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1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
ciphertext (some secret instructions) to Bob and Carl, to whom she has handed different keys. Bob and Carl are to receive different instructions and must not be able to read each other's instructions. Bob will receive the message first and then forward it to Carl.
- 1. Alice constructs the ciphertext out of both messages, M1 and M2, and emails it to Bob.
- 2. Bob uses his key to decrypt M1 and isn't able to read M2.
- 3. Bob forwards the ciphertext to Carl.
- 4. Carl uses his key to decrypt M2 and isn't able to read M1.
# Forms of deniable encryption.
Normally, ciphertexts decrypt to a single plaintext that is intended to be kept secret. However, one form of deniable encryption allows | 26,000 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
its users to decrypt the ciphertext to produce a different (innocuous but plausible) plaintext and plausibly claim that it is what they encrypted. The holder of the ciphertext will not be able to differentiate between the true plaintext, and the bogus-claim plaintext. In general, decrypting one ciphertext to multiple plaintexts is not possible unless the key is as large as the plaintext, so this is not practical for most purposes. However, some schemes allow decryption to decoy plaintexts that are close to the original in some metric (such as edit distance).
Modern deniable encryption techniques exploit the fact that without the key, it is infeasible to distinguish between ciphertext from block | 26,001 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
ciphers and data generated by a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (the cipher's pseudorandom permutation properties).
This is used in combination with some decoy data that the user would plausibly want to keep confidential that will be revealed to the attacker, claiming that this is all there is. This is a form of steganography.
If the user does not supply the correct key for the truly secret data, decrypting it will result in apparently random data, indistinguishable from not having stored any particular data there.
One example of deniable encryption is a cryptographic filesystem that employs a concept of abstract "layers", where each layer can be decrypted with a different | 26,002 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
encryption key. Additionally, special "chaff layers" are filled with random data in order to have plausible deniability of the existence of real layers and their encryption keys. The user can store decoy files on one or more layers while denying the existence of others, claiming that the rest of space is taken up by chaff layers. Physically, these types of filesystems are typically stored in a single directory consisting of equal-length files with filenames that are either randomized (in case they belong to chaff layers), or cryptographic hashes of strings identifying the blocks. The timestamps of these files are always randomized. Examples of this approach include Rubberhose filesystem and | 26,003 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
PhoneBookFS.
Another approach used by some conventional disk encryption software suites is creating a second encrypted volume within a container volume. The container volume is first formatted by filling it with encrypted random data, and then initializing a filesystem on it. The user then fills some of the filesystem with legitimate, but plausible-looking decoy files that the user would seem to have an incentive to hide. Next, a new encrypted volume (the hidden volume) is allocated within the free space of the container filesystem which will be used for data the user actually wants to hide. Since an adversary cannot differentiate between encrypted data and the random data used to initialize | 26,004 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
the outer volume, this inner volume is now undetectable.
LibreCrypt and BestCrypt can have many hidden volumes in a container; TrueCrypt is limited to one hidden volume.
## Detection.
The existence of hidden encrypted data may be revealed by flaws in the implementation. It may also be revealed by a so-called 'watermarking attack' if an inappropriate cipher mode is used.
The existence of the data may be revealed by it 'leaking' into non-encrypted disk space where it can be detected by forensic tools.
Doubts have been raised about the level of plausible deniability in 'hidden volumes' – the contents of the "outer" container filesystem have to be 'frozen' in its initial state to prevent the | 26,005 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
user from corrupting the hidden volume (this can be detected from the access and modification timestamps), which could raise suspicion. This problem can be eliminated by instructing the system not to protect the hidden volume, although this could result in lost data.
## Drawbacks.
Deniable encryption has been criticized because it does not defend users from revealing keys under coercion or torture. Possession of deniable encryption tools could lead attackers to continue torturing a user even after the user has revealed all their keys, because the attackers could not know whether the user had revealed their last key or not.
# Deniable authentication.
Some in-transit encrypted messaging suites, | 26,006 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
such as Off-the-Record Messaging, offer deniable authentication which gives the participants plausible deniability of their conversations. While deniable authentication is not technically "deniable encryption" in that the encryption of the messages is not denied, its deniability refers to the inability of an adversary to prove that the participants had a conversation or said anything in particular.
This is achieved by the fact that all information necessary to forge messages is appended to the encrypted messages – if an adversary is able to create digitally authentic messages in a conversation (see hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)), he is also able to forge messages in the conversation. | 26,007 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
This is used in conjunction with perfect forward secrecy to assure that the compromise of encryption keys of individual messages does not compromise additional conversations or messages.
# Software.
- OpenPuff, freeware semi-open-source steganography for MS Windows.
- EDS, a mobile encryption app available on Android, includes plausible-deniability encryption.
- Espionage, shareware for Mac OS X. Source code is available to security researchers.
- Fuyoal, an open-source tool that provides plausible deniability based on indiscernibility between encrypted files which contain and do not contain hidden content.
- LibreCrypt, opensource transparent disk encryption for MS Windows and PocketPC | 26,008 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
PDAs that provides both deniable encryption and plausible deniability. Offers an extensive range of encryption options, and doesn't need to be installed before use as long as the user has administrator rights.
- Off-the-Record Messaging, a cryptographic technique providing true deniability for instant messaging.
- PhoneBookFS, another cryptographic filesystem for Linux, providing plausible deniability through chaff and layers. A FUSE implementation. No longer maintained.
- Rubberhose, defunct project (last release in 2000, not compatible with modern Linux distributions)
- StegFS, the current successor to the ideas embodied by the Rubberhose and PhoneBookFS filesystems
- VeraCrypt (a successor | 26,009 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
to a discontinued TrueCrypt), an on-the-fly disk encryption software for Windows, Mac and Linux providing limited deniable encryption and to some extent (due to limitations on the number of hidden volumes which can be created) plausible deniability, without needing to be installed before use as long as the user has full administrator rights.
- Vanish, a research prototype implementation of self-destructing data storage.
- ScramDisk 4 Linux, a free software suite of tools, for GNU/Linux systems, which can open and create scramdisk and truecrypt container.
# See also.
- Chaffing and winnowing
- Deniable authentication
- Plausible deniability
- Key disclosure law
- Rubber-hose cryptanalysis
- | 26,010 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
yption software for Windows, Mac and Linux providing limited deniable encryption and to some extent (due to limitations on the number of hidden volumes which can be created) plausible deniability, without needing to be installed before use as long as the user has full administrator rights.
- Vanish, a research prototype implementation of self-destructing data storage.
- ScramDisk 4 Linux, a free software suite of tools, for GNU/Linux systems, which can open and create scramdisk and truecrypt container.
# See also.
- Chaffing and winnowing
- Deniable authentication
- Plausible deniability
- Key disclosure law
- Rubber-hose cryptanalysis
- Steganography
- Unicity distance
- dm-crypt | 26,011 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
Debut
A debut or début is the first public appearance of a person or thing.
