wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
4-time All-American javelin thrower at USC who participated in the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, started the program as an undergraduate and coached through 1983. Fred LaPlante succeeded her from 1984 through 1988. Barbara Edmonson was coach in 1992 through 1994. In 1995, Ron Allice took over as the combined men'... | 41,200 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
became the first athlete, male or female, at any level to win 4 consecutive NCAA 100-meter dashes when she did so in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. Natasha Danvers won the 2000 NCAA 400-meter intermediate hurdles. The Women of Troy won the NCAA 1600-meter relay in 1987 and the 400-meter relay in 2000. Brigita L... | 41,201 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
starting water polo in 1922, the Trojans have compiled a 1191-511-8 (.699) record, winning 15 conference championships along the way.
Longtime coach John Williams led the Trojans to national prominence during his tenure from 1973 to 1998. Nineteen of his last 22 teams finished the season in the top 7 natio... | 41,202 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
win four consecutive championships. Subsequently, the 2012 team became the first to win five in a row, culminating its perfect season by defeating ucla in the NCAA final, held in its home pool, the McDonald' Swim Stadium. The 2008 team also had a perfect 29-0 season. The 2013 team also won the NCAA tourname... | 41,203 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Robert Lynn, Drew Netherton, Hrvoje Cizmic, Marko Zagar, Simun Cimerman, Marko Pintaric, George Csaszar, Pedraj Damjanov, Bozidar Damjanovic and Juraj Zatovic (who in 2005 was USC's first-ever male winner of the Peter J. Cutino Award as the National Player of the Year). Since that time USC Has had 4 other C... | 41,204 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
parents. He was charged with conspiracy to commit racketeering. The charge carries penalties of a prison term of up to 20 years, and up to $250,000 in fines. Vavic was fired by USC in the immediate wake of his indictment.
## Women's water polo.
USC's women's water polo team began play in 1995 under head c... | 41,205 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
first undefeated season (29-0) in winning the NCAA title. USC was third in the 2005 NCAAs, and second in 2006, 2008, and 2009 (losing to UCLA, 5-4).
Besides Orwig and Van Norman, other top players have included Anikó Pelle (the 2000 National Player of the Year), Nina Wengst, Olympian Sofia Konukh, Katrin D... | 41,206 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Champions after a 10-9 defeat of No. 1 Stanford at Aztec Aquaplex on the campus of San Diego State University. This was the school's third women's water polo national title. On May 12, 2013, the team won its fourth national championship (third NCAA), beating Stanford, 10-9, with Anni Espar scoring the winni... | 41,207 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
in the immediate wake of his indictment (see above section).
# Notable non-varsity teams.
## Men's rugby.
Founded in 1886, USC Trojan Rugby Football Club plays Division 1-A college rugby in the PAC Rugby Conference against its PAC-12 rivals, under head coach Loa Milford. USC rugby is the oldest sport at ... | 41,208 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
1931, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1976
- Swimming (9): 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977
- Tennis (21): 1946, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1976, 1991, 1... | 41,209 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Water Polo (5): 2004, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018
- Beach volleyball (2): 2016, 2017
- See also:
- Pac-12 Conference NCAA championships
- List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships
## Other national team championships.
Below are the 24 national team titles that were not bestowed by th... | 41,210 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
in 1977, 1979 and 1980. USC won USLTA team titles in 1977 and 1978.
- See also:
- List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships
# Trophies.
## Victory Bell.
The Victory Bell is the rivalry trophy in the UCLA–USC crosstown rivalry. The winner of the annual football contest keeps t... | 41,211 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
1941 season (at the time, both schools used the LA Coliseum for home games), six members of USC's SigEp fraternity (who were also members of the Trojan Knights) infiltrated the Bruin rooting section, assisted in loading the bell aboard a truck headed back to Westwood, took the key to the truck, and escaped ... | 41,212 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
started to play even more elaborate and disruptive pranks on the other. When the conflict caused the USC President to threaten to cancel the rivalry, a compromise was met: on November 12, 1942, the student body presidents of both schools, in front of Tommy Trojan, signed the agreement that before home games... | 41,213 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
score.
USC has an overall record of 46-28-7 in the crosstown rivalry.
## The Jeweled Shillelagh.
The Shillelagh, a Gaelic war club made of oak or blackthorn saplings from Ireland, is the rivalry trophy for USC-Notre Dame football games. Like the Victory Bell, the winner of the annual game gets to keep po... | 41,214 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
medallions), and is engraved with "From the Emerald Isle."
There have been two shillelaghs. The original ran out of room in 1989 and was retired; it is now on permanent display at Notre Dame. The second shillelaghs is slightly longer and contains medallions from the 1990 game onwards.
