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43797 | Violence against LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence%20against%20LGBT%20people | Violence against LGBT people
who should be executed, that's my freedom of speech, isn't it?"
Other contemporary Islamic views are that the ″crime of homosexuality is one of the greatest of crimes, the worst of sins and the most abhorrent of deeds″. Homosexuality is considered the 11th major sin in Islam, in the days o... | 33,000 |
43797 | Violence against LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence%20against%20LGBT%20people | Violence against LGBT people
been described by investigators as an Islamic terrorist attack and a hate crime.
### Judaism.
In Judaism, the death penalty against homosexuality has not been used in practice for more than 2000 years, though many movements still view homosexual acts as sinful. Orthodox Judaism generally ... | 33,001 |
43797 | Violence against LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence%20against%20LGBT%20people | Violence against LGBT people
self-sacrifice under Jewish Law to die rather than do.
# See also.
- Prejudicial attitudes
- Anti-LGBT rhetoric
- Heterosexism
- LGBT stereotypes
- Violence
- Corrective rape
- Significant acts of violence against LGBT people
- Suicide among LGBT youth
- UK violence against LGBT p... | 33,002 |
43797 | Violence against LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence%20against%20LGBT%20people | Violence against LGBT people
of violence against LGBT people
- Suicide among LGBT youth
- UK violence against LGBT people
- US violence against LGBT people
- US LGBT youth homelessness
- See also
- Bash Back!
- Nahshon Dion Anderson
- Brandon Teena
- Matthew Shepard
- Westboro Baptist Church
- Admiral Duncan... | 33,003 |
2507514 | Anne Lindbergh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Lindbergh | Anne Lindbergh
Anne Lindbergh
Anne Spencer Lindbergh (1940 – December 10, 1993) was an American writer, primarily of children's novels. She was the daughter of aviators/authors Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh.
# Biography.
Anne Lindbergh was raised in Darien, Connecticut. After studying at Radcliffe Coll... | 33,004 |
2507514 | Anne Lindbergh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Lindbergh | Anne Lindbergh
Noel Perrin, American essayist and a professor at Dartmouth College, at the time of her death. They lived together in Thetford Center, Vermont.
Anne Lindbergh wrote numerous books, most of them for children.
Anne Lindbergh died of cancer in 1993 at her home in Thetford Center, Vermont, at the age of 53... | 33,005 |
2507514 | Anne Lindbergh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Lindbergh | Anne Lindbergh
(1945-).
# Honors, awards, distinctions.
Anne Lindbergh was the recipient of numerous honors for her work, including an award from the International Reading Association.
# Books.
This list includes all known titles at WorldCat.
- "Osprey Island", illustrated by Maggie Kaufman Smith (1974), as by Ann... | 33,006 |
2507514 | Anne Lindbergh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Lindbergh | Anne Lindbergh
y Maggie Kaufman Smith (1974), as by Anne Lindbergh Feydy,
- "The People in Pineapple Place" (1982)
- "Nobody's Orphan" (1983)
- "Bailey's Window" (1984)
- "The Worry Week" (1985)
- "The Hunky-Dory Dairy" (1986)
- "Next Time, Take Care", illus. Susan Hoguet (1987), picture book
- "The Shadow on th... | 33,007 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
Humanity and Paper Balloons
# Plot.
The film is set in feudal Japan in the 18th century, the Edo period, and depicts the struggles and schemes of Matajuro Unno, a rōnin, or masterless samurai and his neighbour Shinza, a hairdresser.
In a slum, a small group of families live by menial jobs... | 33,008 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
Mouri every day, following him wherever he goes. Mouri tries to get rid of Unno by sending men to beat him up and telling his gate guards not to let him in.
Unno's wife waits for the news that he is hired, but is disappointed every day when he tells her that "he'd meet Mr. Mouri tomorrow". ... | 33,009 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
parallel to Unno's with more commotion. Shinza often gets beaten up by the men of a local pawn shop owner Shiroko Ya for the money he owns him or for conducting illegal gambling in their territory. However, Shinza, fearlessly repeats them, which upsets Shiroko's hit men and their leader, Gen... | 33,010 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
domain elder, a samurai. Shinza is rejected and beaten up again. He returns, making his mind up to avenge the constant insults.
