wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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4222921 | Francesco Graziani | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Graziani | Francesco Graziani
was the managing director of Catania in Serie C1, was successively appointed as manager, and led the Sicilian team to a historic promotion in Serie B.
He then resigned as football coach after the ninth match of the next season, and in 2003–04 he coached Montevarchi of Serie C2 with little success, b... | 37,400 |
4222921 | Francesco Graziani | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Graziani | Francesco Graziani
m to an immediate promotion to Serie D, being popular to the public because of his hot-blooded attitudes, especially during league matches. He later also worked for Mediaset as a football pundit.
# Honours.
## Club.
- Torino
- Serie A: 1975–76
- Coppa Italia: 1980 (Runner-up)
- Fiorentina
- Se... | 37,401 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Schema (Kant)
In Kantian philosophy, a transcendental schema (plural: "schemata"; from , "form, shape, figure") is the procedural rule by which a category or pure, non-empirical concept is associated with a sense impression. A private, subjective intuition is thereby discursively thought to be a represen... | 37,402 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
act of human cognition, called by him the transcendental unity of apperception, and its various aspects, called the logical functions of judgment. He then proceeds to the pure categories of the understanding, and then to the schematized categories, and finally to the transcendental principles of nature in... | 37,403 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
wrote the chapter on Schematism in his "Critique of Pure Reason" to solve the problem of "...how we can ensure that categories have 'sense and significance.' "
"A posteriori" concepts have sense when they are derived from a mental image that is based on experienced sense impressions. Kant's "a priori" co... | 37,404 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Kantian Categories, or "a priori" concepts, have, according to Kant, a basic and necessary importance for human knowledge, even though they are totally different from sensations. However, they must be connected in some way with sensed experience because
"… an "a priori" concept which cannot, as it were, ... | 37,405 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Three types of concepts and their schemata.
There are three types of concept that require a schema in order to connect them to perceptions so that they have sense [Sinn] and meaning [Bedeutung]. These three types are (1) empirical concepts, (2) pure (mathematical) sensuous concepts, and (3) pure concepts... | 37,406 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
intuitive perceptions that are the content of empirical concepts are vague images that are imagined in order to connect a concept with the perceptions from which it was derived as their common feature. "Intuitions," Kant wrote, "are always required to verify or demonstrate the reality of our concepts." Th... | 37,407 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
example, "The concept of a dog signifies a rule according to which my imagination can trace, delineate, or draw a general outline, figure, or shape of a four-footed animal without being restricted to any single and particular shape supplied by experience." In order to prevent the emptiness of "thoughts wi... | 37,408 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
concept, but is a mere "representative" of it for the time being. … Kant calls a fleeting phantasm of this kind a "schema.""
### Pure sensuous (mathematical) concepts.
These are concepts that relate, prior to experience, to the external sense of space and the internal sense of time. As such, they are ma... | 37,409 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
imagination to mentally construct or draw or trace a pure, general geometrical form that gives the pure, sensuous concept significance. "… [T]o possess the schema corresponding to the concept triangle is to be able to envisage the variety of things to which the word "triangle" applies." "[T]he schema of s... | 37,410 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
concept of the understanding, or category, is a characteristic, predicate, attribute, quality, or property of any possible object, that is, an object "in general" or "as such". These concepts are not abstractions of what is common to several perceived, particular, individual objects, as are empirical conc... | 37,411 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
of pure, non-empirical concepts, or categories, provide a reference to intuition in a way similar to the manner of empirical concepts. "If the concepts are empirical, the intuitions are called "examples"; if they are pure concepts of the understanding, the intuitions are called "schemata"." In the same wa... | 37,412 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
are pure, they cannot be pictures..." "Yet there must be some connection between the abstract idea and the experienced world to which the idea is expected to apply..." "In order for the pure categories to have objective validity (and not merely subjective validity) they must be related to sensibility."
#... | 37,413 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
are totally different from each other. Categories are utterly heterogeneous with the perceptions that are experienced through the sense organs. In order for specific phenomena of Nature to be thought from the combination of categories (pure concepts) and sense perceptions, there must be a third, mediating... | 37,414 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
incompatible parts, schemata connect empirical concepts with the perceptions from which they were derived. Schemata are rules for the production of images. As "rules", they are related to concepts. As "image"–producers, they are related to perceptions. "While the concept belongs to the understanding and i... | 37,415 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
to perceptions. The pure concepts or Categories are original constituent components of the understanding and are not derived from empirical sense perceptions.
