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of lands which the Iroquois did not occupy. In the following year, the Treaty of Fort McIntosh attempted to open most of the Ohio Country to American settlement. This united the tribes of the Western Confederacy in opposition to American encroachment on their territories. In 1786, a Wyandot messenger named Scotosh warned Congress that the Wabash, Twightwee, and Miami nations would disrupt U.S. surveyors, and Congress promised reprisals if that occurred. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formally organized the entire Northwest Territory under United States control, and prohibited the taking of Indian lands "without their consent." The 1789 Treaty of Fort Harmar re-enforced the United State's appetite | 26,200 |
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for native lands in the region without addressing the concerns of the native nations.
## Formation of the confederacy.
Co-operation among the Native American tribes forming the Western Confederacy had gone back to the French colonial era. It was renewed during the American Revolutionary War. The confederacy formally came together in Autumn 1785 at Fort Detroit, proclaiming that the parties to the confederacy would deal jointly with the United States, forbidding individual tribes from dealing directly with the United States, and declaring the Ohio River as the boundary between their lands and those of American settlers. This determination was renewed in 1786 at the Wyandot (Huron) village of | 26,201 |
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Upper Sandusky.
The confederacy was a loose association of primarily Algonquin-speaking tribes in the Great Lakes area. The Wyandot (Huron) were the nominal "fathers," or senior guaranteeing tribe of the confederacy, but the Shawnee and Miami provided the greatest share of the fighting forces. Other tribes in the confederacy included the Delaware (Lenape), Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi), Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, and Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, and others). In most cases, an entire tribe was not involved in the war; the Indian societies were generally not centralized. Villages and individual warriors and chiefs decided on participation in the war. Nearly 200 Cherokee | 26,202 |
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warriors from two bands of the Overmountain Towns fought alongside the Shawnee from the inception of the Revolution through the years of the Indian Confederacy. In addition, the Chickamauga (Lower Town) Cherokee leader, Dragging Canoe, sent a contingent of warriors for a specific action.
Some warriors of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes from the southeast, which had been traditional enemies of the northwest tribes, served as scouts for the United States during these years.
## British influence.
Still opposed to the US, some British agents in the region sold weapons and ammunition to the Indians and encouraged attacks on American settlers.
British Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe, a veteran | 26,203 |
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of the American Revolutionary War, was delighted with the United States' failures, and hoped for British involvement in the creation of a neutral barrier state between the United States and Canada. In 1793, however, Simcoe abruptly changed policy and sought peace with the United States in order to avoid opening a new front in the French Revolutionary Wars. Simcoe treated the United States commissioners – Benjamin Lincoln, Beverly Randolph, and Timothy Pickering – cordially when they arrived at Niagara in May 1793, seeking an escort by way of the Great Lakes in order to avoid the fate of John Hardin and Alexander Truman in 1792.
# Course of the war.
## Logan's raid.
War parties launched a | 26,204 |
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series of isolated raids in the mid-1780s, resulting in escalating bloodshed and mistrust. In the fall of 1786, General Benjamin Logan led a force of Federal soldiers and mounted Kentucky militia against several Shawnee towns along the Mad River. These were defended primarily by noncombatants while the warriors were raiding forts in Kentucky. Logan burned the native towns and food supplies, and killed or captured numerous natives, including their chief Moluntha, who was murdered by one of Logan's men. Logan's raid and the execution of the chief embittered the Shawnees, who retaliated by escalating their attacks on American settlers.
Native American raids on both sides of the Ohio River resulted | 26,205 |
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in increasing casualties. During the mid- and late-1780s, American settlers south of the Ohio River in Kentucky and travelers on and north of the Ohio River suffered approximately 1,500 casualties. Settlers retaliated with attacks on Indians.
## Harmar Campaign.
In 1790, President George Washington and Secretary of War Henry Knox ordered General Josiah Harmar to launch the Harmar campaign, a major western offensive into the Shawnee and Miami country. General Harmar's ultimate goal was Kekionga, a large Native American city that was important to the British trade economy, and that protected a strategic portage between the Great Lakes Basin and Mississippi watershed. His forces of about 1,453 | 26,206 |
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militia and regulars departed Fort Washington on 7 October 1790. From 19–21 October 1790, General Harmar lost 3 successive skirmishes near Kekionga (present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. On 19 October, a scouting party of about 400 mixed forces under the command of Colonel John Hardin was lured into an ambush near the village of Le Gris, losing 129 soldiers in one of two defeats that has been called Hardin's Defeat. The following day, another scouting party under Ensign Phillip Hartshorn was ambushed, but Harmar did not move to assist them or recover their remains. Finally, on 21 October 1790, a mixed party of militia and regulars under Colonel Hardin established attack positions on Kekionga and | 26,207 |
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awaited reinforcements from General Harmar, which never came. Instead, forces under Little Turtle overwhelmed Hardin and compelled the U.S. forces to retreat in the second battle known as Harmar's Defeat. With 3 consecutive losses, more than 300 casualties, and low morale, Harmar retreated to Fort Washington. It was largest Native American victory over US forces until the following year, and emboldened Native Nations within the Northwest Territory. Within months, Indian forces attacked settlements at Big Bottom massacre and Siege of Dunlap's Station.
## St. Clair's defeat.
Washington ordered Major General Arthur St. Clair, who had been president of Congress when the Northwest Ordinance passed | 26,208 |
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and was now serving as governor of the Northwest Territory, to mount a more vigorous effort by Summer 1791. After considerable trouble finding men and supplies, St. Clair was somewhat ready, but the troops had received little training. The army of 1,486 and 200 camp followers did not depart Fort Washington until October 1791. St. Clair stopped to erect Fort Jefferson as a supply depot and continued North towards Kekionga, but the army and followers had dwindled to a combined mass of 1,120 by November. At dawn on 4 November 1791, St. Clair's force was camped (near modern Fort Recovery, Ohio) with weak defenses set up on the perimeter. A Native American force of about 2,000 warriors, led by Little | 26,209 |
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Turtle and Blue Jacket, struck quickly. Surprising the Americans, they soon overran the poorly prepared perimeter. The barely trained recruits panicked and were slaughtered, along with many of their officers, who frantically tried to restore order and stop the rout. After 4 hours, St. Clair ordered an evacuation, abandoning the wounded. The small Fort Jefferson could not protect the retreating forces, and they were forced to continue all the way to Fort Washington for safety. The U.S. casualty rate was 69%, based on the deaths of 632 of the 920 soldiers and officers, with 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 unarmed camp followers were killed, for a total of about 832 deaths—the highest United | 26,210 |
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States losses in any of its battles with Native Americans. St. Clair and his aide-de-camp were among the wounded. With a casualty rate of 97%, St. Clair's Defeat remains one of the worst disasters in U.S. Army history.
The American Indian coalition did not immediately follow up on their victory. Instead, most returned to their villages to hunt before Winter set in, but agreed to a grand council the following year. The British conceived plans to re-negotiate control of the NorthWest Territory with the United States, but opted instead to curry favor with the young republic due to escalating tensions with France. The US response was markedly different. Within weeks of learning of the disaster, | 26,211 |
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President Washington declared the US to be "involved in actual war!" and urged Congress to raise an army capable of conducting a successful offense against the Western Confederacy. Congress responded by establishing the Legion of the United States and increasing military pay. It also passed the Militia Acts of 1792. Washington forced St. Clair to resign, replacing him with Major General Anthony Wayne.
