wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
about”. In a 1990 compendium of ten ground-breaking articles from the 1980s published in the journal Foreign Policy, the editor, Charles William Maynes, commented on Howorth’s Winter 1986-87 article: « In an extraordinary article, Howorth foresaw that the appearance of autonomous East-bloc peace movement... | 35,800 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
man who had launched his presidential ambitions in 1965 by ridiculing France’s nuclear pretensions and by denouncing de Gaulle as the architect of a permanent coup d’état. This work, which combined research into French military strategy, institutional dynamics, defence economics and above all political c... | 35,801 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
end of the Cold War induced an embryonic move, on the part of Europe’s nation states, to coordinate their foreign and defence policies. Using an essentially inductive methodology, based on hundreds of interviews, and in close cooperation with leading European think tanks – especially in Paris, where he h... | 35,802 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
known as the "European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy" (CSDP): the 2000s quest for an EU military capacity that would be “autonomous” from NATO. In addition, he delivered papers at over four hundred international conferences in thirty countries on four continents. His work has deployed a rang... | 35,803 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
many analyses of the decision-making procedures in CSDP, he has deployed both institutionalist and constructivist approaches. His substantial analyses of relations between CSDP, the US and NATO have been informed by a mix of realism and institutionalism; while his critical work on the EU as a “normative ... | 35,804 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
military training, security sector reform) that differentiated it from NATO. In his earlier work, he had analysed CSDP’s quest for “autonomy” as a necessary development that would allow the EU to grow into a consequential military actor. By 2013, he had become convinced that this development was not happ... | 35,805 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
same time, an increasing number of US analysts and politicians were demanding that the EU take responsibility for the stabilization of its own neighbourhood. Howorth’s alternative proposal, notably sponsored by the European People’s Party (the grouping of all of the EU’s conservative parties) was for CSD... | 35,806 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
of NATO and, in his view, the only serious future for the EU as a military actor. This thesis proved very controversial and was roundly rejected in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
# Personal life.
In 2001, in Paris, Jolyon married Vivien Schmidt, a professor at Boston University. They div... | 35,807 |
4656368 | Jolyon Howorth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolyon%20Howorth | Jolyon Howorth
ous future for the EU as a military actor. This thesis proved very controversial and was roundly rejected in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
# Personal life.
In 2001, in Paris, Jolyon married Vivien Schmidt, a professor at Boston University. They divide their time between Boston, Paris an... | 35,808 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Vukovar massacre
The Vukovar massacre, also known as the Vukovar hospital massacre or the Ovčara massacre, was the killing of Croatian prisoners of war and civilians by Serb paramilitaries, to whom they had been turned over by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), at the Ovčara farm southeast of Vukovar o... | 35,809 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
between Croatian authorities, the JNA and the European Community Monitor Mission in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The JNA subsequently refused the ICRC access to the hospital despite the agreement and removed approximately 300 people from its premises. The group,... | 35,810 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Once at the farm, the prisoners were beaten for several hours before the JNA pulled its troops from the site, leaving the prisoners in the custody of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries. The prisoners were then taken to a prepared site, shot in groups of ten to twenty and buried in a mass g... | 35,811 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
that figure stands at 60. The ICTY convicted two JNA officers in connection with the massacre, and also tried former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević for a number of war crimes, including those committed at Vukovar. Milošević died in prison before his trial could be completed. Several former member... | 35,812 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
used at Ovčara farm to hold the prisoners in captivity before their execution was rebuilt as a memorial centre in 2006. By July 2014, the centre had been visited by about 500,000 tourists.
# Background.
In 1990, ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened after the electoral defeat of the gover... | 35,813 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
north-east of Split, as well as parts of Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Slavonia. In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatia's security force... | 35,814 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the Federal Presidency. As the JNA came under Milošević's control, the JNA aban... | 35,815 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
army. To bolster its defence, Croatia doubled its police numbers to about 20,000. The most effective part of the Croatian police force was a 3,000-strong special police comprising twelve battalions organised along military lines. There were also 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police in 16 ba... | 35,816 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
approximately 8,000 troops. The reserve police, also expanded to 40,000, was attached to the ZNG and reorganised into 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions. The guards brigades were the only units of the ZNG that were fully equipped with small arms; throughout the ZNG there was a lack of heavier we... | 35,817 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
a new 10,000-strong special police was established.
