wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
ciphertext (some secret instructions) to Bob and Carl, to whom she has handed different keys. Bob and Carl are to receive different instructions and must not be able to read each other's instructions. Bob will receive the message first and then forward it to Carl.
- 1. Alice constructs the cipherte... | 26,000 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
its users to decrypt the ciphertext to produce a different (innocuous but plausible) plaintext and plausibly claim that it is what they encrypted. The holder of the ciphertext will not be able to differentiate between the true plaintext, and the bogus-claim plaintext. In general, decrypting one ciph... | 26,001 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
ciphers and data generated by a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (the cipher's pseudorandom permutation properties).
This is used in combination with some decoy data that the user would plausibly want to keep confidential that will be revealed to the attacker, claiming that th... | 26,002 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
encryption key. Additionally, special "chaff layers" are filled with random data in order to have plausible deniability of the existence of real layers and their encryption keys. The user can store decoy files on one or more layers while denying the existence of others, claiming that the rest of spa... | 26,003 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
PhoneBookFS.
Another approach used by some conventional disk encryption software suites is creating a second encrypted volume within a container volume. The container volume is first formatted by filling it with encrypted random data, and then initializing a filesystem on it. The user then fills so... | 26,004 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
the outer volume, this inner volume is now undetectable.
LibreCrypt and BestCrypt can have many hidden volumes in a container; TrueCrypt is limited to one hidden volume.
## Detection.
The existence of hidden encrypted data may be revealed by flaws in the implementation. It may also be revealed by... | 26,005 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
user from corrupting the hidden volume (this can be detected from the access and modification timestamps), which could raise suspicion. This problem can be eliminated by instructing the system not to protect the hidden volume, although this could result in lost data.
## Drawbacks.
Deniable encrypt... | 26,006 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
such as Off-the-Record Messaging, offer deniable authentication which gives the participants plausible deniability of their conversations. While deniable authentication is not technically "deniable encryption" in that the encryption of the messages is not denied, its deniability refers to the inabil... | 26,007 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
This is used in conjunction with perfect forward secrecy to assure that the compromise of encryption keys of individual messages does not compromise additional conversations or messages.
# Software.
- OpenPuff, freeware semi-open-source steganography for MS Windows.
- EDS, a mobile encryption app... | 26,008 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
PDAs that provides both deniable encryption and plausible deniability. Offers an extensive range of encryption options, and doesn't need to be installed before use as long as the user has administrator rights.
- Off-the-Record Messaging, a cryptographic technique providing true deniability for inst... | 26,009 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
to a discontinued TrueCrypt), an on-the-fly disk encryption software for Windows, Mac and Linux providing limited deniable encryption and to some extent (due to limitations on the number of hidden volumes which can be created) plausible deniability, without needing to be installed before use as long... | 26,010 |
1055437 | Deniable encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deniable%20encryption | Deniable encryption
yption software for Windows, Mac and Linux providing limited deniable encryption and to some extent (due to limitations on the number of hidden volumes which can be created) plausible deniability, without needing to be installed before use as long as the user has full administrator rights.
- Vanish... | 26,011 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
Debut
A debut or début is the first public appearance of a person or thing.
- Debut (society), the formal introduction of young upper-class women to society
- Debut novel, an author's first published novel
- Debut issue, the first issue of a comic book series to feature a particular character
- Product launc... | 26,012 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
Debut Records, a U.S. jazz record label
## Albums.
- "Debut" (Björk album), a 1993 album by Björk
- "Debut" (Zoë album), a 2015 album by Zoë
- "Debut", album by The Real Group, 1987
- "Debut", album by Lucy O'Byrne
- "Debut", album by Carol Kidd
- "Debut", album by Brandi Disterheft
- "Debut", album by Fi... | 26,013 |
1055462 | Debut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut | Debut
record label
## Albums.
- "Debut" (Björk album), a 1993 album by Björk
- "Debut" (Zoë album), a 2015 album by Zoë
- "Debut", album by The Real Group, 1987
- "Debut", album by Lucy O'Byrne
- "Debut", album by Carol Kidd
- "Debut", album by Brandi Disterheft
- "Debut", album by Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe... | 26,014 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
The Lawrence Academy at Groton is a private, selective, nonsectarian, coeducational college preparatory school located in Groton, Massachusetts, in the United States. Founded by a group of fifty residents of Groton and Pepperell, Massach... | 26,015 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Incorporation as Groton Academy.