## Fort Jefferson.
In January 1792, Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson assumed command of the Second Regiment United States Army at Fort Washington, and constructed Fort St. Clair to improve communications and logistics between Fort Hamilton and Fort Jefferson. The three forts were garrisoned | 26,212 |
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with less than 150 men each, including infirmed soldiers and servants. On 11 June 1792, a force of about 15 Shawnee and Delaware attacked the northern-most outpost, Fort Jefferson, while the detachment there was cutting hay. Four soldiers were killed and left in the hay and 15 were captured. Eleven of the captives, including the sergeant in charge, were later killed, and the four remaining soldiers were sent to a Chippewa village. On 29 September, several soldiers were killed while guarding cattle at Fort Jefferson.
## Council on the Auglaize.
In 1792, after the discovery of United States espionage operations, Washington sent out Peace emissaries. The first was Major Alexander Truman, his | 26,213 |
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servant William Lynch and guide/interpreter William Smalley. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at what later became Ottawa, Putnam County, Ohio. A similar mission in May 1792 under Colonel John Hardin also ended in Hardin and his servant Freeman being mistaken for spies and killed on the site of modern Hardin, Ohio.
Meanwhile, Native American tribes continued to debate whether to continue the war or sue for peace while they had the advantage. A Grand Council of several nations met at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers in Sept. 1792. Alexander McKee represented British interests and arrived in late September. For a week in October, | 26,214 |
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pro-war factions, especially Simon Girty, the Shawnee, and Miami, debated moderate factions, especially the Six Nations represented by Cornplanter and Red Jacket. The Council agreed that the Ohio River must remain the boundary of the United States, that the forts in the Ohio Country must be destroyed, and that they would meet with the United States at the Lower Sandusky River in spring 1793. The United States received the demands of the Grand Council with indignation, but Henry Knox agreed to send treaty commissioners Benjamin Lincoln, Timothy Pickering, and Beverley Randolph to the 1793 council and suspend all offensive operations until that time.
## Raid on Camp St. Clair.
In November 1792, | 26,215 |
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following the decision of the Auglaize Grand Council, Little Turtle led a force of 200 Miami and Shawnee past Fort Jefferson and Fort St. Clair, and reached Fort Hamilton on 3 November in time to attack close to the United States settlements on the anniversary of St. Clair's Defeat. They captured two prisoners and learned that a large convoy of packhorses had left for Fort Jefferson and was due back in a matter of days. Little Turtle moved north and found the convoy, nearly 100 horses and 100 Kentucky militia led by Major John Adair, camped just outside Fort St. Clair. Little Turtle attacked at dawn, just as Major Adair recalled his sentries. The militia conducted an organized retreat to the | 26,216 |
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fort, losing six killed and four missing, while another five were wounded. Major Adair later criticized Fort St. Clair's commandant, Captain Bradley, for his failure to come to their aid. Little Turtle's force lost two warriors, but captured the camp and all provisions. All horses were killed, wounded, or driven off; only 23 were later recovered. Wilkinson considered the horses to be a loss that would make the advanced forts un-defendable.
## Sandusky River council.
The 1793 Sandusky River council was delayed until late in July. The United States commissioners – Benjamin Lincoln, Beverly Randolph, and Timothy Pickering – arrived at Niagara in May 1793, seeking a British escort by way of the | 26,217 |
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Great Lakes in order to avoid the fate of John Hardin and Alexander Truman in 1792. At the council, disagreement broke out between Shawnee and the Six Nations. The Shawnee and Delaware insisted that the United States recognize the 1768 Fort Stanwix Treaty between the Six Nations and Great Britain, which set the Ohio River as a boundary. Joseph Brant countered that the Six Nations had nothing to gain from this demand and refused to concede. The U.S. commissioners argued that it would be too expensive to move white settlers who had already established homesteads north of the Ohio River. On 13 August, the Council (without the Six Nations) sent a declaration to the U.S. commissioners, contesting | 26,218 |
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U.S. claims to any lands above the Ohio since they were based on treaties made with nations that did not live there, and with money that had no value to the Native tribes. The council proposed that the U.S. relocate white settlers using the money that would have been used to buy Ohio lands and pay the Legion of the United States. The council ended with discord among the confederacy, and Benjamin Lincoln wrote to John Adams that they had failed to secure a peace in the Northwest.
On 11 September 1793, Little Turtle's son-in-law William Wells arrived at Fort Jefferson with news of the Grand Council's failure, and with a warning that a force of over 1500 warriors was ready to attack Fort Jefferson | 26,219 |
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and the Legion of the United States.
## Legion of the United States.
After St Clair's disaster, Washington ordered General "Mad" Anthony Wayne to form a well-trained force and put an end to the situation. Wayne accepted the appointment in 1792 and took command of the new Legion of the United States later that year, taking time to train and supply the new Army while the United States negotiated terms of peace. In the spring of 1793, Wayne moved the Legion from Pennsylvania downriver to Fort Washington, at a camp Wayne named Hobson's Choice because they had no other options. They conducted training during the council on the Sandusky River.
Upon news of the Grand Council's failure in September, | 26,220 |
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Wayne advanced his troops north into Indian held territory. In November, the Legion built a new fort north of Fort Jefferson, which Wayne named Fort Greeneville on 20 November 1793 in honor of General Nathanael Greene. The Legion wintered here, but Wayne dispatched a detachment of about 300 men on 23 December to quickly build Fort Recovery on the site of St. Clair's defeat and recover the cannons lost there in 1791. In response, the British built Fort Miami to block Wayne's advance and to protect Fort Detroit. By June 1794, the Legion at Fort Recovery had recovered four copper cannons (two six-pound and two three-pound), two copper howitzers, and one iron carronade.
That same month, an American | 26,221 |
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Indian force of over 1,200 warriors under the nominal command of the Odawa Bear Chief and British officers arrived at Fort Recovery with powder and shot, intent on recovering the same cannons. The force destroyed an escort and captured or scattered several hundred pack horses used for supply convoys, but failed to capture the fort, which was defended by artillery, dragoons, and Chickasaw scouts. The British officers recovered one cannon, but were unable to utilize it; one later stated that "had we two barrels of powder, Fort Recovery would have been in our possession with the help of St. Clair's cannon." Those defending the fort suffered 23 killed, 29 wounded, and three captured. Estimates of | 26,222 |
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the Native Nations casualties range from 17 to 50 killed, and perhaps 100 wounded, some of whom later died of their wounds. Little Turtle identified Wayne as a "black snake who never sleeps," and asked the British for artillery and soldiers, which the British declined to provide.
From Fort Recovery, Wayne pushed north in August 1974 and had the Legion construct Fort Adams. A tree fell on Wayne's tent at Fort Adams on 3 August 1794. He survived but was knocked unconscious. By the next day, he had recovered sufficiently to resume the march to the newly built Fort Defiance, so named from a declaration by Charles Scott that "I defy the English, Indians, and all the devils of hell to take it.". | 26,223 |
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Finally, as the Legion approached Fort Miamis, Wayne stopped to build Fort Deposit, which acted as a rally point and baggage camp so that the Legion could go into battle as light infantry.
## Battle of Fallen Timbers.
On the morning of 20 August, the Legion approached Falling Timbers, a location chosen for battle by the Native alliance commander Blue Jacket where a tornado had felled hundreds of trees. Wayne divided his infantry into two wings, the right commanded by James Wilkinson, the other by Jean François Hamtramck. The Legion’s cavalry secured the right along the Maumee River. Scott’s provided a brigade of mounted militia to guard the open left flank, while the rest of the Kentucky militia | 26,224 |
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formed a reserve. Once contact had been established, U.S. scouts identified the location of Confederacy warriors, and Wayne ordered an immediate bayonet charge. Legion dragoons also charged and attacked with sabres. Blue Jacket's warriors fled from the battlefield to regroup nearby Fort Miami, but found themselves locked out of the fort by the British occupants. (Britain and the United States were by then reaching a close rapprochement to counter Jacobin France during the French Revolution.) The entire battle lasted less than an hour.