# Prelude.
After Croatia launched the Battle of the Barracks on 14–15 September to capture the JNA's facilities in Croatia, the JNA launched a small-scale operation against Vukovar to relieve the city garrison. At the same time, it began large-scale... | 35,818 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
deploy fewer infantry units.
The JNA's offensive operations, directly associated with the campaign in the east Croatian region of Slavonia, were launched on 20 September. The assault on Vukovar gradually became the main effort of the campaign as the JNA was repeatedly unable to capture the city. The f... | 35,819 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
of Vinkovci.
The JNA was reinforced by local Serb-manned TO units and Serbian paramilitary volunteers who were meant to replace those reservists that had failed to respond to their call-up. The volunteers were often motivated by ethnic hatred, looted countless homes and committed numerous atrocities a... | 35,820 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Rašeta, the commander of the JNA 5th (Zagreb) Military District, notified the European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM) that the JNA accepted in principle the quick evacuation of vulnerable persons from Vukovar. At the time, it was estimated that there were about 400 people trapped in the city's hospit... | 35,821 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
from the city, even though the hospital itself was subjected to daily artillery attack. Furthermore, a number of Croatian troops took refuge in the hospital posing as patients or staff.
On 18 November, the Tripartite Commission, consisting of representatives of Croatia, the JNA and the ECMM, discussed... | 35,822 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
They were to be handed over to international authorities at the Zidine junction, the hospital was to be placed under the control of the ICRC and the ECMM was to oversee the entire operation. Hebrang notified the hospital director Vesna Bosanac of the agreement and told her that ICRC teams would arrive.... | 35,823 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
had ceased in Vukovar, but it did not receive any information on the fate of the hospital patients. Consequently, the head of the ECMM, ambassador Dirk Jan van Houten, contacted Rašeta asking him to intervene on the ECMM's behalf. That day, a JNA unit arrived at the hospital and Bosanac was taken to me... | 35,824 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
in charge of the facility who agreed to grant the ICRC access. Borsinger then rejoined the ICRC convoy that was moving towards the hospital to evacuate it. The hospital was also toured by French reporter Agnès Vahramian that day, and there she recorded an interview with Jean-Michel Nicolier, a wounded ... | 35,825 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
refused to let the ICRC pass. In order to facilitate negotiations with the ICRC at the scene, BBC reporter Martin Bell volunteered his interpreter. In a confrontation recorded by television cameras, Šljivančanin told the ICRC personnel: "This is my country, we have conquered this. This is Yugoslavia, a... | 35,826 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
people were taken away from the hospital.
## Ovčara farm.
Later on 20 November, Šljivančanin and Colonel Nebojša Pavković informed the press that the JNA would provide buses to transport the wounded out of Vukovar. Instead, at about 10:30, the buses took the prisoners to the JNA barracks on the south... | 35,827 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
against Serbs. After spending two hours at the barracks, the buses took the prisoners to the Ovčara farm near the village of Grabovo. The group largely consisted of Croats, but also included several ethnic Serbs, Muslims, ethnic Hungarians, the French national Nicolier, and one German national who foug... | 35,828 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
away from Vukovar, the captives were ordered from the buses one-by-one and forced to run the gauntlet past dozens of JNA troops and Serb paramilitaries towards a farm storage building. Slavko Dokmanović, a former mayor of Vukovar, was one of the armed men involved in beating prisoners. As the captives ... | 35,829 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
crutches. By sundown, at least two men were beaten to death. In addition, one of the captors shot five prisoners, including one Frenchman, who is presumed to be Nicolier. Seven or eight men were returned to Vukovar on orders of the JNA, presumably released at the intervention of their Serb neighbours. ... | 35,830 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Mechanised Brigade.
At about 18:00, the prisoners were divided into groups. Each group of 10 to 20 was loaded onto a truck and transported several hundred metres (yards) from the building towards a wooded ravine. When the prisoners reached the previously prepared execution site, they were shot and bur... | 35,831 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
as high as 264. The Croatian authorities believe that the total figure stands at 261. The massacre was the most severe individual war crime committed in Europe since World War II until that point.
