wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
24 hours serving the terminal and Mid Term, Long term, and Staff Car parks the service that serves the staff car park also serves the car hire centre and rental companies and all stops in between including the Holiday Inn express, the TUI Airways HQ And the ID Unit. A new fleet of six Mercedes-Benz Citaro... | 29,800 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
television series. "Airline" followed the staff of EasyJet at Luton and the airline's other bases across the country whilst the 2005 series, named after the airport, followed the life of employees in a similar format to the show "Airport" which followed staff at Heathrow Airport.
- The airport was mentio... | 29,801 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
hedgehog named Spiny Norman sleeps.
- In 2011 the airport featured in an episode of the series "Supersize Grime" which focused on the cleaning of an Airbus A321 at the Monarch Aircraft Engineering hangar 127.
# Accidents and incidents.
- 4 November 1949: A Hawker Tempest single-engined piston fighter b... | 29,802 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
rapidly and hit the roof of a nearby factory. This resulted in a post-crash fire.
- 3 March 1974: A Douglas DC-7C/F (registration: EI-AWG) operating an Aer Turas Teo charter flight from Dublin landed on runway 08 just after midnight but failed to achieve reverse thrust. Normal braking application also ap... | 29,803 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
Three of the six passengers and two of the four crew were injured. The aircraft was badly damaged and deemed a write-off.
- 18 April 1974: A BAC One-Eleven 518FG (registration: G-AXMJ) operating Court Line Flight 95 was involved in a ground collision with Piper PA-23 Aztec (registration: G-AYDE) after th... | 29,804 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
After being told by Luton air traffic control about the incident, the crew flying the aircraft elected to divert to London Gatwick where it landed safely without harming its 134 occupants (eight crew members and 126 passengers). The subsequent investigation revealed that the aircraft only just became airb... | 29,805 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
of the aircraft's takeoff weight (too high), a wrong pressure ratio for two of the aircraft's three engines (too low) and a sub-optimal choice of runway based on the use of outdated wind information that omitted the latest update's tailwind component.
- 29 March 1981: A Lockheed JetStar 1329 (registratio... | 29,806 |
206934 | Luton Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luton%20Airport | Luton Airport
eastern perimeter fence. The accident was caused because the pilot landed well past the touchdown zone in poor visibility at night. At the time runway 08 did not have an ILS. The co-pilot suffered severe spinal injuries but the commanding pilot and seven passengers escaped with only minor injuries.
- 15 ... | 29,807 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
List of birds of New Zealand
In this list of New Zealand birds, the bird's common name in New Zealand English is given first. The bird's Māori-language name, if different, is also noted.
This list's taxonomic treatment and nomenclature (common and scientific names) mainly follows the conv... | 29,808 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
arrived.
Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in New Zealand as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. The following codes are used to denote other categories of species:
- (B) Breeding - confirmed nesting records in New ... | 29,809 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
basis, but does not nest in New Zealand.
- (V) Vagrant - a species rarely occurring in New Zealand or a portion thereof.
- (*) following taxonomic name: (unexplained)
The Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, published in 2010 by Te Papa Press, in association with the Ornithological Soc... | 29,810 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
caught while swimming underwater.
# Fulmars, petrels and shearwaters.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium nasal septum, and a long outer functional primary flight ... | 29,811 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are a family of large seabird found across the Southern and North Pacific Oceans. The largest are among the largest flying birds in the world.
# Tropicbirds.
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, ... | 29,812 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
is a family of medium-to-large coastal, fish-eating sea-birds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black and white, and a few being colourful. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked.
# Darters.
O... | 29,813 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
webbed feet, and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
# Pelicans.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with distinctive pouches ... | 29,814 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
and spoonbills, members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted.
# Ibises and spoonbills.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae
The Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 1... | 29,815 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. The Cape Barren goose is also recorded as an escape from captivity in New Zealand which has bred, as well as being a vagrant from Australia as set out in the table below.
# Adzebills.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Aptornithidae
# Rails... | 29,816 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
# Cranes.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pul... | 29,817 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
Odontophoridae
The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.
# Oystercatchers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy... | 29,818 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
# Waders or shorebirds... | 29,819 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
on the coast, without direct competition for food.
# Pratincoles and coursers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae
Pratincoles have short legs, very long pointed wings and long forked tails. Their most unusual feature for birds classed as waders is that they typically hunt their in... | 29,820 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes and skimmers. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.
