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74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
Parallel Hybrid" car, known as the Subaru B5-TPH, and Nissan has introduced a small three-cylinder engine with variable intake valve timing that claims to operate an Atkinson cycle at low load (thus the lower power density is not a handicap), or a Miller cycle when under light boost in the low-pressure, su... | 38,200 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
one - in contrast to the usual situation of supercharging causing significantly increased fuel consumption.
# Overview.
A traditional reciprocating internal combustion engine uses four strokes, of which two can be considered high-power: the compression stroke (high power flow from crankshaft to the charg... | 38,201 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
stroke that the Miller cycle introduces. As the piston initially moves upwards in what is traditionally the compression stroke, the charge is partially expelled back out through the still-open intake valve. Typically, this loss of charge air would result in a loss of power. However, in the Miller cycle, th... | 38,202 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
after the piston has traveled a certain distance above its bottom-most position: around 20 to 30% of the total piston travel of this upward stroke. So in the Miller cycle engine, the piston actually compresses the fuel-air mixture only during the latter 70% to 80% of the compression stroke. During the init... | 38,203 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
with the lower compression of the intake stroke, yields a lower final charge temperature than would be obtained by simply increasing the compression of the piston. This allows ignition timing to be advanced beyond what is normally allowed before the onset of detonation, thus increasing the overall efficien... | 38,204 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
from the expanding gases as they are expanded to almost atmospheric pressure. In an ordinary spark ignition engine at the end of the expansion stroke of a wide open throttle cycle, the gases are at around five atmospheres when the exhaust valve opens. Because the stroke is limited to that of the compressio... | 38,205 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
to parasitic load. About 15 to 20% of the power generated by a supercharged engine is usually required to do the work of driving the supercharger, which compresses the intake charge (also known as boost).
## Major advantage/drawback.
The major advantage of the cycle is that the expansion ratio is greater... | 38,206 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
version of the Miller cycle, but it differs in some respects from the 1957 patent. The patent describes "a new and improved method of operating a supercharged intercooled engine". The engine may be two-cycle or four-cycle and the fuel may be diesel, dual fuel, or gas. It is clear from the context that "gas... | 38,207 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
during part of the compression stroke and releases air from the cylinder to the exhaust manifold. The CCV would have maximum lift at full load and minimum lift at no load. The effect is to produce an engine with a variable compression ratio. As inlet manifold pressure goes up (because of the action of the ... | 38,208 |
74761 | Miller cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller%20cycle | Miller cycle
ft at no load. The effect is to produce an engine with a variable compression ratio. As inlet manifold pressure goes up (because of the action of the turbocharger) the effective compression ratio in the cylinder goes down (because of the increased lift of the CCV) and vice versa. This "will insure proper s... | 38,209 |
74776 | Octavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavia | Octavia
Octavia
Octavia may refer to:
# People.
- Octavia the Elder (before 69 – after 29 BC), elder half sister of Octavia the Younger
- Octavia the Younger (69–11 BC), sister of Augustus, younger half sister of Octavia the Elder and fourth wife of Mark Antony.
- Claudia Octavia (AD 39–62 AD), daughter of Claudiu... | 38,210 |
74776 | Octavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavia | Octavia
Culture.
- "Octavia" (play), a tragedy mistakenly attributed to the Roman playwright Seneca the Younger that dramatises Claudia Octavia's death
- "Octavia" (opera), by Reinhard Keiser
- "Octavia", a romance by Jilly Cooper
- "Octavia" (TV serial), an ITV adaptation of Cooper's novel, written by Jonathan Har... | 38,211 |
74776 | Octavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavia | Octavia
in the book series "The 100 (novel series)" by Kass Morgan
- Octavia Blake, the character in the TV adaptation of Morgan's series, "The 100"
- "Octavia" (film), a 1984 American film
- Octavia, a music-themed playable character in the online game "Warframe"