- Debut (society), the formal introduction of young upper-class women to society
- Debut novel, an author's first published novel
- Debut issue, the first issue of a comic book series to feature a particular character
- Product launch, the introduction of a new product to market
Debut may also refer to:
# Film and TV.
- "Het debuut" (English: "The Debut"), 1977 Dutch film directed by Nouchka van Brakel
- "Debut", also known as "The Beginning", original title "Nachalo", a 1970 Soviet film directed by Gleb Panfilov
# Literature.
- "The Debut", U.S. title of Anita Brookner's novel "A Start in Life" (1981)
# Music.
- | 26,012 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
Debut Records, a U.S. jazz record label
## Albums.
- "Debut" (Björk album), a 1993 album by Björk
- "Debut" (Zoë album), a 2015 album by Zoë
- "Debut", album by The Real Group, 1987
- "Debut", album by Lucy O'Byrne
- "Debut", album by Carol Kidd
- "Debut", album by Brandi Disterheft
- "Debut", album by Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band
- "Debut", album by Sarah Chang, 1992
- "Debut: The Clef/Mercury Duo Recordings 1949-1951", a 2009 re-release of a 1956 Oscar Peterson album
- "Debut", album by Malcolm Mitchell and His Orchestra, 1955
- "Debut Album" (Sayuri Ishikawa album), a 1973 album by Sayuri Ishikawa
# See also.
- List of directorial debuts, a list of film directorial debuts | 26,013 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
record label
## Albums.
- "Debut" (Björk album), a 1993 album by Björk
- "Debut" (Zoë album), a 2015 album by Zoë
- "Debut", album by The Real Group, 1987
- "Debut", album by Lucy O'Byrne
- "Debut", album by Carol Kidd
- "Debut", album by Brandi Disterheft
- "Debut", album by Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band
- "Debut", album by Sarah Chang, 1992
- "Debut: The Clef/Mercury Duo Recordings 1949-1951", a 2009 re-release of a 1956 Oscar Peterson album
- "Debut", album by Malcolm Mitchell and His Orchestra, 1955
- "Debut Album" (Sayuri Ishikawa album), a 1973 album by Sayuri Ishikawa
# See also.
- List of directorial debuts, a list of film directorial debuts in chronological order | 26,014 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
The Lawrence Academy at Groton is a private, selective, nonsectarian, coeducational college preparatory school located in Groton, Massachusetts, in the United States. Founded by a group of fifty residents of Groton and Pepperell, Massachusetts in 1792 as Groton Academy, and chartered in 1793 by Governor John Hancock, Lawrence is the tenth oldest boarding school in the United States, and the third in Massachusetts, following Governor Dummer Academy (1763) and Phillips Academy at Andover (1778). The phrase on Lawrence Academy's seal is "Omnibus Lucet": in Latin, "Let light shine upon all." As of 2019, Lawrence Academy had a reported acceptance rate of 25%.
# | 26,015 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Incorporation as Groton Academy.
On April 27, 1792, residents of the towns of Groton and Pepperell, Massachusetts influenced by the growing "academy movement" in the young republic, which sought to provide a broader and more practical education than that available in the traditional Latin Grammar Schools, formed an association "for the purpose of erecting a suitable building, and supporting an Academy for superior educational purposes at Groton, Massachusetts." The association received its charter from Governor John Hancock on September 28, 1793.
For the academy's first schoolmaster, the trustees selected Samuel Holyoke, a prominent composer, who was himself a graduate of Phillips Academy | 26,016 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
and Harvard college.
The trustees announced the opening of their academy (somewhat prematurely, as the charter was not to be secured for another four months) with an advertisement in the May 25, 1793 edition of the "Columbian Centinel", a Boston newspaper. The advertisement expressed the values of the academy movement, reading in part:
This is to give notice, that a Public School is now opened in Groton, for the education of youth, of both sexes—in which School are taught the English, Latin and Greek Languages, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, the Art of Speaking and Writing, with Practical Geometry, and Logic.
Classes commenced in 1794, with an enrollment of seventy-three students, primarily | 26,017 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
from Groton and the surrounding towns, but with some, such as Thomas and Wyriott Alderson of Bath, North Carolina, from farther afield.
## History.
In 1838, alumnus Amos Lawrence, a son of founder Samuel Lawrence and a prominent Boston merchant and industrialist, began his patronage of the Academy with a gift of "books and philosophical apparatus," followed in 1839 by "a telescope and Bowditch's translation of "Mécanique Céleste" by Laplace," and $2,000 for enlarging the schoolhouse in 1842. In 1844, Amos's brother William donated $10,000 to the school's endowment "for the advancement of education for all coming time."
By 1850, the school's library, established with a purchase of 86 new books | 26,018 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
in 1828, comprised 2,650 volumes, of which 2,400 were gifts of Amos Lawrence.
Over the course of their lives, Amos and William Lawrence donated a total of nearly $65,000 in cash, scholarships, and property to the school (roughly equivalent to $1.83 million in 2013 dollars). In recognition of their significant generosity, Groton Academy petitioned the Massachusetts legislature in 1845 to change the school's name to honor their benefactors. On February 28, 1846, Governor George N. Briggs signed into law an act formally changing the corporate name of "The Trustees of the Groton Academy" to "The Trustees of the Lawrence Academy at Groton."
Between 1801 and 1870, Lawrence Academy contributed fifty | 26,019 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
students to Harvard College, placing it among the dozen schools which supplied the greatest number of students to Cambridge. As the 19th century progressed and more schools catering to the children of the elite ranks of Boston merchants and industrialists were established closer to Boston, that position gradually waned. The Academy also enjoyed close ties to other New England liberal arts colleges — particularly Dartmouth and Williams Colleges — which themselves catered to the region's "older
provincial elite". The gifts of the Lawrence brothers established four scholarships each for students to attend Williams, Bowdoin College in Maine, and Wabash College in Indiana. Franklin Carter, president | 26,020 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
of Williams College, was the guest speaker at the academy's 90th anniversary celebration in 1883.
In 1868, during a Fourth of July celebration, an errantly tossed firecracker burned Lawrence Academy's main schoolhouse to the ground. By soliciting "subscriptions," the building was replaced in 1869 at a cost of $24,000 (more than $406,874 in 2013).
In 1956, amidst commencement exercises, fire once again destroyed Lawrence Academy's academic and administrative buildings. Following both fires, Lawrence Academy rebuilt; however, because of these incidents, it encountered financial difficulties through parts of the twentieth century, until the late 1970s. Lawrence was coeducational until 1898, when | 26,021 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
it switched to a boys-only student body. It remained single sex until 1971.
## Background.
Lawrence Academy is seated upon of rolling countryside, in Groton, Massachusetts, thirty-one miles northwest of Boston, eight miles south of New Hampshire. At the bequest of James Lawrence, a Lawrence family descendant, it also shares the meadows and a mansion along Peabody Road and Farmer's Row with the Groton School, another renowned preparatory school. Architecturally, Lawrence's campus features a mix of historic Federalist-Era houses and Neo-Georgian academic buildings. From Lawrence's central quadrangle, one can see the outline of Mount Wachusett to the west, the pastures of Gibbet Hill Farm, (the | 26,022 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
site of colonial gallows and "The Castle"), to the north, and the fairways of the Groton Country Club to the east.
## Facilities.
### Residential life.
There are ten dorms on Lawrence Academy's campus, four for boys and six for girls. Dorms range in size from eight to forty-four students. There is also a dining hall and student center for all students, boarding and day.
