | 25,706 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
court order.
## Louisville Public School District (1829–1975).
On April 24, 1829, the City of Louisville established the first public schools for children under sixteen years of age. A board of trustees was selected, and Edward Mann Butler was selected as the first head. The first school began operation in the upper story of a Baptist church on the SW corner of Fifth and Green Streets (now Liberty Street). The next year, the first public school building in the Louisville Public School District was erected at Fifth and Walnut (now Muhammad Ali Blvd). This property was purchased from one of the trustees for $2,100. Though Louisville's charter called provided for the establishment of free schools, | 25,707 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
the school established at Fifth and Walnut charged primary grades $1.00 per quarter of instruction and all other grades $1.50. Tuition was waived if the trustees felt a child was unable to pay. Instruction was given using the Lancastrian system of teaching, wherein higher-level students taught the younger while the teacher and assistants supervised and instructed these higher-level students.
After a few years, the state granted half of the property of the Jefferson Seminary for use in constructing a "High School College." By 1838, the city of Louisville had a full-service school system. Tuition was abolished for all Louisville residents in 1851, and 1856, Male High School and Female High School | 25,708 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
opened their doors. From 1851 until 1871, 17 schools were erected on 20 lots. School enrollment grew from 4,303 at the beginning of that time period to 13,503 at the end. In 1870, the first public schools in the city for African Americans were established in the Center Street African Methodist Church and the First Street African Baptist Church. The first school building for African American students was dedicated on October 7, 1873. At the end of the 1896-7 school year, enrollment reached 26,242 (20,559 white, 5,683 black). Ten years later (1907–1908), the school system's enrollment was 29,211 (23,458 white, 5,753 black). In 1912, the Louisville Public School District began annexing property | 25,709 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
in Jefferson County which had already been annexed by city government, bringing enrollment to 45,841 (33,831 white, 12,010 black) by the 1956 school year, the last year of segregated education in the public schools. In its final year as a separate school district, enrollment was 40,939 (19,171 white, 21,768 black).
## Common Schools of Jefferson County/Jefferson County School District (1838–1975).
The Common Schools of Jefferson County school district (CSJC) was established by an act of state legislature in 1838. As of an 1840 report by the Superintendent of Public Education for the state, there were 30 schools in this district. In this report, the "whole population" of Jefferson County was | 25,710 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
figured at 36,310, with 5,843 of ages 5 to 15 and 3,744 from 7 to 17.
626 was reported as the number of students "at school." In 1850, 561 children were listed as attending six-month schools and 130 were listed as attending three-month schools. In the 1876-7 school year, 58 schools were reported for white children and 10 for black children.
In 1884, a state Board of Education was created and a county superintendent elected by popular vote to replace the appointed commissioner. In 1920 21 22 23 24 25, the County Administration Law was passed by state legislature, requiring the appointment of the superintendent by the Board of Education. Enrollment in the Jefferson County Schools in 1956 (last | 25,711 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
year of segregation) was 36,308 (34,911 white, 1,397 black). In the last year separate from Louisville Schools, enrollment was 89,405 (84,666 white, 4,739 black).
## Merger and desegregation.
In 1971, several civil rights organizations filed a lawsuit in court asking that the Louisville, Jefferson County and Anchorage school systems be merged. This was because of the large concentration of African Americans in the city school district and extremely low concentration in the other two. These organizations felt that this created conditions similar to that of segregation. In 1974, Judge James F. Gordon ordered the merger of the Louisville and Jefferson County school district, an order followed | 25,712 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
up by the state Board of Education, which on February 28, 1975, made the merger effective on April 1 of that year. A merger and desegregation plan was created, which included mandatory bussing and racial guidelines for school assignments. The initial plan was for black students to be bussed 10 of their 12 years in school and white students to be bussed 2 of 12 years. The court ceased active supervision of this plan in 1978.
The racial guidelines used have seen several revisions since that time. In 1984, a plan was instituted for middle and high schools that involved a system of zones and satellite areas. In 1992, Project Renaissance was implemented in the elementary schools, a program that | 25,713 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
achieved desegregation by allowing parents some choice in school placement. A mandatory 15–50% African-American population in all schools was established in 1996. Two years later, six parents sued to remove the upper limit from Central High School, a traditionally African-American school. On June 10, 1999, Judge John Heyburn II ruled that the 1975 desegregation order was not dissolved in 1978 when court supervision ended. Some elements of that original ruling were still in effect. Additionally, it was ruled that JCPS could use racial classifications to prevent emergence of racially identifiable schools. These proceedings resulted in the use of racial quotas at Central being banned and the school | 25,714 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
system being required to redesign its admission procedures by the 2002–03 school year.
The desegregation order was lifted in 2000, but JCPS maintained the 15–50% guideline in most schools. In 2002, Crystal Meredith filed a lawsuit on behalf of her son, whom she claims was denied enrollment in a school because of race. In 2002 board members Steve Imhoff and Larry Hujo first suggested that the board consider that the criteria of the plan be based upon the income of parents and not race (SES). The purpose was to maintain diversity with the thought the Supreme Court may strike the then plan based upon race alone. There was resistance but income did become the focal point of the plan adopted in | 25,715 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
2008. In October 2005, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Meredith. In June 2006, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, the first time the high court has elected to rule on a school district's use of a voluntary desegregation plan. The case was combined with a similar one from Seattle, Washington involving that school districts use of a tiebreaker system for school assignment based on race.
In June 2007, the Supreme Court handed down a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, holding that the school district plans in Louisville and Seattle violated constitutional guarantees of equal protection, and race could not be the only factor to consider. The board then | 25,716 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
amended the plan in 2008 to consider the income, education and minority status of parents in two geographic areas of the county which was later amended to apply to census tracts, based upon the 2010 census.
## Recent superintendents.
The most recent superintendent was Donna Hargens, hired in July 2011. Hargens was previously the chief academic officer for the Wake County Public Schools in North Carolina. Hargens resigned effective July 1, 2017 in an agreement with the Jefferson County Board of Education. Hargens was the second female superintendent for public schools in Louisville. The first was Rosa Anna Phillips Stonestreet. She served in this post from 1898 to 1910, when the structure for | 25,717 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
governance was changed with no more elections for the post.
Previously, Sheldon Berman was hired in 2007. Upon his termination, he accepted a position as superintendent of the Eugene (Oregon) School District. Before Berman, Dr. Stephen Daeschner had been superintendent since 1993. When his contract was not renewed by the board of education, he accepted a superintendent position in Naperville, Illinois.
The current superintendent is Mr. Marty Pollio, who is the former principal at Doss and Jeffersontown high schools. Pollio was named acting superintendent in July 2017 when Hargens resigned amidst a great deal of public pressure. In February 2018, Pollio was offered a four-year contract and | 25,718 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
was able to drop "acting" from the title.
# Initiatives.
The school district is engaged in a number of initiatives, some of which have been considered more successful than others.
## Every 1 Reads.
Every 1 Reads is a community-wide literacy program that was started in the fall of 2003 as a partnership between Greater Louisville, Inc., the Louisville Metro government, and the Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS) in an effort to get every student reading at grade level by the fall of 2008.