# Skuas.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
They are in general medium to large birds, ... | 29,821 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
bills with a fleshy cere.
# Grebes.
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on ... | 29,822 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
# Barn owls.
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart... | 29,823 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
a distinctive group of small nocturnal birds related to swifts found from the Maluku Islands and New Guinea to Australia and New Caledonia.
# Swifts.
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs... | 29,824 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
PsittaciformesFamily: Cacatuidae
The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular mov... | 29,825 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
PasseriformesFamily: Campephagidae
# Old World orioles.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae
# Wagtails and pipits.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae
# Grassbirds.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae
# Reed warblers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae
# Austra... | 29,826 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
Callaeidae
# Fantails.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Rhipiduridae
# White-eyes.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Zosteropidae
# Woodswallows and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Artamidae
# Starlings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
# Buntings, seedeaters and allies.
Order: Pass... | 29,827 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
New Zealand and Antarctic birds
- Birds of New Zealand
# References.
- Barrie Heather & Hugh Robertson (1996) "The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand"
- "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists" - Martin Collinson, "British ... | 29,828 |
206928 | List of birds of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | List of birds of New Zealand
New Zealand, the Department of Conservation, and Te Papa.
- CSV file with names from New Zealand Birds online A list of all New Zealand Birds including common and scientific names, derived from New Zealand Birds online.
- Department of Conservation Information on New Zealand birds from th... | 29,829 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
H II region
An H II region or HII region is a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized. It is typically a cloud of partially ionized gas in which star formation has recently taken place, with a size ranging from one to hundreds of light years, and density from a few to about a million particl... | 29,830 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
H II regions—sometimes several hundred light-years across—are often associated with giant molecular clouds. They often appear clumpy and filamentary, sometimes showing intricate shapes such as the Horsehead Nebula. H II regions may give birth to thousands of stars over a period of several million years. In ... | 29,831 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
chemical composition of galaxies. Spiral and irregular galaxies contain many H II regions, while elliptical galaxies are almost devoid of them. In spiral galaxies, including our Milky Way, H II regions are concentrated in the spiral arms, while in irregular galaxies they are distributed chaotically. Some ga... | 29,832 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
neutral atoms, II for singly-ionised—H II is H in other sciences—III for doubly-ionised, e.g. O III is O, etc. H II, or H, consists of free protons. An H I region being neutral atomic hydrogen, and a molecular cloud being molecular hydrogen, H. In spoken discussion with non-astronomers there is sometimes co... | 29,833 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
by Johann Bayer). The French observer Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc is credited with the discovery of the Orion Nebula in 1610. Since that early observation large numbers of H II regions have been discovered in the Milky Way and other galaxies.
William Herschel observed the Orion Nebula in 1774, and desc... | 29,834 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
of star formation had to wait another hundred years, when William Huggins together with his wife Mary Huggins turned his spectroscope on various nebulae. Some, such as the Andromeda Nebula, had spectra quite similar to those of stars, but turned out to be galaxies consisting of hundreds of millions of indiv... | 29,835 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
that the line might be due to an unknown element, which was named nebulium—a similar idea had led to the discovery of helium through analysis of the Sun's spectrum in 1868. However, while helium was isolated on earth soon after its discovery in the spectrum of the sun, nebulium was not. In the early 20th ce... | 29,836 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
and ions, which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions. Electron transitions from these levels in doubly ionized oxygen give rise to the 500.7 nm line. These spectral lines, which can only be seen in very low density gases, are called forbidden lines. Spectroscopic observations thus showed... | 29,837 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
Therefore, it was surmised that H II regions must be regions in which new stars were forming. Over a period of several million years, a cluster of stars will form in an H II region, before radiation pressure from the hot young stars causes the nebula to disperse. The Pleiades are an example of a cluster whi... | 29,838 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
clouds, and magnetic interactions can trigger its collapse. When this happens, via a process of collapse and fragmentation of the cloud, stars are born (see stellar evolution for a lengthier description).
As stars are born within a GMC, the most massive will reach temperatures hot enough to ionise the surr... | 29,839 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
speeds, and is overtaken by the shock front caused by the expansion of the material ejected from the nebula. The H II region has been born.