## Enrollment.
Each year Lawrence Academy enrolls approximately one hundred new students, approximately fifty of whom are boarding students. As of 2012, students hail from fourteen U.S. States and twenty-four countries. The student-to-teacher ratio at Lawrence is approximately 5:1, with an average class size of 14 students. | 26,023 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Tuition for the 2006–2007 academic year was $49,900 for boarders, $39,900 for day students. Thirty percent of students receive financial aid to attend. Lawrence accepts approximately 25% of applicants. Tuition in 2015-2016 raised up to $49,000 for day students, $60,000 for boarders and $62,500 for international students.
## Unique academic programs.
Lawrence Academy's notable programs include Winterim, a two-week program that promotes experiential learning by immersing students in a variety of arts, adventure, and community service sessions. Students are encouraged to challenge themselves by selecting programs outside their realm of experience. Options have ranged from learning to sail the | 26,024 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Northwest Passage in British Columbia, to exploring ecology in Costa Rica, to storytelling to local children in New England. The school also has the Independent Immersion Program, which allows students who have met certain academic requirements to focus for one or two years on a single endeavor, as though at a conservatory, with courses or projects completed both on and off campus.
## Athletics.
Lawrence Academy's athletic teams compete in the Independent School League.
## Affiliations.
Lawrence Academy is directed by a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees. It is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and the New England Preparatory School Athletic Council. Lawrence | 26,025 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Academy has over 3,800 active alumni.
# Notable alumni.
- Tim Armstrong, class of 1989, chairman and chief executive officer of AOL LLC
- Laurie Baker, class of 1995, 1998 Olympic gold medalist in women's hockey and 1992 silver medalist
- William Bancroft, 1st President of the Boston Elevated Railway, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Jonah Bayliss, relief pitcher for the Kansas City Royals 2005 and the Pittsburgh Pirates 2006 and '07.
- Charles Beecher, minister, composer of hymns, and author.
- Tyler Beede, 2014 College World Series champion Vanderbilt University; drafted as pitcher in the first round by the San Francisco Giants | 26,026 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
2014
- Henry Adams Bullard, U.S. Representative from Louisiana 1831-1834 and 1850-1851
- Richard Burgin, noted author, editor of "Boulevard"
- Karyn Bryant, television personality; MTV VJ, CNN anchor.
- Guillermo Cantú, former professional footballer and football executive
- Bruce Crane, businessman and politician who was president and chairman of Crane & Co. and a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council
- Greg Crozier, Two-time NCAA hockey champion from Michigan (1996 and 1998)
- James Dana, 5th mayor of Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Doug Friedman, professional ice hockey player
- Eric Gaskins, fashion designer based in New York City
- Samuel Abbott Green, physician, librarian, | 26,027 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
historian, and 28th Mayor of Boston
- Donald L. Harlow, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
- Edward D. Hayden, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
- Steve Heinze, '88 Olympian in men's hockey and former NHL player for Boston Bruins and LA Kings
- Frederick "Moose" Heyliger, World War II paratrooper featured in Band of Brothers
- Vic Heyliger, U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame inductee; University of Michigan All-American and later coach of six NCAA champions at Michigan; also coached Illinois, Air Force Academy and the U.S. National Hockey Team
- Chase Hoyt, film, television, and stage actor
- David Jensen, class of 1984, '84 Olympian in hockey and former NHL player with Hartford Whalers | 26,028 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
and Washington Capitals
- Amos Kendall, 8th Postmaster General and founder of Gallaudet College for the deaf
- Abbott Lawrence, Member of Congress; Minister to Great Britain; founder of Harvard University's Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Amos Adams Lawrence, abolitionist; politician; founder of the University of Kansas, Lawrence University, and co-founder of the Groton School
- Amos Lawrence, industrialist; philanthropist
- Charles H. Mansur, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri
- Cat Marnell, writer
- Page McConnell, musician Phish
- Audrey A. McNiff, managing director at Goldman Sachs
- Shabazz Napier, basketball player
- Albert E. Pillsbury, | 26,029 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
President of the Massachusetts State Senate and Massachusetts Attorney General
- William Adams Richardson, 29th Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims
- Richard Roby, professional basketball player
- Maria Rodale, publisher; Chairman and CEO of Rodale, Inc.
- Cynthia Ryder, 1992 Olympic sculler
- Ether Shepley, politician; Senator from Maine from 1833-1835, Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court 1848-1855
- Jim Sokolove, television attorney
- Huntley N. Spaulding, philanthropist; Governor of New Hampshire from 1927 to 1929
- Charles Warren Stone, politician; Congressman and Lieutenant Governor from Pennsylvania
- Frank Bigelow Tarbell, | 26,030 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
historian, archeologist and professor at University of Chicago
- George Makepeace Towle, lawyer, politician, and author
- Dr. James Walker, Unitarian minister and 21st president of Harvard University
- William B. Washburn, Governor of Massachusetts from 1872-1874, U.S. Representative from 1863-1871, U.S. Senator from 1874-1875
- Fritz Wetherbee, Emmy Award-winning television personality
- William Channing Whitney, architect
- Antoine Wright, NBA athlete
# Notable faculty.
- Robert V. Bruce, 1988 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History
- Samuel Adams Holyoke, first headmaster
# Student media.
"Spectrum" is the official student newspaper of Lawrence Academy.
# External links.
- Lawrence | 26,031 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
er, Unitarian minister and 21st president of Harvard University
- William B. Washburn, Governor of Massachusetts from 1872-1874, U.S. Representative from 1863-1871, U.S. Senator from 1874-1875
- Fritz Wetherbee, Emmy Award-winning television personality
- William Channing Whitney, architect
- Antoine Wright, NBA athlete
# Notable faculty.
- Robert V. Bruce, 1988 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History
- Samuel Adams Holyoke, first headmaster
# Student media.
"Spectrum" is the official student newspaper of Lawrence Academy.
# External links.
- Lawrence Academy's Website
- The Association of Boarding Schools profile
- Lawrence Academy profile at Petersons.
- Gibbet Hill history. | 26,032 |
1055472 | Jussieu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jussieu | Jussieu
Jussieu
Jussieu can refer to:
- Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836), French botanist
- Antoine de Jussieu (1686–1758), French naturalist, uncle of A. L. de Jussieu.
- Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777), French naturalist, uncle of A. L. de Jussieu.
- Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), French botanist, son of A. L. de Jussieu.
- See De Jussieu for additional family members
- Jussieu Campus, Paris, France
- Jussieu station of the Paris Métro
- Jussieu Peninsula, a peninsula in South Australia | 26,033 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
Stroboscope
A stroboscope also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary. It consists of either a rotating disk with slots or holes or a lamp such as a flashtube which produces brief repetitive flashes of light. Usually the rate of the stroboscope is adjustable to different frequencies. When a rotating or vibrating object is observed with the stroboscope at its vibration frequency (or a submultiple of it), it appears stationary. Thus stroboscopes are also used to measure frequency.
The principle is used for the study of rotating, reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating objects. Machine parts and vibrating string are common | 26,034 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
examples. A stroboscope used to set the ignition timing of internal combustion engines is called a timing light.
