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74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
pregnant with the second, Nero Claudius Drusus (also known as Drusus the Elder). Legend said that Octavian fell immediately in love with her, despite the fact that he was still married to Scribonia. Octavian divorced Scribonia in 39 BC, on the very day that she gave birth to his daughter Julia the Elder. Seemingl... | 38,400 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
to Octavian's cause, and the political survival of the Claudii Nerones are probably more rational explanations for the tempestuous union. Nevertheless, Livia and Augustus remained married for the next 51 years, despite the fact that they had no children apart from a single miscarriage. She always enjoyed the stat... | 38,401 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
or "revered one"). Augustus rejected monarchical titles, instead choosing to refer to himself as "Princeps Civitatis" ("First Citizen of the State") or "Princeps Senatus" ("First among the Senate"). He and Livia formed the role model for Roman households. Despite their wealth and power, Augustus' family continued... | 38,402 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
public statue to her. She had her own circle of clients and pushed many protégés into political offices, including the grandfathers of the later emperors Galba and Otho.
With Augustus being the father of only one daughter (Julia by Scribonia), Livia revealed herself to be an ambitious mother and soon started to ... | 38,403 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
nephew Marcellus in 23 BC. After Julia's two elder sons by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, whom Augustus had adopted as sons and successors, had died, the one remaining son, Agrippa Postumus, was adopted at the same time as Tiberius, but later Agrippa Postumus was sent into exile and finally killed. Tacitus charges tha... | 38,404 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery but for involvement in Paullus' revolt. Livia Drusilla plotted against her stepdaughter's family and ruined them. This led to open compassion for the fallen family. Julia died in 29 AD on the same island where she had been sent in exile twenty years earlie... | 38,405 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
and power after her husband's death, under the new name of Julia Augusta. Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that rumours persisted that Augustus was poisoned by Livia, but these are mainly dismissed as malicious fabrications spread by political enemies of the dynasty. The most famous of these rumors was that Livia, u... | 38,406 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
some time, Livia and her son Tiberius, the new Emperor, appeared to get along with each other. Speaking against her became treason in AD 20, and in AD 24 he granted his mother a theater seat among the Vestal Virgins. Livia exercised unofficial but very real power in Rome. Eventually, Tiberius became resentful of ... | 38,407 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
refused the title of "Pater Patriae" for himself).
The historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio depict an overweening, even domineering dowager, ready to interfere in Tiberius’ decisions, the most notable instances being the case of Urgulania (grandmother of Claudius's first wife Plautia Urgulanilla), a woman who corr... | 38,408 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
even before that of Tiberius.
Ancient historians give as a reason for Tiberius' retirement to Capri his inability to endure his mother any longer. Until AD 22 there had, according to Tacitus, been "a genuine harmony between mother and son, or a hatred well concealed;" Dio tells us that at the time of his accessi... | 38,409 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
he held out hope of his coming, [she was at last] buried because the condition of the corpse made it necessary...". Divine honors he also vetoed, stating that this was in accord with her own instructions. Later he vetoed all the honors the Senate had granted her after her death and cancelled the fulfillment of he... | 38,410 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
her honor, and women were to invoke her name in their sacred oaths. In AD 410, during the Sack of Rome, her ashes were scattered when Augustus' tomb was sacked.
Her Villa ad Gallinas Albas north of Rome is currently being excavated; its famous frescoes of imaginary garden views may be seen at the National Museum... | 38,411 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
she acted out the roles of consort, mother, widow and dowager. Dio records two of her utterances: "Once, when some naked men met her and were to be put to death in consequence, she saved their lives by saying that to a chaste woman such men are in no way different from statues. When someone asked her how she had ... | 38,412 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
outward trappings of status came increasingly to the fore. Livia had always been a principal beneficiary of the climate of adulation that Augustus had done so much to create, and which Tiberius despised ("a strong contempt for honours", Tacitus, Annals 4.37). In AD 24, typically, whenever she attended the theatre... | 38,413 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
be interesting to know her role in this, as well as in Tiberius' divorce of Vipsania Agrippina in 12 BC at Augustus' insistence: whether it was merely neutral or passive, or whether she actively colluded in Caesar's wishes. The first divorce left Tiberius a fosterchild at the house of Octavian; the second left Ti... | 38,414 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
island of Planasia".