# Others.
- Octavia (gens), a clan which the Roman... | 38,212 |
74776 | Octavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavia | Octavia
e "Warframe"
# Others.
- Octavia (gens), a clan which the Roman emperor Augustus, his family and his male-line ancestors originated from
- Škoda Octavia, the name of mid-size family car introduced by the Czech automobile manufacturer Škoda Auto
- Octavia Sperati, a doom metal band
- Octavia Boulevard, a st... | 38,213 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
Equestrianism
Equestrianism (from Latin , , , 'horseman', 'horse'), more often known as horse riding (British English) or horseback riding (American English), refers to the skill and sport of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses. This broad description includes the use of horses for pr... | 38,214 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other equids such as mu... | 38,215 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
human health and emotional development.
Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows, and in other types of exhibition such as historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming.
Horses continue ... | 38,216 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the Dnieper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there show... | 38,217 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of C... | 38,218 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
as a racing breed, but other breeds also race.
## Types of horse racing.
Under saddle
- Thoroughbred horse racing is the most popular form worldwide. In the UK, it is known as flat racing and is governed by the Jockey Club in the United Kingdom. In the US, horse racing is governed by The Jockey Club.
... | 38,219 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
Horses and other light breeds are also raced worldwide.
- Endurance riding, a sport in which the Arabian horse dominates at the top levels, has become very popular in the United States and in Europe. The Federation Equestre International (FEI) governs international races, and the American Endurance Ride ... | 38,220 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
fit to continue is the winner. Additional awards are usually given to the best-conditioned horses who finish in the top 10. Limited distance rides of about are offered to newcomers.
- Ride and Tie (in North America, organized by Ride and Tie Association). Ride and Tie involves three equal partners: two h... | 38,221 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
error. There are also the hunter divisions. In the hunters, riders have to make their horses look good whilst they ride their courses. The judges look at the quality of the course, and if there are two or more riders who had put down amazing courses, then the judge or judges looks at how the horse looks a... | 38,222 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
and Olympic disciplines.
Equestrian events were first included in the modern Olympic Games in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the equestrian events at the Olympics. They are... | 38,223 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
comprises a timed event judged on the ability of the horse and rider to jump over a series of obstacles, in a given order and with the fewest refusals or knockdowns of portions of the obstacles.
- Eventing, also called "combined training", "horse trials", the "three-day event", "the Military" or "the com... | 38,224 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
to bring them in line with the Olympic standard.
The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the FEI are: combined driving; endurance; reining; and vaulting. These disciplines are part of the FEI World Equestrian Games every four years and may hold their own individu... | 38,225 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
but with riders divided into different competition grades based on their functional abilities.
- Para-Equestrian Driving places competitors in grades based on their skill.
# Haute École.
The "haute école" (F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage, is a highly refined set of skills... | 38,226 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
classical teams include the South African Lipizzaners and the Hollandsche Manege of the Netherlands.
# Horse shows.
Horse shows are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be b... | 38,227 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
classes, where the horse is led by a handler on the ground and judged on conformation and suitability as a breeding animal.
- "Harness" classes, where the horse is driven rather than ridden, but still judged on manners, performance and quality.
- "Jumping" or "Over Fences" refers broadly to both show ju... | 38,228 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
classes judge the movement and the form of horses suitable for work over fences. A typical show hunter division would include classes over fences as well as "Hunter under Saddle" or "flat" classes (sometimes called "hack" classes), in which the horse is judged on its performance, manners and movement with... | 38,229 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
a good bascule. It should also be able to canter or gallop with control while having a stride long enough to make a proper number of strides over a given distance between fences. Hunter classes differ from jumper classes, in which they are not timed, and equitation classes, in which the rider's performanc... | 38,230 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
American discipline, though has recently become somewhat popular in South Africa, was created to show to best advantage the animated movement of high-stepping and gaited breeds such as the American Saddlebred and the Tennessee Walker. Many Arabians and Morgans are also shown saddle seat in the United Stat... | 38,231 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
seen primarily in the United Kingdom, Australia and other nations influenced by British traditions, featuring horses of elegant appearance, with excellent way of going and self-carriage. A related event is riding Horse.