# Mechanical.
In its simplest mechanical form, a rotating cylinder (or bowl with a raised edge) with evenly spaced holes or slots placed in the line of sight between the observer and the moving object. The observer looks through the holes/slots on the near and far side at the same time, with the slots/holes moving in opposite directions. When the holes/slots are aligned on opposite sides, the object is visible to the observer.
Alternately, a single moving hole or slot can be used with a fixed/stationary hole or slot. The stationary hole or slot limits the light to a single viewing | 26,035 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
path and reduces glare from light passing through other parts of the moving hole/slot.
Viewing through a single line of holes/slots does not work, since the holes/slots appear to just sweep across the object without a strobe effect.
The rotational speed is adjusted so that it becomes synchronised with the movement of the observed system, which seems to slow and stop. The illusion is caused by temporal aliasing, commonly known as the stroboscopic effect.
## Electronic.
In electronic versions, the perforated disc is replaced by a lamp capable of emitting brief and rapid flashes of light. Typically a gas-discharge or solid-state lamp is used, because they are capable of emitting light nearly | 26,036 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
instantly when power is applied, and extinguishing just as fast when the power is removed.
By comparison, incandescent lamps have a brief warm-up when energized, followed by a cool-down period when power is removed. These delays result in smearing and blurring of detail of objects partially illuminated during the warm-up and cool-down periods. For most applications, incandescent lamps are too slow for clear stroboscopic effects. Yet when operated from an AC source they are mostly fast enough to cause audible hum (at double mains frequency) on optical audio playback such as on film projection.
The frequency of the flash is adjusted so that it is an equal to, or a unit fraction of the object's | 26,037 |
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cyclic speed, at which point the object is seen to be either stationary or moving slowly backward or forward, depending on the flash frequency.
Neon lamps or light emitting diodes are commonly used for low-intensity strobe applications, Neon lamps were more common before the development of solid-state electronics, but are being replaced by LEDs in most low-intensity strobe applications.
Xenon flash lamps are used for medium- and high-intensity strobe applications. Sufficiently rapid or bright flashing may require active cooling such as forced-air or water cooling to prevent the xenon flash lamp from melting.
# History.
Joseph Plateau of Belgium is generally credited with the invention of | 26,038 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
the stroboscope in 1832, when he used a disc with radial slits which he turned while viewing images on a separate rotating wheel. Plateau's device became known as the "Phenakistoscope". There was an almost simultaneous and independent invention of the device by the Austrian Simon Ritter von Stampfer, which he named the "Stroboscope", and it is his term which is used today. The etymology is from the Greek words "στρόβος - strobos", meaning "whirlpool" and "σκοπεῖν - skopein", meaning "to look at".
As well as having important applications for scientific research, the earliest inventions received immediate popular success as methods for producing moving pictures, and the principle was used for | 26,039 |
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numerous toys. Other early pioneers employed rotating mirrors, or vibrating mirrors known as mirror galvanometers.
In 1917, French engineer Etienne Oehmichen patented the first electric stroboscope, building at the same time a camera capable of shooting 1,000 frames per second.
The electronic strobe light stroboscope was invented in 1931, when Harold Eugene Edgerton ("Doc" Edgerton) employed a flashing lamp to study machine parts in motion. General Radio Corporation then went on to produce this invention in the form of their "Strobotach".
Edgerton later used very short flashes of light as a means of producing still photographs of fast-moving objects, such as bullets in flight.
# Applications.
Stroboscopes | 26,040 |
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play an important role in the study of stresses on machinery in motion, and in many other forms of research. Bright stroboscopes are able to overpower ambient lighting and make stop-motion effects apparent without the need for dark ambient operating conditions.
They are also used as measuring instruments for determining cyclic speed. As a timing light they are used to set the ignition timing of internal combustion engines.
In medicine, stroboscopes are used to view the vocal cords for diagnosis of conditions that have produced dysphonia (hoarseness). The patient hums or speaks into a microphone which in turn activates the stroboscope at either the same or a slightly different frequency. The | 26,041 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
light source and a camera are positioned by endoscopy.
Another application of the stroboscope can be seen on many gramophone turntables. The edge of the platter has marks at specific intervals so that when viewed under fluorescent lighting powered at mains frequency, provided the platter is rotating at the correct speed, the marks appear to be stationary. This will not work well under incandescent lighting, as incandescent bulbs don't significantly strobe. For this reason, some turntables have a neon bulb or LED next to the platter. The LED must be driven by a half wave rectifier from the mains transformer, or by an oscillator.
Flashing lamp strobes are also adapted for pop use, as a lighting | 26,042 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
effect for discotheques and night clubs where they give the impression of dancing in slow motion. The strobe rate of these devices is typically not very precise or very fast, because the entertainment application does not usually require a high degree of performance.
# Other effects.
Rapid flashing can give the illusion that white light is tinged with color, known as Fechner color. Within certain ranges, the apparent color can be controlled by the frequency of the flash, but it is an illusion generated in the mind of the observer and not a real color. The Benham's top demonstrates the effect.
# See also.
- Electrotachyscope
- Flip book
- Reciprocating motion
- Phenakistoscope
- Praxinoscope
- | 26,043 |
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plication does not usually require a high degree of performance.
# Other effects.
Rapid flashing can give the illusion that white light is tinged with color, known as Fechner color. Within certain ranges, the apparent color can be controlled by the frequency of the flash, but it is an illusion generated in the mind of the observer and not a real color. The Benham's top demonstrates the effect.
# See also.
- Electrotachyscope
- Flip book
- Reciprocating motion
- Phenakistoscope
- Praxinoscope
- Strobe light
- Strobe tuner
- Tachometer
- Thaumatrope
- Zoetrope
# External links.
- Demonstration of Phenakistoscope and Stroboscope at North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics | 26,044 |
1055483 | British Columbia Federation of Labour | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Columbia%20Federation%20of%20Labour | British Columbia Federation of Labour
British Columbia Federation of Labour
British Columbia Federation of Labour is a central organization for organized labour in British Columbia, Canada.
Founded in 1910 and now having over 500,000 individual members and 1200 locals or union sections, the BC Federation of Labour is the provincial Canadian Labour Congress affiliate and the umbrella organization for organized labour in British Columbia.
# External links.
- BC Federation of Labour
- British Columbia Federation of Labour (I)– Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries
- British Columbia Federation of Labour (II)– Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries | 26,045 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
Heimdal
Heimdal is a borough in the city of Trondheim in the municipality of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It covers the western and southwestern parts of the municipality. The village area that is also called Heimdal is located in the southeastern part of the borough, near Heimdal Church.
This area around the Heimdal Rail Station was until 1964 the center of two separate local municipalities: Tiller and Leinstrand. The western part of Heimdal borough consists of the rural areas of Byneset, also a separate municipality until 1964. Tillerbyen, the eastern part of Heimdal, is a recent development, planned to ease the pressure on central Trondheim from the commercial boom in the city.
# | 26,046 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
History.
This area south of Trondheim was named after the Old Norse god Heimdall from Norse mythology. The area has been continuously inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and is rich in archaeological sites. The area where Tillerbyen has been built was initially swamp, but it was drained in the 1930s as an airport was planned here. Nazi invaders of 1940 halted these plans, as they rather wanted an airport at Lade.