Wayne's army encamped for three days in the area, during which time they destroyed Indian villages and crops in the region of Fort Deposit.
Wayne's Legion finally | 26,225 |
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arrived at Kekionga on 17 September 1794, and Wayne personally selected the site for a new U.S. fort. Wayne wanted a strong fort built, capable of withstanding not only an Indian uprising, but a possible attack by the British from Fort Detroit. The fort was finished by 17 October, and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannons. It was named Fort Wayne and placed under command of Jean François Hamtramck, who had been commandant of Fort Knox in Vincennes and had commanded the left wing at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The fort was officially dedicated 22 October, the fourth anniversary of Harmar's Defeat, and the day is considered the founding of the modern city of Fort Wayne, Indiana.
That | 26,226 |
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Winter, Wayne also reinforced his line of defensive forts with Fort St. Marys, Fort Loramie, and Fort Piqua.
## Treaty of Greenville and Jay Treaty.
Within months of Fallen Timbers, the United States and Great Britain negotiated the Jay Treaty, which required British withdrawal from the Great Lakes forts while opening up some British territory in the Caribbean for American trade. The treaty also encoded free trade and freedom of movement for Native Americans living in territories controlled by the United States or Great Britain. The Jay Treaty was ratified by the United States Senate in 1795. The Jay Treaty and US relations with Great Britain remained as political issues in the 1796 United | 26,227 |
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States presidential election, in which John Adams beat Jay Treaty opponent Thomas Jefferson.
The United States also negotiated the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Signed by President Washington on 22 December 1795, the northwest Native American tribes were forced to cede southern and eastern Ohio and various tracts of land around forts and settlements in Illinois Country; to recognize the U.S., rather than Britain, as the ruling power in the Old Northwest; and to surrender ten chiefs as hostages until all American prisoners were returned. The Miami also lost private control of the Kekionga portage, since the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress guaranteed free use of important portages in the | 26,228 |
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region.
# Aftermath.
Most of the western forts were abandoned in 1796; Fort Washington, the last, was moved across the Ohio River to Kentucky in 1803 and became the Newport Barracks. General Wayne supervised the surrender of British posts in the Northwest Territory, and personally selected the construction site of Fort Wayne in Kekionga to secure his Legion's victory. Wayne suffered a severe attack of gout and died on 15 December 1796, one year after the ratification of the Treaty of Greenville.
After the end of hostilities, large numbers of United States settlers migrated to the Northwest Territory. Five years after the Treaty of Greenville, the territory was split into Ohio and Indiana | 26,229 |
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Territory, and in February 1803, the State of Ohio was admitted to the Union. The border between Ohio and the Indiana Territory closely followed the line of advanced forts and the Greenville Treaty Line.
Several veterans of the Northwest Indian War are known for their later achievements, including William Henry Harrison, William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, and Tecumseh.
Future Native American resistance movements were unable to form a union matching the size or capability seen during the Northwest Indian War. In 1805, Tenskwatawa began a traditionalist movement that rejected United States practices. His followers settled at Prophetstown in Indiana Territory, leading to Tecumseh's War and the | 26,230 |
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Northwest theater of the War of 1812.
# Key figures.
## United States.
- Henry Knox, Secretary of War
- Josiah Harmar, Brigadier General in command during the 1790 Harmar Campaign
- Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory and Major General at St. Clair's Defeat
- Anthony Wayne, Major General in command of Legion of the United States at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
- Charles Scott, Brigadier General commanding the Kentucky militia during Wayne's campaign
- James Wilkinson, Lieutenant Colonel in command of Fort Washington and Wayne's second in command
## Indian Confederacy.
- Little Turtle (Miami)
- Blue Jacket (Shawnee)
- Buckongahelas (Delaware)
- Roundhead, (or "Stayeghtha") | 26,231 |
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(Wyandot)
- Egushawa (Ottawa)
- Joseph Brant (Mohawk)
## British Empire.
- Sir Guy Carleton Commander-in-Chief of British North America
- William Campbell, British Major in command of Fort Miamis
- John Graves Simcoe Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada
- Alexander McKee British Agent to the Western Confederacy and Colonel in the Indian Department
# See also.
- American Indian wars
# Further reading.
- Fernandes, Melanie L. (2016) ""Under the auspices of peace": The Northwest Indian War and its Impact on the Early American Republic," "The Gettysburg Historical Journal": Vol. 15, Article 8. Available at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol15/iss1/8
# External links.
- Bibliography | 26,232 |
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British North America
- William Campbell, British Major in command of Fort Miamis
- John Graves Simcoe Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada
- Alexander McKee British Agent to the Western Confederacy and Colonel in the Indian Department
# See also.
- American Indian wars
# Further reading.
- Fernandes, Melanie L. (2016) ""Under the auspices of peace": The Northwest Indian War and its Impact on the Early American Republic," "The Gettysburg Historical Journal": Vol. 15, Article 8. Available at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol15/iss1/8
# External links.
- Bibliography of The Continental Army Operations against the Indians compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History | 26,233 |
1055553 | Algaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algaut | Algaut
Algaut
Algaut (or "Algöt") was a Geatish king who ruled West Götaland according to the Heimskringla. Snorri Sturluson relates that he was burnt to death by his son-in-law, the Swedish king Ingjald Ill-ruler. | 26,234 |
1055557 | Massouda Jalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massouda%20Jalal | Massouda Jalal
Massouda Jalal
Massouda Jalal is a politician in Afghanistan, who served as Minister of Women's Affairs from October 2004 to July 2006. She was also the only woman candidate in the
2004 Afghan presidential election.
She has a background as a pediatrician, teacher at Kabul University, and a UN World Food Programme worker.
# Early life and education.
Born in Gul Bahar in Kapisa Province, one of seven children, Jalal moved to Kabul to attend high school. She later attended Kabul University, where she was a member of the faculty until 1996, when the Taliban government had her removed. Jalal, a psychiatrist and pediatrician, also worked at several Kabul hospitals and, after her removal from the | 26,235 |
1055557 | Massouda Jalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massouda%20Jalal | Massouda Jalal
university faculty, as a United Nations employee within the World Food Programme. Her husband is a law instructor at Kabul University; they have three children.
# Career.
Although she was uninvolved in politics during the Taliban regine, Jalal emerged after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 as a leading voice for the role of women in Afghan society. A representative of her Kabul neighborhood to the 2002 loya jirga, her name was placed into consideration to lead Afghanistan as interim president, but she placed a distant second to Hamid Karzai, with support from only 171 of the 1575 delegates. Dr. Massoda Jalal served as Minister of Women’s Affairs from October 2004 to July 2006, and she has since | 26,236 |
1055557 | Massouda Jalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massouda%20Jalal | Massouda Jalal
vocally criticized the Karzai government for not significantly advancing the social position of women.
As an outsider in Afghanistan's power structure, Jalal stressed her independence from the warlords and past oppressive regimes. Although many of the candidates for the Afghan presidency withdrew from the race and called for a boycott of the election following reports of voting irregularities at some polling places, Jalal was one of the few candidates who did not join the protest. An exit poll taken during the October 2004 election showed Jalal taking about seven percent of the vote among Afghan women.
Jalal received 1.1 percent of the vote in the 2004 election, placing 6th among 17 male candidates. | 26,237 |
1055557 | Massouda Jalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massouda%20Jalal | Massouda Jalal
She was a member of the Karzai Administration from October 2004 to July 2006, serving at the Women's Affairs minister in the cabinet.
In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included Jalal on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan Presidential election.
Although Majidyar wrote that Jalal had said she would run again, she did not run. Two other women Dr. Frozan Fana and Shahla Atta did run.