# Aftermath.
Croatian Serb forces turned Ovčara into a prison camp in early October 1991. Aside from the... | 35,832 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
in early 1992, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed for peacekeeping in certain parts of Croatia, including Vukovar and its surroundings. It began its deployment in March 1992.
## Discovery of the mass grave.
Forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow learned of the massacre during his... | 35,833 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
by Royal Canadian Mounted Police Sergeant Larry Moore who was deployed to the region with the UNPROFOR. At the site, Moore spotted a human skull in the mud. A few days later, the UN declared the site a crime scene and deployed Russian UNPROFOR troops to guard it.
Snow put together a four-man team incl... | 35,834 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
bodies and infer the size of the grave. The information they obtained led Snow to conclude that the grave may contain more than two hundred bodies. The investigators also found spent cartridges consistent with standard Yugoslav-built AK-47s on one side of the grave and bullet holes in trees on the oppo... | 35,835 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
from carrying out their work by the local Croatian Serb administration. After the Croatian Serb authorities blocked several attempts to further investigate the mass grave at Ovčara, still under constant guard by the Russian peacekeepers, the site was visited by then-U.S. Ambassador to the UN Madeleine ... | 35,836 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
eastern Slavonia as the last remaining Croatian Serb-held area. Gradual restoration of the area to Croatian rule was agreed upon in November through the Erdut Agreement, and the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) peacekeeping mission wa... | 35,837 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
bodies. Most of the bodies exhibited evidence of multiple gunshot wounds. By 24 October, 200 sets of remains were recovered from the grave. The remains were transported for forensic examination to the Zagreb University School of Medicine. In the four years preceding the exhumation, Croatian authorities... | 35,838 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
were among those exhumed at Ovčara.
Croatian authorities suspect that a further 61 individuals killed at Ovčara were buried there as well. They suspect one or more additional mass graves exist in the general area, or that the bodies originally buried at the site were moved to a secondary grave. Nevenk... | 35,839 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
trials.
In November 1995, the ICTY indicted Mrkšić, Šljivančanin and JNA captain Miroslav Radić for war crimes related to the Ovčara massacre. The group was subsequently termed the "Vukovar three" by the media. The ICTY also charged Dokmanović, mayor of Vukovar at the time, with war crimes in connecti... | 35,840 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
1998, several days before a verdict was to be announced. The ICTY also linked Serb warlord Željko Ražnatović and his paramilitary formations to the massacre, but he was assassinated in Belgrade before he could be brought to trial.
Mrkšić surrendered to the ICTY in the Netherlands in May 2002. Radić an... | 35,841 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
in prison. In 2009, Šljivančanin's sentence was increased to 17 years in prison on appeal and finally reduced to ten years following a review of the judgment in 2010.
The ICTY also indicted Milošević, as well as Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović of the Serbian State Security Service, Croatian Serb ... | 35,842 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Šešelj was acquitted on all counts pending appeal. Hadžić died of cancer in July 2016, before his trial could be completed.
, Serbian authorities have convicted 15 people in connection with the Ovčara massacre. In 2010, Vujović and Stanko Vujanović (deputy commander of Croatian Serb TO in Vukovar) wer... | 35,843 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
Milan Lančužanin was sentenced to seven, and Predrag Dragović and Goran Mugoša were given five-year prison sentences. In December 2013, these convictions were set aside by the Constitutional Court of Serbia and the case was returned to the Court of Appeals for a new trial. In February 2015, Vujović, Vu... | 35,844 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the siege and ensuing massacre did not constitute genocide, though it confirmed that serious crimes had taken place.
## Commemoration.
Since 1998, the victims of the Battle of Vukovar and the events that occurred in its immediate aftermath are commemorated annually on 18 N... | 35,845 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
The massacre itself has come to be referred to as the Vukovar massacre, the Ovčara massacre, or the Vukovar hospital massacre. It was by far the largest massacre committed during the Croatian War of Independence.