Livia's image appears in ancient visual media such as coins and portraits. She was the first woman to appear on provincial coins in 16 BC and her portrait images can be chronologically identified partially from the progression of her hair designs, which represented more than keeping up with ... | 38,415 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
"beautiful woman" she is described as in ancient texts, Livia serves as a public image for the idealization of Roman feminine qualities, a motherly figure, and eventually a goddesslike representation that alludes to her virtue. Livia's power in symbolizing the renewal of the Republic with the female virtues "Piet... | 38,416 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
governance to flower again, as she felt they led to corruption and civil war, and devoted to bringing Tiberius to power and then maintaining him there, she is involved in nearly every death or disgrace in the Julio-Claudian family up to the time of her death. On her deathbed she only fears divine punishment for a... | 38,417 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
good of the Romans, achievable only under strict imperial rule. In the 1976 BBC television series based on the book, Livia was played by Siân Phillips. Phillips won a BAFTA for her portrayal of the role.
In the ITV television series "The Caesars", Livia was played by Sonia Dresdel.
Livia was dramatized in the H... | 38,418 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
an iron will, and a gift for political scheming that matches Atia's.
Livia appears in Neil Gaiman's comic "Distant Mirrors – August" collected in "".
In John Maddox Roberts's short story "The King of Sacrifices," set in his SPQR series, Livia hires Decius Metellus to investigate the murder of one of Julia the E... | 38,419 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
in the 5th and 6th seasons of "". This version of Livia is in fact the daughter of Xena, raised by Augustus to be the military champion of Rome.
Nancy Marchand portrayed Livia Soprano in the first and second seasons (1999-2000) of the HBO series "The Sopranos". Like her namesake, Livia Soprano influences the fam... | 38,420 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
of Wolves" (2008) and "Nest of Vipers" (2010), have Livia as a central character in a fictionalized account of her life and times.
# Descendants.
Although her marriage with Augustus produced only one pregnancy, which miscarried, through her sons by her first husband, Tiberius and Drusus, she is a direct ancesto... | 38,421 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
Julio-Claudian family tree
# Further reading.
- Adler, Eric, “Cassius Dio’s Livia and the conspiracy of Cinna Magnus.” "Greek, Roman and Byzantine studies" 51, no. 1 (2011).
- Bartman, Elizabeth, "Portraits of Livia: Imaging the Imperial Woman in Augustan Rome" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
-... | 38,422 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
Cassius Dio.” "Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" 55, no. 1 (2015).
- Dennison, Matthew, "Livia, Empress of Rome: A Biography", 1st U.S. ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011).
- Minaud, Gérard, "Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés ", Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, c... | 38,423 |
74775 | Livia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livia | Livia
S. ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011).
- Minaud, Gérard, "Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés ", Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 1, " La vie de Livie, femme d’Auguste", p. 13–38.
- Kunst, Christiane, "Das Liviabild im Wandel," in Losemann, Volker (hg.). "Alte Geschichte z... | 38,424 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and cause vision loss. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain. Peri... | 38,425 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
in the eye, a family history of the condition, and high blood pressure. For eye pressures a value of greater than is often used with higher pressures leading to a greater risk. However, some may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage. Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pres... | 38,426 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
of disease with medication, laser treatment, or surgery. The goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure. A number of different classes of glaucoma medication are available. Laser treatments may be effective in both open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. A number of types of glaucoma surgeries may be u... | 38,427 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
the loss of vision usually occurs slowly over a long period of time. Worldwide, glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness after cataracts. The word "glaucoma" is from Ancient Greek "glaukos" which means blue, green, or gray. In English, the word was used as early as 1587 but did not become commonly use... | 38,428 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
ratio on fundoscopic examination).