# "Western" riding.
Western riding evolved from the cattle-working and warfare tradi... | 38,232 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
independent of the seat so as to avoid disturbing the balance of the horse and interfering with its performance.
The most noticeable feature of western style riding is in the saddle, which has a substantial tree that provides greater support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The w... | 38,233 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
of a single set of reins attached to a curb bit that has somewhat longer and looser shanks than the curb of an English Weymouth bridle or a pelham bit. Two styles of Western reins developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the closed-end "Romal" reins of the... | 38,234 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
rider's foot from slipping through the stirrup during a fall, preventing the rider from being dragged—most western saddles have no safety bars for the leathers or automatic stirrup release mechanism. A rider may wear protective leather leggings called chaps. Clean, well-fitting work clothing is the usual ... | 38,235 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
of silver. The rider may add a jacket or vest, and women's clothing in particular features vivid colors and even rhinestones or sequins.
Western horses are asked to have a brisk, ground-covering walk, but a slow, relaxed jog trot that allows the rider to sit the saddle and not post. The Western version o... | 38,236 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a plow or other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull wagons for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw carriages at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides.
As noted in "horse r... | 38,237 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
driving, an internationally recognized competition where horses perform an arena-based "dressage" class where precision and control are emphasized, a cross-country "marathon" section that emphasizes fitness and endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones" obstacle course.
- Draft horse showing: Most draft horse... | 38,238 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
where exhibitors wear racing silks and ride in a sulky in a style akin to harness racing, only without actually racing, but rather focusing on manners and performance.
- Carriage driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored antiques, judged on the turnout/neatness or suita... | 38,239 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
women's sport. In a barrel race, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. In pole bending, horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then re... | 38,240 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.
- Goat tying – usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys, a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. This event was designed to teach... | 38,241 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age.
- Calf roping, also called "tie-down roping," is an event where a calf is roped around the neck by a lariat, the horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and tie... | 38,242 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
event where men and women riders may compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header," lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler," lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each o... | 38,243 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
breaks from the saddle. In the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12, while in some nations where traditional calf roping is frowned upon, riders of both genders compete.
## "Rough Stock" competition.
In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact... | 38,244 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
onto a braided lead rope attached to the horse's halter.
- Bull Riding – though technically not an equestrian event, as the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses, skills similar to bareback bronc riding are required.
## International rodeo.
- Australian rodeo
- Chilean rodeo
# Other equestr... | 38,245 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
a surcingle with two hoops at the top is attached around a horse's barrel. The horse also wears a bridle with side reins. The vaulter is longed on the horse, and performs gymnastic movements while the horse walks, trots, and canters.
- Gymkhana, also known as "O-Mok-See" in the western United States.
- ... | 38,246 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
Team penning
- Working cow horse
## Defined area sports.
- Buzkashi, a sport originating on the steppes of central Asia, now the national sport of Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan.
- Horseball
- Jousting and Skill at Arms, events involving use of lances, swords and completion of obstacles. There are stand-... | 38,247 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
while the opposing team defends their goal
- Polocrosse
- Tent pegging
- Mounted archery
## Cross-country sports.
- Competitive Mounted Orienteering, a form of orienteering on horses (but unrelated to orienteering) – consists of three stages: following a precise route marked on a map, negotiation of ... | 38,248 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
all it has to offer.
- Competitive trail riding, a pace race held across terrain similar to endurance riding, but shorter in length (25 – , depending on class). Being a form of pace race, the objective is not to finish in the least time. Instead, as in other forms of judged trail riding, each competitor ... | 38,249 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
the trail and the horse and rider are graded on how well they perform as a team. The whole point is the partnership between the horse and rider.
- Cross Country Jumping, a jumping course that contains logs and natural obstacles mostly. The common clothes worn are usually brighter colors and less conserva... | 38,250 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
finish in the top 10.