In 1963 the municipality of Trondheim bought the areas, and in 1966 they verified a development plan for a new tertiary and commercial hub that could lighten the development pressure on the crowded downtown areas. These plans met much resistance; many politicians thought the development | 26,047 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
would be too hard to complete, as the soil was too wet and unstable to support large-scale development. Ever since the first developments, the areas of Tillerbyen and Sjetnemarka have been one of the most booming parts of the city and still, large development projects are launched to meet the growing population pressure.
# Today.
Heimdal proper is a traditional commercial and transportation center; the railway has connections to Sweden (Nabotåget, literally meaning "the neighbour train"), to Oslo and the south of Norway via the Dovre Line as well as to the north. Many bus lines also connect here.
In addition to the large residential areas, Heimdal houses many of the city's leading enterprises | 26,048 |
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and services. City Syd was at the time of its construction the largest shopping mall in the country and is still one of the most profitable shopping malls in Northern Europe, as it receives customers not only from the city, but from the surrounding countryside and neighbouring counties as well. Heimdal Stadion is a large sports complex with soccer and handball fields adjacent to the Breidablikk School.
Heimdal is today a city within a city. The central areas of Tillerbyen resemble a typical western downtown area with high commercial structures, as opposed to the traditional downtown areas of Trondheim, which are dominated by old, two-storey buildings.
# See also.
- List of boroughs in Trondheim | 26,049 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
ping mall in the country and is still one of the most profitable shopping malls in Northern Europe, as it receives customers not only from the city, but from the surrounding countryside and neighbouring counties as well. Heimdal Stadion is a large sports complex with soccer and handball fields adjacent to the Breidablikk School.
Heimdal is today a city within a city. The central areas of Tillerbyen resemble a typical western downtown area with high commercial structures, as opposed to the traditional downtown areas of Trondheim, which are dominated by old, two-storey buildings.
# See also.
- List of boroughs in Trondheim prior to 2005
# External links.
- Map of the boroughs of Trondheim | 26,050 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Marie Thérèse of France
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), "Madame Royale", was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was the eldest son of the future Charles X, her father's younger brother; thus the bride and groom were also first cousins.
After her marriage, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824. Technically she was Queen of France for twenty minutes, on 2 August 1830, between the time her father-in-law | 26,051 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.
# Early life.
Marie-Thérèse was born at the Palace of Versailles on 19 December 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage), and eldest daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. As the daughter of the king of France, she was a "fille de France", and as the eldest daughter of the king, she was styled "Madame Royale" at birth.
Marie Antoinette almost died of suffocation during this birth due to a crowded and unventilated room, but the windows were finally opened to let fresh air in the room in an attempt to revive her. As a result of the horrible | 26,052 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
experience, Louis XVI banned public viewing, allowing only close family members and a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth of the next royal children. When she was revived, the queen greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed "Mousseline") with delight:
Marie-Thérèse was baptized on the day of her birth. She was named after her maternal grandmother, the reigning Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Her second name, Charlotte, was for her mother's favourite sister, Maria Carolina of Austria, queen consort of Naples and Sicily, who was known as Charlotte in the family.
Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by her governess, the princesse de Guéméné, who later had to resign due to | 26,053 |
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her husband's bankruptcy and was replaced by one of the queen's closest friends, the duchesse de Polignac. The actual care was however given by the sub governesses, notably Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who delighted in spoiling his daughter, while her mother was stricter.
Marie Antoinette was determined that her daughter should not grow up to be as haughty as her husband's unmarried aunts. She often invited children of lower rank to come and dine with Marie-Thérèse and encouraged the child to give her toys to the poor. In contrast to her image as a materialistic queen who ignored the plight of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her daughter about | 26,054 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
the sufferings of others. On New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, she told her:
Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers and a sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles de France, Duke of Normandy, in 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, "Madame Sophie", in 1786. Out of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Joseph, and after his death, Louis Charles. As a young girl, Marie Therese was noted to be quite attractive, with beautiful blue eyes, inheriting the good looks of her mother and maternal grandmother. She was the only one of her parents' four children to survive past age 10.
# Life during the | 26,055 |
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Revolution.
As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march toward the French Revolution was gaining momentum. Social discontent mixed with a crippling budget deficit provoked an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the result of bankruptcy brought on by the country's support of the American Revolution and high food prices due to drought, all of which was exacerbated by propagandists whose central object of scorn and ridicule was the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.
As the attacks upon the queen grew ever more vicious, the popularity of the monarchy plummeted. Inside the Court at Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of resentment | 26,056 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain powerful members of the Court, including the Duke of Orléans, led to the printing and distribution of scurrilous pamphlets which accused her of a range of sexual depravities as well as of spending the country into financial ruin. While it is now generally agreed that the queen's actions did little to provoke such animosity, the damage these pamphlets inflicted upon the monarchy proved to be a catalyst for the upheaval to come.
The worsening political situation, however, had little effect on Marie-Thérèse, as more immediate tragedies struck when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787, followed two years later by the Dauphin, | 26,057 |
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Louis-Joseph, who died of tuberculosis, on 4 June 1789, one day after the opening of the Estates-General.
## Move to the Tuileries.
When the Bastille was stormed by an armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached a climax. The life of the 10-year-old "Madame Royale" began to be affected as several members of the royal household were sent abroad for their own safety. The comte d'Artois, her uncle, and the "duchesse de Polignac", governess to the royal children, emigrated on the orders of Louis XVI.
The "Duchesse de Polignac" was replaced by the "marquise de Tourzel", whose daughter Pauline became a lifelong friend of Marie-Thérèse.
On 5 October, a mixed "cortège" of mainly working women | 26,058 |
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from Paris marched to Versailles, intent on acquiring food believed to be stored there, and to advance political demands. After the invasion of the palace in the early hours of 6 October had forced the family to take refuge in the king's apartment, the crowd demanded and obtained the move of the king and his family to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
As the political situation deteriorated, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, and went along with the plan of escape organised with the help of Count Axel von Fersen. The plan was for the royal family to flee to the northeastern fortress of Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, but the attempted flight was intercepted | 26,059 |
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in Varennes, and the family escorted back to Paris.
## Temple.
On 10 August 1792, after the royal family had taken refuge in the Legislative Assembly, Louis XVI was deposed, although the monarchy was not abolished before 21 September. On 13 August, the entire family was imprisoned in the Temple Tower, remains of a former medieval fortress. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis XVII of France by the royalists.
Almost six months later, in the evening of 3 July 1793, guards entered the royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis Charles, and entrusted him to | 26,060 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
the care of Antoine Simon, a cobbler and Temple commissioner. Remaining in their apartment in the Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the "Conciergerie" one month later, in the night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the care of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken away on 9 May 1794 and executed the following day. Of the royal prisoners in the Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was the only one to survive the Reign of Terror.
Her stay in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and often great boredom. The two books she had, the famous prayer book by the name of "The Imitation of Christ" and "Voyages" | 26,061 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
by La Harpe, were read over and over, so much so that she grew tired of them. But her appeal for more books was denied by government officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure listening to her brother's cries and screams whenever he was beaten. On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is no record of the conversation. During her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had happened to her family. All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall of her room in the tower:
In late August 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally told what had happened to her family, by Madame Renée de Chanterenne, | 26,062 |
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her female companion. When she had been informed of each of their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began to cry, letting out loud sobs of anguish and grief.