About 10% of people with closed angles present with acute angle closure characterized by sudden ocular pain, seeing halos around lights, red eye, very high intraocular pressure (30 mmHg), nausea and vomiting, suddenly decreased vision, and a fixed, mid-dilated pupil. It is a... | 38,429 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
actually have elevated ocular pressure.
Open-angle glaucoma accounts for 90% of glaucoma cases in the United States. Closed-angle glaucoma accounts for less than 10% of glaucoma cases in the United States, but as many as half of glaucoma cases in other nations (particularly East Asian countries).
## Dietary.... | 38,430 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
due to shallower anterior chamber depths, with the majority of cases of glaucoma in this population consisting of some form of angle closure. Other Asians such as South Asians are also prone to developing angle closure glaucoma. Higher rates of glaucoma have also been reported for Inuit populations, compared t... | 38,431 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
NTF4", "TBK1", and "RPGRIP1", although most cases of glaucoma do not involve these genetic mutations. Normal-tension glaucoma, which comprises one-third of POAG, is also associated with genetic mutations (including "OPA1" and "OPTN" genes).
Various rare congenital/genetic eye malformations are associated with... | 38,432 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
including prolonged use of steroids (steroid-induced glaucoma); conditions that severely restrict blood flow to the eye, such as severe diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion (neovascular glaucoma); ocular trauma (angle-recession glaucoma); and inflammation of the middle layer of the pigmented... | 38,433 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
processes of the eye, and its drainage through the trabecular meshwork. Aqueous humor flows from the ciliary processes into the posterior chamber, bounded posteriorly by the lens and the zonules of Zinn, and anteriorly by the iris. It then flows through the pupil of the iris into the anterior chamber, bounded ... | 38,434 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
the aqueous humor. Loss of aqueous humor absorption leads to increased resistance and thus a chronic, painless buildup of pressure in the eye.
In close/narrow-angle, the iridocorneal angle is completely closed because of forward displacement of the final roll and root of the iris against the cornea, resulting... | 38,435 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
compression trauma, optic nerve blood flow, excitatory neurotransmitter, trophic factor, retinal ganglion cell/axon degeneration, glial support cell, immune system, aging mechanisms of neuron loss, and severing of the nerve fibers at the scleral edge.
# Diagnosis.
Screening for glaucoma is usually performed ... | 38,436 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
visual field test should be performed. The retinal nerve fiber layer can be assessed with imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography, scanning laser polarimetry, and/or scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg retinal tomogram).
Owing to the sensitivity of all methods of tonometry to corneal thi... | 38,437 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
CCT (i.e., corneal hydration, elastic properties, etc.), it is impossible to 'adjust' pressure measurements based only on CCT measurements. The frequency doubling illusion can also be used to detect glaucoma with the use of a frequency doubling technology perimeter.
Examination for glaucoma also could be asse... | 38,438 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
known as primary closed-angle glaucoma, narrow-angle glaucoma, pupil-block glaucoma, acute congestive glaucoma
Variants of primary glaucoma
- Pigmentary glaucoma
- Exfoliation glaucoma, also known as pseudoexfoliative glaucoma or glaucoma capsulare
- Primary juvenile glaucoma
Primary angle closure glaucom... | 38,439 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
formation of synechiae (effectively "scars").
These cause permanent obstruction of aqueous outflow. In some cases, pressure may rapidly build up in the eye, causing pain and redness (symptomatic, or so-called "acute" angle closure). In this situation, the vision may become blurred, and halos may be seen aroun... | 38,440 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
an eye care professional.
Once any symptoms have been controlled, the first line (and often definitive) treatment is laser iridotomy. This may be performed using either Nd:YAG or argon lasers, or in some cases by conventional incisional surgery. The goal of treatment is to reverse and prevent contact between ... | 38,441 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
in the eye. Not all people with primary open-angle glaucoma have eye pressure that is elevated beyond normal, but decreasing the eye pressure further has been shown to stop progression even in these cases.