In 2006, the Ovčara Memorial Centre, designed by Miljenko Romić, opened at the site of th... | 35,846 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
the Spiral of Evil () sculpture displaying the names of 261 victims. The ceiling contains 261 lighting fixtures symbolising the number of victims. The centre also contains an exhibition of personal belongings and documents found in the mass grave. The completion of the centre was funded by the City of ... | 35,847 |
4656182 | Vukovar massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar%20massacre | Vukovar massacre
010, Serbian President Boris Tadić visited the memorial centre and the mass grave site, as the first Serbian head of state to do so. He laid wreaths at the site and apologized on behalf of the Serbian state.
Several victims of the massacre are honoured individually in Vukovar. There is a monument hono... | 35,848 |
4220927 | St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Moritz%20Olympic%20Ice%20Rink | St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink
St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink
St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink () is an outdoor stadium in St. Moritz, Switzerland. It was the venue for the ice hockey, speedskating and figure skating events, as well as the location of the opening and closing ceremonies at the 1928 Winter Olympics and 1948 Winter... | 35,849 |
4220881 | Makomanai Open Stadium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makomanai%20Open%20Stadium | Makomanai Open Stadium
Makomanai Open Stadium
The Makomanai Sekisui Heim Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sapporo, Japan. During the 1972 Winter Olympics, it hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and the speed skating events. Located inside the Makomanai Park, the stadium holds 17,324 people.
Currently the s... | 35,850 |
4220953 | Stade Olympique de Chamonix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade%20Olympique%20de%20Chamonix | Stade Olympique de Chamonix
Stade Olympique de Chamonix
Stade Olympique de Chamonix is an equestrian stadium in Chamonix, France. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies to the 1924 Winter Olympics along with cross-country skiing, curling, figure skating, ice hockey, military patrol, the cross-country skiing part... | 35,851 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
"Thin Man" was the code name for a proposed plutonium gun-type nuclear bomb using plutonium-239 which the United States was developing during the Manhattan Project. They aborted its development when they discovered that the spontaneous fission rate of their nuclear react... | 35,852 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
in which two sub-critical masses would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target". The idea of an implosion-type nuclear weapon was suggested by Richard Tolman but attracted scant consideration.
Oppenheimer, reviewing his options in early 1943, gave priority to the gun-type weapon... | 35,853 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least amount of uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could be more easily adapted from it.
The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed "Thin Man" and... | 35,854 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
named after Sydney Greenstreet's character in "The Maltese Falcon". "Little Boy" would come last and be named only to contrast to the "Thin Man" bomb.
# Development.
Oppenheimer assembled a team at the Los Alamos Laboratory to work on plutonium gun design that included senior engineer Edwin Mc... | 35,855 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
arrived and took over the Ordnance and Engineering Division and direct management of the "Thin Man" project.
These four created and tested all the elements of the Thin Man design between April 1943 and August 1944. Parsons, who had developed the proximity fuze for the Navy, ran the division, an... | 35,856 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
Indeed, the actual physical characteristics of the metal were little more than educated guesses at this time.
Hirschfelder headed the E-8 Interior Ballistics Group. His group performed mathematical calculations, but he also had to identify a suitable powder, igniter, and primer. His group condu... | 35,857 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
together would be sufficient, Serber suggested that the design should also include an initiator. A polonium-210-beryllium initiator was chosen because polonium 210 has a 140-day half life, which allowed it to be stockpiled, and it could be obtained from naturally occurring ores from Port Hope, O... | 35,858 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
could be assembled into a critical mass by a gun-type method, which simply involved shooting one sub-critical piece into another. To avoid pre-detonation or "fizzle", the plutonium "bullet" would need to be accelerated to a speed of at least —or else the fission reaction would begin before the a... | 35,859 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
Boeing B-29 Superfortress could be modified to carry it by removing part of the bulkhead under the main wing spar and some oxygen tanks located between its two bomb bays.