In September 2007, the Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions (BIPPS) published an article which documented that the scoring system used by the school district's Every 1 Reads program conveys | 25,719 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
that children who cannot read "at grade level" are instead doing so. As of fall 2007, Every 1 Reads reports that 87.1% of all JCPS students are "reading at grade level," while the state system reports (at the end of the 2005–2006 school year) only 54.25% are at least proficient at reading.
## GE "College Bound" program.
In late 2005, the GE Foundation announced that it was providing the school district with a four-year $25-million grant, the largest non-governmental grant received by the district. This was part of the foundation's College Bound program, started in 1989 in an effort to increase the number of students going to college. This program includes a revamped Math and Science curriculum | 25,720 |
1600459 | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20County%20Public%20Schools%20(Kentucky) | Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
) only 54.25% are at least proficient at reading.
## GE "College Bound" program.
In late 2005, the GE Foundation announced that it was providing the school district with a four-year $25-million grant, the largest non-governmental grant received by the district. This was part of the foundation's College Bound program, started in 1989 in an effort to increase the number of students going to college. This program includes a revamped Math and Science curriculum in a holistic K-12 approach involving the superintendent, the board of education and the teachers' union.
# See also.
- List of public schools in Louisville, Kentucky.(predominantly schools in JCPS)
# External links.
- Every 1 Reads | 25,721 |
1600494 | Windward Islands (Society Islands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windward%20Islands%20(Society%20Islands) | Windward Islands (Society Islands)
Windward Islands (Society Islands)
The Windward Islands () are the eastern group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. These islands were also previously named the Georgian Islands in honor of King George III of the United Kingdom.
# Geography.
The archipelago comprises an administrative division () of French Polynesia, and includes the following islands:
- Tahiti
- Moorea
- Mehetia
- Tetiaroa
- Maiao
The capital of the administrative district is Papeete on the island of Tahiti. Tahiti, Moorea, and Mehetia are high islands. Tetiaroa and Maiao are coral atolls.
# Culture.
The majority of the population speaks French | 25,722 |
1600494 | Windward Islands (Society Islands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windward%20Islands%20(Society%20Islands) | Windward Islands (Society Islands)
coral atolls.
# Culture.
The majority of the population speaks French and Tahitian (co-official with French throughout French Polynesia).
# Administrative.
Administratively, the Windward Islands form the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands ("subdivision administrative des Îles du Vent"), one of French Polynesia's five administrative subdivisions. Geographically, the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands is identical with the electoral district of the Windward Islands ("circonscription des Îles du Vent"), one of French Polynesia's 6 electoral districts ("circonsriptions électorales") for the Assembly of French Polynesia (see also Politics of French Polynesia). | 25,723 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
Visual culture
Visual culture is the aspect of culture expressed in visual images. Many academic fields study this subject, including cultural studies, art history, critical theory, philosophy, media studies, Deaf Studies and anthropology.
# Overview.
Among theorists working within contemporary culture, this field of study often overlaps with film studies, psychoanalytic theory, sex studies, queer theory, and the study of television; it can also include video game studies, comics, traditional artistic media, advertising, the Internet, and any other medium that has a crucial visual component.
The field's versatility stems from the range of objects contained under the term "visual culture", | 25,724 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
which aggregates "visual events in which information, meaning or pleasure is sought by the consumer in an interface with visual technology". The term "visual technology" refers any media designed for purposes of perception or with the potential to augment our visual capability.
Because of the changing technological aspects of visual culture as well as a scientific method-derived desire to create taxonomies or articulate what the "visual" is, many aspects of Visual Culture overlap with the study of science and technology, including hybrid electronic media, cognitive science, neurology, and image and brain theory. In an interview with the "Journal of Visual Culture", academic Martin Jay explicates | 25,725 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
the rise of this tie between the visual and the technological: "Insofar as we live in a culture whose technological advances abet the production and dissemination of such images at a hitherto unimagined level, it is necessary to focus on how they work and what they do, rather than move past them too quickly to the ideas they represent or the reality they purport to depict. In so doing, we necessarily have to ask questions about ... technological mediations and extensions of visual experience."
# Visualism.
The term "Visualism" was developed by the German anthropologist Johannes Fabian to criticise the dominating role of vision in scientific discourse, through such terms as observation. He | 25,726 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
points to an under theorised approach to the use of visual representation which leads to a corpuscular theory of knowledge and information which leads to their atomisation.
# Relationship with other areas of study.
It also may overlap with another emerging field, that of performance studies. As "the turn from art history to visual culture studies parallels a turn from theater studies to performance studies", it is clear that the perspectival shift that both emerging fields embody is comparable. "Visual Culture" goes by a variety of names at different institutions, including Visual and Critical Studies, Visual and Cultural Studies, and Visual Studies.
There has appeared analysis which applies | 25,727 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
method with computational media. For example, in 2008, Yukihiko Yoshida did a study called "Leni Riefenstahl and German expressionism: research in Visual Cultural Studies using the trans-disciplinary semantic spaces of specialized dictionaries." The study took databases of images tagged with connotative and denotative keywords (a search engine) and found Riefenstahl's imagery had the same qualities as imagery tagged "degenerate" in the title of Degenerate Art Exhibition, Germany at 1937.
# History.
Early work on visual culture has been done by John Berger ("Ways of Seeing", 1972) and Laura Mulvey ("Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", 1975) that follows on from Jacques Lacan's theorization | 25,728 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
of the unconscious gaze. Twentieth-century pioneers such as György Kepes and William Ivins, Jr. as well as iconic phenomenologists like Maurice Merleau-Ponty also played important roles in creating a foundation for the discipline. For the history of art, Svetlana Alpers published a pioneering study on "The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century" (Chicago 1983) in which she took up an earlier implus of Michael Baxandall to study the visual culture of a whole region of early-modern Europe in all its facets: landscape painting and perception, optics and perspectival studies, geography and topographic measurements, united in a common "mapping impulse".
Major works on visual culture | 25,729 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
include those by W. J. T. Mitchell, Griselda Pollock, Giuliana Bruno, Stuart Hall, Roland Barthes, Jean-François Lyotard, Rosalind Krauss, Paul Crowther and Slavoj Žižek. Continuing work has been done by Lisa Cartwright, Margaret Dikovitskaya, Nicholas Mirzoeff, and Jackie Stacey. The first book titled Visual Culture (Vizuális Kultúra) was written by in 1976. For history of science and technology, Klaus Hentschel has published a systematic comparative history in which various patterns of their emergence, stabilization and diffusion are identified.
In the German-speaking world, analogous discussions about "Bildwissenschaft" (image studies) are conducted, a.o., by Gottfried Boehm, Hans Belting, | 25,730 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
and Horst Bredekamp. In the French-speaking world, the visual culture and the visual studies have been recently discussed, a.o., by Maxime Boidy, André Gunthert, Gil Bartholeyns.
Visual culture studies have been increasingly important in religious studies through the work of David Morgan, Sally Promey, Jeffrey F. Hamburger, and S. Brent Plate.