Between the two of them they got a smaller share of the popular vote than Jalal got on her own.
# External links.
- http://mowa.gov.af/english/?page_id=30
- "Frontrunner", New View Films, feature documentary about Jalal's campaign for President
- | 26,238 |
1055557 | Massouda Jalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massouda%20Jalal | Massouda Jalal
arzai Administration from October 2004 to July 2006, serving at the Women's Affairs minister in the cabinet.
In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included Jalal on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan Presidential election.
Although Majidyar wrote that Jalal had said she would run again, she did not run. Two other women Dr. Frozan Fana and Shahla Atta did run.
Between the two of them they got a smaller share of the popular vote than Jalal got on her own.
# External links.
- http://mowa.gov.af/english/?page_id=30
- "Frontrunner", New View Films, feature documentary about Jalal's campaign for President
- "Jalal Foundation" | 26,239 |
1055561 | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary%20Workers%20Headquarters | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters
Revolutionary Workers Headquarters
Revolutionary Workers Headquarters (RWH) was a U.S. Marxist-Leninist organization that formed out of a split from the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) in 1977. After Mao Zedong, leader of the Communist Party of China, died in 1976, the majority of the RCP's leadership criticized the post-Mao Chinese leadership as "revisionist" and "capitalist-roaders", saying that China was no longer a socialist country.
A sizable minority of the RCP believed China was still a socialist country, and continued to support the post-Mao Chinese Communist Party under new leader Hua Guofeng. They left the RCP to form the RWH. Aside from differences on how to assess the changes | 26,240 |
1055561 | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary%20Workers%20Headquarters | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters
in China, the RWH also criticized the RCP for ultra-leftism, or left-idealism in their approach to political work in the U.S. After leaving the RCP, the RWH also did an extensive critique of the RCP's line on the national question, criticizing the RCP for being "white chauvinist".
The RWH published this critique in a lengthy pamphlet titled "Build the Black Liberation Movement", which itself was subsequently criticized by Amiri Baraka of the League of Revolutionary Struggle in a pamphlet titled "RWH on the BLM: Wrong Again!" as having white chauvinist errors. The RWH made efforts to unite in the early 1980s with the Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), but then the CP(M-L) dissolved. In 1985, | 26,241 |
1055561 | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary%20Workers%20Headquarters | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters
the RWH merged with the Proletarian Unity League and the Organization for Revolutionary Unity to form the Freedom Road Socialist Organization.
During its brief existence, RWH cadre were active in various movements, including the labor movement, struggles of oppressed nationalities, the women's movement, the student movement, the struggle for divestiture from companies doing business in then-apartheid dominated South Africa, and others. Through its cadres who worked in the Revolutionary Student Brigade, the RWH was directly involved with the founding of the Progressive Student Network.
Initially, RWH activity was almost exclusively found in urban areas of the Midwest and the East; it expanded | 26,242 |
1055561 | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary%20Workers%20Headquarters | Revolutionary Workers Headquarters
ompanies doing business in then-apartheid dominated South Africa, and others. Through its cadres who worked in the Revolutionary Student Brigade, the RWH was directly involved with the founding of the Progressive Student Network.
Initially, RWH activity was almost exclusively found in urban areas of the Midwest and the East; it expanded to the West Coast when it absorbed the Bay Area Communist Union in 1979.
While the RWH was structured according to the principles of democratic centralism, it did not consider itself a communist party "per se", but rather a "pre-party organization."
# See also.
New Communist Movement
# Further reading.
- Revolutionary Workers Headquarters Online Archive | 26,243 |
1055586 | Dance Band on the Titanic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance%20Band%20on%20the%20Titanic | Dance Band on the Titanic
Dance Band on the Titanic
Dance Band on the Titanic is the seventh studio album by the American singer-songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1977. Its vinyl release is a double album. It was later released as a single CD.
# Reception.
Reviewed at the time of release, Sounds said, "Mr Chapin is such a master at his particular craft that his music itself is totally middle class, boring and as bland as the outward appearances and the public lifestyles of the men and women in his songs. So what is Chapin trying to do? Express suburban, boredom and frustration in realistic photographic detail? He does that alright."
# Personnel.
- Harry Chapin – guitar, vocals
- Buzz Brauner – tenor saxophone
- | 26,244 |
1055586 | Dance Band on the Titanic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance%20Band%20on%20the%20Titanic | Dance Band on the Titanic
Barbara Carr – vocals
- Stephen Chapin – piano, vocals
- Tom Chapin – guitar, banjo, vocals
- Harry DiVito – trombone
- Howie Fields – drums
- Steve Gadd – drums
- Marsh Lynn Goldberg – vocals
- Jeff Gross – vocals
- Neil Jason – bass
- Arthur Jenkins – percussion
- Bernie Keising – bass, vocals
- Art Krahulek – vocals
- Barbara Lindquist – vocals
- Theodore Marnel – vocals
- Craig Mitchell – vocals
- Nancy Newman – vocals
- Ronald Palmer – guitar, vocals
- John Quayle – vocals
- Elliott Randall – guitar
- Steve Randall – vocals
- Donna D. Reilly – vocals
- Kim Scholes – cello
- Tim Scott – cello
- Gus Skinas – programming
- Mike Solomon – vocals
- Chris Waite – percussion
- | 26,245 |
1055586 | Dance Band on the Titanic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance%20Band%20on%20the%20Titanic | Dance Band on the Titanic
banjo, vocals
- Harry DiVito – trombone
- Howie Fields – drums
- Steve Gadd – drums
- Marsh Lynn Goldberg – vocals
- Jeff Gross – vocals
- Neil Jason – bass
- Arthur Jenkins – percussion
- Bernie Keising – bass, vocals
- Art Krahulek – vocals
- Barbara Lindquist – vocals
- Theodore Marnel – vocals
- Craig Mitchell – vocals
- Nancy Newman – vocals
- Ronald Palmer – guitar, vocals
- John Quayle – vocals
- Elliott Randall – guitar
- Steve Randall – vocals
- Donna D. Reilly – vocals
- Kim Scholes – cello
- Tim Scott – cello
- Gus Skinas – programming
- Mike Solomon – vocals
- Chris Waite – percussion
- Doug Walker – guitar, mandolin, vocals
- John Wallace – bass, vocals | 26,246 |
1055566 | Mullett Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullett%20Lake | Mullett Lake
Mullett Lake
Mullett Lake is a lake in Cheboygan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The lake is named after John Mullett, who, together with William A. Burt, made a federal survey of the area from 1840 to 1843. A neighboring lake was named after Burt. Historically, Mullett Lake has been recorded as Mullet Lake, Mullet's Lake, and Mullett's Lake on maps and documents.
# Description of lake.
Major inflows to the lake are the Indian River, which connects with nearby Burt Lake, Pigeon River, Little Pigeon River, and Mullett Creek. The Cheboygan River flows out of the northeast end of the lake.
The lake is part of the Inland Waterway, by which one can boat from Crooked Lake and Round Lake near | 26,247 |
1055566 | Mullett Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullett%20Lake | Mullett Lake
the Little Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan across the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula to Cheboygan on Lake Huron.
The Inland Waterway was a Native American trade route that was later opened to small steamer and modern recreational traffic.
Interstate 75 passes to the west of the lake, with two interchanges near the south end of the lake at the unincorporated community of Indian River. M-27 passes along the northern shore of the lake through the unincorporated communities of Mullett Lake and Topinabee, while M-33 running north–south passes along a portion of the eastern shore through the community of Aloha.