In the meantime, Unno's wife is going to visit her sister's family. She reminds Unno not to drink too much sake, since he had recently recovered from an illness. H... | 33,011 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
house while Yatagoro and his men come to raid his house for the girl. Yatagoro offers Shinza money, but he refuses it and instead asks Yatagoro to shave his head and beg forgiveness to him. Insulted by this demand, Yatagoro furiously goes back and sends one of his men to his master to inform... | 33,012 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
to the neighbourhood that she had been hidden in Unno's house- a shameful act to get involved in for a samurai. Okoma, when she comes back home, her hesitant lover Chushichi promises that they will run away together.
Shinza, in celebrating his victory over Yatagoro and his master, takes all... | 33,013 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
wife approaches the house, she overhears the events that happened in her house from the women of her neighbourhood talking ill of Unno to each other. She learns that her husband has lost all his pride and samurai honour and is disrespected by their neighbours. Shinza is summoned by Yatagoro ... | 33,014 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
has been mistreated and insulted by Mouri all along. In order to protect their honour, as a last resort, she takes a tantō (short sword) and commits seppuku on her husband and herself. The next day their dead bodies are found by the neighbours. For them, the deaths are just another samurai s... | 33,015 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
Kiritachi
- Tsuruzo Nakamura
- Choemon Bando
- Suzeko Suketakaya
- Emitaro Ichikawa
# Production.
"Humanity and Paper Balloons" was written by Shintar Mimura and based on his play.
# Release.
"Humanity and Paper Balloons" was distributed in Japan by Toho Eiga on 25 August 1937. It wa... | 33,016 |
2507523 | Humanity and Paper Balloons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanity%20and%20Paper%20Balloons | Humanity and Paper Balloons
ra Kurosawa, as one of the most influential examples of "jidaigeki", or Japanese period films.
Jasper Sharp of Midnight Eye described the film as "a fascinating time capsule of a movie that not only reframes the feudal period in which it is set to present a harsh critique of the social and ... | 33,017 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Choir
A choir (; also known as a quire, chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which spans from the medieval era to the present, or popular music r... | 33,018 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
is far from rigid. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble (e.g., harpsichord, cello and double bass for a Baroque piece), or with a full orchestra of 70 to 100 musicians.
The term "Choir" has the secondary definition of a subset ... | 33,019 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
by a conductor or choirmaster. Most often choirs consist of four sections intended to sing in four part harmony, but there is no limit to the number of possible parts as long as there is a singer available to sing the part: Thomas Tallis wrote a 40-part motet entitled "Spem in alium", for eight choirs of five par... | 33,020 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
favor of "unaccompanied," since a cappella denotes singing "as in the chapel" and much unaccompanied music today is secular). Accompanying instruments vary widely, from only one instrument (a piano or pipe organ) to a full orchestra of 70 to 100 musicians; for rehearsals a piano or organ accompaniment is often us... | 33,021 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
entertainment to others.
## Role of conductor.
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a choral concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face and head. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations... | 33,022 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
ensemble. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing... | 33,023 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
instructions to the ensemble, since they generally also serve as an artistic director who crafts the ensemble's interpretation of the music.
Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments (e.g., regardi... | 33,024 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
hearing auditions, and promoting their ensemble in the media.
# In worship services.
## Accompaniment.
Most Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, some American Protestant groups, and traditional Jewish synagogues do not accompany their songs with musical instruments. In churches of the Western Rite the accompan... | 33,025 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
which the participates, such as hymns and service music, some church choirs sing full liturgies, including propers (introit, gradual, communion antiphons appropriate for the different times of the liturgical year). Chief among these are the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches; far more common however is the perf... | 33,026 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
divided into two semi-independent four-part choirs. Occasionally baritone voice is also used (e.g., SATBarB), often sung by the higher basses. In smaller choirs with fewer men, SAB, or Soprano, Alto, and Baritone arrangements allow the few men to share the role of both the tenor and bass in a single part.
- Male... | 33,027 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
of soprano and alto voices, two parts in each, often abbreviated as SSAA, or as soprano I, soprano II, and alto, abbreviated SSA.