It was only once the Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave France. She was liberated on 18 December 1795, on the eve of her seventeenth birthday, exchanged for prominent French prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette and Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) and taken to Vienna, the capital city of her cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's birthplace.
# Exile.
Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January | 26,063 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
1796, in the evening, twenty-two days after she had left the Temple.
She later left Vienna and moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the comte de Provence, lived as a guest of Tsar Paul I of Russia. He had proclaimed himself King of France as Louis XVIII after the death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no children of his own, he wished his niece to marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, duc d'Angoulême, son of his brother, the comte d'Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.
Louis-Antoine was a shy, stammering young man. His father tried to persuade Louis XVIII against the marriage. However, the wedding took place on 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day | 26,064 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Latvia). The couple had no children.
## In Britain.
The royal family moved to Great Britain, where it settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, while her father-in-law spent most of his time in Edinburgh, where he had been given apartments at Holyrood House.
The long years of exile ended with the abdication of Napoleon I in 1814, and the first Bourbon Restoration, when Louis XVIII stepped upon the throne of France, twenty-one years after the death of his brother Louis XVI.
# Bourbon Restoration.
Louis XVIII attempted to steer a middle course between liberals and the Ultra-royalists led by the comte d'Artois. He also attempted to suppress the many men who claimed to be Marie Thérèse's | 26,065 |
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long-lost younger brother, Louis XVII. These claimants caused the princess a good deal of distress.
Marie-Thérèse found her return emotionally draining and she was distrustful of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Republic or Napoleon. She visited the site where her brother had died, and the Madeleine Cemetery where her parents were buried. The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 and re-interred in Saint-Denis Basilica, the royal necropolis of France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Louis XVI's execution.
In March 1815, Napoléon returned to France and rapidly began to gain supporters and raised an army in the period known as the Hundred Days. Louis XVIII | 26,066 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the time, attempted to rally the local troops. The troops agreed to defend her but not to cause a civil war with Napoléon's troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoléon's orders for her to be arrested when his army arrived. Believing her cause was lost, and to spare Bordeaux senseless destruction, she finally agreed to leave. Her actions caused Napoléon to remark that she was "the only man in her family."
After Napoléon was defeated at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the House of Bourbon was restored for a second time, and Louis XVIII returned to France.
On 13 February 1820, tragedy struck when the comte d'Artois' younger son, the | 26,067 |
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duc de Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal family was cheered when it was learned that the "duchesse de Berry" was pregnant at the time of her husband's death. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a son, Henri, "duc de Bordeaux", the so-called "Miracle child", who later, as the Bourbon pretender to the French throne, assumed the title of "comte de Chambord".
## Madame la Dauphine.
Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger brother, the "comte d'Artois", as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the throne, and she was addressed as "Madame la Dauphine". However, anti-monarchist | 26,068 |
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feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members of the working and middle classes.
On 2 August 1830, after "Les Trois Glorieuses", the Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles X, who with his family had gone to the Château de Rambouillet, abdicated in favor of his son, who in turn abdicated in favor of his nephew, the nine-year old "duc de Bordeaux". However, in spite of the fact that Charles X had asked him to be regent for the young king, Louis-Philippe, "duc d'Orléans" accepted the crown when the "Chambre des Députés" named him King of the French.
On 4 August, in a long "cortège", Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a new exile with | 26,069 |
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her uncle, her husband, her young nephew, his mother, the "duchesse de Berry", and his sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. On 16 August, the family had reached the port of Cherbourg where they boarded a ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of the arrangements for the departure and sailing of his cousins.
# Final exile.
The royal family lived in what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose to move to Prague as a guest of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis I of Austria. They moved into luxurious apartments in Prague Castle. Later, the royal family left Prague and moved to the estate of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was | 26,070 |
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then Austrian but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through his last illness in 1836, when he died of cholera.
Her husband died in 1844 and was buried next to his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her days taking walks, reading, sewing and praying. Her nephew, who now styled himself as the comte de Chambord, and his sister joined her there. In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended in a revolution and, for the second time, France became a Republic.
Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of the execution of her mother. She was buried next | 26,071 |
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to her uncle, Charles X, and her husband, Louis XIX, in the crypt of the Franciscan Monastery church of Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Austria, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian city of Nova Gorica. Like her deceased uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a devout Roman Catholic.
## After death.
Later, her nephew Henri, the "comte de Chambord", last male of the senior line of the House of Bourbon; his wife, the "comtesse de Chambord" (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and his wife, Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy); and the comte's only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to rest in the crypt in Görz. The famous antiquarian | 26,072 |
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the Duke of Blacas was also buried there in honor of his dutiful years of service as a minister to Louis XVIII and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse is described on her gravestone as the "Queen Dowager of France", a reference to her husband's twenty-minute rule as king Louis XIX of France.
## "Dark Countess" mystery.
In October 2013, the grave of a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to obtain DNA for testing, to determine if she was Marie-Thérèse. The woman, who gave her name as Sophie Botta, lived in a castle in the area from 1807 until her death in 1837, and never spoke in public, or was seen outside without her face being veiled. She was accompanied by Leonardus Cornelius | 26,073 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
van der Valck, 'a secretary in the Dutch embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799', and together they were known as the Dark Counts. Van der Valck referred to Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke to each other in French. Some German historians believe she was the real Marie Thérèse, who had swapped places with her adoptive-sister, and possible half-sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution. Possibly as she was too traumatised to resume a role in society, but also as a result of a pregnancy, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to in a letter from a family friend, at the Spanish Court, in 1795.
This research revealed that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, | 26,074 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
but rather, another woman whose identity remains a mystery. On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast the results which proved beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse, on television.
# Titles, styles and arms.
- 19 December 1778 – 10 June 1799 "Her Royal Highness" Madame Royale
- 10 June 1799 – 16 September 1824 "Her Royal Highness" The Duchess of Angoulême
- 16 September 1824 – 2 August 1830 "Her Royal Highness" The Dauphine of France, Duchess of Angoulême
- 2 August 1830 – 2 August 1830 "Her Majesty" The Queen of France
- 2 August 1830 – 19 October 1851 "Her Royal Highness" The Countess of Marnes
# In fiction.
## Film.
Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed | 26,075 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.
- In 1934, she was played, under the name Duchess d'Angoulême, by Gladys Cooper in "The Iron Duke", opposite George Arliss as the Duke of Wellington.
- In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in "Marie-Antoinette", opposite Norma Shearer as the queen.
- In 1975, in the French television drama "Marie-Antoinette", Marie-Thérèse was played by Anne-Laura Meury.
- In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in "The French Revolution". Katherine's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her real mother, Jane Seymour.
- In 1998, she was played by Jeanne Moreau, who narrates the story of Cinderella for the Brothers | 26,076 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Grimm in "Ever After: A Cinderella Story", claiming the real-life inspiration for the fairy-tale heroine was her great-great-grandmother.
- In 2001, Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly in the costume-drama "The Affair of the Necklace" opposite her mother Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
- In 2006, "Marie Antoinette", directed by Sofia Coppola, was released. Marie-Thérèse was played by two different child actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age six she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst starred as her mother, Marie Antoinette.