The lifetime of an H II region is of the order of a few million years. Radiation pressure from the hot young stars will eventually drive most of the gas away. In fact,... | 29,840 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
stars. It is only when the radiation pressure from a star drives away its 'cocoon' that it becomes visible. The hot, blue stars that are powerful enough to ionize significant amounts of hydrogen and form H II regions will do this quickly, and light up the region in which they just formed. The dense regions ... | 29,841 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
medium; they found several such "approximately circular or oval dark objects of small size", which they referred to as "globules", since referred to as Bok globules. Bok proposed at the December 1946 Harvard Observatory Centennial Symposia that these globules were likely sites of star formation. It was conf... | 29,842 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
from supernova may act to squeeze globules, thereby enhancing the density within them.
The young stars in H II regions show evidence for containing planetary systems. The Hubble Space Telescope has revealed hundreds of "protoplanetary disks" (proplyds) in the Orion Nebula. At least half the young stars in ... | 29,843 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
to giant H II regions several hundred light-years across. Their size is also known as the Stromgren radius and essentially depends on the intensity of the source of ionising photons and the density of the region. Their densities range from over a million particles per cm³ in the ultra-compact H II regions t... | 29,844 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
H II regions reach temperatures of 10,000 K. They are mostly ionised gases with weak magnetic fields with strengths of several nanoteslas. Nevertheless, H II regions are almost always associated with a cold molecular gas, which originated from the same parent GMC. Magnetic fields are produced by these weak ... | 29,845 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
Messier 17, and the Carina Nebula. The hot gas is likely supplied by the strong stellar winds from O-type stars, which may be heated by supersonic shock waves in the winds, through collisions between winds from different stars, or through colliding winds channeled by magnetic fields. This plasma will rapidl... | 29,846 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
red colour. (This emission line comes from excited unionized hydrogen.) Most of the rest of an H II region consists of helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements. Across the galaxy, it is found that the amount of heavy elements in H II regions decreases with increasing distance from the galactic centre.... | 29,847 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
In irregular galaxies, they may be dispersed throughout the galaxy, but in spirals they are most abundant within the spiral arms. A large spiral galaxy may contain thousands of H II regions.
The reason H II regions rarely appear in elliptical galaxies is that ellipticals are believed to form through galaxy... | 29,848 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
rapid star formation are known as starburst galaxies. The post-merger elliptical galaxy has a very low gas content, and so H II regions can no longer form. Twenty-first century observations have shown that a very small number of H II regions exist outside galaxies altogether. These intergalactic H II region... | 29,849 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
a "Strömgren sphere"—of the surrounding gas, but the combination of ionisation spheres of multiple stars within a H II region and the expansion of the heated nebula into surrounding gases creates sharp density gradients that result in complex shapes. Supernova explosions may also sculpt H II regions. In som... | 29,850 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
be inferred by performing an inverse Laplace transform on the frequency spectrum.
# Notable regions.
Notable Galactic H II regions include the Orion Nebula, the Eta Carinae Nebula, and the Berkeley 59 / Cepheus OB4 Complex. The Orion Nebula, about 500 pc (1,500 light-years) from Earth, is part of OMC-1, a... | 29,851 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way at about 50 kpc (), contains a giant H II region called the Tarantula Nebula. Measuring at about () across, this nebula is the most massive and the second-largest H II region in the Local Group. It is much bigger than the Orion Nebula, and is forming thousands of s... | 29,852 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
light years). Measuring at approximately () across, NGC 604 is the second-most-massive H II region in the Local Group after the Tarantula Nebula, although it is slightly larger in size than the latter. It contains around 200 hot OB and Wolf-Rayet stars, which heat the gas inside it to millions of degrees, p... | 29,853 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
on different types of spectral lines, and large discrepancies are sometimes seen between the results derived from the two methods. Some astronomers put this down to the presence of small temperature fluctuations within H II regions; others claim that the discrepancies are too large to be explained by temper... | 29,854 |
206947 | H II region | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%20II%20region | H II region
st H II (California Nebula) region at 300 pc (1,000 light-years); other H II regions are several times that distance from Earth. Secondly, the formation of these stars is deeply obscured by dust, and visible light observations are impossible. Radio and infrared light can penetrate the dust, but the youngest... | 29,855 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
El Tor
El Tor is a particular strain of the bacterium "Vibrio cholerae", the causative agent of cholera. Also known as "V. cholera" biotype eltor, it has been the dominant strain in the seventh global cholera pandemic. It is distinguished from the classic strain at a genetic level, although both are in the sero... | 29,856 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
to show ante or post mortem evidence of cholera, the vibrios isolated from the guts were agglutinable within the anti-cholera serum.