# Design issues.
## Aerodynamics.
The great length of the "Thin Man" bomb led to aerodynamic instabilities. Subscale model... | 35,860 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
tests. In what turned out to be the last test flight of the series on 16 March, a Thin Man was prematurely released while the B-29 was still "en route" to the test range and fell onto the bomb bay doors, severely damaging the test aircraft. The modified glider tow-hook mechanisms used to suspend... | 35,861 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
Alloys project, that James Chadwick had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical fissionable material for weapons because of impurities." Conant consulted Ernest Lawrence and Arthur Compton, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago respectively knew about the prob... | 35,862 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium-239. The cyclotron-produced material on which the original m... | 35,863 |
4656422 | Thin Man (nuclear bomb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin%20Man%20(nuclear%20bomb) | Thin Man (nuclear bomb)
ate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass. The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where predetonation would be less likely would need a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber. The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb wa... | 35,864 |
4220882 | ¡Leche con Carne! | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=¡Leche%20con%20Carne! | ¡Leche con Carne!
¡Leche con Carne!
¡Leche Con Carne! the third studio album by punk rock band No Use for a Name, released in 1995. The album title is Spanish for "milk with meat".
The band gained critical recognition for this album and supported The Offspring on the "Smash" tour. After this tour, guitarist Ed Gregor... | 35,865 |
4220882 | ¡Leche con Carne! | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=¡Leche%20con%20Carne! | ¡Leche con Carne!
this tour, guitarist Ed Gregor and bassist Steve Papoutsis left No Use for a Name and would be replaced by Chris Shiflett and Matt Riddle on guitar and bass respectively.
The final track, after three minutes of silence, features a covers medley of The Cars' "Just What I Needed", Green Day's "Basket C... | 35,866 |
4220924 | President Casinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20Casinos | President Casinos
President Casinos
President Casinos was a gaming company and casino operator based in St. Louis, Missouri that was active in the 1990s. In the 2000s it went into bankruptcy and had liquidating by the end of the decade.
# History.
The company was founded in 1991 by Pittsburgh millionaire John E. Con... | 35,867 |
4220924 | President Casinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20Casinos | President Casinos
Resort in Biloxi was sold to Broadwater Development.
On February 24, 2006, Pinnacle Entertainment announced that it would purchase the President Casino Laclede's Landing for $31.5 million. On December 21, 2006, Pinnacle Entertainment completed the purchase of the casino.
It has sold all of its opera... | 35,868 |
4220924 | President Casinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20Casinos | President Casinos
- The President, Davenport, Iowa opened 1991 in (later acquired by Isle of Capri Casinos subsequently retired. Associated with the casino was the landmark Blackhawk Hotel in downtown Davenport.
- President Casino Broadwater Resort, Biloxi, Mississippi opened 1992 (acquired by Broadwater Development L... | 35,869 |
4656430 | Lucia Bosè | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia%20Bosè | Lucia Bosè
Lucia Bosè
Lucia Bosè (born 28 January 1931) is an Italian actress, who was at the height of her fame during the period of Italian Neorealism, the 1940s and 1950s. She is the mother of Spanish singer Miguel Bosé.
# Life and career.
After a number of years working in a bakery, "Pasticceria Galli", in her n... | 35,870 |
4656430 | Lucia Bosè | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia%20Bosè | Lucia Bosè
asked her to play Clara Manni in "La signora senza camelie" and Juan Antonio Bardem cast her in the lead of "Muerte de un ciclista" (1955). She also appeared in the 1955 film "Gli Sbandati" and played the main female role in Luis Buñuel's "Cela s'appelle l'aurore", 1956.