- Fox hunting
- Hacking, or pleasure riding.
- Hunter Pacing is a sport where a horse and rider team travel a trail at speeds based the ideal conditions for the horse, with competitors seeking to ride closest to that perfect time. Hunter paces are usually held in a series. Hunter ... | 38,251 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
Steeplechase, a distance horse race with diverse fence and ditch obstacles.
- Trail Riding, pleasure riding any breed horse, any style across the land.
# Health issues.
Handling, riding and driving horses has a number of health risks. Because horses are 1200 pound beasts, and they are animals with mind... | 38,252 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
the rider's head may be up to from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to . The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
A study in Germany reported that the relative risk of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for adolesce... | 38,253 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for horse racing personnel. Other findings noted that helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.
In the United States each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 emergency department visits (1 visit per 6... | 38,254 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
eightfold over professionals. Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury. The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
## Mechanisms of injury.
The most common injury is falling fr... | 38,255 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%). A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared ... | 38,256 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the internal organs. Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with the percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a New Zealand study, include:
- Arm fr... | 38,257 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses.
In New South Wales, Australia, a study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that 81% were wearing a helmet at the time of injury, and that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower... | 38,258 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are the lower trun... | 38,259 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
relation to head injury. Statistics from the United States, for example, indicate that about 30 million people ride horses annually. On average, about 67,000 people are admitted to the hospital each year from injuries sustained while working with horses. 15,000 of those admittances are from traumatic brai... | 38,260 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
are especially traumatic in horseback riding. About two-thirds of all riders requiring hospitalization after a fall have sustained a traumatic brain injury. Falling from a horse without wearing a helmet is comparable to being struck by a car. Most falling deaths are caused by head injury.
The use of ridi... | 38,261 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
to be between eight and twenty percent.
Once a helmet has sustained an impact from falling, that part of the helmet is structurally weakened, even if no visible damage is present. Helmet manufacturers recommend that a helmet that has undergone impact from a fall be replaced immediately. In addition, helm... | 38,262 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
competition grounds at U.S. nationally rated eventing competitions. Also in 2011, the United States Dressage Federation made helmet use in competition mandatory for all riders under 18 and all riders who are riding any test at Fourth Level and below. If a rider competing at Prix St. Georges and above is a... | 38,263 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
female high-level athletes, trauma to the perineum is rare and is associated with certain sports (see Pelvic floor#Clinical significance). The type of trauma associated with equestrian sports has been termed "horse riders' perineum". A case series of 4 female mountain bike riders and 2 female horse riders... | 38,264 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
these two groups was small, however, compared to differences reported between extreme mountain bike riders and non-riders, and also between mountain bike riders and on-road bicycle riders. Horse-riding injuries to the scrotum (contusions) and testes (blunt trauma) were well known to surgeons in the 19th c... | 38,265 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
popular equestrian sport which is practiced in many nations around the world. It is inextricably associated with gambling, where in certain events, stakes can become very high. Despite its illegality in most competitions, these conditions of extreme competitiveness can lead to the use of performing-enhanc... | 38,266 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
that approximately 375 racehorses die yearly, with 30% of these either during or as a result of injuries from a race. The report also highlighted the increasing frequency of race-related illnesses, including bleeding lungs (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) and gastric ulcers.