On April 27, 1792, residents of the towns of Groton and Pepperell, Massachusetts influenced by the growing "academy movement" in the young republic, which sought to provide a broader and more practical education than that available in the tradit... | 26,016 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
and Harvard college.
The trustees announced the opening of their academy (somewhat prematurely, as the charter was not to be secured for another four months) with an advertisement in the May 25, 1793 edition of the "Columbian Centinel", a Boston newspaper. The advertisement exp... | 26,017 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
from Groton and the surrounding towns, but with some, such as Thomas and Wyriott Alderson of Bath, North Carolina, from farther afield.
## History.
In 1838, alumnus Amos Lawrence, a son of founder Samuel Lawrence and a prominent Boston merchant and industrialist, began his pat... | 26,018 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
in 1828, comprised 2,650 volumes, of which 2,400 were gifts of Amos Lawrence.
Over the course of their lives, Amos and William Lawrence donated a total of nearly $65,000 in cash, scholarships, and property to the school (roughly equivalent to $1.83 million in 2013 dollars). In ... | 26,019 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
students to Harvard College, placing it among the dozen schools which supplied the greatest number of students to Cambridge. As the 19th century progressed and more schools catering to the children of the elite ranks of Boston merchants and industrialists were established closer... | 26,020 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
of Williams College, was the guest speaker at the academy's 90th anniversary celebration in 1883.
In 1868, during a Fourth of July celebration, an errantly tossed firecracker burned Lawrence Academy's main schoolhouse to the ground. By soliciting "subscriptions," the building w... | 26,021 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
it switched to a boys-only student body. It remained single sex until 1971.
## Background.
Lawrence Academy is seated upon of rolling countryside, in Groton, Massachusetts, thirty-one miles northwest of Boston, eight miles south of New Hampshire. At the bequest of James Lawren... | 26,022 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
site of colonial gallows and "The Castle"), to the north, and the fairways of the Groton Country Club to the east.
## Facilities.
### Residential life.
There are ten dorms on Lawrence Academy's campus, four for boys and six for girls. Dorms range in size from eight to forty-f... | 26,023 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Tuition for the 2006–2007 academic year was $49,900 for boarders, $39,900 for day students. Thirty percent of students receive financial aid to attend. Lawrence accepts approximately 25% of applicants. Tuition in 2015-2016 raised up to $49,000 for day students, $60,000 for board... | 26,024 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Northwest Passage in British Columbia, to exploring ecology in Costa Rica, to storytelling to local children in New England. The school also has the Independent Immersion Program, which allows students who have met certain academic requirements to focus for one or two years on a... | 26,025 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
Academy has over 3,800 active alumni.
# Notable alumni.
- Tim Armstrong, class of 1989, chairman and chief executive officer of AOL LLC
- Laurie Baker, class of 1995, 1998 Olympic gold medalist in women's hockey and 1992 silver medalist
- William Bancroft, 1st President of t... | 26,026 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
2014
- Henry Adams Bullard, U.S. Representative from Louisiana 1831-1834 and 1850-1851
- Richard Burgin, noted author, editor of "Boulevard"
- Karyn Bryant, television personality; MTV VJ, CNN anchor.
- Guillermo Cantú, former professional footballer and football executive
... | 26,027 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
historian, and 28th Mayor of Boston
- Donald L. Harlow, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
- Edward D. Hayden, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
- Steve Heinze, '88 Olympian in men's hockey and former NHL player for Boston Bruins and LA Kings
- Frederick "Moose" Hey... | 26,028 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
and Washington Capitals
- Amos Kendall, 8th Postmaster General and founder of Gallaudet College for the deaf
- Abbott Lawrence, Member of Congress; Minister to Great Britain; founder of Harvard University's Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Amos Adams Lawrence, a... | 26,029 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
President of the Massachusetts State Senate and Massachusetts Attorney General
- William Adams Richardson, 29th Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims
- Richard Roby, professional basketball player
- Maria Rodale, publisher; Chairman ... | 26,030 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
historian, archeologist and professor at University of Chicago
- George Makepeace Towle, lawyer, politician, and author
- Dr. James Walker, Unitarian minister and 21st president of Harvard University
- William B. Washburn, Governor of Massachusetts from 1872-1874, U.S. Repres... | 26,031 |
1055444 | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%20Academy%20(Groton,%20Massachusetts) | Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)
er, Unitarian minister and 21st president of Harvard University
- William B. Washburn, Governor of Massachusetts from 1872-1874, U.S. Representative from 1863-1871, U.S. Senator from 1874-1875
- Fritz Wetherbee, Emmy Award-winning television personality
- William Channing Whi... | 26,032 |
1055472 | Jussieu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jussieu | Jussieu
Jussieu
Jussieu can refer to:
- Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836), French botanist
- Antoine de Jussieu (1686–1758), French naturalist, uncle of A. L. de Jussieu.
- Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777), French naturalist, uncle of A. L. de Jussieu.
- Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), French botanist, son... | 26,033 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
Stroboscope
A stroboscope also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary. It consists of either a rotating disk with slots or holes or a lamp such as a flashtube which produces brief repetitive flashes of light. Usually the rate of t... | 26,034 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
examples. A stroboscope used to set the ignition timing of internal combustion engines is called a timing light.
# Mechanical.
In its simplest mechanical form, a rotating cylinder (or bowl with a raised edge) with evenly spaced holes or slots placed in the line of sight between the observer and the moving... | 26,035 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
path and reduces glare from light passing through other parts of the moving hole/slot.
Viewing through a single line of holes/slots does not work, since the holes/slots appear to just sweep across the object without a strobe effect.
The rotational speed is adjusted so that it becomes synchronised with the... | 26,036 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
instantly when power is applied, and extinguishing just as fast when the power is removed.
By comparison, incandescent lamps have a brief warm-up when energized, followed by a cool-down period when power is removed. These delays result in smearing and blurring of detail of objects partially illuminated dur... | 26,037 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
cyclic speed, at which point the object is seen to be either stationary or moving slowly backward or forward, depending on the flash frequency.
Neon lamps or light emitting diodes are commonly used for low-intensity strobe applications, Neon lamps were more common before the development of solid-state elec... | 26,038 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
the stroboscope in 1832, when he used a disc with radial slits which he turned while viewing images on a separate rotating wheel. Plateau's device became known as the "Phenakistoscope". There was an almost simultaneous and independent invention of the device by the Austrian Simon Ritter von Stampfer, which ... | 26,039 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
numerous toys. Other early pioneers employed rotating mirrors, or vibrating mirrors known as mirror galvanometers.
In 1917, French engineer Etienne Oehmichen patented the first electric stroboscope, building at the same time a camera capable of shooting 1,000 frames per second.
The electronic strobe light... | 26,040 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
play an important role in the study of stresses on machinery in motion, and in many other forms of research. Bright stroboscopes are able to overpower ambient lighting and make stop-motion effects apparent without the need for dark ambient operating conditions.
They are also used as measuring instruments f... | 26,041 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
light source and a camera are positioned by endoscopy.
Another application of the stroboscope can be seen on many gramophone turntables. The edge of the platter has marks at specific intervals so that when viewed under fluorescent lighting powered at mains frequency, provided the platter is rotating at the... | 26,042 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
effect for discotheques and night clubs where they give the impression of dancing in slow motion. The strobe rate of these devices is typically not very precise or very fast, because the entertainment application does not usually require a high degree of performance.
# Other effects.
Rapid flashing can gi... | 26,043 |
1055454 | Stroboscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroboscope | Stroboscope
plication does not usually require a high degree of performance.
# Other effects.
Rapid flashing can give the illusion that white light is tinged with color, known as Fechner color. Within certain ranges, the apparent color can be controlled by the frequency of the flash, but it is an illusion generated i... | 26,044 |
1055483 | British Columbia Federation of Labour | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Columbia%20Federation%20of%20Labour | British Columbia Federation of Labour
British Columbia Federation of Labour
British Columbia Federation of Labour is a central organization for organized labour in British Columbia, Canada.
Founded in 1910 and now having over 500,000 individual members and 1200 locals or union sections, the BC Federation of Labour is... | 26,045 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
Heimdal
Heimdal is a borough in the city of Trondheim in the municipality of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It covers the western and southwestern parts of the municipality. The village area that is also called Heimdal is located in the southeastern part of the borough, near Heimdal Church.
This area ... | 26,046 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
History.