The increased pressure is caused by trabecular meshwork blockage. Because the microscopic passageways ar... | 38,442 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease bicarbonate formation from ciliary processes in the eye, thus decreasing the formation of aqueous humor. Parasympathetic analogs are drugs that work on the trabecular outflow by opening up the passageway and constricting the pupil. Alpha 2 agonists (brimonidine, apracloni... | 38,443 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
hemorrhage
- Traumatic glaucoma
- Neovascular glaucoma (see below for more details)
- Drug-induced glaucoma
- Glaucoma of miscellaneous origin
Neovascular glaucoma, an uncommon type of glaucoma, is difficult or nearly impossible to treat, and is often caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or ... | 38,444 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
to rapidly lose their eyesight. Sometimes, the disease appears very rapidly, especially after cataract surgery procedures. A new treatment for this disease, as first reported by Kahook and colleagues, involves the use of a novel group of medications known as anti-VEGF agents. These injectable medications can l... | 38,445 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
rise of intraocular pressure following unknown pathogenesis. Intraocular pressure can sometimes reach . It characteristically manifests as ciliary body inflammation and massive trabecular oedema that sometimes extends to Schlemm's canal. This condition is differentiated from malignant glaucoma by the presence ... | 38,446 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
One of them underwent phacoemulsification with small particle nucleus drops. Some cases can be resolved with some medication, vitrectomy procedures or trabeculectomy. Valving procedures can give some relief, but further research is required.
## Absolute glaucoma.
Absolute glaucoma (H44.5) is the end stage of... | 38,447 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
nerve, and which can lead to a loss of vision. The main cause of damage to the optic nerve is intraocular pressure (IOP), excessive fluid pressure within the eye, which can be due to various reasons including blockage of drainage ducts, and narrowing or closure of the angle between the iris and cornea.
The pr... | 38,448 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
open-angle glaucoma (also, "primary glaucoma", "chronic glaucoma") refers to slow clogging of the drainage canals resulting in increased eye pressure which causes progressive optic nerve damage. This manifests as a gradual loss of the visual field, starting with a loss of peripheral vision, but eventually the ... | 38,449 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
the eye. If untreated, it can lead to the medical emergency of angle-closure glaucoma.
In angle-closure glaucoma (also "closed-angle glaucoma", "primary angle-closure glaucoma", "acute glaucoma") the iris bows forward and causes physical contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork, which blocks the outfl... | 38,450 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
of the angle between the iris and cornea closing. This tends to occur in the far-sighted, who have smaller-than-normal anterior chambers, making physical contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork more likely.
Normal-tension glaucoma (also "NTG", "low-tension glaucoma", "normal-pressure glaucoma") is a ... | 38,451 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
which another disease, trauma, drug or procedure causes increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss, and may be mild or severe. It can be due to an eye injury, inflammation, a tumor, or advanced cases of cataracts or diabetes. It can also be caused by certain drugs such as steroids.... | 38,452 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
pigmentary dispersion syndrome) is caused by pigment cells sloughing off from the back of the iris and floating around in the aqueous humor. Over time, these pigment cells can accumulate in the anterior chamber in such a way that it can begin to clog the trabecular meshwork. It is a rare condition that occurs ... | 38,453 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
and inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. The uvea provides most of the blood supply to the retina. Increased eye pressure in uveitis can result from the inflammation itself or from the steroids used to treat it.
# Screening.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force stated, as of 201... | 38,454 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
modern goals of glaucoma management are to avoid glaucomatous damage and nerve damage, and preserve visual field and total quality of life for patients, with minimal side-effects. This requires appropriate diagnostic techniques and follow-up examinations, and judicious selection of treatments for the individua... | 38,455 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
flow and neurodegenerative theories of glaucomatous optic neuropathy have prompted studies on various neuroprotective therapeutic strategies, including nutritional compounds, some of which may be regarded by clinicians as safe for use now, while others are on trial.
## Medication.
Intraocular pressure can be... | 38,456 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
to improve the drug regimen. Initially, glaucoma drops may reasonably be started in either one or in both eyes. Wiping the eye with an absorbent pad after the administration of eye drops may result in fewer adverse effects, like the growth of eyelashes and hyperpigmentation in the eyelid.