## Theatre and literature.
She has also been portrayed in the following:
- "All Those Who Suffered"; a Northern Irish | 26,077 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
play on the mystery of Louis XVII.
- "Madame Royale", a novel by Elena Maria Vidal, based on Marie-Thérèse's life.
- "The Dark Tower", a novel by Sharon Stewart, based on "The Journal of Madame Royale", which were the writings of Marie-Thérèse. The novel was later re-released as part of the "Beneath the Crown" series under the title "The Princess in the Tower".
- "The Lacemaker and the Princess" (2007), a children's novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
- "Faces of the Dead" by Suzanne Weyn (2014)
# Ancestry.
Marie-Thérèse was a descendant of the Holy Roman Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie-Antoinette of Austria who was a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress; | 26,078 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
The Empress wanted all her eldest granddaughters to be named after her.
# Further reading.
- Castelot, André, "Madame Royale", Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1962,
- Desmond, Alice Curtis. "Marie Antoinette's Daughter" . NY: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1967. .
- Lenotre, G., "La fille de Louis XVI, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême", in "Mémoires et Souvenirs sur la Révolution et l'Empire", Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.
- Nagel, Susan. "Marie-Therese, Child of Terror: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter"'. NY: Bloomsbury, 2008.
# External links.
## Primary sources.
- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple (from the autograph manuscript)
- | 26,079 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Duchess of Angoulême's Memoir on the Flight to Varennes, (1823 English translation, by John Wilson Croker, of a slightly redacted French edition)
- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (same 1823 English translation)
- "The Ruin of a Princess as told by the Duchesse d'Angoulême, Madame Elisabeth, Sister of Louis XVI, and Cléry, the King's Valet de Chambre", translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: The Lamb Publishing Co., 1912 at A Celebration of Women Writers
## Other material.
- English language site of the franciscan Monastery in Kostanjevica Slovenia, where Marie Thérèse Charlotte is buried, together with the last French kings/a
- English and German | 26,080 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
ss as told by the Duchesse d'Angoulême, Madame Elisabeth, Sister of Louis XVI, and Cléry, the King's Valet de Chambre", translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: The Lamb Publishing Co., 1912 at A Celebration of Women Writers
## Other material.
- English language site of the franciscan Monastery in Kostanjevica Slovenia, where Marie Thérèse Charlotte is buried, together with the last French kings/a
- English and German language site about the substitution theory of Madame Royale and the "Dark Countess of Hildburghausen"
- The Ruin of a Princess, which contains the life and letters of Madame Élisabeth, Journal of the Tower of the Temple by Cléry and Narrative of Madame Royale. | 26,081 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
Herut – The National Movement
Herut – The National Movement (, "Herut – HaTnu'a HaLeumit"), commonly known as just Herut (), was a minor right-wing political party in Israel. Though it saw itself as the ideological successor to the historical Herut party (which merged into Likud) it was a new and separate party. It participated in the 1999, 2003 and 2006 elections.
# Background.
The party was formed on 23 February 1999 when Benny Begin, Michael Kleiner and David Re'em broke away from Likud during the fourteenth Knesset. The breakaway was the result of disagreements with Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu over the Wye River Memorandum and the Hebron Agreement, which had ceded land to the Palestinians. | 26,082 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
Though not an MK at the time, the new party was also backed by former Prime Minister and Herut leader, Yitzhak Shamir.
Herut participated in the 1999 elections as part of the National Union, a right-wing alliance of itself, Moledet and Tkuma with Begin at its head. In the simultaneous election for Prime Minister, Begin had originally planned to stand, but dropped out three days before the election to avoid splitting the right-wing vote between himself and Netanyahu (though it didn't help, as Netanyahu lost to Ehud Barak by more than 12%). In the Knesset election, the National Union won only 3% of the vote and four seats. The party's poor performance led to Begin resigning as head of the party | 26,083 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
and retiring from politics before the Knesset term began, and Herut's one allocated seat was taken by Kleiner.
On 1 February 2000, Kleiner pulled out of the National Union, establishing Herut as an independent party in the Knesset. In the 2003 elections the party ran alone. It chose the ballot letters נץ, meaning "hawk", and used the slogan "the 'hawkiest' on the right". Kleiner led the list, with Baruch Marzel, a former member of the outlawed Kach party taking second place. The party won 36,202 votes, though it was only 1.1% of the total, and not enough to pass the 1.5% electoral threshold. Soon after Marzel left to found his own party, the Jewish National Front.
Herut participated in the | 26,084 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
2006 elections, again with the letters נץ. This time Kleiner was joined by veteran activists Elie Yossef and Israel Cohen. The main campaign message was "Compensation for Evacuation of Palestinians." Yana Chudriker, an immigrant from the Ukraine and beauty queen of Israel (1993) was assigned number 4 on the party list. The campaign presented Chudriker wearing a burqa as a warning against the demographic threat of Arabs to Israel and the slogan was "The Demographics Will Poison Us" (in Hebrew the words "poison" (ra'al, רעל) and "burqa" (r'ala, רעלה) sound similar). The poster's publication resulted in Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ordering the police to investigate the party for inciting racism. | 26,085 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
The party's television campaign also drew criticism, and segments were removed by the Central election committee. Committee chairman and Supreme Court Judge Dorit Beinisch asserted that the removed segment from the advertisement clearly made reference to a blatantly racist slogan and retorted that if aired, would most probably hurt the feelings of the Arab population. In the election itself, the party won just 2,387 votes—0.07%, well below the new electoral threshold of 2%.
Prior to the 2009 elections, Kleiner and Begin rejoined the Likud slate. Herut did not run in the 2009 elections or subsequently and is considered defunct.
# External links.
- Herut - National Movement (Herut) Knesset | 26,086 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
ty's television campaign also drew criticism, and segments were removed by the Central election committee. Committee chairman and Supreme Court Judge Dorit Beinisch asserted that the removed segment from the advertisement clearly made reference to a blatantly racist slogan and retorted that if aired, would most probably hurt the feelings of the Arab population. In the election itself, the party won just 2,387 votes—0.07%, well below the new electoral threshold of 2%.
Prior to the 2009 elections, Kleiner and Begin rejoined the Likud slate. Herut did not run in the 2009 elections or subsequently and is considered defunct.
# External links.
- Herut - National Movement (Herut) Knesset website | 26,087 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Primal Fear (film)
Primal Fear is a 1996 American neo-noir crime-thriller film, based on William Diehl's 1993 novel of the same name and directed by Gregory Hoblit.
The film tells the story of a Chicago defense attorney who believes that his altar boy client is not guilty of murdering an influential Catholic Archbishop.
"Primal Fear" was a box office success and earned mostly positive reviews, with Edward Norton making a strong showing in his film debut. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.
# Plot.
Martin Vail (Richard Gere) is a Chicago defense attorney who loves the spotlight and does everything | 26,088 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
he can to get his high-profile clients acquitted on legal technicalities. One day, he sees a news report about the arrest of Aaron Stampler (Edward Norton), a 19-year-old altar boy from Kentucky with a severe stutter, who is accused of brutally murdering the beloved Archbishop Rushman (Stanley Anderson). Vail jumps at the chance to represent the young man, pro bono. During his meetings at the County jail with Stampler, Vail comes to believe that his client is innocent, much to the chagrin of the prosecutor (and Vail's former lover), Janet Venable (Laura Linney).