# Difference from image studies.
While the image remains a focal point in visual culture studies, it is the relations between images and consumers that are evaluated for their cultural significance, not just the image in and of itself. Martin Jay clarifies, "Although images of all kinds have long served as illustrations of arguments made discursively, | 25,731 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
the growth of visual culture as a field has allowed them to be examined more in their own terms as complex figural artifacts or the stimulants to visual experiences."
Likewise, W. J. T. Mitchell explicitly distinguishes the two fields in his claim that visual culture studies "helps us to see that even something as broad as the image does not exhaust the field of visuality; that visual studies is not the same thing as image studies, and that the study of the visual image is just one component of the larger field."
# See also.
- Art education
- Art history
- Asemic writing
- Media influence
- Mediascape
- Sublime
- Visual anthropology
- Visual communication
- Visual ethics
- Visual | 25,732 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
literacy
- Visual rhetoric
- Visual sociology
# Further reading.
- Bartholeyns, Gil (ed.) (2016), "Politiques visuelles", Dijon: Presses du réel, with a French translation of the Visual Culture Questionnaire ("October" 1996) by Isabelle Decobecq. .
- Oliver Grau: "Virtual Art. From Illusion to Immersion." MIT-Press, Cambridge/Mass. 2003.
- Oliver Grau, Andreas Keil (Hrsg.): "Mediale Emotionen. Zur Lenkung von Gefühlen durch Bild und Sound". Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2005.
- Oliver Grau (Hrsg.): "Imagery in the 21st Century". MIT-Press, Cambridge 2011.
- Klaus Hentschel: "Visual Cultures in Science and Technology - A Comparative History", Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 2014. .
- Jay, Martin | 25,733 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
(ed.), 'The State of Visual Culture Studies', themed issue of "Journal of Visual Culture", vol.4, no.2, August 2005, London: Sage. . e
- Plate, S. Brent, "Religion, Art, and Visual Culture". (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)
- Smith, Marquard, 'Visual Culture Studies: Questions of History, Theory, and Practice' in Jones, Amelia (ed.) "A Companion to Contemporary Art Since 1945", Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
- Yoshida,Yukihiko, "Leni Riefenstahl and German Expressionism: A Study of Visual Cultural Studies Using Transdisciplinary Semantic Space of Specialized Dictionaries", Technoetic Arts: a journal of speculative research (Editor Roy Ascott),Volume 8, Issue3,intellect,2008
# External links.
- | 25,734 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
"Journal of Visual Culture" | "Publisher's Website"
- "Visual Studies" journal
- "Culture Visuelle" social media
- viz.: Rhetoric, Visual Culture, Pedagogy
- William Blake and Visual Culture: A Special Issue of the Journal "Imagetext"
- Material collection from "Introduction to Media Theory and Visual Culture", by Professor Martin Irvine
- Visual Culture Collective
- Duke University Visual Studies Initiative
- Visual Studies @ University of Houston
- International Visual Sociology Association
- Visual Studies @ University of California, Irvine
- Centre for Visual & Cultural Studies, Edinburgh College of Art, Scotland
- Visual Culture in Britain, Journal
- Visual Studies @ University | 25,735 |
1600443 | Visual culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20culture | Visual culture
"Introduction to Media Theory and Visual Culture", by Professor Martin Irvine
- Visual Culture Collective
- Duke University Visual Studies Initiative
- Visual Studies @ University of Houston
- International Visual Sociology Association
- Visual Studies @ University of California, Irvine
- Centre for Visual & Cultural Studies, Edinburgh College of Art, Scotland
- Visual Culture in Britain, Journal
- Visual Studies @ University of California, Santa Cruz
- Interfaces: Studies in Visual Culture book series
- Contemporary International Visual Culture
- Visual Culture and Communication @ Zurich University of the Arts
- Sciences et Cultures du Visuel @ University of Lille | "Master SCV" | 25,736 |
1600521 | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes%20Negrón%20Muñoz | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz
Mercedes Negrón Muñoz
Mercedes Negrón Muñoz a.k.a. "Clara Lair" (March 8, 1895 – August 26, 1973), was a Puerto Rican poet and essayist who was considered one of the preeminent feminist and postmodernist female Hispanic writers of the 20th century.
# Early life and education.
Negrón Muñoz was born in Barranquitas, Puerto Rico, into a family which included writers, poets and politicians. Her father was the poet Quintín Negrón and her uncles the poet Jose A. Negrón and poet and statesman Luis Muñoz Rivera. She was also the cousin of Puerto Rico's first elected governor Luis Muñoz Marín. Negrón Muñoz received her primary and secondary education in her hometown and she studied literature in the | 25,737 |
1600521 | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes%20Negrón%20Muñoz | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz
University of Puerto Rico.
# Career and major works.
In 1937, Negrón Muñoz published the poem ""Arras de Cristal"" (Cracked Glass) under the name "Clara Lair", her assumed pseudonym.
# Legacy.
Isabel Cuchí Coll published a book about Negrón Muñoz titled "Dos Poetisas de América: Clara Lair y Julia de Burgos". A docudrama about the life of Negrón Muñoz titled ""A Passion Named Clara Lair"" was produced and directed by Ivonne Belen in 1996. Puerto Rico has honored her memory by naming a school after her, and in the town of Hormigueros there is a Hogar Clara Lair, a non-profit organization founded in 1991, which protects defenseless women. Also, the street in Old San Juan right in front of | 25,738 |
1600521 | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes%20Negrón%20Muñoz | Mercedes Negrón Muñoz
under the name "Clara Lair", her assumed pseudonym.
# Legacy.
Isabel Cuchí Coll published a book about Negrón Muñoz titled "Dos Poetisas de América: Clara Lair y Julia de Burgos". A docudrama about the life of Negrón Muñoz titled ""A Passion Named Clara Lair"" was produced and directed by Ivonne Belen in 1996. Puerto Rico has honored her memory by naming a school after her, and in the town of Hormigueros there is a Hogar Clara Lair, a non-profit organization founded in 1991, which protects defenseless women. Also, the street in Old San Juan right in front of her last residence carries her name.
# See also.
- List of Puerto Rican writers
- List of Puerto Ricans
- Puerto Rican literature | 25,739 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
National Incident Management System
Most emergency management in the United States is done at the local and state level. The Department of Homeland Security has attempted to standardize equipment, organizational structures, and terminology to create better response and preparedness to large and small-scale disasters across the country. The National Incident Management System is a collection of principles and methods that can be utilized by local, state, federal emergency managers as well as the private sector and NGOs. NIMS aims to better improve the nation's response to emergencies. Its goal is a better system that can more efficiently allocate resources in the event of a disaster and facilitate | 25,740 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
cooperation among diverse entities and agencies. Large-scale disasters in the past in the U.S. suffered from a lack of solid coordination and authority, as well as different entities utilizing different lingo when communication which led to confusion. NIMS attempts to solve these issues.
To that end, FEMA developed the National Incident Management System (NIMS).