Later in 1905, Kraus and Pribram found that the bacteria, which produced soluble hemolysin, were more related to non-cholera vibrios; therefore, referred to all hemolytic vibrios ... | 29,857 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
eltor" were similar in 30 positive and 20 negative characteristics. Thus, they were classified as a single species "V. cholera": however, Hugh believed the differing features between the two could be of epidemiological importance, so El Tor vibrios were further classified as "V. cholerae" biotype eltor (serogrou... | 29,858 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
has many more asymptomatic carriers than is usual, outnumbering active cases by up to 50:1. The outbreaks during this time frame are believed to be due to the rapid development of transportation and communication on an international level, as well as decreased sanitation levels in areas with increasing populatio... | 29,859 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
into 1996.
# Epidemiology.
An El Tor infection is relatively mild, or at least rarely fatal, and patients are asymptomatic for about a week. El Tor is able to survive in the body longer than classical cholera vibrios. This characteristic allows carriers to infect a greater population of people. In fact, "V. ch... | 29,860 |
206969 | El Tor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%20Tor | El Tor
for example, Cholera Dolores, who tested vibrio positive nine years after her primary infection. El Tor is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. This route is the consequence of infected persons defecating near a water source, and uninfected persons consuming contaminated water. In addition, the bacteria can be t... | 29,861 |
206971 | Arrow in the Blue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrow%20in%20the%20Blue | Arrow in the Blue
Arrow in the Blue
Arrow in the Blue is an autobiography covering the first 26 years of Arthur Koestler's life (1905–1931). It was published in 1952 by Collins with Hamish Hamilton Ltd. and has been reprinted several times.
# The book and its contents.
The first edition was cloth-bound and measured ... | 29,862 |
206971 | Arrow in the Blue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrow%20in%20the%20Blue | Arrow in the Blue
al of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, to 1931, when he joined the Communist Party of Germany. During these first twenty-six years of his life he was, among other things, a member of a Zionist duelling fraternity at the University of Vienna, a worker on a collective farm in Palestine, a street-vendor of... | 29,863 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
Homing pigeon
The messenger pigeon is a variety of domestic pigeon ("Columba livia domestica") derived from the rock pigeon, selectively bred for its ability to find its way home over extremely long distances. The wild rock pigeon has an innate homing ability, meaning that it will generally return to its... | 29,864 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
messenger pigeons were used to carry messages as messenger pigeons. They are usually referred to as "pigeon post" if used in post service, or "war pigeon" during wars.
Messenger pigeons are often incorrectly categorized as English Carrier pigeons, a breed of fancy pigeons selectively-bred for its distinc... | 29,865 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
wattles, and eye ceres (fleshy growth around the eyes), as well as round heads and thicker napes. Females, on the other hand, tend to be shorter with smaller beaks, wattles, and ceres, as well as flatter heads and fuller breasts.
Male and female pigeons show different behaviours. The "coo" of males is lo... | 29,866 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
rotational motion.
# Reproduction.
During breeding season, usually during the warmer months, a male pigeon will court the female by puffing out his chest, bobbing his head and strutting in circles around her, all the while cooing his affections. If she accepts, she will allow him onto her back in order ... | 29,867 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
in rearing the nestlings. Fledglings usually leave the nest around four to five weeks after hatching.
# History.
The sport of flying messenger pigeons was well-established as early as 3000 years ago. They were used to proclaim the winner of the Ancient Olympics.
Messenger pigeons were used as early as ... | 29,868 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
the Mediterranean Sea with pigeon posts. Tipu Sultan of Mysore (1750–1799) also used messenger on pigeons; they returned to the Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna, which was his headquarters. The pigeon holes may be seen in the mosque's minarets to this day.
In 1818, a great pigeon race called the "Can... | 29,869 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
Paris and the French unoccupied territory. In December 1870, it took ten hours for a pigeon carrying microfilms to fly from Perpignan to Bruxelles.