This area south of Trondheim was named after the Old Norse god Heimdall from Norse mythology. The area has been continuously inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and is rich in archaeological sites. The area where Tillerbyen has been built was initially swamp, but it was drained in the 1930s as an a... | 26,047 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
would be too hard to complete, as the soil was too wet and unstable to support large-scale development. Ever since the first developments, the areas of Tillerbyen and Sjetnemarka have been one of the most booming parts of the city and still, large development projects are launched to meet the growing population... | 26,048 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
and services. City Syd was at the time of its construction the largest shopping mall in the country and is still one of the most profitable shopping malls in Northern Europe, as it receives customers not only from the city, but from the surrounding countryside and neighbouring counties as well. Heimdal Stadion ... | 26,049 |
1055479 | Heimdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimdal | Heimdal
ping mall in the country and is still one of the most profitable shopping malls in Northern Europe, as it receives customers not only from the city, but from the surrounding countryside and neighbouring counties as well. Heimdal Stadion is a large sports complex with soccer and handball fields adjacent to the B... | 26,050 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Marie Thérèse of France
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), "Madame Royale", was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of A... | 26,051 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.
# Early life.
Marie-Thérèse was born at the Palace of Versailles on 19 December 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage), and eldest daughter of King Louis XVI of Fran... | 26,052 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
experience, Louis XVI banned public viewing, allowing only close family members and a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth of the next royal children. When she was revived, the queen greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed "Mousseline") with delight:
Marie-Thérèse was baptiz... | 26,053 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
her husband's bankruptcy and was replaced by one of the queen's closest friends, the duchesse de Polignac. The actual care was however given by the sub governesses, notably Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who delighted in spoiling his daughter, while her mother w... | 26,054 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
the sufferings of others. On New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, she told her:
Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers and a sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles de France, Duke of Normandy, i... | 26,055 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Revolution.
As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march toward the French Revolution was gaining momentum. Social discontent mixed with a crippling budget deficit provoked an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the result of bankruptcy brought on by ... | 26,056 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain powerful members of the Court, including the Duke of Orléans, led to the printing and distribution of scurrilous pamphlets which accused her of a range of sexual depravities as well as of spending the country into financial ruin. W... | 26,057 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Louis-Joseph, who died of tuberculosis, on 4 June 1789, one day after the opening of the Estates-General.
## Move to the Tuileries.
When the Bastille was stormed by an armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached a climax. The life of the 10-year-old "Madame Royale" began to be affected as... | 26,058 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
from Paris marched to Versailles, intent on acquiring food believed to be stored there, and to advance political demands. After the invasion of the palace in the early hours of 6 October had forced the family to take refuge in the king's apartment, the crowd demanded and obtained the move of the... | 26,059 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
in Varennes, and the family escorted back to Paris.
## Temple.
On 10 August 1792, after the royal family had taken refuge in the Legislative Assembly, Louis XVI was deposed, although the monarchy was not abolished before 21 September. On 13 August, the entire family was imprisoned in the Templ... | 26,060 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
the care of Antoine Simon, a cobbler and Temple commissioner. Remaining in their apartment in the Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the "Conciergerie" one month later, in the night of 2 August, Marie-T... | 26,061 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
by La Harpe, were read over and over, so much so that she grew tired of them. But her appeal for more books was denied by government officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure listening to her brother's cries and screams whenever he was beaten. On 1... | 26,062 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
her female companion. When she had been informed of each of their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began to cry, letting out loud sobs of anguish and grief.
It was only once the Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave France. She was liberated on 18 December 1795, on the eve ... | 26,063 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
1796, in the evening, twenty-two days after she had left the Temple.
She later left Vienna and moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the comte de Provence, lived as a guest of Tsar Paul I of Russia. He had proclaimed himself King of France ... | 26,064 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Latvia). The couple had no children.
## In Britain.
The royal family moved to Great Britain, where it settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, while her father-in-law spent most of his time in Edinburgh, where he had been given apartments at Holyrood House.
The long years of exile ended wi... | 26,065 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
long-lost younger brother, Louis XVII. These claimants caused the princess a good deal of distress.
Marie-Thérèse found her return emotionally draining and she was distrustful of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Republic or Napoleon. She visited the site where her brother had die... | 26,066 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the time, attempted to rally the local troops. The troops agreed to defend her but not to cause a civil war with Napoléon's troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoléon's orders for her to be arrested when his army arrived. Beli... | 26,067 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
duc de Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal family was cheered when it was learned that the "duchesse de Berry" was pregnant at the time of her husband's death. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a son, Henri... | 26,068 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members of the working and middle classes.