Animal rights groups a... | 38,267 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
a Tennessee Walking Horse to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the United States Department of Agriculture, soring is still widespread and difficult to eliminate. Some... | 38,268 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
for consumption abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing. A boom in the number of foals bred has meant that there is not adequate resources to care for unwanted horses. Demand has increased for this massive breeding programme to be scaled back. Despite over 1000 foals being pro... | 38,269 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. On the composition of the obverse of this coin, the modern horseman is pictured as he jumps over an obstacle, while in the background the ancient horseman is inspired by a representation on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
For the 2012 Oly... | 38,270 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
United States Equestrian Federation
- International Federation for Equestrian Sports
- Equestrian helmet
- Mounting block
- Cowboy Mounted Shooting
- Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club for a description of urban riding traditions
- Riding hall
- Jinba ittai
# External links.
- International Federa... | 38,271 |
74700 | Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism | Equestrianism
g hall
- Jinba ittai
# External links.
- International Federation for Equestrian Sports FEI official homepage
- United States Equestrian Federation USEF Official web site
- Equestrian Federation of Australia Equestrian Federation of Australia web site
- Equestrian Federation of Ireland – EFI web sit... | 38,272 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
Pinellas County, Florida
Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542. The county is part of the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Clearwater is the county seat, and St. Petersburg is the la... | 38,273 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
early 16th century Spanish explorers discovered and slowly began exploring Florida, including Tampa Bay. In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez landed in Pinellas, and 10 years later Hernando de Soto is thought to have explored the Tampa Bay Area. By the early 18th century the Tocobaga had been virtually a... | 38,274 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
of West Hillsborough.
In 1834 much of west central Florida, including the Pinellas peninsula (then known simply as "West Hillsborough"), was organized as Hillsborough County. The very next year Odet Philippe became the first permanent, non-native resident of the peninsula when he established a... | 38,275 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
Water Harbor, which later became part of an early 20th-century residential development (now historic district) called Harbor Oaks. University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1977 after Alfred C. Wyllie discovered an underground ammunition bunker while digging a swimming po... | 38,276 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
McMullens established homesteads in the area in the years following, planting more citrus groves and raising cattle. During the American Civil War, many residents fought for the Confederate States of America. Brothers James and Daniel McMullen were members of the Confederate Cow Cavalry, drivin... | 38,277 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
in 1888 the Orange Belt Railway was extended into the southern portion of the peninsula. Railroad owner Peter Demens named the town that grew near the railroad's terminus St. Petersburg in honor of his hometown. The town would incorporate in 1892. Other major towns in the county incorporated du... | 38,278 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
of Pinellas County.
Even into the early years of the 20th century, West Hillsborough had no paved roads, and transportation posed a major challenge. A trip to the county seat, across the bay in Tampa, was generally an overnight affair and the automobiles that existed on the peninsula at that t... | 38,279 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
history was made in St. Petersburg on January 1, 1914 when Tony Jannus made the world's first scheduled commercial airline flight with the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa. The popular open-air St. Petersburg concert venue Jannus Live (formerly known as "Jannus Lan... | 38,280 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
automobile toll bridge in the world at the time.
Prohibition was unpopular in the area and the peninsula's countless inlets and islands became havens for rumrunners bringing in liquor from Cuba. Others distilled moonshine in the County's still plentiful woods.
## Great Depression and World Wa... | 38,281 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
the U.S. military decided to use the area for training. Area hotels became barracks. The Vinoy Park Hotel was used as an Army training school. The area's women and girls participated in the war effort as well. Hundreds of girls from the area's most prominent families formed a group called the B... | 38,282 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
replacing earlier ferry service. By 1957 Clearwater was America's fastest growing city.
The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council was founded by the late mayor of St. Petersburg, Herman Goldner, who sought without success during the 1960s to consolidate various municipalities and unincorporated ... | 38,283 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
35 people. The new bridge opened in 1987 and has since been listed as #3 of the "Top 10 Bridges" in the World by the Travel Channel.
The county operates a living history museum called Heritage Village containing more than 28 historic structures, some dating back to the 19th century, where visi... | 38,284 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
and on the south and east by Tampa Bay. It is long and wide at its broadest point, with of coastline.
## Physical geography.
Elevation in the county ranges from mean sea level to its highest natural point of near the intersection of SR 580 and Countryside Blvd. in Clearwater. Due to its small... | 38,285 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
limestone and the Tampa limestone. The limestone is porous and stores a large quantity of water. The Hawthorne formation forms a prominent ridge down the spine of the county, from east of Dunedin, south to the Walsingham area and east towards St. Petersburg.