#### Transcendental schemata.
Transcendental schema are not related to empirical concepts or to mathematical concepts. These schemata connect pur... | 37,416 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
without which no experiential judgment would be possible, to each empirical synthesis. … the transcendental schematism of judgment provides it [judgment] with a rule under which given empirical intuitions are to be subsumed." Kant defined the Greek word "hypotyposis" as a " … rendering perceptible to the ... | 37,417 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
sensible intuition can be adequate. Schemata contain direct presentations of the concept. They make this presentation demonstratively, not by the use of analogies. Judgment, according to Kant, works mechanically with given appearances and brings them under concepts. It does this as a tool that is utilized... | 37,418 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
internal or external objects if they are related to time. All concepts are derived from perceptions, therefore pure concepts [Categories] are based on pure perceptions. The purest perception, or schema, is time. Time has the purest relation to sensation that is possible. It is the mere form of sensation b... | 37,419 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
are related to time. Thus, pure concepts, or categories, and phenomenal objects share time as a common feature. Therefore, time is the means by which an intuited phenomenon is subsumed under a pure concept. Schemata are transcendental time determinations. "Hence it will be possible for the category to be ... | 37,420 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
must be distinguished from an image." A schema is a procedural rule. The rule prescribes the way to relate a pure concept to an object in general. Schemata are ways of applying pure concepts (categories) to sense impressions. They are prescriptions for graphically illustrating a pure concept. A schema is ... | 37,421 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
form of intuition (time) to give rise to the 'transcendental schemata' or rules of the application of pure concepts to whatever sense–impressions we receive." To exemplify this, he continued, "To take the most important example, we have the hypothetical (if–then) judgment, which is the mode of judgment un... | 37,422 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Illustrations of different categories and their schemata.
Each category has one schema. Some schemas are shared by other categories in their class.
- The categories of quantity all share the schema of number. Quantity is related to a numerical time series. William H.S. Monck claimed that Kant can be und... | 37,423 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Unity I presume we should stop at the first term of the Time–series: for the Category of Plurality we should represent the addition of unit to unit without laying down any determinate limit; and for the Category of Totality we should limit the number of units and complete the addition up to this number."
... | 37,424 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
is weaker. If the sensation is sufficiently vivid the present moment is so filled with it that it seems impossible to attend to, or even be conscious of any other sensation simultaneously; but when it becomes weaker we have leisure to perceive other sensations also. This occurs by degrees. "We can represe... | 37,425 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
stated that "Again Kant does not here give in detail the Schemata of the Categories of Reality, Negation, and Limitation." He qualifiedly suggested that "In the first case [Reality], we should, perhaps, represent the sensation as occupying the present moment to the exclusion of everything else; in the sec... | 37,426 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
belong, or the permanence of the object in time. Causality's schema is the necessary succession of a consequent to an antecedent. That is, "… the Schema of the Category of Cause is its regular "Antecedence" in Time (i.e. "Succession" in Time determined by fixed law)." The category of community has the sch... | 37,427 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Kant is Time itself as related to the Existence of the object." In the class of modality, the category of possibility has the schema of possibility at any time. The schema of actual existence at a certain time belongs to the category of existence. Finally, the category of necessity has the schema of being... | 37,428 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
studied the theory of the Principles."
#### Schematized and unschematized categories.
The schemata give the categories a "cash value", as though the category is like paper money and sense experience is analogous to precious metal. A schema is the agreement or harmony of a category with sensual phenomena... | 37,429 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
same time as restricting their scope to appearances." Categories cannot be realized in objects that are not detectable by the senses, that is, are not phenomenal objects or objects that appear to an observer.
"The schemata of the pure concepts of the understanding are, therefore, the true and sole condit... | 37,430 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
but can not be known. If something can never be perceived, it can never be known. Schemata represent things in general as they appear, not as they might otherwise exist. "Categories, therefore, without schemata are only functions of the understanding necessary for concepts, but do not themselves represent... | 37,431 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
or uncaused movements, immortal souls, and eternal gods, are products of unschematized categories. They can be thought, but not known.