Historically, pigeons carried messages only one way, to their home. They had to be transported manually before another flight. However, by placing their food... | 29,870 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
1897, possibly the first regular air mail service in the world. The world's first 'airmail' stamps were issued for the Great Barrier Pigeon-Gram Service from 1898 to 1908.
Homing pigeons were still employed in the 21st century by certain remote police departments in Odisha state in eastern India to provi... | 29,871 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
intention of discovering how pigeons, after being transported, can find their way back from distant places they have never visited before. Most researchers believe that homing ability is based on a "map and compass" model, with the compass feature allowing birds to orient and the map feature allowing bird... | 29,872 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
on top of a pigeon's beak large number of iron particles are found which remain aligned to north like a man-made compass, thus it acts as compass which helps pigeon in determining its home. A 2012 study disproved this theory, putting the field back on course to search for an explanation as to how animals ... | 29,873 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
olfactory navigation.
Other research indicates that homing pigeons also navigate through visual landmarks by following familiar roads and other man-made features, making 90-degree turns and following habitual routes, much the same way that humans navigate.
Research by Jon Hagstrum of the US Geological S... | 29,874 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
homing pigeons rely on different cues to different extents. Charles Walcott at Cornell University was able to demonstrate that while pigeons from one loft were confused by a magnetic anomaly in the Earth it had no effect on birds from another loft away. Other experiments have shown that altering the perce... | 29,875 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
to the bird's leg. Pigeons can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home, so "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons. White homing pigeons are used in dove-releasing ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting... | 29,876 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
The birds then delivered unbreakable vials back to Plymouth as needed. The 30 carrier pigeons became unnecessary in 1983 because of the closure of one of the hospitals. In the 1980s a similar system existed between two French hospitals located in Granville and Avranche.
## Wartime communication.
Birds w... | 29,877 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
and bravery in saving human lives with their actions. Eighty-two homing pigeons were dropped into the Netherlands with the First Airborne Division Signals as part of Operation Market Garden in World War II. The pigeons' loft was located in London, which would have required them to fly to deliver their mes... | 29,878 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
1149) is an Internet protocol for the transmission of messages via homing pigeon. Originally intended as an April Fools' Day RFC entry, this protocol was implemented and used, once, to transmit a message in Bergen, Norway, on April 28, 2001.
In September 2009, a South African IT company based in Durban p... | 29,879 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
pigeons have been reported to be used as a smuggling technique, getting objects and narcotics across borders and into prisons. For instance, between 2009 and 2015, pigeons have been reported to carry cell phones, SIM cards, phone batteries and USB cords into prisons in the Brazilian state of São Paulo.
#... | 29,880 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
of Gordon Corera, "Secret Pigeon Service", William Collins, 2018, 326 pp., ), "London Review of Books", vol. 41, no. 7 (4 April 2019), pp. 15–16. "Pigeons flew across the Roman Empire carrying messages from the margins to the capital. [In 43 BCE] Decimus Brutus broke Marc Antony's siege of Mutina [Modena,... | 29,881 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
was founded in 1948) in the defence of Israel when it was first founded, and in the defence of the Jewish community before Israeli independence
- Jerry Spinelli, "Wringer"
- "Nine Champions Create A Champion", Bob Kinney Silverado, "The Thoroughbred", 15 May 1998
# External links.
- An informative mag... | 29,882 |
206964 | Homing pigeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homing%20pigeon | Homing pigeon
n Europe from an 1891 "Scientific American" article at Project Gutenberg
- RFC 1149 - A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers
- Beginning pigeon site
- Joao Moreira Tavares: Carrier Pigeons (Portugal), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
-... | 29,883 |
3447164 | Martin Flanagan (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Flanagan%20(journalist) | Martin Flanagan (journalist)
Martin Flanagan (journalist)
Martin Joseph Flanagan (1955—) is an Australian journalist and author. He writes on sport, particularly Australian rules football. Flanagan also writes opinion pieces, some of which are examinations of Australian culture and the relationship between Indigenous ... | 29,884 |
3447164 | Martin Flanagan (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Flanagan%20(journalist) | Martin Flanagan (journalist)
his conception of Australian rules football. Flanagan subsequently became embroiled in football's "history wars" which received significant coverage in the national media in 2008, the year of the game's 150th anniversary celebrations. He and Bruce Myles adapted "The Call" into a stage play ... | 29,885 |
3447164 | Martin Flanagan (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Flanagan%20(journalist) | Martin Flanagan (journalist)
"Richo" (2010) on Matthew Richardson and "The Short Long Book" (2015) on Michael Long.