Mullett Lake is an excellent fishery, containing large populations of game species, | 26,248 |
1055566 | Mullett Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullett%20Lake | Mullett Lake
including brown trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, lake trout, splake, smelt, northern Pike, muskellunge, yellow perch, walleye, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass,sunfish and most notably lake sturgeon (the state record specimen was taken from these waters)
In the census-designated place of Mullett Lake, which is located on the north end of Mullett Lake, there is a historic former Michigan Central passenger train station. The station sits directly at the end of Polish Line Road and has about of lake front property. It was bought in 1950 by an old railroad employee once it shut down and was turned into a family cottage. The "Old Depot", which is the nickname for the cottage, was the main connection | 26,249 |
1055566 | Mullett Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullett%20Lake | Mullett Lake
ate record specimen was taken from these waters)
In the census-designated place of Mullett Lake, which is located on the north end of Mullett Lake, there is a historic former Michigan Central passenger train station. The station sits directly at the end of Polish Line Road and has about of lake front property. It was bought in 1950 by an old railroad employee once it shut down and was turned into a family cottage. The "Old Depot", which is the nickname for the cottage, was the main connection between Detroit and Mackinaw City. The former railbed now serves as the North Central State Trail.
# See also.
- List of lakes in Michigan
# External links.
- Mullett Lake Area Preservation Society | 26,250 |
1055597 | Michael Dixon (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Dixon%20(political%20activist) | Michael Dixon (political activist)
Michael Dixon (political activist)
Michael Dixon is an American libertarian political activist and was the national chair of the United States Libertarian Party from 2004 to 2006.
A management consultant in the financial services industry, Dixon was elected to the position of national chair on the first ballot by delegates to the 2004 Libertarian National Convention in Atlanta. Dixon had previously served as a member of the Libertarian National Committee (as an at-large member and as a regional representative) since 1998, and as chair of the Illinois Libertarian Party from 1993 to 1994.
Dixon's other professional experience includes development consulting with various free-market causes including | 26,251 |
1055597 | Michael Dixon (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Dixon%20(political%20activist) | Michael Dixon (political activist)
sition of national chair on the first ballot by delegates to the 2004 Libertarian National Convention in Atlanta. Dixon had previously served as a member of the Libertarian National Committee (as an at-large member and as a regional representative) since 1998, and as chair of the Illinois Libertarian Party from 1993 to 1994.
Dixon's other professional experience includes development consulting with various free-market causes including The Heartland Institute and the recent appointment as a member of the corporation of the American Institute of Economic Research in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
# External links.
- Profile from LP newsletter
- LP press release on national chair election | 26,252 |
1055590 | Sakharov Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakharov%20Prize | Sakharov Prize
Sakharov Prize
The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, commonly known as the Sakharov Prize, honours individuals and groups of people who have dedicated their lives to the defense of human rights and freedom of thought. Named after Russian scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, the prize was established in December 1988 by the European Parliament. A shortlist of nominees is drawn up annually by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and Committee on Development. The MEPs who make up those committees then select a shortlist in September. Thereafter, the final choice is given to The European Parliament’s Conference of Presidents (President and political group’s leaders) and | 26,253 |
1055590 | Sakharov Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakharov%20Prize | Sakharov Prize
the laureate's name is announced late in October. The prize is awarded in a ceremony at the Parliament’s Strasbourg hemicycle (round chamber) in December. The prize includes a monetary award of €50,000.
The first prize was awarded jointly to South African Nelson Mandela and Russian Anatoly Marchenko. The 1990 award was given to Aung San Suu Kyi, but she could not receive it until 2013 as a result of her political imprisonment in Burma. The prize has also been awarded to organisations, the first being the Argentine Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 1992. Five Sakharov laureates were subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Malala Yousafzai, Denis Mukwege, and | 26,254 |
1055590 | Sakharov Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakharov%20Prize | Sakharov Prize
receive it until 2013 as a result of her political imprisonment in Burma. The prize has also been awarded to organisations, the first being the Argentine Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 1992. Five Sakharov laureates were subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Malala Yousafzai, Denis Mukwege, and Nadia Murad.
Razan Zaitouneh (2011) was kidnapped in 2013 and is still missing. Nasrin Sotoudeh (2012) was released from prison in September 2013, but is still barred from leaving Iran, along with fellow 2012 laureate Jafar Panahi. The 2017 prize was awarded to the Democratic Opposition in Venezuela, under boycott of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left. | 26,255 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
Cham, Switzerland
Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.
# Location.
Cham is located on the northern shore of Lake Zug, northwest of the cantonal capital of Zug. Surrounding Cham, Steinhausen is to the east, Hünenberg is to the west, Lake Zug is south, and Maschwanden and Knonau in the Canton of Zürich are to the north. The town has an area of . The train station is located above sea level and the highest point in town is above sea level.
The town is located at the mouth of the Lorze river, with two sections (Kirchbühl and Städtli) located on both sides of the river. Cham also includes a number of smaller villages; Enikon, Lindencham, Friesencham, Hagendorn, Rumentikon, | 26,256 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
Niederwil, Oberwil and Bibersee.
Cham has an area, , of . Of this area, 63.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 13.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 21.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
# History.
The shores of Lake Zug were populated at least 6000 years ago with several sites in Cham. A number of finds in the village of Oberwil in Cham show that there were a number of middle and late Bronze Age settlements in Cham. In 1944–45 a large, unique Roman watermill with multiple waterwheels was found in the village of Hagendorn. A Roman warehouse from the same era has been discovered in the village of Heiligkreuz.
The | 26,257 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
city's name, Cham, means 'village' and refers to a large Celtic settlement on the shore of Lake Zug. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, there was also an Alamannic settlement, but only place names remain. The first mention of the town (as "Chama") occurred on 16 April 858 when King Louis the German gave the town to his daughter, Hildegard, the abbess of the Fraumünster Abbey in Zürich. The town was administered by a variety of nobles and bailiffs over the following centuries.
In 1360 the town was granted a charter as well as the rights to hold a market and enroll citizens. This charter, granted by Charles IV, was given to Gottfried von Hünenberg as the ruler of the city. The | 26,258 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
Habsburgs, attempting to maintain their influence in the region following the loss of Zug to the Swiss Confederation in 1364, bought part of the town in 1366 and completely bought the Hünenberg family out in 1370. However, following the decisive Habsburg defeat in the Battle of Sempach in 1386, Cham was taken by Zug and Schwyz. The Habsburgs had pawned the town to a citizen of Zürich, Götz Mülner, and so Zug was not able to completely own the city until the loan was repaid in 1415. The city would remain under the control of the vogt or bailiff of Zug until the French invasion of 1798.
In the 16th century, the reform-minded preacher Jost Müller unsuccessfully attempted to bring the Reformation | 26,259 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
to Cham.
Following the 1798 invasion of Switzerland and the collapse of the Old Swiss Confederacy, Cham finally became an independent town; although the citizens still paid some taxes and tithes to Zug until 1816 when most were abolished and 1872 when the last one ended.
The rapid industrialization of the second half of the 19th century caused a population boom in Cham and the surrounding villages. The population doubled between 1850 and 1880 and continued to grow at a slightly slower rate afterward. The first urban plan and construction ordinances came into being in 1950. A goal of the planning was to maintain the character of the industrial part of the city, becoming a center for the surrounding | 26,260 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
villages and preserve the parkland along the lake. In 1991 the town was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage. By 1990 Cham was the third largest city in the canton of Zug.
# Demographics.
Cham has a population (as of ) of . 19.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years, the population has grown at a rate of 14%. Most of the population () speaks German (85.7%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (3.1%) and Italian being third (1.9%).
In the 2007 federal election, the most popular party was the SVP which received 31.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (22.2%), the FDP (18.2%) and | 26,261 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
the Green Party (17.8%).