NIMS guides all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), and the private sector to work together to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from incidents. NIMS provides stakeholders across the whole community with the shared vocabulary, systems, and processes to successfully deliver the capabilities | 25,741 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
described in the National Preparedness System. NIMS is:
- A comprehensive, nationwide, systematic approach to incident management, including the command and coordination of incidents, resource management, and information management
- A set of concepts and principles for all threats, hazards, and events across all mission areas (Prevention, Protection, Mitigation, Response, Recovery)
- Scalable, flexible, and adaptable; used for all incidents, from day-to-day to large-scale
- Standard resource management procedures that enable coordination among different jurisdictions or organizations
- Essential principles for communications and information management
NIMS defines operational systems | 25,742 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
including the Incident Command System (ICS), Emergency Operations Center (EOC) structures, Multiagency Coordination Groups (MAC Groups), and Joint Information Systems (JIS) that guide how personnel works together during incidents. NIMS applies to all incidents, from traffic accidents to major disasters.
The NIMS document was first published in 2004. It has been revised twice, in December 2008 and October 2017, based on lessons learned, best practices, and changes in national policy. The 2017 version of NIMS is the most current version.
The core training for NIMS consists of:
- IS-100.c, An Introduction to the Incident Command System, ICS 100: This course introduces the Incident Command System | 25,743 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
(ICS) and provides the foundation for higher level ICS training. The course describes the history, features and principles, and organizational structure of the Incident Command System. It also explains the relationship between ICS and the National Incident Management System (NIMS).
- IS-700.b, An Introduction to the National Incident Management System: This course provides an overview of NIMS. NIMS defines the comprehensive approach guiding the whole community - all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), and the private sector - to work together seamlessly to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the effects of incidents. The course provides learners | 25,744 |
1600536 | National Incident Management System | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Incident%20Management%20System | National Incident Management System
amlessly to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the effects of incidents. The course provides learners with a basic understanding of NIMS concepts, principles, and components.
More information on the NIMS training curriculum can be found in the NIMS Training Program document.
The 2017 NIMS document and all NIMS supporting guides and tools can be found here: https://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system
To receive updates on NIMS, sign up for NIMS Alerts: https://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system-alerts
# External Links.
- Website of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)
- Website of the Emergency Management Institute (EMI) | 25,745 |
1600513 | Star Ray TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star%20Ray%20TV | Star Ray TV
Star Ray TV
Star Ray TV is an independent pirate community television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station, which broadcasts in digital on channel 22 in Toronto's Beaches neighbourhood, was launched in 1997 when Jan Pachul, an amateur radio operator, applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for a licence to serve the community. Star Ray TV has temporary authority from Industry Canada to transmit on UHF channel 15 and 22 in Toronto with call sign VX9AMK.
# History.
On August 21, 2000, after five interventions from established broadcasters, the CRTC turned down Pachul's application, on the grounds that it did not meet with the CRTC's low-power | 25,746 |
1600513 | Star Ray TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star%20Ray%20TV | Star Ray TV
broadcasting (LPTV) policy, but Pachul alleged that the CRTC was simply protecting established corporate broadcasters who had already failed in their responsibility to provide programming of community interest. On September 9, the station began broadcasting illegally as a pirate station.
Pachul appeared before the CRTC on September 19, 2001, and was ordered to shut the station down by November 15 of that year. In December, the CRTC published a new policy permitting the development of community stations on LPTV.
At one point in 2002, Star Ray broadcast on UHF 15 as text-only, based on a loophole by which it claimed text did not constitute "programming" and was therefore not prohibited. More | 25,747 |
1600513 | Star Ray TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star%20Ray%20TV | Star Ray TV
recently, Star Ray has faced allegations that its operations interfere with VHF channel 13, home to CTV's CKCO-DT in Kitchener.
In recent years, the station has broadcast over the Internet. Pachul applied for another broadcasting licence on June 3, 2004, but as of 2008 the CRTC has not published a decision either approving or denying the 2004 licence application.
Since its inception, Star Ray broadcast on UHF channel 15. However, since CHCH-DT moved its signal to UHF 15 on December 2, 2013, Pachul moved Star Ray TV to UHF channel 22 and began broadcasting in digital with a new ATSC transmitter on December 13, 2013, with the virtual channel remaining 15 via PSIP.
# External links.
- Star | 25,748 |
1600513 | Star Ray TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star%20Ray%20TV | Star Ray TV
, the station has broadcast over the Internet. Pachul applied for another broadcasting licence on June 3, 2004, but as of 2008 the CRTC has not published a decision either approving or denying the 2004 licence application.
Since its inception, Star Ray broadcast on UHF channel 15. However, since CHCH-DT moved its signal to UHF 15 on December 2, 2013, Pachul moved Star Ray TV to UHF channel 22 and began broadcasting in digital with a new ATSC transmitter on December 13, 2013, with the virtual channel remaining 15 via PSIP.
# External links.
- Star Ray TV
- VX9AMK (STAR RAY) history - Canadian Communication Foundation
- Internet Broadcasting from Toronto
- TOchat, Star Ray's online forum | 25,749 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
Momentum exchange tether
A momentum exchange tether is a kind of space tether that could theoretically be used as a launch system, or to change spacecraft orbits. Momentum exchange tethers create a controlled force on the end-masses of the system due to the pseudo-force known as centrifugal force. While the tether system rotates, the objects on either end of the tether will experience continuous acceleration; the magnitude of the acceleration depends on the length of the tether and the rotation rate. Momentum exchange occurs when an end body is released during the rotation. The transfer of momentum to the released object will cause the rotating tether to lose energy, and thus lose velocity and | 25,750 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
altitude. However, using electrodynamic tether thrusting, or ion propulsion the system can then re-boost itself with little or no expenditure of consumable reaction mass.
A non-rotating tether is a rotating tether that rotates exactly once per orbit so that it always has a vertical orientation relative to the parent body. A spacecraft arriving at the lower end of this tether, or departing from the upper end, will take momentum from the tether, while a spacecraft departing from the lower end of the tether, or arriving at the upper end, will add momentum to the tether.
In some cases momentum exchange systems are intended to run as balanced transportation schemes where an arriving spacecraft | 25,751 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
or payload is exchanged with one leaving with the same speed and mass, and then no net change in momentum or angular momentum occurs.
# Tether systems.
## Tidal stabilization.
Gravity-gradient stabilization, also called "gravity stabilization" and "tidal stabilization", is a simple and reliable method for controlling the attitude of a satellite that requires no electronic control systems, rocket motors or propellant.
This type of attitude control tether has a small mass on one end, and a satellite on the other. Tidal forces stretch the tether between the two masses. There are two ways of explaining tidal forces. In one, the upper end mass of the system is moving faster than orbital velocity | 25,752 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
for its altitude, so centrifugal force makes it want to move further away from the planet it is orbiting. At the same time, the lower end mass of the system is moving at less than orbital speed for its altitude, so it wants to move closer to the planet. The end result is that the tether is under constant tension and wants to hang in a vertical orientation. Simple satellites have often been stabilized this way; either with tethers, or with how the mass is distributed within the satellite.
As with any freely hanging object, it can be disturbed and start to swing. Since there is no atmospheric drag in space to slow the swing, a small bottle of fluid with baffles may be mounted in the spacecraft | 25,753 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
to damp the pendulum vibrations via the viscous friction of the fluid.