# Alternative schemata.
Kant said that the schema of a concept is the representation of a general procedure of the imagination by which an image can be supplied for a co... | 37,432 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
as consequent upon the categories, and hence in order to establish the categories' "objective reality", we need not merely intuitions but indeed always "outer intuitions"." Since space is the form of all appearances of the outer senses, it may seem that space could serve as a schema. Indeed, any phenomeno... | 37,433 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
the transcendental schemata for the categories may be explicated in purely temporal terms, the "use" of these schemata in turn depends upon judgments about the "spatial" properties and relations of at least some objects of empirical judgment." Guyer claimed that this declaration was clarified in Kant's "T... | 37,434 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
would here take the place of elements in a temporal situation. Substance might be interpreted in terms of growth and form as opposed to what underlies mechanical change, and causality be thought of in terms of purpose and function." However, Professor Walsh concluded that Kant's choice of time as schema w... | 37,435 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
of systematic unity.
In his discussion of the Architectonic of Pure Reason, Kant utilized the concept of schema in a way that was similar to his discussion of the schemata of the Categories. A science's whole systematic organization consists of parts. The parts are various cognitions or units of knowledg... | 37,436 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
drafted in accordance with accidental, empirical purposes results in mere technical unity. But a schema that is drawn up from an "a priori" rational idea is the foundational outline of architectonic unity. Science must have architectonic unity. "For the schema of what we call science must contain the whol... | 37,437 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
or idea (Idee) as actual, perceptual experience.
# Criticism.
Obscurity of the concept "schema"
Kant introduced the concept of the transcendental schema in his chapter entitled "Of the Schematism of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding." It is considered to be one of Kant's more difficult chapters. E... | 37,438 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Schematism probably presents more difficulties to the uncommitted but sympathetic reader than any other part of the "Critique of Pure Reason". Not only are the details of the argument highly obscure (that, after all, is a common enough experience in reading Kant, though one is not often so baffled as one ... | 37,439 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
chapter on schemata as "an audacious piece of nonsense" and the schema as "an absurdity whose non–existence is plain." In Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata, he attempted to clear up the obscurity by attributing Kant's concept of schemata simply to a psychological need for architectonic symmetry ... | 37,440 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
to Kant's description of the categories or pure concepts of the understanding. The article on Kant in the "Encyclopedia of Philosophy" calls Kant's schematism a "baffling doctrine " with "cryptic sentences." Josiah Royce referred to "the perplexing doctrine of the Schema." The Scottish philosopher Robert ... | 37,441 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
many readers. In their book on parallel distributed processing, the PDP Research Group discussed Kant's schemata when they appropriated that word to designate their concept of image schemata. "The schema," they wrote, "throughout history, has been a concept shrouded in mystery. Kant's … use of the term ha... | 37,442 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
to Professor W. H. Walsh, there is an apparent discrepancy in Kant's central arguments about schematism. Kant, according to Professor Walsh, first claimed that empirical concepts do not require schemata. Only pure concepts need schemata in order to be realized. This is because pure concepts are totally di... | 37,443 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
in one image a certain mathematical quantity according to a certain concept, he wrote: "This representation of a general procedure of the imagination by which a concept receives its image, I call the schema of such concept." With regard to pure concepts, Kant then declares, "The schema of a pure concept o... | 37,444 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
mediation
According to Kant, a transcendental schema is a mediating nexus, a third thing ("tertium quid"; "ein Drittes"), between a pure concept and a phenomenon. This mediation was never satisfactorily explained by Kant, and Charles Sanders Peirce declared that it is a major part of Kant's system. Kant'... | 37,445 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
interpretation.
Scottish philosopher Robert Adamson wrote from a Hegelian standpoint. He believed that Kant's analysis of knowledge into the separate topics of intuition, schema, and concept was mechanical and artificial. Adamson claimed that "Thought and Intuition are organically united in the schema." ... | 37,446 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Kant's abstract analysis of perceptual knowledge was, according to Adamson, the misleading separation of an organic unity into individual components. He asserted that "… we must on no account regard Notion, Schema, and Intuition, as three parts of perception which would exist in isolation."
This amalgama... | 37,447 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
yet they relate to each other. This exposition by Professor Pluhar paraphrases Kant's doctrine that perceptions are based on concepts. Kant's position can be contrasted with Schopenhauer's opposite teaching that concepts are derived or abstracted from perceptions, thereby giving content to the concepts an... | 37,448 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
of how time is utilized to accomplish the matching or mediation. His explanation does not resort to presenting schemata through the use of visual analogies such as "sketches" or "outlines." Pluhar's schemata are rules. "In the case of causal relation, the schema is the rule that "the effect must follow th... | 37,449 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Oddly enough, schemata do not have to be added as mediators to the categories of causality and substance. These are already temporalized. Time is intrinsic to the relation between cause and effect. Substance, by its very nature, is a thing that continually endures.