In Cham, about 76.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either a university or a "Fachhochschule").
The historical population was
# Weather.
Cham has an average of 136.1 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Cham receives an average of of precipitation. During this month, there is precipitation for an average of 13.5 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 13.5 days.
# Sights and recreation.
This small town has its own medical clinic, institutions for | 26,262 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
primary and secondary education, kindergarten and a public green with sports facilities available all year round.
Cham also provides visitors and residents alike with hotel services, congress hall, churches (Roman Catholic and Reformed), a marina, and a castle (St. Andreas). The church of St. James is a late Baroque building from the 18th century, with a late Gothic tower from the 15th century. There are several well-established restaurants providing a variety of local and international cuisines.
## Heritage sites of national significance.
There are a number of Swiss heritage sites of national significance in Cham. These include the "Eslen", a Neolithic lake shore settlement, the church and | 26,263 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
Cistercian convent at Frauenthal, the Castle of St. Andreas, two buildings in the old city, and the brickyard.
# Transportation.
Cham is located from Zug and is centrally located between Luzern () and Zürich (). The Swiss Federal Railways line from Luzern through Thalwil to Zürich occasionally stops in Cham. The E41 highway passes near Cham. The city can also be reached by bus from Zug and in the summer by boat.
# Industry.
Cham has an unemployment rate of 2.05%. , there were 206 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 68 businesses involved in this sector. 2,151 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 179 businesses in this sector. 4,900 people are employed | 26,264 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
in the tertiary sector, with 783 businesses in this sector.
For most of Cham's history, farming and light industry were the main sources of income. The Lorze River has always been a key for the development of the city. The first recorded watermill in Cham was built in 1279. About 1641 a dyeing and bleaching operation was built along the river. In 1657 a paper mill was built, which partly mechanized in the 1720s and had the first paper machine in 1840. Following several mergers and expansions, this factory became the first Swiss wood pulp factory. In the 20th century it became Papierfabrik Cham AG, the largest company in Cham.
In 1863, a cotton spinning and weaving company opened in Cham. Following | 26,265 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
a major fire in 1888 the factory closed, but the dormitories for child laborers for the factory are now a children's home.
In 1864, Cham was connected to the Zürich-Lucerne train line. In 1866, the American Page family founded the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham to take advantage of this new rail line. The company initially produced only condensed milk, but soon grew to produce other milk products. In 1905, it merged with the Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé Company to form Nestlé. The company expanded rapidly; by 1907, they had over 1,000 milkmen in 44 locations. In 1913 a conflict over money between the factory and the milkmen led to a strike and weakened the company. Following World | 26,266 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
War I, the company faced financial crisis and began to shut down production in Cham.
In 1905, one-third of the population worked in agriculture, while half worked in industry. By 1955, nearly two-thirds of the population worked in industry. In the following year, industrial jobs decreased while the central location and low taxes encouraged a growth in service industries. In 2001, 80% of the businesses and 58% of the jobs are in service industries, while 40% are in manufacturing.
# Notable People.
- Victor Villiger (1868 in Cham – 1934) a Swiss-born German chemist and the discoverer of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
- Robert Schiess (1896 in Cham – 1956) a Swiss painter and member of the Pontifical | 26,267 |
1055552 | Cham, Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cham,%20Switzerland | Cham, Switzerland
ham – 1956) a Swiss painter and member of the Pontifical Swiss Guard
- George Page (1910 in Cham - date of death unknown) an American alpine skier, competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics
- Grégory Rast (born 1980 in Cham) a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer
- Cora Huber (born 1981 in Cham) a Swiss bobsledder, competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics
- Priska Doppmann (born 1971 in Cham) a Swiss road racing cyclist, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics
- Martin Elmiger (born 1978 in Hagendorn) a Swiss former road racing cyclist, Swiss National Road Race champion in 2001, 2005, 2010 and 2014
# External links.
- Official city website
- Photosite with facts & figures
- Cham Tourism | 26,268 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
Mike Bassett: England Manager
A faux-documentary (mockumentary), the film follows Bassett as he starts his international management career. after England's football manager has a heart attack. Journalist Martin Bashir provides voice-over, and the film features satirical cameo appearances from prominent figures such as Pelé and Atomic Kitten. Minimal use of on-field action is employed, with the focus centered on behind-the-scenes events in boardrooms and the locker room.
Embracing the embarrassment of England's football record, the film makes use of fan violence, tabloid assassination of the team, and the often amateur nature of English football. After qualifying for the World Cup on a technicality, | 26,269 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
Bassett and the team head to Brazil for the tournament.
The film was followed by a television series, "" in 2005.
In 2014 a second film, "Mike Bassett: Interim Manager", attempted to get £250,000 funding on the website "Kickstarter". After the time limit for the funding expired, the campaign was cancelled, and there has since been no further news of this second film.
# Plot.
England manager Phil Cope suffers a heart attack during qualification for the World Cup, which started out well but has gone badly wrong of late. The FA heads meet to decide who should be the new England manager, but soon run into trouble.
The most successful Premiership manager is Scottish (based on Sir Alex Ferguson), | 26,270 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
the second most successful is a former England captain who is interested in the job, but the FA decide that he is too much of a "loudmouth" and refuse to consider him (a reference to the numerous times Brian Clough was passed over for the England job), while none of the other English managers in the Premiership are interested. They are forced to look to Division One, and Bassett, who has just won the Mr Clutch Cup with Norwich City.
Bassett takes over the England team and appoints his assistant manager Lonnie Urquart (Philip Jackson) (a reference to Lawrie McMenemy under the Graham Taylor era) who is very old-fashioned in his beliefs and still acts like a used car salesman and often compares | 26,271 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
the England players' performances to cars, and coach Dave Dodds (Bradley Walsh), a spineless "yes man" who once managed with Mike at Colchester United (a reference to Phil Neal under the Graham Taylor era). The team need one win from three World Cup qualifiers to get to the World Cup Finals in Brazil.
With a squad featuring a pony tailed goalkeeper (based on David Seaman). Kevin Tonkinson, an alcoholic Mackem (based on Paul Gascoigne). Rufus Smalls, a striker going through a very poor run of form (based on Emile Heskey); Steve Harper, a playboy midfielder (based on David Beckham) and Gary Wackett, an extremely aggressive centre back (based on Stuart Pearce/Vinnie Jones). He plays an old fashioned | 26,272 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
4–4–2 formation, and attempts to bring football back to where it belongs. Unfortunately, he loses his first two games in charge, and his managerial career is already on the rocks.
Needing to beat Slovenia in the final qualifier to make it to Brazil, England can only manage a draw. However, a shock 2-0 win by Luxembourg over Turkey sees them go through on goal difference. He and his team record the official England World Cup song with girl group Atomic Kitten and "hellraiser" Keith Allen.
So, England are on their way to Brazil. When they arrive, progress is not smooth as they start their tour by brawling with the Scottish and Irish teams. A difficult group stage sees them on the verge of heading | 26,273 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
home after they can only manage a goalless draw with unfancied Egypt before losing 4-0 to Mexico. To make matters worse, Bassett also receives a phone call from his wife back in England, informing him that his son was bullied at school for the Egypt draw, resulting in his eyebrows being shaved off (a reference to an Egyptian custom, in which a family, when mourning a death of a pet cat, would shave off their own eyebrows).
One of England's training sessions is rendered pointless after Urquart locks the footballs in his Opel and goes shopping. Captain Gary Wackett is sent home for taking part in hooliganism. Midfield playmaker Tonkinson accidentally gets involved in a drunken tryst with a transsexual. | 26,274 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
Assistant manager Urquart is sacked after punching Bassett for berating him as useless and when Mike mixes flaming sambucas with anti-depressants, it seems things can get no worse.