Poor compliance with... | 38,457 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
possible neuroprotective effects of various topical and systemic medications are also being investigated.
- Prostaglandin analogs, such as latanoprost, bimatoprost and travoprost, increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor. Bimatoprost also increases trabecular outflow.
- Topical beta-adrenergic receptor ... | 38,458 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
vasoconstriction of ciliary body blood vessels, useful only in open-angle glaucoma. Epinephrine's mydriatic effect, however, renders it unsuitable for closed-angle glaucoma due to further narrowing of the uveoscleral outflow (i.e. further closure of trabecular meshwork, which is responsible for absorption of a... | 38,459 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
of aqueous humor by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body.
## Laser.
Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) may be used to treat open-angle glaucoma, but this is a temporary solution, not a cure. A 50-μm argon laser spot is aimed at the trabecular meshwork to stimulate the opening of the mesh to allow... | 38,460 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
a small, full-thickness opening in the iris to equalize the pressure between the front and back of the iris, thus correcting any abnormal bulging of the iris. In people with narrow angles, this can uncover the trabecular meshwork. In some cases of intermittent or short-term angle closure, this may lower the ey... | 38,461 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
are performed to treat glaucoma. Surgery is the primary therapy for those with congenital glaucoma. Generally, these operations are a temporary solution, as there is not yet a cure for glaucoma.
### Canaloplasty.
Canaloplasty is a nonpenetrating procedure using microcatheter technology. To perform a canalopl... | 38,462 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
the canal and tightened.
By opening the canal, the pressure inside the eye may be relieved, although the reason is unclear, since the canal (of Schlemm) does not have any significant fluid resistance in glaucoma or healthy eyes. Long-term results are not available.
### Trabeculectomy.
The most common conven... | 38,463 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
formation of a bleb or fluid bubble on the surface of the eye.
Scarring can occur around or over the flap opening, causing it to become less effective or lose effectiveness altogether. Traditionally, chemotherapeutic adjuvants, such as mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are applied with soaked sponge... | 38,464 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
prevents scarring by randomizing and modulating fibroblast proliferation in addition to mechanically preventing wound contraction and adhesion.
### Glaucoma drainage implants.
The first glaucoma drainage implant was developed in 1966. Since then, several types of implants have followed on from the original: ... | 38,465 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
and the plate is implanted underneath the conjunctiva to allow a flow of aqueous fluid out of the eye into a chamber called a bleb.
- The first-generation Molteno and other nonvalved implants sometimes require the ligation of the tube until the bleb formed is mildly fibrosed and water-tight. This is done to r... | 38,466 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
drainage area similar to a bleb. The implants are transscleral and different from other ab interno implants that do not create a transscleral drainage, such as iStent, CyPass, or Hydrus.
The ongoing scarring over the conjunctival dissipation segment of the shunt may become too thick for the aqueous humor to f... | 38,467 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
glaucomatous painful blind eye and some cases of glaucoma, cyclocryotherapy for ciliary body ablation could be considered to be performed.
### Laser-assisted nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy.
The most common surgical approach currently used for the treatment of glaucoma is trabeculectomy, in which the sclera ... | 38,468 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
achieved and thus alleviating intraocular pressure, without penetrating the eye. NPDS is demonstrated to have significantly fewer side effects than trabeculectomy. However, NPDS is performed manually and requires higher level of skills that may be assisted with instruments. In order to prevent wound adhesion a... | 38,469 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
once the required scleral thickness and adequate drainage of the intraocular fluid have been achieved. This self-regulation effect is achieved as the CO laser essentially stops ablating as soon as it comes in contact with the intraocular percolated liquid, which occurs as soon as the laser reaches the optimal ... | 38,470 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
people in the world with open angle glaucoma. The same year, there were 2.8 million people in the United States with open angle glaucoma. By 2020, the prevalence is projected to increase to 58.6 million worldwide and 3.4 million the United States.
Both internationally and in the United States, glaucoma is the... | 38,471 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
mortality rates, or increased risk of cardiovascular death.