# Watson on time and schematism.
Canad... | 37,450 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
by which the definite or concrete becomes a possible object in time…." Schematizing an object is representing an object in time. Accordingly, timeless "…supersensible realities…are not capable of being 'schematized,' do not admit of the application to them of the [Kantian] categories and can never become ... | 37,451 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
in time, then "…to the supersensible world…the schematized categories have no application…." . If a supersensible thing, like God or the soul, is not in time, then it can’t be schematized, can’t be applied to Kantian categories, and therefore can’t be a known object. Such supersensible entities would have... | 37,452 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
cognitive science. Johnson's theory makes use of Kant's insights that analogy is the cognitive mechanism which links sensible percepts to their conceptual categories, and that creative analogy—or what Johnson calls conceptual metaphor—is the cognitive mechanism by which we come to have our understanding o... | 37,453 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
in a metaphoric fashion both to reason abstractly and as we speak our language.
In an increase of ambiguity and confusion, some cognitive scientists today have appropriated the often–misused technical term "schema" to mean Kantian Category. In his book "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Basic Principles and ... | 37,454 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
then stated, "According to Kant, all knowledge was based on the 'categories' (which today we would call schemas). Consequently, reality was never directly knowable--we only knew the schemas." In this way, Kant's concept of "category," or "pure concept of the understanding," is no longer defined as being a... | 37,455 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
philosophy
- Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata
- Image schema
- Category (Kant)
# Bibliography.
- Adamson, Robert, "On the Philosophy of Kant", 1879
- Caygill, Howard, "A Kant Dictionary", Blackwell. 1995,
- Ellington, James W., "The Unity of Kant's Thought in His Philosophy of Corporeal ... | 37,456 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
Library of Liberal Arts, 146, Bobbs–Merrill, 1965
- Kant, Immanuel, Immanuel, "Prolegomena to any future metaphysics", Bobbs–Merrill, 1976,
- "Kant–Studien", Band 49 (1957), Kölner Universitäts–Verlag
- Stephan Körner, "Kant", Penguin Books, 1964,
- Mahaffy, John P., "Kant's Critical Philosophy for En... | 37,457 |
4222874 | Schema (Kant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schema%20(Kant) | Schema (Kant)
s of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason", University of Chicago, 1987
- McClelland, J.L., D.E. Rumelhart and the PDP Research Group (1986). "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models", Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
- Monck, ... | 37,458 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
Licinius
Licinius I (; ; c. 263 – 325) was a Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan (AD 313) that granted official toleration to Christians in the Roman Empire. He was finally defeated at the Battle of C... | 37,459 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
the latter's illegitimate political position. Galerius then trusted the eastern provinces to Licinius when he went to deal with Maxentius personally after the death of Flavius Valerius Severus.
Upon his return to the east Galerius elevated Licinius to the rank of Augustus in the West on November 11, 308 his i... | 37,460 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
he also possessed part of the eastern provinces as well, as the Hellespont and the Bosporus became the dividing line, with Licinius taking the European provinces and Maximinus taking the Asian.
An alliance between Maximinus and Maxentius forced the two remaining emperors to enter into a formal agreement with ... | 37,461 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
dispositions that restored confiscated properties to Christian congregations and exempted Christian clergy from municipal civic duties. The redaction of the edict as reproduced by Lactantius - who follows the text affixed by Licinius in Nicomedia on June 14 313, after Maximinus' defeat - uses neutral language,... | 37,462 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
the town after an eleven-day siege. He moved to Heraclea, which he captured after a short siege, before moving his forces to the first posting station. With a much smaller body of men, possibly around 30,000, Licinius arrived at Adrianople while Daia was still besieging Heraclea. Before the decisive engagement... | 37,463 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
still had a chance to come out victorious, Daia attempted to stop the advance of Licinius at the Cilician Gates by establishing fortifications there. Unfortunately for Daia, Licinius' army succeeded in breaking through, forcing Daia to retreat to Tarsus where Licinius continued to press him on land and sea. Th... | 37,464 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
threat, this time from the Persian Sassanids.
# Conflict with Constantine I.
In 314, a civil war erupted between Licinius and Constantine, in which Constantine used the pretext that Licinius was harbouring Senecio, whom Constantine accused of plotting to overthrow him. Constantine prevailed at the Battle of ... | 37,465 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
after these two battles and Licinius had his co-emperor Valens killed.