### Sky-hook.
A sky-hook is a theoretical class of orbiting tether propulsion intended to lift payloads to high altitudes and speeds. Proposals for sky-hooks include designs that employ tethers spinning at hyper-sonic speed for catching high speed payloads or high altitude aircraft and placing them in orbit.
## Electrodynamic tethers.
In a strong planetary magnetic field such as around the Earth, a conducting tether can be configured as an electrodynamic tether. This can either be used as a dynamo to generate power for the satellite at the cost of slowing its orbital velocity, or it can be used to increase the orbital | 25,754 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
velocity of the satellite by putting power into the tether from the satellite's power system. Thus the tether can be used to either accelerate or to slow an orbiting spacecraft without using any rocket propellant.
When using this techniques with a rotating tether, the current through the tether must alternate in phase with the rotation rate of the tether in order to produce either a consistent slowing force or a consistent accelerating force.
Whether slowing or accelerating the satellite, the electrodynamic tether pushes against the planet's magnetic field, and thus the momentum gained or lost ultimately comes from the planet.
## Bolo.
A Bolo, or rotating tether, is a tether that rotates | 25,755 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
more than once per orbit and whose endpoints have a significant tip speed (~ 1 – 3 km/s). The maximum speed of the endpoints is limited by the strength of the cable material and the safety factor it is designed for.
The purpose of the Bolo is to either speed up, or slow down, a spacecraft that docks with it without using any of the spacecraft's on-board propellant and to change the spacecraft's orbital flight path. Effectively, the Bolo acts as a reusable upper stage for any spacecraft that docks with it.
The momentum imparted to the spacecraft by the Bolo is not free. In the same way that the Bolo changes the spacecraft's momentum and direction of travel, the Bolo's orbital momentum and rotational | 25,756 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
momentum is also changed, and this costs energy that must be replaced. The idea is that the replacement energy would come from a more efficient and lower cost source than a chemical rocket motor. Two possible lower cost sources for this replacement energy are an ion propulsion system, or an electrodynamic tether propulsion system that would be part of the Bolo. An essentially free source of replacement energy is momentum gathered from payloads to be accelerated in the other direction, suggesting that the need for adding energy from propulsion systems will be quite minimal with balanced, two-way, space commerce.
## Rotovator.
Rotovators are rotating tethers with a rotational direction such | 25,757 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
that the lower endpoint of the tether is moving slower than the orbital velocity of the tether and the upper endpoint is moving faster. The word is a portmanteau derived from the words "rotor" and "elevator".
If the tether is long enough and the rotation rate high enough, it is possible for the lower endpoint to completely cancel the orbital speed of the tether such that the lower endpoint is stationary with respect to the planetary surface that the tether is orbiting. As described by Moravec, this is "a satellite that rotates like a wheel". The tip of the tether moves in approximately a cycloid, in which it is momentarily stationary with respect to the ground. In this case, a payload that | 25,758 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
is "grabbed" by a capture mechanism on the rotating tether during the moment when it is stationary would be picked up and lifted into orbit; and potentially could be released at the top of the rotation, at which point it is moving with a speed significantly greater than the escape velocity and thus could be released onto an interplanetary trajectory. (As with the bolo, discussed above, the momentum and energy given to the payload must be made up, either with a high-efficiency rocket engine, or with momentum gathered from payload moving the other direction.)
On bodies with an atmosphere, such as the Earth, the tether tip must stay above the dense atmosphere. On bodies with reasonably low orbital | 25,759 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
speed (such as the Moon and possibly Mars), a rotovator in low orbit can potentially touch the ground, thereby providing cheap surface transport as well as launching materials into cislunar space. In January 2000, The Boeing Company completed a study of tether launch systems including two-stage tethers that had been commissioned by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts.
## Earth launch assist bolo.
Unfortunately an Earth-to-orbit rotovator cannot be built from currently available materials since the thickness and tether mass to handle the loads on the rotovator would be uneconomically large. A "watered down" rotovator with two-thirds the rotational speed, however, would halve the centripetal | 25,760 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
acceleration stresses.
Therefore, another trick to achieve lower stresses is that rather than picking up a cargo from the ground at zero velocity, a rotovator could pick up a moving vehicle and sling it into orbit. For example, a rotovator could pick up a Mach 12 aircraft from the upper atmosphere of the Earth and move it into orbit without using rockets, and could likewise catch such a vehicle and lower it into atmospheric flight. It is easier for a rocket to achieve the lower tip speed, so "single stage to tether" has been proposed. One such is called the Hyper-sonic Airplane Space Tether Orbital Launch (HASTOL). Either air breathing or rocket to tether could save a great deal of fuel per | 25,761 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
flight, and would permit for both a simpler vehicle and more cargo.
The company Tethers Unlimited, Inc. (founded by Robert Forward and Robert P. Hoyt) has called this approach "Tether Launch Assist". It has also been referred to as a space bolas.
## Space elevator.
A space elevator is a space tether that is attached to a planetary body. For example, on Earth, a space elevator would go from the equator to well above geosynchronous orbit.
A space elevator does not need to be powered as a rotovator does, because it gets any required angular momentum from the planetary body. The disadvantage is that it is much longer, and for many planets a space elevator cannot be constructed from known materials. | 25,762 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
A space elevator on Earth would require material strengths outside current technological limits (2014). Martian and lunar space elevators could be built with modern-day materials however. A space elevator on Phobos has also been proposed.
Space elevators also have larger amounts of potential energy than a rotovator, and if heavy parts (like a "dropped wrench") should fall they would reenter at a steep angle and impact the surface at near orbital speeds. On most anticipated designs, if the cable component itself fell, it would burn up before hitting the ground.
## Cislunar transportation system.
Although it might be thought that this requires constant energy input, it can in fact be shown | 25,763 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
to be energetically favorable to lift cargo off the surface of the Moon and drop it into a lower Earth orbit, and thus it can be achieved without any significant use of propellant, since the Moon's surface is in a comparatively higher potential energy state. Also, this system could be built with a total mass of less than 28 times the mass of the payloads.
Rotovators can thus be charged by momentum exchange. Momentum charging uses the rotovator to move mass from a place that is "higher" in a gravity field to a place that is "lower". The technique to do this uses the Oberth effect, where releasing the payload when the tether is moving with higher linear speed, lower in a gravitational potential | 25,764 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
gives more specific energy, and ultimately more speed than the energy lost picking up the payload at a higher gravitational potential, even if the rotation rate is the same. For example, it is possible to use a system of two or three rotovators to implement trade between the Moon and Earth. The rotovators are charged by lunar mass (dirt, if exports are not available) dumped on or near the Earth, and can use the momentum so gained to boost Earth goods to the Moon. The momentum and energy exchange can be balanced with equal flows in either direction, or can increase over time.
Similar systems of rotovators could theoretically open up inexpensive transportation throughout the solar system.
## | 25,765 |
1600474 | Momentum exchange tether | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum%20exchange%20tether | Momentum exchange tether
pensive transportation throughout the solar system.