- Men's chorus (Männerchor), a choir of adult men, low voices only, usually consisting of two tenors, baritone, and bass, often abbreviated as TTBB (or ATBB if the upper part sings fa... | 33,028 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
music choral group, takes the elements of western music in Indian music. Madras Youth Choir is a pioneer in this.
Choirs are also categorized by the institutions in which they operate:
- Church (including cathedral) choirs
- Chorale (Kantorei), dedicated to mostly sacred Christian music
- Collegiate and unive... | 33,029 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
sign language and voices and led by both a signductor and a musical director
- Cambiata choirs, often the same SATB, but with girls singing soprano and alto, along with trebles and cambiatas and boy altos
Some choirs are categorized by the type of music they perform, such as
- Bach choir
- Barbershop music gr... | 33,030 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
school and high school is an important time, as it is when students' voices are changing. Although girls experience voice change, it is much more drastic in boys. A lot of literature in music education has been focused on how male voice change works and how to help adolescent male singers. Research done by John C... | 33,031 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
female students. The music education field has had a longtime interest in the "missing males" in music programs. Speculation as to why there aren't as many boys in choir, and possible solutions vary widely. One researcher found that boys who enjoy choir in middle school may not always go on to high school choir b... | 33,032 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
by not giving boys as many opportunities to sing as girls. Other researchers have noted that having an ensemble or even a workshop dedicated to male singers can help with their confidence and singing abilities.
# Arrangements on stage.
There are various schools of thought regarding how the various sections shou... | 33,033 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
the back and the women in front; some conductors prefer to place the basses behind the sopranos, arguing that the outer voices need to tune to each other.
More experienced choirs may sing with the voices all mixed. Sometimes singers of the same voice are grouped in pairs or threes. Proponents of this method argu... | 33,034 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
double (or multiple) choirs, usually the members of each choir are together, sometimes significantly separated, especially in performances of 16th-century music (such as works in the Venetian polychoral style). Some composers actually specify that choirs should be separated, such as in Benjamin Britten's "War Req... | 33,035 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
History.
## Antiquity.
The origins of choral music are found in traditional music, as singing in big groups is extremely widely spread in traditional cultures (both singing in one part, or in unison, like in Ancient Greece, as well as singing in parts, or in harmony, like in contemporary European choral music).... | 33,036 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
song (although possibly for solo voice). One of the latest examples, "Oxyrhynchus hymn" (3c) is also of interest as the earliest Christian music.
Of the Roman drama's music a single line of Terence surfaced in the 18c. However, musicologist Thomas J. Mathiesen comments that it is no longer believed to be authent... | 33,037 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Ages, a new type of singing involving multiple melodic parts, called organum, became predominant for certain functions, but initially this polyphony was only sung by soloists. Further developments of this technique included clausulae, conductus and the motet (most notably the isorhythmic motet), which, unlike the... | 33,038 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
the Renaissance, sacred choral music was the principal type of formally notated music in Western Europe. Throughout the era, hundreds of masses and motets (as well as various other forms) were composed for a cappella choir, though there is some dispute over the role of instruments during certain periods and in ce... | 33,039 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
madrigal, a partsong conceived for amateurs to sing in a chamber setting, originated at this period. Although madrigals were initially dramatic settings of unrequited-love poetry or mythological stories in Italy, they were imported into England and merged with the more dancelike balletto, celebrating carefree son... | 33,040 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
to this day, especially as codified by the 18c music theorist Johann Joseph Fux. Composers of the early 20th century also wrote in Renaissance-inspired styles. Herbert Howells wrote a "Mass in the Dorian mode" entirely in strict Renaissance style, and Ralph Vaughan Williams's Mass in G minor is an extension of th... | 33,041 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
which at minimum included a chord-playing instrument (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, lute) and a bass instrument (e.g., violone). Baroque vocal music explored dramatic implications in the realm of solo vocal music such as the monodies of the Florentine Camerata and the development of early opera. This innovation ... | 33,042 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
may be sought in the polychoral music of the Venetian school.