# History.
The association of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma was first described by Englishman Richard Bannister in 1622: "...that the Eye be grown more solid and hard, then naturally it should be...". Angle-closure glaucoma was tr... | 38,472 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
by Norwegian ophthalmologist Hjalmar August Schiøtz in 1905. About half a century later, Hans Goldmann in Berne, Switzerland, developed his applanation tonometer which still today - despite numerous new innovations in diagnostics - is considered the gold standard of determining this crucial pathogenic factor. ... | 38,473 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
recently been supplemented by less invasive procedures like small implants, a range of options now widely called MIGS (micro-invasive glaucoma surgery).
## Etymology.
The word "glaucoma" comes from the Ancient Greek γλαύκωμα, a derivative of γλαυκóς, which commonly described the color of eyes which were not ... | 38,474 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
changes in the trabecular meshwork and increased aqueous outflow. More compounds in this class are being investigated in phase 2 and phase 3 trials.
## Neuroprotective agents.
A 2013 Cochrane Systematic Review compared the effect of brimonidine and timolol in slowing the progression of open angle glaucoma in... | 38,475 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
by medication than participants in the timolol group.
## Cannabis.
Studies in the 1970s reported that the use of cannabis may lower intraocular pressure. In an effort to determine whether marijuana, or drugs derived from it, might be effective as a glaucoma treatment, the US National Eye Institute supported ... | 38,476 |
74748 | Glaucoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucoma | Glaucoma
an Academy of Ophthalmology released a position statement stating that cannabis was not more effective than prescription medications. Furthermore, no scientific evidence has been found that demonstrates increased benefits and/or diminished risks of cannabis use to treat glaucoma compared with the wide variety ... | 38,477 |
3807326 | Battle of Haengju | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Haengju | Battle of Haengju
Battle of Haengju
The Battle of Haengju took place on 14 March 1593 during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasion of Korea. The Japanese attack failed to overcome Haengju fortress even though they outnumbered the defenders by more than ten to one.
# Background.
Gwon Yul was stationed at the fortress of Ha... | 38,478 |
3807326 | Battle of Haengju | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Haengju | Battle of Haengju
launchers).
After three attacks, one with siege tower, and one where Ishida Mitsunari was wounded, Ukita Hideie managed to breach the outer defenses and reach the inner wall. However he was wounded as well and had to fall back.
In the last attack Kobayakawa Takakage burned a hole through the fort's ... | 38,479 |
3807326 | Battle of Haengju | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Haengju | Battle of Haengju
t on until dusk when the Japanese retreated.
# Aftermath.
Aside from the defeat, the Japanese situation became even more tenuous after Zha Dashou led a small group of raiders to Hanseong, burning more than 6,500 tons of grain. This left the Japanese with less than a month of provisions.
After sever... | 38,480 |
3807346 | X500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X500 | X500
X500
X500 may refer to:
- X500 glofiish, a cellphone by former Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company E-TEN
- X.500, a series of computer networking standards
- "X500" (film), a Canadian-Colombian-Mexican coproduced drama film released in 2016 | 38,481 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
Borrowash Victoria Association Football Club is a football club based in Spondon, Derby, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Asterdale Bowl. The club originated in the adjacent village of Borrowash before relocating to Spondon in 1984.
# Histo... | 38,482 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
reformed again in 1963 and joined Section E of the Derby Welfare League, replacing Borrowash Youth Club. In 1969 they joined Division One of the Central Alliance. They finished as runners-up in their first season, earning promotion to the Premier Division. The following season saw them finish ... | 38,483 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
1982 the league merged with the Yorkshire League to form the Northern Counties East League, with Borrowash placed in Division Two South. The first season of the league saw them finish as runners-up, earning promotion to Division One South. They went on to win Division One South the following s... | 38,484 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
clubs leaving the Northern Counties East League due to disputes between coal mining unions in the East Midlands and Yorkshire over the miners' strike.