Her career had flourished until 1956... | 35,871 |
4656430 | Lucia Bosè | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia%20Bosè | Lucia Bosè
"Under the Sign of Scorpio" (1969), Mario Colucci's "Something Creeping in The Dark" (1971), Liliana Cavani's "L'ospite" (1972), Giulio Questi's "Arcana" (1972), Marguerite Duras' "Nathalie Granger" (1972), Beni Montresor's "La messe dorée" (1975), Jeanne Moreau's "Lumière" (1976) and Daniel Schmid's "Violan... | 35,872 |
4656430 | Lucia Bosè | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia%20Bosè | Lucia Bosè
(1951)
- "È l'amor che mi rovina" (1951)
- "Three Girls from Rome" (1952)
- "The Temptress" (1952)
- "" (1952)
- "The Lady Without Camelias" (1953)
- "Of Life and Love" (1954)
- "It Happened at the Police Station" (1954)
- "Era lei che lo voleva!" (1954)
- "Concert of Intrigue" (1954)
- "Symphony o... | 35,873 |
4656430 | Lucia Bosè | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucia%20Bosè | Lucia Bosè
ess" (1952)
- "" (1952)
- "The Lady Without Camelias" (1953)
- "Of Life and Love" (1954)
- "It Happened at the Police Station" (1954)
- "Era lei che lo voleva!" (1954)
- "Concert of Intrigue" (1954)
- "Symphony of Love" (1954)
- "Magic Village" (1955)
- "The Abandoned" (1955)
- "Death of a Cyclist"... | 35,874 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
Stephen Joel Trachtenberg (born December 14, 1937) was the 15th President of George Washington University, serving from 1988 to 2007. On August 1, 2007, he retired from the presidency and became President Emeritus and University Professor of Public Service.
# Backgr... | 35,875 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. He began his career in higher education at Boston University and later became President at the University of Hartford. From there he went to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
He is the author of numerous books including "Preside... | 35,876 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
to higher education. These include an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Columbia University in 2007, a Doctor of Public Service degree from The George Washington University in 2008, an honorary Doctor of Public Administration degree from South Korea’s Kyonggi University, an honorary Doctor o... | 35,877 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
Trachtenberg's tenure as president the university created five new schools: Public Health and Health Services, Public Policy and Public Administration, College of Professional Studies, Graduate School of Political Management, and Media and Public Affairs; initiated the University Honors Progra... | 35,878 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
upgraded and developed University academic, residential, and recreational facilities; and raised tuition prices.
The university Board of Trustees renamed the public policy school for Trachtenberg, calling it the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, similar to when t... | 35,879 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
withdrew from the keynote position citing the Virginia Tech massacre without further elaboration.
When President Trachtenberg took office in 1988, tuition at GWU was $9,570, significantly below the national median of $11,330 for all four-year colleges. When he left office in 2007, tuition was... | 35,880 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
in the city. Similarly, by Resolution of the Council of the District of Columbia, January 22, 1998, was declared "Stephen Joel Trachtenberg Day" in honor of President Trachtenberg's commitments to minority students, scholarship programs, public school partnerships and community service.
In th... | 35,881 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
2014 and is based at the Washington D.C. office. He heads the firm's University Practice group.
# Other.
U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Trachtenberg to serve in the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel i... | 35,882 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
the District of Columbia.
After retiring from George Washington University, Trachtenberg joined the retained executive search firm Korn Ferry Korn/Ferry International as Chairman of the Education Specialty Practice.
An inscription on the reverse side of a bust of George Washington on the Nor... | 35,883 |
4656459 | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Joel%20Trachtenberg | Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
ved on numerous boards and committees, including the Bankiter Foundation, the Ditchley Foundation, the National Board of Trade, the Federal City Council, the Locite Corporation, MNC, Riggs Bank, the CNO Executive Panel, The White House Fellows Selection Panel and The University of the People. ... | 35,884 |
4656474 | Brown catshark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%20catshark | Brown catshark
Brown catshark
The brown catshark ("Apristurus brunneus") is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. Brown catsharks are deep-wate... | 35,885 |
4656474 | Brown catshark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%20catshark | Brown catshark
markings on the posterior margins of their fins. Their bodies are soft and flabby, with a weak skin that can easily be harmed. Brown catsharks' two dorsal fins are the same size and do not have spines. The first dorsal fin originates to the front of the pelvic fin and the second dorsal fin is located in ... | 35,886 |
4656474 | Brown catshark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%20catshark | Brown catshark
is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, they are believed to have a well-developed sense of smell, and are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, w... | 35,887 |
4656474 | Brown catshark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%20catshark | Brown catshark
long and 2.5 cm wide. The egg cases are transparent and have long tendrils that are probably used to attach them to hard structures. The incubation period is possibly a year. In Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August; however, the carrying time for warmer waters is unknown.