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) brought it to perfection with his Vespers and his Eighth Book of Madrigals, which call for great virtuosity on the part of singers and instruments alike. (His Fifth Book includes a "basso continuo" "for harpsichord or lu... | 33,043 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
or to chamber singing. Monteverdi, himself a singer, is documented as taking part in performances of his Magnificat with one voice per part.
Independent instrumental accompaniment opened up new possibilities for choral music. Verse anthems alternated accompanied solos with choral sections; the best-known compose... | 33,044 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Frideric Handel's works, notably "Messiah" and "Israel in Egypt". While the modern chorus of hundreds had to await the growth of Choral Societies and his centennial commemoration concert, we find Handel already using a variety of performing forces, from the soloists of the "Chandos Anthems" to larger groups (whos... | 33,045 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
form until the early 18th century. Georg Philipp Telemann (based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his "Harmonische Gottesdienst") and Christoph Graupner (based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) are perhaps the most rec... | 33,046 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
consists of his Passions, Masses, the Magnificat and the cantatas.
A point of hot controversy today is the so-called "Rifkin hypothesis," which re-examines the famous ""Entwurff"" Bach's 1730 memo to the Leipzig City Council ("A Short but Most Necessary Draft for a Well Appointed Church Music") calling for at le... | 33,047 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Classical and Romantic music.
Composers of the late 18th century became fascinated with the new possibilities of the symphony and other instrumental music, and generally neglected choral music. Mozart's mostly sacred choral works stand out as some of his greatest (such as the "Great" Mass in C minor and Requiem ... | 33,048 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
for liturgical use, although his "Missa solemnis" is probably suitable only for the grandest ceremonies due to its length, difficulty and large-scale scoring. He also pioneered the use of chorus as part of symphonic texture with his Ninth Symphony and Choral Fantasia.
In the 19th century, sacred music escaped fr... | 33,049 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Berlioz's "L'enfance du Christ" and Mendelssohn's "Elijah" and "St Paul" are in the category. Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Brahms also wrote secular cantatas, the best known of which are Brahms's "Schicksalslied" and "Nänie".
A few composers developed a cappella music, especially Bruckner, whose masses and motets ... | 33,050 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
and the music was typically in four-part (hence the name "part-song") and either a cappella or with simple instrumentation. At the same time, the Cecilian movement attempted a restoration of the pure Renaissance style in Catholic churches.
## 20th and 21st centuries.
As in other genres of music, choral music un... | 33,051 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Mass in G minor harks back to the Renaissance style while exhibiting the vibrancy of new harmonic languages. Vaughan Williams also arranged English and Scottish folk songs. Arnold Schoenberg's "Friede auf Erden" is a tonal kaleidoscope, whose tonal centers are constantly shifting (his harmonically innovative "Ver... | 33,052 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
advent of atonality and other non-traditional harmonic systems and techniques in the 20th century also affected choral music. Serial music is represented by choral works by Arnold Schoenberg, including the anthem "Dreimal Tausend Jahre", while the composer's signature use of sprechstimme is evident in his setting... | 33,053 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
and Isolde story. Charles Ives' psalm settings exemplify the composer's incomparably radical harmonic language. Tone clusters and aleatory elements play a prominent role in the choral music of Krzysztof Penderecki, who wrote the St. Luke Passio, and György Ligeti, who wrote both a Requiem and a separate "Lux Aete... | 33,054 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
of the finest semi-professional and professional choirs around the world.
More accessible styles of choral music include that by Benjamin Britten, including his "War Requiem", "Five Flower Songs", and "Rejoice in the Lamb". Francis Poulenc's "Motets pour le temps de noël", "Gloria", and "Mass in G" are often per... | 33,055 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
forms with a distinctly modern harmonic language and has become the composer's most performed work.
The so-called holy minimalists are represented by Arvo Pärt, whose "Johannespassion" and Magnificat have received regular performances; John Tavener ("Song for Athene") and Henryk Górecki ("") share this label. Am... | 33,056 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
choral idioms. Multi-cultural influences are found in Osvaldo Golijov's St. Mark Passion, which melds the Bach-style passion form with Latin American street music, and Chen Yi's Chinese Myths Cantata melds atonal idioms with traditional Chinese melodies played on traditional Chinese instruments. Some composers be... | 33,057 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
composers such as John Williams, known primarily for film scores, and prominent concert orchestral composers such as Augusta Read Thomas, Sofia Gubaidulina, Aaron Jay Kernis, and Thomas Adès also contribute vital additions to the choral repertoire.