The 35 miles of beaches and dunes w... | 38,286 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
they have had a major impact on the islands, with the Hurricane of 1848 forming John's Pass between Madeira Beach and Treasure Island, a hurricane in 1921 creating Hurricane Pass and cleaving Hog Island into Honeymoon and Caladesi Islands, and 1985's Hurricane Elena sealing Dunedin Pass to join... | 38,287 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
Boca Ciega Bay is a thin, approximately stretch of water known as The Narrows, which runs next to the town of Indian Shores.
Extending from northeastern Boca Ciega Bay, Long Bayou separates Seminole from St. Petersburg near Bay Pines. Long Bayou once extended significantly farther up the penin... | 38,288 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
point in the county
- Howard Park- a man-made pocket beach created in the 1960s
- Three Rooker Bar- the most geologically recent of Pinellas' barrier islands
- Honeymoon Island
- "Hurricane Pass"
- Caladesi Island
- "Dunedin Pass"- shoaled and closed in the 1980s, linking Caladesi Island ... | 38,289 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
and Pine Keys
- "Bunces Pass"
- Mullet Key- home to Fort De Soto and the southernmost point in the county
## National protected area.
- Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge
## State protected areas.
- Honeymoon Island State Park
- Caladesi Island State Park
- Anclote Key Preserve State Par... | 38,290 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
into the Gulf of Mexico and actually separates Pinellas County from Manatee County.
# Ecosystems.
## Plant life.
Several natural communities exist within the county, including areas of freshwater wetlands (dominated by bald cypresses and ferns), coastal mangrove swamps, sporadic hardwood ham... | 38,291 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
seagrass beds. The county also maintains several artificial reefs
## Animal life.
Numerous bird species can be sighted in Pinellas, either as permanent residents or during the winter migration, including wading birds like great blue herons, egrets, white ibises and roseate spoonbills, aquatic... | 38,292 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
in many areas, the burrows they dig making them a keystone species. Coyotes, though often associated with the American West, are native-to and can be found in Pinellas. White-tailed deer, wild turkeys, bobcats, otters, and alligators can be found in the county as well.
Sea turtles nest on the ... | 38,293 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
seatrout, red drum or redfish, snook, pompano, sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, grouper, mullet, flounder, kingfish, and tarpon.
## Invasive species.
Like much of Florida, Pinellas County is home to several invasive species that propagate easily outside their (and their natural predators') nativ... | 38,294 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
small flocks of which can sometimes be seen in flight or building nests on electrical poles or telecommunications towers.
Pinellas gained some national attention as the home of the "Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay", a non-native, feral rhesus macaque that had been on the loose for approximately th... | 38,295 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
according to the "Tampa Bay Times". Efforts to capture the monkey were reignited after it reportedly bit a woman living near where it had taken up residence, and the monkey was captured in late October 2012 and eventually was sent to live at Dade City's Wild Things, a zoo north of Tampa.
# Cli... | 38,296 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
some variance in the county's average temperatures. St. Petersburg, further south on the peninsula, tends to have warmer daily average lows (by about 3 degrees) than areas such as Dunedin and Palm Harbor further north, though daily highs are very close. The north of the county also has fewer ov... | 38,297 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
with highs in the low 90s °F (around 32 °C), lows in the mid-70s °F (around 24 °C), accompanied by high humidity and an almost daily chance of afternoon thundershowers. The area experiences significant rainfall during its summer months (approximately May through October), with nearly two-thirds... | 38,298 |
74643 | Pinellas County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas%20County,%20Florida | Pinellas County, Florida
Tropical trees such as coconut palms and royal palms and fruit trees like mangoes grow very well in these microclimates.
# Demographics.
## 2010 Census.
U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic/Race Demographics:
- White (non-Hispanic) (82.1% when including White Hispanics): 76.9%
- Black or African... | 38,299 |
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