On 2 August 1830, after "Les Trois Glorieuses", the Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles X, who with his family had gone to the Château de Rambouillet... | 26,069 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
her uncle, her husband, her young nephew, his mother, the "duchesse de Berry", and his sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. On 16 August, the family had reached the port of Cherbourg where they boarded a ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of the arrangements for the departure ... | 26,070 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
then Austrian but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through his last illness in 1836, when he died of cholera.
Her husband died in 1844 and was buried next to his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spe... | 26,071 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
to her uncle, Charles X, and her husband, Louis XIX, in the crypt of the Franciscan Monastery church of Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Austria, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian city of Nova Gorica. Like her deceased uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a devout Roman Catholic.
## After death.
La... | 26,072 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
the Duke of Blacas was also buried there in honor of his dutiful years of service as a minister to Louis XVIII and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse is described on her gravestone as the "Queen Dowager of France", a reference to her husband's twenty-minute rule as king Louis XIX of France.
## "Dark Cou... | 26,073 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
van der Valck, 'a secretary in the Dutch embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799', and together they were known as the Dark Counts. Van der Valck referred to Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke to each other in French. Some German historians believe she was the real Marie Thérèse, wh... | 26,074 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
but rather, another woman whose identity remains a mystery. On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast the results which proved beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse, on television.
# Titles, styles and arms.
- 19 December 1778 – 10 June 1799 "Her Royal Hig... | 26,075 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.
- In 1934, she was played, under the name Duchess d'Angoulême, by Gladys Cooper in "The Iron Duke", opposite George Arliss as the Duke of Wellington.
- In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in "Marie-Antoinette",... | 26,076 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Grimm in "Ever After: A Cinderella Story", claiming the real-life inspiration for the fairy-tale heroine was her great-great-grandmother.
- In 2001, Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly in the costume-drama "The Affair of the Necklace" opposite her mother Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinett... | 26,077 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
play on the mystery of Louis XVII.
- "Madame Royale", a novel by Elena Maria Vidal, based on Marie-Thérèse's life.
- "The Dark Tower", a novel by Sharon Stewart, based on "The Journal of Madame Royale", which were the writings of Marie-Thérèse. The novel was later re-released as part of the "B... | 26,078 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
The Empress wanted all her eldest granddaughters to be named after her.
# Further reading.
- Castelot, André, "Madame Royale", Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1962,
- Desmond, Alice Curtis. "Marie Antoinette's Daughter" . NY: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1967. .
- Lenotre, G., "La fille de Loui... | 26,079 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
Duchess of Angoulême's Memoir on the Flight to Varennes, (1823 English translation, by John Wilson Croker, of a slightly redacted French edition)
- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (same 1823 English translation)
- "The Ruin of a Princess as told by the Duchesse d... | 26,080 |
1055403 | Marie Thérèse of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie%20Thérèse%20of%20France | Marie Thérèse of France
ss as told by the Duchesse d'Angoulême, Madame Elisabeth, Sister of Louis XVI, and Cléry, the King's Valet de Chambre", translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: The Lamb Publishing Co., 1912 at A Celebration of Women Writers
## Other material.
- English language site of the francis... | 26,081 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
Herut – The National Movement
Herut – The National Movement (, "Herut – HaTnu'a HaLeumit"), commonly known as just Herut (), was a minor right-wing political party in Israel. Though it saw itself as the ideological successor to the historical Herut party (which merged into Likud) it was a... | 26,082 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
Though not an MK at the time, the new party was also backed by former Prime Minister and Herut leader, Yitzhak Shamir.
Herut participated in the 1999 elections as part of the National Union, a right-wing alliance of itself, Moledet and Tkuma with Begin at its head. In the simultaneous ele... | 26,083 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
and retiring from politics before the Knesset term began, and Herut's one allocated seat was taken by Kleiner.