A number of traditions originating outside of classical concert ... | 33,058 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
these choirs largely died out in the 1970s and 1980s with the decline of the Welsh coal industry, many of these choirs continue, and are seen as a traditional part of Welsh culture and perform worldwide. Not all of the choirs were based on coal – some started in the rugby clubs, such as Cardiff Arms Park Male Cho... | 33,059 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Jester Hairston and Moses Hogan.
- During the mid 20th century, barbershop quartets began experimenting with combining larger ensembles together into choruses which sing barbershop music in 4 parts, often with staging, choreography and costumes. The first international barbershop chorus contest was held in 1953 ... | 33,060 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
singers with or without instrumental accompaniment
- Come and sing
# External links.
Databases
- Choral Public Domain Library
- Musica International – choral repertoire database
- Global Chant Database – Gregorian and plainchant
Professional organizations
- International Federation for Choral Music
- Eur... | 33,061 |
43866 | Choir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choir | Choir
Choirs (UK)
- Chorus America (North America)
- Association of Canadian Choral Communities (Canada)
- American Choral Directors Association (US)
- Brazilian Choral Organization (Brazil)
Resources
- ChoralNet
- Gerontius (UK)
- The Boy Choir & Soloist Directory
- Vocal Area Network
- GALA Choruses (GLBT c... | 33,062 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Chimes at Midnight
Chimes at Midnight (onscreen title and UK title: Falstaff (Chimes at Midnight), Spanish release: Campanadas a medianoche), is a 1965 English-language Spanish-Swiss period comedy-drama film directed by and starring Orson Welles. The film's plot centres on William Shakespeare's recu... | 33,063 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
The script contains text from five of Shakespeare's plays; primarily "Henry IV, Part 1" and "Henry IV, Part 2", but also "Richard II", "Henry V", and "The Merry Wives of Windsor". Ralph Richardson's narration is taken from the works of chronicler Raphael Holinshed.
Welles had previously produced a B... | 33,064 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Piedra about intending to make a version of "Treasure Island", and keeping the film funded during its production was a constant struggle. Welles shot "Chimes at Midnight" throughout Spain between 1964 and 1965; it premiered at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, winning two awards there.
Initially dismis... | 33,065 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
and Welles' father. Disputes over the ownership of "Chimes at Midnight" made it difficult to view the film legally until recently. It was released in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray in 2015. A new restoration by Janus Films and The Criterion Collection was screened at the Film Forum in New York January 1–1... | 33,066 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
true heir, Edmund Mortimer, is a prisoner in Wales, and Mortimer's cousins Northumberland, Worcester, and Northumberland's son Hotspur demand that Henry rescue Mortimer. The king refuses, and thus Mortimer's cousins begin to plot Henry's overthrow.
To Henry's great dissatisfaction, his son Prince Ha... | 33,067 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
in Gadshill to prepare to rob a group of traveling pilgrims. After Falstaff, Bardolph, and Peto rob the pilgrims, Hal and Poins jump out in disguises and take the stolen treasure from Falstaff as a joke.
Back at the Boar's Head Tavern, Falstaff begins to tell Hal and Poins with increasing exaggerati... | 33,068 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
as his one virtuous friend. Hal's Henry calls Falstaff a "misleader of youth".