# C... | 35,888 |
4656474 | Brown catshark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%20catshark | Brown catshark
sted on the IUCN list as needing to be reclassified. The only known negative impact that brown catsharks have on humans is the frequent bycatch of deep-water fishing trawlers, which while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets, as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable ... | 35,889 |
4220977 | James Hill (producer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Hill%20(producer) | James Hill (producer)
James Hill (producer)
James Hill (August 1, 1916 – January 11, 2001) was an American film producer in the 1950s and 1960s. He joined Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions as a producer with Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster after working with them as co-screenwriter on "His Majesty O'Keefe". Born in Ind... | 35,890 |
4220872 | KRAV-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAV-FM | KRAV-FM
KRAV-FM
KRAV-FM (96.5 MHz, "Mix 96.5"), is a commercial FM radio station in Tulsa, Oklahoma, owned by Cox Radio. It airs a hot adult contemporary radio format, playing a mix of pop hits from the 1990s to today. Its studios and offices are located in the Cox Broadcasting Complex on South Memorial Drive, near In... | 35,891 |
4220872 | KRAV-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAV-FM | KRAV-FM
FM radio station was rare in the 1960s, when there were few FM receivers. Most FM stations were co-owned by AM stations, simply simulcasting the same programming.
At first, KRAV was powered at only 20,000 watts from a 330 foot tower, giving it a fraction of the coverage it has today. In 1966, Kravis bought an ... | 35,892 |
4220872 | KRAV-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAV-FM | KRAV-FM
FM"". In the 1990s, KRAV's power was boosted to 100,000 watts, the maximum permitted for non-grandfathered FM stations. But its tower was only 137 feet tall.
In 1996 Kravis sold KRAV and KFMJ to Cox Radio for $5.5 million. Cox continued the Hot AC format on KRAV, while switching AM 1050 to adult standards and ... | 35,893 |
4220872 | KRAV-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAV-FM | KRAV-FM
oldies KGTO. KRAV and KGTO moved into studios on South Yale Avenue, along with co-owned AM 740 KRMG. KGTO was sold several years later.
In 2009, KRAV was relocated on a much taller tower shared with Cox's other FM and TV stations, at 1486 feet (453 meters) in height above average terrain in Sand Springs. Its s... | 35,894 |
4220976 | Ma Chih-hung | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma%20Chih-hung | Ma Chih-hung
Ma Chih-hung
Ma Chih-hung (; sometimes listed as Chih-Hung Ma; born November 5, 1985 in Pingtung County, Taiwan) is an aboriginal Taiwanese luger who has competed since 2003.
The youngest competitor in men's luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin at the age of 20, he finished 28th in the men's singles... | 35,895 |
4220958 | Edouard Lapaglie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edouard%20Lapaglie | Edouard Lapaglie
Edouard Lapaglie
Tony Quinn (Stockton on Tees, 1956) is a UK radio personality who is best known from his comic Frenchman character Édouard Lapaglie, who provides sidekick comedy input on programmes presented by Martin Kelner. Kelner often refers to him as ""everyone's favourite bogarse Frenchman"". E... | 35,896 |
4220958 | Edouard Lapaglie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edouard%20Lapaglie | Edouard Lapaglie
in Leeds in 1977.
The character Edouard Lapaglie was 'born' on Radio Aire in 1981, appearing on the Martin Kelner Breakfast Show, then the Late Night and Tea-Time shows broadcasting the long-running Soap Opera ""Monsieur Haricot prends ses Vacances"". Edouard has subsequently appeared alongside Martin... | 35,897 |
4220958 | Edouard Lapaglie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edouard%20Lapaglie | Edouard Lapaglie
took place every Saturday evening between 10:00 p.m. - 1:00 a.m. from the studios of BBC Radio Leeds until April 2007.
From June 2007, Edouard, Simon Jose and Elaine Lipworth began appearing on Martin Kelner's show on GMG radio station Real Radio. The programme was aired from their studios in Tingley,... | 35,898 |
4220958 | Edouard Lapaglie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edouard%20Lapaglie | Edouard Lapaglie
st 2010, when the 226th edition marked the end of these broadcasts for a while. In April 2016 The podcast was reborn, as Edouard and Kelner joined forces once more and issue 227 heralded the resurgence of a weekly edition, available for paid subscribers only.
As well as appearing on the radio in the e... | 35,899 |
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