On 1 February 2000, Kleiner pulled out of the National Union, establishing Herut as an independent party in the Knesset. In the 2003 elections the party ran alone. It chose the b... | 26,084 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
2006 elections, again with the letters נץ. This time Kleiner was joined by veteran activists Elie Yossef and Israel Cohen. The main campaign message was "Compensation for Evacuation of Palestinians." Yana Chudriker, an immigrant from the Ukraine and beauty queen of Israel (1993) was assign... | 26,085 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
The party's television campaign also drew criticism, and segments were removed by the Central election committee. Committee chairman and Supreme Court Judge Dorit Beinisch asserted that the removed segment from the advertisement clearly made reference to a blatantly racist slogan and retor... | 26,086 |
1055468 | Herut – The National Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herut%20–%20The%20National%20Movement | Herut – The National Movement
ty's television campaign also drew criticism, and segments were removed by the Central election committee. Committee chairman and Supreme Court Judge Dorit Beinisch asserted that the removed segment from the advertisement clearly made reference to a blatantly racist slogan and retorted tha... | 26,087 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Primal Fear (film)
Primal Fear is a 1996 American neo-noir crime-thriller film, based on William Diehl's 1993 novel of the same name and directed by Gregory Hoblit.
The film tells the story of a Chicago defense attorney who believes that his altar boy client is not guilty of murdering an influentia... | 26,088 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
he can to get his high-profile clients acquitted on legal technicalities. One day, he sees a news report about the arrest of Aaron Stampler (Edward Norton), a 19-year-old altar boy from Kentucky with a severe stutter, who is accused of brutally murdering the beloved Archbishop Rushman (Stanley Anders... | 26,089 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
recently lost millions of dollars in real estate investments due to a decision by the Archbishop not to develop on certain church-owned lands. The Archbishop secretly received numerous death threats as a result. Following a tip from a former altar boy about a videotape involving Stampler, Vail makes ... | 26,090 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
his client and accuses him of having lied, Stampler breaks down crying and suddenly transforms into a new persona: a violent, foul-mouthed sociopath who calls himself “Roy”. "Roy" confesses to the murder of the Archbishop and assaults and slightly wounds Vail. When this incident is over, Stampler onc... | 26,091 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
received by Rushman. Vail does not want to hear this, because he knows that he cannot enter an insanity plea during an ongoing trial.
Vail slowly sets up a confrontation in court by dropping hints about the Archbishop's abusive tendencies, as well as Stampler's multiple personalities. He also has th... | 26,092 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Venable questions him harshly during cross-examination, Stampler turns into "Roy" in open court and attacks her, threatening to snap her neck if anyone comes near him. He is subdued by courthouse marshals and rushed back to his holding cell. The judge dismisses the jury in favor of a bench trial and ... | 26,093 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Stampler claims to have no recollection of what happened in the courtroom, having again "lost time". However, as Vail is leaving, Stampler asks him to "tell Miss Venable I hope her neck is okay", which he could not have been able to remember if he had "lost time". When Vail confronts him, Stampler re... | 26,094 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
Stampler taunts him from his cell.
# Cast.
- Richard Gere as Martin Vail
- Edward Norton as Roy/Aaron Stampler
- Laura Linney as Janet Venable
- John Mahoney as John Shaughnessy
- Alfre Woodard as Judge Shoat
- Frances McDormand as Dr. Molly Arrington
- Reg Rogers as Jack Connerman
- Terry O... | 26,095 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 75% positive rating based on reviews from 44 critics, with an average score of 6.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states "A straightforward, entertaining thriller with a crackerjack performance by Edward Norton".
According ... | 26,096 |
1055466 | Primal Fear (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primal%20Fear%20(film) | Primal Fear (film)
hree-and-a-half stars out of a possible four, described Gere's performance as one of the best in his career, praised Linney for rising above what might have been a stock character, and applauded Edward Norton for offering a "completely convincing" portrayal.
The film spent three weekends at the top ... | 26,097 |
1055486 | List of endemic species of Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20endemic%20species%20of%20Taiwan | List of endemic species of Taiwan
List of endemic species of Taiwan
The endemic species of Taiwan are organisms that are endemic to the island of Taiwan— that is, they occur nowhere else on Earth.
Percentages of endemic animals of all living species in Taiwan.
Percentages of endemic plants of all living species in T... | 26,098 |
1055486 | List of endemic species of Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20endemic%20species%20of%20Taiwan | List of endemic species of Taiwan
"Niviventer coxingi" (Swinhoe)
- 3. Formosan white-bellied rat – "Niviventer culturatus" (Thomas)
- 4. Kikuchi's field vole – "Microtus kikuchii" (Kuroda)
- Order Primate (primates)
- 1. Formosan macaque – "Macaca cyclopis" (Swinhoe)
- Order Chiroptera (bats)
- 1. Formosan long-e... | 26,099 |
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