## Tether cable catapult system.
A tether cable catapult system is a system where two or more long conducting tethers are held rigidly in a straight line, attached to a heavy mass. Power is applied to the tethers and is picked up by a vehicle that has linear magnet motors on it, which it uses to push itself along the length of the cable. Near the end of the cable the vehicle releases a payload and slows and stops itself and the payload carries on at very high velocity. The calculated maximum speed for this system is extremely high, more than 30 times the speed of sound in the cable; and velocities of more than 30 km/s seem to be possible. | 25,766 |
1600537 | North Dome | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20Dome | North Dome
North Dome
North Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, California. It is the southernmost summit of Indian Ridge, north of Washington Column and the Royal Arches on the northeastern wall of Yosemite Valley. It can be reached by trail from the Tioga Pass Road, or by going up the Yosemite Falls trail and heading east. It can also be reached from Mirror Lakes by the Snow Creek Falls trail going north around Indian Rock and then south again on the Tioga Pass Road trail. The South Face is precipitous. | 25,767 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
De Leon Springs State Park
De Leon Springs State Park is a Florida State Park in Volusia County, Florida. It is located in DeLeon Springs, off CR 3.
# Geology.
The park covers 625 acres in Volusia County, built around a natural spring, flowing at a rate of about 20 million gallons a day (Second Magnitude Spring), that remains 72 degrees Fahrenheit year-round and reaches a depth of 30 feet at the spring boil.
# Fauna.
Park wildlife includes manatees, alligators, white-tailed deer, turtles and otters. Among the birds that can be seen are anhingas, egrets, hawks, limpkins, ospreys, vultures, American bald eagles, American white ibis, belted kingfishers, American coots and great blue herons.
Seasonal | 25,768 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
sightings may include Florida black bears (the park is connected to Lake George State Forest and Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge), manatees seeking relief from the cold during winter and migratory birds such as a variety of duck species.
# History.
People have been living near the spring at least 6,000 years. Two dugout canoes, 5,000 and 6,000 years old, were found in the spring in 1985 and 1990. They are the oldest canoes discovered in the Western Hemisphere.
There are no known records linking Ponce de Leon to the spring. The name of the area was changed from Spring Garden to Ponce de Leon Springs to attract tourists after the Jacksonville, Tampa, Key West Railway was constructed | 25,769 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
in 1886. Spanish missions, however, were established in the late 1500s. The native people encountered here were referred to as the Mayaca, differing from the Timucuans in that they were fisher-hunter-gatherers, while the Timucuans were sedentary agriculturalists. The Spanish would return in 1783 after regaining the land from England (who had held it since 1763), granting land, including the spring, to William Williams in 1804. He established the first plantation, calling it "Spring Garden," where corn, cotton, and sugar cane were grown, using enslaved Africans to perform the work.
Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821. The Woodruffs owned the plantation from 1823 to 1830, selling it to Colonel | 25,770 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
Orlando Rees, who built the only water-powered sugar mill in Florida. John James Audubon visited Spring Garden in January, 1836, where he first painted the limpkin. The plantation was destroyed by the Seminole Indians in December, 1835, at the beginning of the Second Seminole War and again in 1864 by the Union troops during the American Civil War. After the mill stopped operating in 1864, the building deteriorated until only the wheel remained in the late 1800s. For some unknown reason, the mill building was reconstructed in the early 1900s. The building again fell into disrepair until it was renovated by the Schwarze family in 1961. That year they opened the Old Spanish Sugar Mill Restaurant, | 25,771 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
which has operated continuously since then.
The area attracted tourists in the 1880s after the railroad arrived, when it was advertised as a winter resort for the springs' alleged healing powers; it was called the Fountain of Youth. A hotel was built near the spring, and a small steamboat brought visitors by water. In 1925, the fourteen-room Ponce de Leon Hotel was constructed; this was the first resort with all the amenities, attracting more upscale northern clientele. In 1953, after a one million dollar project, the Ponce de Leon Springs attraction opened. It featured Exotic Birds, Alligator Pens, Audubon Trail, Jungle Cruise, Hotel and Peacock Dining Room, Old Methuselah cypress tree, SCUBA | 25,772 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
School and Museum, and two waterskiing elephants—Sunshine Sally and Queenie! The attraction closed in the mid-1960s, the termite-infested hotel torn down, and the property was operated as a private recreational park. In 1980, a local Save Our Spring group was formed, convincing the State of Florida and Volusia County to purchase the spring and 55 acres for one million dollars. In June, 1982, De Leon Springs State Park opened, with Gov. Bob Graham attending the dedication in August.
# Recreational Activities.
Canoeing, kayaking, and fishing are permitted in the spring run; swimming is permitted only in the spring pool. The four-mile Wild Persimmon Hiking Trail meanders through hardwood hammock, | 25,773 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
cypress swamp and old agricultural fields. Hikers may see white-tailed deer, turkeys, wild hogs and the Florida black bear. The one-half mile paved nature trail is wheelchair accessible; it has interpretive signs and a boardwalk to a 600-year-old bald cypress tree. Amenities include a swimming area, picnic pavilions, picnic areas with tables and grills, volleyball court, a playground, fishing pier, a boat ramp and boat dock. Guided eco-history tours are offered by boat from the park to the adjacent Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge. A visitor center providing historical and natural history information is open daily. The Old Spanish Sugar Mill restaurant specializes in pancakes, which guests | 25,774 |
1600476 | De Leon Springs State Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Leon%20Springs%20State%20Park | De Leon Springs State Park
ional Wildlife Refuge. A visitor center providing historical and natural history information is open daily. The Old Spanish Sugar Mill restaurant specializes in pancakes, which guests prepare on individual griddles at their tables.
Recreational SCUBA diving is not permitted, only instructional diving by a certified dive instructor. Cave diving, including free diving, is not allowed.
# Hours.
Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).
# References.
Healing Waters—A History of De Leon Springs State Park. Brian L. Polk. 2017.
FloridaStateParks.org/DeLeonSprings.
# External links.
- De Leon Springs State Park at Florida State Parks | 25,775 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
Gmunden
Gmunden () is a town in Upper Austria, Austria in the district of Gmunden. It has 13,204 inhabitants (estimates 2016 ). It is much frequented as a health and summer resort, and has a variety of lake, brine, vegetable and pine-cone baths, a hydropathic establishment, inhalation chambers, whey cure, etc. It is also an important centre of the salt industry in Salzkammergut.
# Geography.
Gmunden covers an area of and has a median elevation of . It is situated next to the lake Traunsee on the Traun River and is surrounded by high mountains, including the Traunstein (mountain) (), the Erlakogel (5150 ft), the Wilder Kogel () and the Höllengebirge.
## Municipal arrangement.
Gmunden is divided | 25,776 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
into the following boroughs: Gmunden, Gmunden-Ort, Schlagen, Traundorf, Unterm Stein.
# Population.
As of 2001, Gmunden had a population of 13,336. Of that, 88.4% were Austrian in nationality, 1.5% are from other European Union states, and 10.2% are other foreigners. Citizens of Bosnia-Herzegovina (3.6%) and the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (2.7%) placed the strongest foreigner portion, followed by Turks (1.2%) and Germans (1.1%).
The majority (69.3%) confess themselves to the Roman Catholic Church. Evangelicals are next, which 7.3% of the population associate with. 5.9% are Muslims and 3.3% are Orthodox. 10.3% are nonreligious.