Hal visits the King at the castle and Henry scolds him for his criminal and unethical life-style. Henry warns Hal about Hotspur's growing army and its threat to his crown. Hal passionately vows to his unimpressed father t... | 33,069 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
two armies meet in the Battle of Shrewsbury (1403), but Falstaff hides in shrubs for most of the conflict. After a long and bloody fight, the King's men win the battle, after which Hotspur and Hal meet alone and duel; as Falstaff watches, Hal kills Hotspur. Henry sentences Worcester to death and take... | 33,070 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
once again spending time with Falstaff, and collapses. Hal visits the castle and discovers that Henry is sicker than he had realized. Hal vows to Henry to be a good and noble king. Henry finally has faith in Hal and advises him on how to be a king. Henry dies and Hal tells his men that he is now King... | 33,071 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
and interrupts the entire ceremony, announcing himself to Hal. Hal turns his back on Falstaff and proclaims that he is now finished with his former lifestyle. As Falstaff looks up at Hal with a mixture of pride and despair, the new king banishes Falstaff. The coronation continues into the castle as F... | 33,072 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
the heir to the throne of England
- John Gielgud as King Henry IV, the King of England
- Margaret Rutherford as Mistress Quickly, hostess of the Boar's Head Tavern
- Jeanne Moreau as Doll Tearsheet, a prostitute
- Alan Webb as Justice Shallow, a country justice and old friend of Falstaff
- Walte... | 33,073 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
of Edmund Mortimer
- Norman Rodway as Henry Percy, called Hotspur, Northumberland's son, and second cousin of Edmund Mortimer
- Marina Vlady as Kate Percy, Hotspur's wife
- Andrew Faulds as Earl of Westmorland, an Earl loyal to the King
- Jeremy Rowe as Prince John, Henry IV's second son
- Beatr... | 33,074 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Todd School for Boys in Woodstock, Illinois. Welles tried to stage a three-and-a-half-hour combination of several of Shakespeare's historical plays called "The Winter of Our Discontent" in which he played Richard III. School officials forced him to make cuts to the production. "Chimes at Midnight" or... | 33,075 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
VI, Part 3" and "Richard III"sometimes collectively called the "War of the Roses cycle". The grouping of "Henry IV, Part 1", "Henry IV, Part 2" and "Henry V" are often referred to as the "Henriad".
## "Five Kings" (1939).
"Five Kings" was announced as part of the newly revived Mercury Theatre's sec... | 33,076 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Part Two and finally debuting the full production on Broadway. Houseman stated that the play's aim was "to combine the immediate quality of the Elizabethan with all the devices and techniques possible in the modern theatre." The cast included Welles as Falstaff, Burgess Meredith as Prince Hal, John E... | 33,077 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Meredith, with the result that only specific scenes or fragments of the play were ever rehearsed. The Baltimore performance was eventually dropped and at the first dress rehearsal in Boston, it was discovered that the play was over five and a half hours long and contained 46 scenes. Welles cut 14 sce... | 33,078 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
and canceled the D.C. engagement. Welles then edited the show to three and a half hours. The play closed after only a few performances in Philadelphia, and the Theatre Guild terminated its contract with the Mercury Theater. Photographs of the play's rehearsals show similarities to "Chimes at Midnight... | 33,079 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
cast included Welles as Falstaff, Keith Baxter as Prince Hal, Hilton Edwards as the Narrator, Reginald Jarman as Henry IV and Alexis Kanner as Hotspur. At one point, Welles and Edwards wanted Micheál Mac Liammóir to replace Jarman as Henry IV, but Mac Liammóir would only accept the role of Prince Hal... | 33,080 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
more upon the relationship between Falstaff and Prince Hal than on the historical story of Hal's defeat of Hotspur. Most of the scenes from "Henry V" used in the first version before were removed. Welles intended to perform the play in Belfast, Dublin and London before filming it in Yugoslavia.
Rehe... | 33,081 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
good review from a "Variety" correspondent, the play closed after five performances because of low attendances. It moved to the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin, where it fared no better. By the end of the second week, Welles had resorted to reading portions of the works of Irish author J. M. Synge, and from... | 33,082 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
about Falstaff's death to the very beginning of the play. Welles finally abandoned the entire project in late March 1960, when his friend Laurence Olivier offered him the chance to direct him in Eugène Ionesco's play "Rhinoceros" on London's West End. According to Keith Baxter, Welles ended the play'... | 33,083 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
play.