The morning after his drunken incident, he is involved in a press conference where he is expected to step down from the managerial position. When he announces that he is carrying on, the press begin to get hostile and Bassett responds by the reciting of "If—" by Rudyard Kipling, which he finishes by saying that "England will be playing 4–4–fucking–2" and storms out.
Following this, England need to beat Argentina to get through to the second round. England succeed when Tonkinson dribbles past the Argentinian defence | 26,275 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
and blasts a shot which deflects off the crossbar. Tonkinson then punches the ball into the net- likely a reference to the Hand of God Goal from Argentina's Diego Maradona which helped to knock England out of the 1986 World Cup.
England advance to the knock-out stages, where they beat Romania and France. Rufus Smalls scores a hat trick against Romania and becomes England's top goal scorer with 52 international goals. But in the semi-finals, England lose to host nation Brazil. On their plane journey back to Britain, Bashir says to Bassett that England had equalled their best performance since they won in 1966 (in 1990, and again in 2018, England finished fourth). This implies that England lost | 26,276 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
the third place playoff, which is not seen in the film. At the airport, the team depart the plane to a cheering crowd, where Bassett confirms to the waiting press that he will remain as manager.
# Cast.
- Ricky Tomlinson – Mike Bassett
- Amanda Redman – Karine Bassett
- Bradley Walsh – Dave Dodds
- Philip Jackson – Lonnie Urquart
- Phill Jupitus – Tommo Thompson
- Dean Lennox Kelly – Kevin Tonkinson
- Martin Bashir – Interviewer
- Robbie Gee – Rufus Smalls
- Geoff Bell - Gary Wackett
- Pelé – Himself
- Ronaldo - Himself
- Kevin Piper – Norwich newsreader
- Robert Putt – Jack Marshall
- Malcolm Terris – Phil Cope
- Terry Kiely - Harpsey
- Philip Dunbar – Sussex rep
- Ulrich | 26,277 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
Thomsen – Dr. Hans Shoegaarten
- Lloyd McGuire – Midlands rep
- Atomic Kitten - Themselves
- Keith Allen - Himself
- Gabby Logan - Herself
- Barry Venison - Himself
- Alan Green - Commentator
- Brian Moore - Commentator
- Clive Tyldesley - Commentator
- Martin Tyler - Commentator
# Production.
"Mike Bassett: England Manager" is based on the career of Graham Taylor, and documentary "An Impossible Job". Shot in high definition, the film is made to look like it had been shot on 35mm.
# After the film's events.
In the follow up television series, "", it is revealed that Bassett was sacked by England after failing to qualify for the 2004 European Championships, including a defeat to | 26,278 |
1055569 | Mike Bassett: England Manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Bassett:%20England%20Manager | Mike Bassett: England Manager
Job". Shot in high definition, the film is made to look like it had been shot on 35mm.
# After the film's events.
In the follow up television series, "", it is revealed that Bassett was sacked by England after failing to qualify for the 2004 European Championships, including a defeat to Liechtenstein. Bassett subsequently guided Newcastle United to two consecutive relegations, before unsuccessful returns to Norwich and Colchester lead to him taking over at his father's former club, Wirral County.
# Reception.
The movie received a mixed reception from critics. When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it originally opened on #3, behind "" and "Moulin Rouge!" in the top two spots. | 26,279 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
Amos Lawrence
Amos Lawrence (22 April 1786 – 31 December 1852) was an American merchant and philanthropist.
# Biography.
Born in Groton, Massachusetts, Lawrence was the son of Samuel Lawrence, a Revolutionary War officer, and one of the founders of Groton Academy (now Lawrence Academy at Groton), where Amos was educated. Samuel was in turn descended from John Lawrence of Wissett in Suffolk, England, who was one of the first settlers of Groton.
In 1799, Amos Lawrence became a clerk at a country store in Dunstable, Massachusetts and a few months afterward was promoted to a variety store in Groton run by a Mr. Brazer. After the completion of his apprenticeship, in April 1807, Amos went to Boston | 26,280 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
with $20 of his savings. His employers' business there failed. Amos was appointed by the creditors to settle the firm's accounts, and after doing that to their satisfaction he rented a shop on Cornhill and founded a dry-goods establishment on his own account in December. In 1808, his brother Abbott entered his employ as chief clerk, and in 1814 became a partner in the firm, now called A. & A. Lawrence and later A. & A. Lawrence and Co. The firm continued until Amos's death and became the greatest wholesale mercantile house in the United States. It was successful even in the hard times of 1812 to 1815, and afterwards engaged particularly in selling woolen and cotton goods on commission.
The | 26,281 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
firm did much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England. In 1830, it came to the aid of financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. In that year, the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established in Lowell, and Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests there. In 1845–1847, the firm established and built up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honor of Abbott Lawrence, who was a director of the Essex Company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and afterwards was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mills there.
In 1831 when his health failed, Amos Lawrence retired from active involvement in the | 26,282 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
firm, where thereafter Abbott Lawrence was the head. The later years of Amos's life were spent mostly in furthering various philanthropic enterprises. According to his records, from 1829 until his death, Amos Lawrence gave over $639,000 (in 1840s dollars) to charitable causes. In 1842, he decided not to allow his property to increase any further, and in the last eleven years of his life he spent in charity at least $525,000. To Williams College, he gave nearly $40,000; to Groton Academy, which later changed its name to Lawrence Academy to honor both Amos and his brother, William, he gave over $20,000; to Wabash College, Kenyon College, and the theological seminary at Bangor, Maine, he also gave | 26,283 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
sizable sums.
His private donations were numerous, requiring several rooms in his house to coordinate them. Among other things, Amos Lawrence donated libraries to academic institutions, established a children's hospital in Boston, and gave $10,000 for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument (Lawrence's father had fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill). He gave to many good causes on a smaller scale, taking especial delight in occasionally giving books from a bundle in his sleigh or carriage as he drove.
Upon his death in 1852 in Boston, his fortune was estimated at $8,100,000—roughly $ in today's dollars.
# Family.
The family firm, with Lawrence's brother Abbott Lawrence at its head, founded | 26,284 |
1055596 | Amos Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos%20Lawrence | Amos Lawrence
, taking especial delight in occasionally giving books from a bundle in his sleigh or carriage as he drove.
Upon his death in 1852 in Boston, his fortune was estimated at $8,100,000—roughly $ in today's dollars.
# Family.
The family firm, with Lawrence's brother Abbott Lawrence at its head, founded Lawrence, Massachusetts. Amos's son, Amos Adams Lawrence, founded the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, was responsible for the founding of Lawrence, Kansas (thus its name) through his work with the New England Emigrant Aid Company, and also helped found Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. His grandson, Bishop William Lawrence, was the longtime Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts. | 26,285 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
Black Hole Sun
"Black Hole Sun" is a song by the American rock band Soundgarden. Written by frontman Chris Cornell, the song was released in 1994 as the third single from the band's fourth studio album "Superunknown" (1994). It is arguably the band's most recognizable and most popular song, and remains a well known song from the 1990s. The song topped the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, where it spent a total of seven weeks at number one. Despite peaking at number two on the Modern Rock Tracks, "Black Hole Sun" finished as the number-one track of 1994 for that chart. It failed to appear on the "Billboard" Hot 100 due to not receiving a physical release at the time, but it still peaked | 26,286 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
at number 24 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and number nine on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. Worldwide, the single reached the top 10 in Australia, Canada, France and Ireland.
"Black Hole Sun" was included on Soundgarden's 1997 greatest hits album "A-Sides" and also appeared on the 2010 compilation album "Telephantasm".