The club remained in the Central Midlands League until 1995, when they rejoined Division One of the Northern Counties East League. In 2000–01 ... | 38,485 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
in the league's first season, and again in both 2010–11 and 2011–12. They also won the League Cup in both 2008–09 and 2011–12.
# Ground.
The club initially played at Coffee Joe's Field in Borrowash, with changing rooms located a mile and a half away. Up until 1984, they played on a council-o... | 38,486 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
club's link with their former ground.
The club initially leased the Asterdale ground before later purchasing it. A new changing room was built and floodlights installed in 1985–86, with the official switching on marked by a friendly match against Nottingham Forest. The attendance of around 2,... | 38,487 |
3807333 | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borrowash%20Victoria%20A.F.C. | Borrowash Victoria A.F.C.
is part of the wider Asterdale sports complex, which is also home to Graham Street Prims and Leesbrook Rugby Club.
# Honours.
- Northern Counties East League
- Division One South champions 1983–84
- Division One champions 2000–01
- East Midlands Counties League
- League Cup winners 2008–... | 38,488 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
Super Audio CD
Super Audio CD (SACD) is a read-only optical disc format for audio storage, introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics, and intended to be the successor to the Compact Disc (CD) format.
The SACD format can offer more audio channels (e.g. surround sound),... | 38,489 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
were increasingly acquiring music via internet downloads of files lower in resolution than either disc format, and SACD had failed to make a significant impact in the marketplace. A small market for SACD has remained, serving the audiophile community.
# History.
The Super Audio CD format was introduced... | 38,490 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
was in March 2000. The programme was an interview between Eric Kingdon (Sony), Colin Mackenzie (Hi-Fi Corner) and Kit Frazer (BBC Radio Scotland). The disc played was Mariah Carey 'Mariah'.
# Content.
By October 2009, record companies had published more than 6,000 SACD releases, slightly more than half... | 38,491 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
and Roxy Music's "Avalon" (1982), were released on SACD to take advantage of the format's multi-channel capability. All three albums were remixed in 5.1 surround, and released as hybrid SACDs with a stereo mix on the standard CD layer.
Some popular artists have released new recordings on SACD. Sales fig... | 38,492 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
use SACD but CD instead.
By August 2009 443 labels had released one or more SACDs. Instead of depending on major label support, some orchestras and artists have released SACDs on their own. For instance, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra started the Chicago Resound label to provide full support for high-re... | 38,493 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
of identical physical dimensions as a standard compact disc; the density of the disc is the same as a DVD. There are three types of disc:
- Hybrid: Hybrid SACDs are encoded with a 4.7 GB DSD layer (also known as the "HD layer"), as well as a PCM (Red Book) audio layer readable by most conventional Compa... | 38,494 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
has an uncompressed rate of 5.6 Mbit/s, four times the rate for Red Book CD stereo audio. Other technical parameters are as follows:
Commercial releases commonly included both surround sound (five full-range plus LFE multi-channel) and stereo (dual-channel) mixes on the SACD layer. Some reissues however... | 38,495 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
or focal length, than lenses designed for SACD players. This means that when a hybrid SACD is placed into a conventional CD player, the laser beam passes the high-resolution layer and is reflected by the conventional layer at the standard 1.2 mm distance, and the high-density layer is out of focus. When ... | 38,496 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
which differs from the conventional pulse-code modulation (PCM) used by the compact disc or conventional computer audio systems. In PCM, the audio amplitude at any one moment is determined by the most recent single number encoded in the bit stream (16 bits encode a single number in CDs), while in DSD, th... | 38,497 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
capable of delivering a dynamic range of 120 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and an extended frequency response up to 100 kHz, although most currently available players list an upper limit of 70–90 kHz, and practical limits reduce this to 50 kHz.
Because of the nature of sigma-delta converters, one cannot make ... | 38,498 |
74784 | Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Audio%20CD | Super Audio CD
Direct Stream Transfer.
To reduce the space and bandwidth requirements of DSD, a lossless data compression method called Direct Stream Transfer (DST) is used. DST compression is compulsory for multi-channel regions and optional for stereo regions. This typically compresses by a factor of between two and... | 38,499 |
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