# Production.
## Preproduction.
In 1964, Welles met and befriended Spanish film producer Emiliano Piedra, who wanted to work with him. Piedra did not think a Shakespearian film was marketable enough and proposed that Welles make a version of "Treasure Island" instead. Welles agreed to this o... | 33,084 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
could be used in both films, such as Mistress Quickly's Boar's Head Tavern, which would double as the Admiral Benbow Inn. Welles also cast each actor in both films, casting himself as Long John Silver, Baxter as Dr. Livesey, Beckley as Israel Hands and Gielgud as Squire Trelawney. Ironically, Welles ... | 33,085 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
Anthony Perkins to play Prince Hal, but Welles had already promised the role to Keith Baxter. Hilton Edwards was initially cast as Justice Silence, but was replaced after he became ill. The title "Chimes at Midnight" derives from "Henry IV, Part 2", where in response to Justice Shallow's reminiscing ... | 33,086 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
1964 until April 1965, with a break in filming from late December until late February. Welles' limitations on the film included a budget of $800,000 and actors Jeanne Moreau and John Gielgud being available for five and ten days respectively, while Margaret Rutherford was available for only four week... | 33,087 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
where the Gadshill robbery scene was filmed. Madrid was also the location of the Boar's Head Tavern set, where Welles shot Moreau's and Rutherford's scenes. The production then traveled to Pedraza for some outdoor street scenes, and then to Soria to shoot in the snow for the opening shots. After shoo... | 33,088 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
for funding that were conditional upon filming in color. Welles eventually secured funding from Harry Saltzman and production officially resumed in late February with most of Keith Baxter's longer speeches and the Coronation scene in Madrid. Between March and April, Welles finished the film with fill... | 33,089 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
de San Vincente, the Soria Cathedral and the city of Ávila. Welles was harsh with his crew members and according to actor Andrew Faulds, "he spoke in five different languages to them and was pretty offensivevery demanding. I suppose he'd worked out that if you bullied actors, you didn't get the best ... | 33,090 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
because of their heavy accents. Baxter also stated that he, Welles and Michael Aldridge recorded voices for several characters in post-production. Mistress Quickly's speech after Falstaff's death, which was disrupted by the audible hum of a power generator, used the original version of the soundtrack... | 33,091 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
cut to the visiting head of the Cannes Film Festival, who immediately wanted to include the film in the festival, and Welles had to finish the editing more quickly than he preferred.
# Style.
## Cinematography.
Welles had originally wanted the entire film to use high-contrast cinematography, resem... | 33,092 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
ten days to shoot the scenes and six weeks to edit what became a six-minute sequence. In filming the sequence, Welles often used hand-held cameras, wide-angle lenses, slow motion and speed up shots, static shots, swish pans and constant rapid movement of the characters to create a kinetic and chaotic... | 33,093 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
likened to contemporary films like "Dr. Strangelove" and "Culloden". Shakespearean scholar Daniel Seltzer said that "the social consciousness of the movie is as alert as Shakespeare's, and thematically pertinent in Shakespearean terms too ... the footage of the Battle of Shrewsbury itself must be som... | 33,094 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
and post-production sound was poorly recorded. Anderegg wrote that this, in combination with Welles' fast-paced camera movements and editing, makes the Shakespearean dialogue more difficult to understand. Many scenes are shot in long takes or with character's backs facing the camera, most likely for ... | 33,095 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
clanking, soldiers grunting and screaming, bones breaking, boots in the mud and the film's musical score to add to the chaos of the scene.
## Interpretation of Shakespeare.
Welles' adaptation of five Shakespeare plays was not a chronological transcription of the original texts. Shakespearean schola... | 33,096 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
just before his expedition to invade France; Welles slightly altered this scene from "Henry V", Act 2, Scene 2. In the film it is stated that this man is Falstaff, and that the incident he is pardoning is Falstaff's disturbance of Hal's coronation. Although both the pardoned prisoner and Falstaff are... | 33,097 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
says Anderegg, makes it appear that he speaks only to himself even when others are present. Gielgud was known for his classical interpretation of Shakespeare, and his performance consists almost entirely of words, which are unable to defeat either Northumberland's rebels or Hal's wild behavior. Throu... | 33,098 |
2507217 | Chimes at Midnight | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimes%20at%20Midnight | Chimes at Midnight
distribution when it was released in the U.S. the next year. Critical reception on its first release was mostly negative; the film was not regarded as one of Welles' best until years later. Crowther criticized the film's poor audio track and called it "a confusing patchwork of scenes and characters .... | 33,099 |
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