# Origin and recording.
"Black Hole Sun" was written by frontman Chris Cornell. In 2014, Cornell explained the song's origins to Uncut Magazine:
Cornell said that he wrote the song in about 15 minutes. He used a Gretsch guitar to write the song, and commented, "I wrote the song thinking the band wouldn't like it—then it became the biggest hit of the summer." Cornell came up | 26,287 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
with the song while using a Leslie speaker. Guitarist Kim Thayil said that the Leslie model 16 speaker was perfect for the song as "it's very Beatlesque and has a distinctive sound. It ended up changing the song completely." Thayil said that the song "wasn't safe as milk, but it wasn't glass in someone's eye either. It was the spoonful of sugar that helps the medicine go down. Now it's the 'Dream On' of our set." The song was performed in drop D tuning. Drummer Matt Cameron called the song "a huge departure". Credit is due to Michael Beinhorn and Brendan O'Brien, producer and recording engineer, respectively.
Appearing on The Pods & Sods Network in July 2017, Michael Beinhorn detailed the process | 26,288 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
of recording Soundgarden’s 1994 album Superunknown. And he shares his reaction to first hearing Black Hole Sun during that time, "I think for the rest of my entire life, until I draw my last breath, I’ll never ever forgot how I felt when they started playing that song. From the very first few notes, I felt like I’d been hit by a thunderbolt. I was just absolutely stunned. What in the world is this? I get goosebumps thinking about it now."
# Lyrics.
Regarding "Black Hole Sun", Cornell stated, "It's just sort of a surreal dreamscape, a weird, play-with-the-title kind of song." He also said that "lyrically it's probably the closest to me just playing with words for words' sake, of anything I've | 26,289 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
written. I guess it worked for a lot of people who heard it, but I have no idea how you'd begin to take that one literally." In another interview he elaborated further, stating, "It's funny because hits are usually sort of congruent, sort of an identifiable lyric idea, and that song pretty much had none. The chorus lyric is kind of beautiful and easy to remember. Other than that, I sure didn't have an understanding of it after I wrote it. I was just sucked in by the music and I was painting a picture with the lyrics. There was no real idea to get across." Commenting upon how the song was misinterpreted as being positive, Cornell said, "No one seems to get this, but 'Black Hole Sun' is sad. But | 26,290 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
because the melody is really pretty, everyone thinks it's almost chipper, which is ridiculous." When asked about the line, "Times are gone for honest men", Cornell said:
It's really difficult for a person to create their own life and their own freedom. It's going to become more and more difficult, and it's going to create more and more disillusioned people who become dishonest and angry and are willing to fuck the next guy to get what they want. There's so much stepping on the backs of other people in our profession. We've been so lucky that we've never had to do that. Part of it was because of our own tenacity, and part of it was because we were lucky.
# Release and critical reception.
"Black | 26,291 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
Hole Sun" was released in the summer of 1994 and became the most successful song from "Superunknown" on the American rock charts and arguably the band's most recognizable and popular song. It appeared on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 Airplay chart, reaching the top 30. The following week it debuted on the Top 40 Mainstream, where it peaked at number nine in its eighth week and remained on the chart until its 20th week. The song peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number two on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song spent a total of seven weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock chart. At the 1995 Grammy Awards, "Black Hole Sun" received the | 26,292 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
award for Best Hard Rock Performance and received a nomination for Best Rock Song.
Outside the United States, the single was released in Australia, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In Canada, the song reached the top ten on the Canadian Singles Chart. It remained in the top ten for three weeks and became the band's highest charted song in Canada. "Black Hole Sun" reached the UK Top 20 and was the last single from the album which charted in the UK Top 20. The song remains the band's highest charting single in the United Kingdom to date. "Black Hole Sun" debuted at number ten in Australia but quickly descended the chart, however widespread airplay and a promotional visit to Australia | 26,293 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
stimulated a resurgence of interest in "Superunknown". "Black Hole Sun" would peak at number six on the Australian Singles Chart. "Black Hole Sun" reached the top 30 in Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, and was a top ten success in Australia, France, and Ireland. It was a moderate top 20 success in Sweden. The single has sold over three million copies worldwide.
Greg Prato of AllMusic called the song "one of the few bright spots" of the summer of 1994 when "the world was still reeling from Nirvana leader Kurt Cobain's suicide the previous April". He said, "The song had a psychedelic edge to it (especially evident in the verse's guitar part), as the composition shifted between sedate | 26,294 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
melodicism and gargantuan guitar riffs. The lyrics were classic Chris Cornell—lines didn't exactly make sense on paper but did within the song." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" said, "The Beatles' techniques—fuzz-toned low chords, legato lead-guitar hooks and lumpy Ringo Starr-style drumming...are linked to Lennon-style melody in 'Black Hole Sun'." J.D. Considine of "Rolling Stone" stated, "With its yearning, Lennonesque melody and watery, Harrison-style guitar, 'Black Hole Sun' is a wonderful exercise in Beatleisms; trouble is, it's not a very good song, offering more in the way of mood and atmosphere than melodic direction." Ann Powers of "Blender" proclaimed that "Cornell's fixation with | 26,295 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
the Beatles pays off with the hit single 'Black Hole Sun' ". The solo for "Black Hole Sun", performed by Thayil, was ranked number 63 on "Guitar World"s list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Solos", and number 56 on "Total Guitar"'s list of the "100 Hottest Guitar Solos". The song was included on VH1's countdown of the "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s" at number 25. It was also included on VH1's countdown of the "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs" at number 77.
# Music video.
The surreal and apocalyptic music video for "Black Hole Sun" was directed by British video director Howard Greenhalgh, produced by Megan Hollister for Why Not Films (London, England), shot by Ivan Bartos, and features post-production | 26,296 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
work by 525 Post Production (Hollywood, California) and Soho 601 Effects (London). The video follows a suburban neighborhood and its vain inhabitants with comically exaggerated grins, which are eventually swallowed up when the Sun suddenly turns into a black hole, while the band performs the song somewhere in an open field. In the video, Cornell can be seen wearing a fork necklace given to him by Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon. In an online chat, the band stated that the video "was entirely the director's idea", and added, "Our take on it was that at that point in making videos, we just wanted to pretend to play and not look that excited about it." Thayil said that the video was one of the few | 26,297 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
Soundgarden videos the band was satisfied with.
The video was released in June 1994. After several weeks of airplay on MTV, a second version of the video was substituted containing more elaborate visual effects than the original, including the addition of a computer-generated black hole. The music video for "Black Hole Sun" became a hit on MTV and received the award for Best Metal/Hard Rock Video at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1995, it received the Clio Award for Alternative Music Video. The video is available on the CD-ROM "Alive in the Superunknown". By early 2018, it has gotten over 115 million views on Youtube.
In 1999, British alternative rock band Skunk Anansie did a homage of | 26,298 |
1055577 | Black Hole Sun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Hole%20Sun | Black Hole Sun
the video for their single "Lately". The video was also directed by Greenhalgh.
# Accolades.
The information regarding accolades attributed to "Black Hole Sun" is adapted in part from Acclaimed Music.
# Track listing.
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
Promotional CD (US)
- 1. "Black Hole Sun" – 5:18
- 2. "Black Hole Sun" (edit) – 4:31
CD (Europe and Germany)
- 1. "Black Hole Sun" – 5:18
- 2. "Like Suicide" (acoustic) – 6:11
- 3. "Kickstand" (live) (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 1:58
- Recorded live on August 20, 1993 at Jones Beach Amphitheater in Wantagh, New York.
CD (Europe)
- 1. "Black Hole Sun" – 5:18
- 2. "Jesus Christ Pose" (live) (Matt Cameron, Cornell, | 26,299 |
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