Martin Flanagan is one of six children of Arch Flanagan, a survivor of the Burma Death Railway. He is descended from Irish convicts transported to Van Diemen's Land in the 1840s. He grew up in Tasmania, ... | 29,886 |
3447164 | Martin Flanagan (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Flanagan%20(journalist) | Martin Flanagan (journalist)
# Bibliography.
## Novels.
- "Going Away" (1993)
- "The Call" (1998)
## Poetry.
- "Shorts: Poems" (1984)
## Children's.
- "Archie's Letter: An ANZAC Story" (2012)
## Non-Fiction.
- "Family Matters" (1993)
- "Southern Sky, Western Oval" (1994)
- "1970" (1999)
- "In Sunshine or in... | 29,887 |
3447165 | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish%20Creek%20Mountains%20Wilderness | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
The Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness is located about 25 miles west of Brawley, California, and southeast of the Vallecito Mountains in the United States. The wilderness is located in the Fish Creek Mountains region in the northern part of the Carrizo Impa... | 29,888 |
3447165 | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish%20Creek%20Mountains%20Wilderness | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
have resisted erosion. As a result, water from cloudbursts has created narrow chutes swirling with water. Shielded from the sun's evaporating rays, water at the base of these chutes remains year-round serving wildlife as natural tanks. A portion of the ancient Lake Cahuilla shoreline is ... | 29,889 |
3447165 | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish%20Creek%20Mountains%20Wilderness | Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
ting rays, water at the base of these chutes remains year-round serving wildlife as natural tanks. A portion of the ancient Lake Cahuilla shoreline is visible within this wilderness. The lake was a great body of freshwater once covering the Imperial and Coachella Valleys, receding 500 ye... | 29,890 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
M4 motorway
The M4, a motorway in the United Kingdom running from west London to southwest Wales, was originally referred to as the London-South Wales Motorway. The English section to the Severn Bridge was constructed between 1961 and 1971; the Welsh element was completed in 1993. The Second Severn Crossin... | 29,891 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
to terminate at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire.
The major towns and cities along the routea distance of approximately include Slough, Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport, Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea.
# History.
A new road from London to South Wales was first proposed in the 19... | 29,892 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
from J18 to the west of Newport was opened in 1966, including the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48). The Port Talbot by-pass, also built in the 1960s and now part of the M4, was originally the A48(M) motorway, a number now allocated to a short section of motorway near Cardiff. The Ministry of Transport or... | 29,893 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
section was completed in 1993, when the Briton Ferry motorway bridge opened. The Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996, together with new link motorways on either side of the estuary to divert the M4 over the new crossing. The existing route over the Severn Bridge was redesignated the M48, and the new M49 w... | 29,894 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
widened to six lanes. The scheme was formally opened on 25 January 2010 by Ieuan Wyn Jones the Deputy First Minister for Wales.
During 2009, the Newport section of the motorway between junctions 23a and 29 was upgraded with a new concrete central barrier. In February 2010 it was proposed that the M4 in Sou... | 29,895 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
part of the A33 Swallowfield Bypass near Shinfield, and also the conversion of the two existing bridges, one of which is available only to pedestrians and cyclists and the other to buses. It also involved the movement of the local Highways Agency and Fire Service offices, and the construction of a long foot... | 29,896 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
Severn Crossing and the of motorway in England is the responsibility of Highways England. The in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government.
# Features.
## Speed limits.
For the majority of its length, the national speed limit applies. Exceptions include the following:
- on the Chiswick Flyover... | 29,897 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
around £500,000 in fines each six months.
## Smart motorway.
The M4 has two sections of smart motorway. The one between junctions 19 (M32) and 20 (M5) north of Bristol has variable speed limits and a part-time hard-shoulder. Completion was in summer 2014. The section between junctions 24 and 29 in Newport... | 29,898 |
206965 | M4 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M4%20motorway | M4 motorway
Hill in Newport, Wales. The 404 yards-long tunnels are the first and only twin–bored tunnels in the UK motorway network.
In July 2011, a lorry fire in one tunnel closed the motorway. Although there were no injuries and no deaths, the tunnel remained closed and a contraflow system was in place in the remain... | 29,899 |
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