As the trial begins, Vail discovers that powerful civic leaders, including the corrupt state's attorney John Shaughnessy (John Mahoney), | 26,089 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
recently lost millions of dollars in real estate investments due to a decision by the Archbishop not to develop on certain church-owned lands. The Archbishop secretly received numerous death threats as a result. Following a tip from a former altar boy about a videotape involving Stampler, Vail makes a search of the Archbishop's apartment and finds a VHS tape shot by Rushman that shows Stampler being forced to have sex with another teenage altar boy and a teenage girl named Linda Forbes. Vail is now in a dilemma: introducing this evidence would make Stampler more sympathetic to the jury; but it would also give him a motive for the murder, which Venable is unable to establish.
When Vail confronts | 26,090 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
his client and accuses him of having lied, Stampler breaks down crying and suddenly transforms into a new persona: a violent, foul-mouthed sociopath who calls himself “Roy”. "Roy" confesses to the murder of the Archbishop and assaults and slightly wounds Vail. When this incident is over, Stampler once again becomes passive and shy, and appears to have no recollection of the personality switch - what he calls having "lost time." Molly Arrington (Frances McDormand), the psychiatrist examining Stampler and who witnessed the entire event, is convinced that he has dissociative identity disorder caused by years of abuse at the hands of his father which resurfaced following the sexual abuse that Stampler | 26,091 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
received by Rushman. Vail does not want to hear this, because he knows that he cannot enter an insanity plea during an ongoing trial.
Vail slowly sets up a confrontation in court by dropping hints about the Archbishop's abusive tendencies, as well as Stampler's multiple personalities. He also has the sex tape delivered to Venable, knowing she will realize who sent it—since she is under intense pressure from both Shaughnessy and her boss Bud Yancy (Terry O'Quinn) to deliver a guilty verdict at any cost—and will use it as proof of motive.
At the climax, Vail puts Stampler on the witness stand and gently questions him about the sexual abuse he suffered at the pedophile Archbishop's hands. After | 26,092 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Venable questions him harshly during cross-examination, Stampler turns into "Roy" in open court and attacks her, threatening to snap her neck if anyone comes near him. He is subdued by courthouse marshals and rushed back to his holding cell. The judge dismisses the jury in favor of a bench trial and then finds Stampler not guilty by reason of insanity, remanding him to a maximum security mental hospital. Venable is fired for losing the case and for allowing the Archbishop's crimes (which Shaughnessey, the mayor, the Catholic Church and the entire city council had been trying to hide for the past ten years) to come to public light.
Vail visits Stampler in his cell to tell him of the dismissal. | 26,093 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Stampler claims to have no recollection of what happened in the courtroom, having again "lost time". However, as Vail is leaving, Stampler asks him to "tell Miss Venable I hope her neck is okay", which he could not have been able to remember if he had "lost time". When Vail confronts him, Stampler reveals that he had faked multiple personality disorder. No longer stuttering, he brags about having murdered Archbishop Rushman, as well as Linda Forbes. When Vail asks if there ever was a "Roy", Stampler replies that "there never was an "Aaron"". Stunned and disillusioned at how he was so easily manipulated by his own client, Vail walks away and leaves the courthouse as the manipulative and murderous | 26,094 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Stampler taunts him from his cell.
# Cast.
- Richard Gere as Martin Vail
- Edward Norton as Roy/Aaron Stampler
- Laura Linney as Janet Venable
- John Mahoney as John Shaughnessy
- Alfre Woodard as Judge Shoat
- Frances McDormand as Dr. Molly Arrington
- Reg Rogers as Jack Connerman
- Terry O'Quinn as Bud Yancy
- Andre Braugher as Tommy Goodman
- Steven Bauer as Joey Pinero
- Joe Spano as Abel Stenner
- Tony Plana as Martinez
- Stanley Anderson as Archbishop Rushman
- Maura Tierney as Naomi Chance
- Jon Seda as Alex
- Kenneth Tigar as Weil
# Soundtrack.
The soundtrack included Portuguese fado song "Canção do Mar" sung by Dulce Pontes.
# Reception.
"Primal Fear" received positive | 26,095 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 75% positive rating based on reviews from 44 critics, with an average score of 6.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states "A straightforward, entertaining thriller with a crackerjack performance by Edward Norton".
According to Janet Maslin, the film has a "good deal of surface charm", but "the story relies on an overload of tangential subplots to keep it looking busy." Roger Ebert wrote, "the plot is as good as crime procedurals get, but the movie is really better than its plot because of the three-dimensional characters." Ebert awarded "Primal Fear" three-and-a-half stars out of a possible four, described Gere's performance | 26,096 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
hree-and-a-half stars out of a possible four, described Gere's performance as one of the best in his career, praised Linney for rising above what might have been a stock character, and applauded Edward Norton for offering a "completely convincing" portrayal.
The film spent three weekends at the top of the U.S. box office.
## Accolades.
Norton's depiction of Aaron Stampler earned him multiple awards and nominations.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
- 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
- Aaron Stampler – Nominated Villain
- 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
- Nominated Courtroom Drama Film
# See also.
- Trial movies
- Feigned madness
- Plot twist | 26,097 |
1055486 | List of endemic species of Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20endemic%20species%20of%20Taiwan | List of endemic species of Taiwan
List of endemic species of Taiwan
The endemic species of Taiwan are organisms that are endemic to the island of Taiwan— that is, they occur nowhere else on Earth.
Percentages of endemic animals of all living species in Taiwan.
Percentages of endemic plants of all living species in Taiwan.
# Endemic mammals.
- Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
- 1. Formosan serow – "Naemorhedus swinhoei" (Gray)
- Order Insectivora (shrews)
- 1. Formosan shrew – "Soriculus fumidus" Thomas
- 2. Tada's shrew – "Crocidura tadae" Tokuda & Kano
- 3. Koshun shrew – "Soriculus sodalis" Thomas
- Order Rodentia (rodents)
- 1. Formosan field vole – "Apodemus semotus" Thomas
- 2. Spinous country-rat – | 26,098 |
1055486 | List of endemic species of Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20endemic%20species%20of%20Taiwan | List of endemic species of Taiwan
"Niviventer coxingi" (Swinhoe)
- 3. Formosan white-bellied rat – "Niviventer culturatus" (Thomas)
- 4. Kikuchi's field vole – "Microtus kikuchii" (Kuroda)
- Order Primate (primates)
- 1. Formosan macaque – "Macaca cyclopis" (Swinhoe)
- Order Chiroptera (bats)
- 1. Formosan long-eared bat – "Plecotus taivanus" Yoshiyuki
- 2. Formosan mouse-eared bat – "Myotis taiwanensis" Linde
- 3. Formosan tube-nosed bat – "Murina puta" Kishida
- 4. Yellow-necked bat – "Arielulus torquatus" Gabor & Lee
- 5. Formosan broad-muzzled bat – "Myotis latirostris" Kishida
- 6. Formosan leaf-nosed bat – "Hipposideros terasensis" Kisida
- 7. Formosan greater horseshoe bat – "Rhinolophus formosae" Sanborn
- | 26,099 |
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