Over the next ten years, the two imperial colleagues maintained an uneasy truce. Licinius kept himself busy with a campaign against the Sarmatians in 318, but temperatures rose again in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had... | 37,466 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
defeated by Constantine's fleet in 323. Then in 324, Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him and having defeated his army of 165,000 men at the Battle of Adrianople (July 3, 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.... | 37,467 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
Julia Constantia, Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and his co-emperor Martinian were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in Thessalonica, Martinian in Cappadocia; however, both former emperors were subsequently executed. After his defeat, Licinius attempted to regain power wi... | 37,468 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
the son of Galerius. He also ordered the execution of the wife and daughter of the Emperor Diocletian, who had fled from the court of Licinius before being discovered at Thessalonica.
As part of Constantine’s attempts to decrease Licinius’s popularity, he actively portrayed his brother-in-law as a pagan suppo... | 37,469 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
and his successors were to do. His wife was a devout Christian. It is even a possibility that he converted. However, Eusebius of Caesarea, writing under the rule of Constantine, charges him with expelling Christians from the Palace and ordering military sacrifice, as well as interfering with the Church's inter... | 37,470 |
74639 | Licinius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licinius | Licinius
ary sacrifice, as well as interfering with the Church's internal procedures and organization.
Finally, on Licinius’s death, his memory was branded with infamy; his statues were thrown down; and by edict, all his laws and judicial proceedings during his reign were abolished.
# See also.
- Civil wars of the T... | 37,471 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
St. Johns County, Florida
St. Johns County is a county of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 United States Census, the county's population was 190,039, with a 2018 estimate of 254,261. The county seat and largest incorporated city is St. Augustine. St. Johns County is part of the Jacks... | 37,472 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
residential bedroom communities for those who commute to Jacksonville. Tourism, primarily associated with St. Augustine and the many golf courses in the area, is the chief economic industry.
# History.
St. Johns County’s history begins in 1821, when Colonel Robert Butler received Spanish Eas... | 37,473 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
Suwannee should be designated as the County of St. Johns.
St. Johns was established, along with Escambia County (in the former West Florida province), on July 21, 1821, just eleven days after Butler received Florida for the United States, and only five days from the date that the city of St. ... | 37,474 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
of the land was uninhabited. Saint Augustine (1565) was the oldest permanent European settlement, and there were Native Americans in the county as well.
# Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (26.9%) is water.
## Adjacent coun... | 37,475 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
34,084 families residing in the county. The population density was 202 people per square mile (78/km²). There were 58,008 housing units at an average density of 95 per square mile (37/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 90.92% White, 6.29% African American, 0.26% American Indian, 0.95% A... | 37,476 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
24.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.90.
The age of the population was spread out with 23.10% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 27... | 37,477 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
capita income for the county was $28,674. About 5.10% of families and 8.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.30% of those under age 18 and 6.20% of those age 65 or over.
# Government.
The St. Johns County Board of County Commissioners is an elected five-member commi... | 37,478 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
the St. Johns County Pet Adoption and Holding Center at 130 North Stratton Road.
# Education.
## Primary and secondary education.
Public schools are run by the St. Johns County School District, headed by the St. Johns County School Board, an elected five-member board which appoints a superi... | 37,479 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
the district comprised:
- 18 elementary schools (K–5)
- 3 K-8 school (K–8)
- 7 middle schools (6–8)
- 7 high schools (9–12)
- 1 alternative center (K-12)
- 6 charter schools (including a vocational-technical college)
- 1 virtual school
The St. Johns County School District has a robust ... | 37,480 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
received a state government grade of "A" for their work with the students and FCAT grading from 2004 to 2014.
## Higher education.
St. Johns River State College, a state college in the Florida College System, has a campus in St. Johns County near St. Augustine. It is accredited by the Southe... | 37,481 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
Public Library has six branches:
- Anastasia Island Branch
- Bartram Trail Branch
- Hastings Branch
- Main Library
- Ponte Vedra Beach Branch
- Southeast Branch
St. Augustine Historical Society
- Research Library
# Communities.
## Cities.
- St. Augustine
- St. Augustine Beach
## C... | 37,482 |
74646 | St. Johns County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Johns%20County,%20Florida | St. Johns County, Florida
e
- Palm Valley
- Sawgrass
- St. Augustine Shores
- St. Augustine South
- Villano Beach
- World Golf Village
## Other unincorporated communities.
- Bakersville
- Elkton
- Hastings
- Julington Creek Plantation
- Mill Creek
- Ponte Vedra Beach
- St. Johns
- Spuds
- Summer Haven
... | 37,483 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
St. Lucie County, Florida
St. Lucie County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 277,789. The county's seat is Fort Pierce. As of the 2015 Census Estimate, St. Lucie County has a population of 298,563.