# History.
In 1000 BCE the Illyrians were mining | 25,777 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
salt here. A settlement was already in existence in the fifth century CE. By 1186 Gmunden was a fortified place surrounded by walls, although it did not receive a church until about 1300. In 1278 Gmunden became a town. On November 14, 1626 an army of rebellious peasants was completely defeated at Gmunden by General Pappenheim, who had been ordered by Maximilian I to suppress the peasant rebellion in Upper Austria.
The dead peasant insurgents were buried in nearby Pinsdorf, where an obelisk styled memorial known as the "Bauernhügel" in their honour can still be seen.
Gmunden supplied battleships to Austria during the 17th century and helped wounded soldiers in hospitals in World War I. During | 25,778 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
World War II, an SS maternity home was located here, "to insure racial purity" in accordance with Nazi racial theories.
# Politics.
The local council consists of 37 members. In the last municipal election in September 2015, the following are seats won by the political parties:
- ÖVP: 20 seats (49.75%)
- FPÖ: 5 seats (14.6%)
- SPÖ: 5 seats (12.65%)
- BIG - Bürgerinitiative Gmunden: 4 seats (10.20%)
- Die Grünen: 3 seats (9.63%)
Mayors:
- 1946–1955: Fritz Eiblhuber
- 1955–1956: Alfred Klimesch
- 1956–1973: Karl Piringer
- 1973–1979: Karl Sandmeier (1917-2000)
- 1979–1997: Erwin Herrmann
- 1997–2014: Heinz Köppl
The current mayor is Stefan Krapf from ÖVP party. He became the mayor | 25,779 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
of Gmunden since 2014 replacing Heinz Köppl. The city council which includes of the mayor, consists of nine members; 5 from ÖVP, 2 from SPÖ, and 1 each from FPÖ and the Greens.
# Main sights.
There are a great number of excursions and points of interest round Gmunden, specially worth mentioning being the Traun Fall, north of Gmunden, a castle called Schloss Ort, and a ceramic factory producing Gmundner Keramik branded pottery. The town hall is also a popular tourist destination.
# Education.
In Gmunden there are four kindergartens, four elementary schools and three Hauptschulen. The three high schools are BG/BRG Gmunden, BRG Schloss Traunsee, and Gymnasium Ort.
# People.
- Caspar Erasmus | 25,780 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
Duftschmid, born in Gmunden
- Heinrich Schiff, cellist and conductor, born in Gmunden
- Duchess Maria Amalia of Württemberg, born in Gmunden; see Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg and Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony
- Johannes von Gmunden
- Andreas Berger, born in Gmunden
- Princess Marie Louise of Hanover, born in Gmunden
- Princess Alexandra of Hanover (1882–1963), born at the Schloss Ort, Gmuden
- Prince Otto Heinrich of Hanover, born in Gmuden
- Prince George William of Hanover (1880–1912), born in Gmunden
- Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover, born in Gmunden
- Prince Welf Henry of Hanover, born in Gmunden
- Levente Szörényi, lead singer of Hungarian rock band Illés, born in Gmunden
## | 25,781 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
Famous residents.
- Conchita Wurst, drag queen and winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2014
- Thomas Bernhard, playwright and novelist
- George V of Hanover, exiled here
- Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, exiled and died in Gmunden
- Princess Thyra of Denmark, lived and died in Gmunden
- Princess Marie of Hanover, lived and died in Gmunden
- Ludwig Bemelmans, grew up in Gmunden
- Gabi Burgstaller, went to high school in Gmunden
- Walter Reder, buried in Gmuden
- Betty Haag, worked near in Gmunden as a professor
- Jory Vinikour, worked as a teacher at the Austrian Baroque Academy of Gmunden
- Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, exiled and died in Gmunden
- Princess Frederica of Hanover, | 25,782 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
lived in Gmunden
- Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, married in Gmunden
- Christoph Ransmayr, grew up near in Gmunden
- Carl Rahl, lived here
- Christian Griepenkerl, lived here
- John Haswell, worked here
- Horaz Krasnopolski, died here
- Matthias von Schönerer, worked here
- Prince Christian of Hanover (1885–1901), died here
- Count Richard Belcredi, died here
- Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria, died here
- Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies, died here
- Princess Olga of Hanover (1884–1958), lived and died here
- Alexandra, Princess of Leiningen, married here
- Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover, died in Gmunden
# See also.
- Gmunden Straßenbahn, | 25,783 |
1600508 | Gmunden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmunden | Gmunden
w up near in Gmunden
- Carl Rahl, lived here
- Christian Griepenkerl, lived here
- John Haswell, worked here
- Horaz Krasnopolski, died here
- Matthias von Schönerer, worked here
- Prince Christian of Hanover (1885–1901), died here
- Count Richard Belcredi, died here
- Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria, died here
- Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies, died here
- Princess Olga of Hanover (1884–1958), lived and died here
- Alexandra, Princess of Leiningen, married here
- Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover, died in Gmunden
# See also.
- Gmunden Straßenbahn, the town tramway.
# External links.
- Gmunden's official homepage
- Schloss Ort Gmunden
- Pictures of Gmunden | 25,784 |
1055345 | Villers-le-Sec, Meuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villers-le-Sec,%20Meuse | Villers-le-Sec, Meuse
Villers-le-Sec, Meuse
Villers-le-Sec is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Its epithet "Sec" (dry) comes from the fact that no rivers pass through Villers-le-Sec, which is located on the plateau between the rivers Ornain and Saulx. However, the village is not completely deprived of water since it is located above a water table and there are many ponds.
# History.
Villers-le-Sec had more than 500 inhabitants in the middle of the 19th century, when an iron mine was operated near the village. Forestry remains a significant resource today. The only industry which remains today is a distillery, which produces mirabelle brandy during the low season.
# See also.
- | 25,785 |
1055345 | Villers-le-Sec, Meuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villers-le-Sec,%20Meuse | Villers-le-Sec, Meuse
a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Its epithet "Sec" (dry) comes from the fact that no rivers pass through Villers-le-Sec, which is located on the plateau between the rivers Ornain and Saulx. However, the village is not completely deprived of water since it is located above a water table and there are many ponds.
# History.
Villers-le-Sec had more than 500 inhabitants in the middle of the 19th century, when an iron mine was operated near the village. Forestry remains a significant resource today. The only industry which remains today is a distillery, which produces mirabelle brandy during the low season.
# See also.
- Communes of the Meuse department | 25,786 |
1055327 | Yehiam convoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yehiam%20convoy | Yehiam convoy
Yehiam convoy
The Yehi'am convoy was a Haganah convoy was sent from Haifa during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine to reinforce and re-supply kibbutz Yehi'am which had been holding out against constant Arab attacks. On March 27, 1948, the convoy was attacked and destroyed by an Arab ambush.
# Convoy ambush.
Ben Ami Pachter (born 1919) planned to lead a convoy on 21 March 1948, from Kiryat Haim near Haifa because supplies were short and the defenders of Kibbutz Yehi'am were running out of ammunition. The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine put Yehi'am within the limits of the Arab state rather than the Jewish one. The original date had to be postponed as word reached | 25,787 |
1055327 | Yehiam convoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yehiam%20convoy | Yehiam convoy
that many enemy troops were deployed along the route. On 27 March 1948, seven trucks, loaded with supplies and personnel, set off.
Obstacles in the way forced the convoy to proceed slowly. As the convoy neared al-Kabri, the convoy's seven trucks were ambushed. From both sides of the road, the bushes exploded with bullets. Ben Ami Pachter, who was in the lead car, shouted to those behind that it was an ambush and that they should get out any way they could. After giving the warning, he was struck in the head by a bullet. The armoured car, with his body and others who were wounded, reached Yehi'am shortly afterwards.
"The Scotsman" published an account of the convoy ambush:
The second ambush | 25,788 |
1055327 | Yehiam convoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yehiam%20convoy | Yehiam convoy
occurred at Kabri, near Naharia, seven miles north of Acre. Here the bodies of 42 Jews were found near five burnt out lorries. It is stated that in this action a column of six Jewish lorries were ambushed by 250 Arabs who were armed with rifles, two inch mortars, and light machine guns. The column, escorted by an armoured car, was attacked an hour before sunset on Saturday night. A British flying column was sent to relieve the Jews but failed to reach them, it is reported. British artillery then opened fire with 12-lb and 25-lb high-explosive shells, and the Arabs withdrew.
In the ambush, 47 Haganah members and six Arabs were killed. Serious allegations were made against the Carmeli Brigade | 25,789 |
1055327 | Yehiam convoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yehiam%20convoy | Yehiam convoy
commander that he had not rushed to the aid of the Yehi'am convoy.
# Reprisal operation.
During the second phase of Operation Ben Ami, the Arab siege of Yehi'am was lifted and the first retaliatory attack was carried out against al-Kabri, Umm al-Faraj and al-Nahr, where the commander gave orders “To attack with the aim of capturing the villages of al-Kabri, Umm al-Faraj and al-Nahr, to kill the men [and] to destroy and set fire to the villages.”
During Operation Dekel, the 7th Brigade and 21st Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade carried out an attack on Kuweikat on 9 July 1948, believing that some of the inhabitants had taken part in the attack on the Yehi'am convoy. The barrage was particularly | 25,790 |
1055327 | Yehiam convoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yehiam%20convoy | Yehiam convoy
ieving that some of the inhabitants had taken part in the attack on the Yehi'am convoy. The barrage was particularly heavy. The handful of Kuweikat villagers (mostly elderly) who had stayed put when the village fell were subsequently expelled to the neighbouring Druze village of Abu Sinan. The Druze village refused to give most of the Kuweikat villagers shelter. Subsequently the Kuweikat villagers moved to Upper Galilee and Lebanon.
# Bibliography.
- Benvenisti, Meron (2000): "Sacred Landscape: Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948". University of California Press. , ( page 178(?), p.138 ff, )
# External links.
- http://w3.kfar-olami.org.il/reed/resources/landmark/history/convoy.htm | 25,791 |
1055361 | Villers-Canivet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villers-Canivet | Villers-Canivet
Villers-Canivet
Villers-Canivet is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
# See also.
- Communes of the Calvados department
# References.
- INSEE | 25,792 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
Equatorial mount
An equatorial mount is a mount for instruments that compensates for Earth's rotation by having one rotational axis parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation. This type of mount is used for astronomical telescopes and cameras. The advantage of an equatorial mount lies in its ability to allow the instrument attached to it to stay fixed on any celestial object with diurnal motion by driving one axis at a constant speed. Such an arrangement is called a sidereal or clock drive.
# Astronomical telescope mounts.
In astronomical telescope mounts, the equatorial axis (the "right ascension") is paired with a second perpendicular axis of motion (known as the "declination"). The equatorial | 25,793 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
axis of the mount is often equipped with a motorized ""clock drive"", that rotates that axis one revolution every 23 hours and 56 minutes in exact sync with the apparent diurnal motion of the sky. They may also be equipped with setting circles to allow for the location of objects by their celestial coordinates. Equatorial mounts differ from mechanically simpler altazimuth mounts, which require variable speed motion around both axes to track a fixed object in the sky. Also, for astrophotography, the image does not rotate in the focal plane, as occurs with altazimuth mounts when they are guided to track the target's motion, unless a rotating erector prism or other field-derotator is installed.
Equatorial | 25,794 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
telescope mounts come in many designs. In the last twenty years motorized tracking has increasingly been supplemented with computerized object location. There are two main types. Digital setting circles take a small computer with an object database that is attached to encoders. The computer monitors the telescope's position in the sky. The operator must push the telescope. Go-to systems use (in most cases) servo motors and the operator need not touch the instrument at all to change its position in the sky. The computers in these systems are typically either hand-held in a control "paddle" or supplied through an adjacent laptop computer which is also used to capture images from an electronic | 25,795 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
camera. The electronics of modern telescope systems often include a port for autoguiding. A special instrument tracks a star and makes adjustment in the telescope's position while photographing the sky. To do so the autoguider must be able to issue commands through the telescope's control system. These commands can compensate for very slight errors in the tracking performance, such as periodic error caused by the worm drive that makes the telescope move.
In new observatory designs, equatorial mounts have been out of favor for decades in large-scale professional applications. Massive new instruments are most stable when mounted in an alt-azimuth (up down, side-to-side) configuration. Computerized | 25,796 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
tracking and field-derotation are not difficult to implement at the professional level. At the amateur level, however, equatorial mounts remain popular, particularly for astrophotography.
## German equatorial mount.
In the German equatorial mount, (sometimes called a "GEM" for short) the primary structure is a T-shape, where the lower bar is the "right ascension" axis (lower diagonal axis in image), and the upper bar is the "declination" axis (upper diagonal axis in image). The mount was developed by Joseph von Fraunhofer for the Great Dorpat Refractor that was finished in 1824. The telescope is placed on one end of the declination axis (top left in image), and a suitable counterweight on | 25,797 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
other end of it (bottom right). The right ascension axis has bearings below the T-joint, that is, it is not supported above the declination axis.
## Open fork mount.
The Open Fork mount has a "Fork" attached to a right ascension axis at its base. The telescope is attached to two pivot points at the other end of the fork so it can swing in declination. Most modern mass-produced catadioptric reflecting telescopes (200 mm or larger diameter) tend to be of this type. The mount resembles an Altazimuth mount, but with the azimuth axis tilted and lined up to match earth rotation axis with a piece of hardware usually called a "wedge".
Many mid-size professional telescopes also have "equatorial forks", | 25,798 |
1055334 | Equatorial mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorial%20mount | Equatorial mount
these are usually in range of 0.5-2.0 meter diameter.
## English or Yoke mount.
The English mount or Yoke mount has a frame or ""yoke"" with "right ascension" axis bearings at the top and the bottom ends, and a telescope attached inside the midpoint of the yoke allowing it to swing on the "declination" axis. The telescope is usually fitted entirely inside the fork, although there are exceptions such as the Mt. Wilson 2.5 m reflector, and there are no counterweights as with the "German mount".
The original "English fork" design is disadvantaged in that it does not allow the telescope to point too near the north or south celestial pole.
## Horseshoe mount.
The Horseshoe mount overcomes the | 25,799 |
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