St. Lucie County is included in the Port St.... | 37,484 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
parallel in order to take advantage of the strong Gulfstream current. The area was given several names by the Spanish including "Rio de Ays" (later anglicized to Indian River) as well as Santa Lucia, named after the short-lived late 16th-century Spanish fort that bore its name farther south. T... | 37,485 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
Seminoles and runaway slaves sought refuge in the virtually uninhabited area. By 1837 the Second Seminole war had broken out in Florida. In December 1837, a group of soldiers under the command of Lt. Colonel Benjamin K. Pierce sailed down the Indian River and established a fort, naming it afte... | 37,486 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
Fort Capron, located in the area that is today's St. Lucie Village.
From this point on the area became gradually more populated as settlers ventured down for health and economic reasons. The Flagler railroad reached the area in the 1890s. Major industries at the end of the 19th century in the... | 37,487 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
southern part of Brevard County with the county seat being at Fort Pierce. Other settlements at the time in St. Lucie County's boundaries included Jensen, Eden, Anknona, Walton, Eldred, White City, Viking, St. Lucie, Oslo, Vero, Quay, Sebastian and others. In 1925, Indian River County was crea... | 37,488 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
due to the bust in 1929. During World War II the United States Naval Amphibious Training Base was established in Fort Pierce on North and South Hutchinson Island. During its operation over 140,000 troops were processed through the base. The post-war years saw a major population boom in the are... | 37,489 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
to the area, laying the foundation for the future city of Port St. Lucie. Population and building booms in the late 20th century led to the formation of other areas west and south of Port St. Lucie including St. Lucie West and the new master planned community of Tradition. The early 21st centu... | 37,490 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
- west
# Transportation.
## Airports.
- St. Lucie County International Airport
St. Lucie County is served by the St. Lucie Transportation Planning Organization (TPO). The TPO is a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), a federally mandated and federally funded transportation policy-maki... | 37,491 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
out as a demand response service bus in the 1990s, it only served St. Lucie County. Soon it expanded to a fixed route system, going to predetermined locations along a route. On June 3, 2002, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) approved funding, expanding the bus service to Martin C... | 37,492 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
108,523 households, and 74,963 families residing in the county. The population density was 485.7 people per square mile. There were 137,029 housing units at an average density of 239.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 19.1% African American, 0.4% Native America... | 37,493 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
English 34%, African 15%, Irish 14%, German 13%, Italian 10%. For every 100 females, there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males.
In 2010 there were 108,523 households out of which 26.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were m... | 37,494 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
and over; 23.2% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.4 years.
According to the 2010 census, the median income for a household in the county was $36,363, and the median income for a family was $41,381. Males had a median income ... | 37,495 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
55,755, NPA 36,517, Other 6,751. St. Lucie County has favored the Democratic Party in recent decades, but in 2016, it voted for Republican Party candidate Donald Trump.
# Education.
Schools in the county are managed by St. Lucie County Public Schools.
- Barry University PSL Campus
- Florid... | 37,496 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
Navy UDT-SEAL Museum (Fort Pierce was the original home of the Navy SEALs)
- Old Fort Park
- St. Lucie County Aquarium
- St. Lucie County International Airport
- St. Lucie County Regional History Center
# Communities.
## Cities.
- Fort Pierce
- Port St. Lucie
## Towns.
- St. Lucie Vi... | 37,497 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
County Commissioners
- Town & City Web Sites
- City of Ft. Pierce Official Web Site
- City of Port St. Lucie Official Web Site
- Town of St. Lucie Village Official Web Site
- Constitutional officers
- St. Lucie County Clerk
- St. Lucie County Supervisor of Elections
- St. Lucie County ... | 37,498 |
74648 | St. Lucie County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St.%20Lucie%20County,%20Florida | St. Lucie County, Florida
- St. Lucie County Supervisor of Elections
- St. Lucie County Property Appraiser
- St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office
- St. Lucie County Tax Collector
- County wide districts
- St. Lucie County School District
- St. Lucie Soil and Water Conservation District
- Multi-county districts
- I... | 37,499 |
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