There are now 45 sha... | 41,215 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
in 2009, however, the two schools do continue to keep track of the competition scores.
A victory in NCAA-sanctioned sports competition between the schools earns the winning school a predetermined number of points towards a final count. (For example, a single football victory is worth 10 points whereas all ... | 41,216 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Coliseum is one of the largest stadiums in America. USC has played football in the Coliseum ever since the grand stadium was built in 1923. In fact, the Trojans played in the first varsity football game ever held there (beating Pomona College, 23–7, on Oct. 6, 1923).
The Coliseum was the site of the 1932 S... | 41,217 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
to track meets and motorcycle races.
The Coliseum has a present full-capacity of 93,607 seats (almost all are chair-back seats). The Coliseum is located on in Exposition Park, which also houses museums, gardens and Banc of California Stadium, the home of Los Angeles FC. While the Coliseum is jointly owned ... | 41,218 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
at USC is a $70 Million, 110,000-square-foot athletic and academic center named after legendary football coach John McKay is home to the USC Trojan Football Department. The building houses meeting rooms, coaches' offices and a locker room for the football program, as well as the Stevens Academic Center (inc... | 41,219 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
graphics. The building has a 60,000-square-foot basement includes weight room, athletic training room, locker rooms and players lounge, a 25,000-square-foot ground floor with Student-Athlete Academic Services center, reception area and outdoor courtyard, and a 25,000-square-foot second floor with football c... | 41,220 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Trojans football team located across from the John McKay Center at USC.
## Cromwell Field and Loker Stadium.
The 3,000-seat Katherine B. Loker Stadium houses Cromwell Track and Field and is named Cromwell Field and Loker Stadium. It opened in 2001 and was dedicated on May 5 of that year during the USC-UCL... | 41,221 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Zamperini Plaza" and includes tributes to USC's NCAA and Olympic champions.
Cromwell Track & Field was used as a training and warm-up facility during the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. It underwent a complete refurbishing in fall of 1983. Not only was the track resurfaced, but the high jump area was ex... | 41,222 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
addition was recently made to the tennis stadium. In May 2004, USC installed a new $300,000 LED Daktronic interactive scoreboard so fans can now follow each match point-for-point from their seat. The new scoreboard will also enables fans at home to log on and follow the match live over the internet.
The st... | 41,223 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
13 Grand Slam doubles champions Byron Black, Bob Falkenburg, Luke Jensen, Murphy Jensen, Rick Leach, Bob Lutz, Gene Mako, Olmedo, Rafael Osuna, Dennis Ralston, Raul Ramirez, Ted Schroeder and Smith.
Underneath the stadium is the beautiful Leonard Andrews Varsity Lounge and Team Room, along with two locker ... | 41,224 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
16 of the USC men's national champion years and seven women's tennis national championships, including a newly added 2002 for last year's men's tennis title squad.
The stadium was dedicated in 1973 when former Trojan stars Alex Olmedo, Stan Smith, Dennis Ralston and Bob Lutz held a tennis exhibition. The 1... | 41,225 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
and players' lounge were added on the first base side. Expanded offices for the coaching staff and new Hall of Fame were also part of the project, along with a new pavilion. Prior Plaza, named after Jerry and Millie Prior (parents of former Trojan Mark Prior), is located on the first base side and features ... | 41,226 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
high.
## Galen Center.
Opened in September 2006, the Galen Center is the basketball and volleyball facility for the University of Southern California Trojans. Located at the southeast corner of Jefferson Boulevard and Figueroa Street in the Exposition Park area of Los Angeles, it is across the street from... | 41,227 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
25, 2000, it is night-lighted and provides the Trojan golf teams with an opportunity to practice their short game with a focus on chipping, putting and bunker play. It is located behind Dedeaux Field on the USC campus.
## Lyon Center.
The 1,500-seat Lyon Center main gym hosts some USC Trojan intercollegia... | 41,228 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
on campus is a first-of-its-kind facility with respect to both technology on site as well as overall amenities. Located adjacent to the Galen Center, Merle Norman Stadium offers world class sand volleyball in the heart of Los Angeles.
## USC Boathouse.
The USC Boathouse is the off-campus boathouse for the... | 41,229 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
and volleyball teams also practiced in the North Gym until 2006.
## Uytengsu Aquatics Center.
The Uytengsu Aquatics Center (originally the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium) is an outdoor aquatics venue located on the campus of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, USA. The facility features... | 41,230 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
stadium bore the name McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium.
At the time of the '84 Games, it was called the "Olympic Swim Stadium", and was the main Aquatics venue at the Games, hosting competitions in Swimming, Diving, and Synchronized Swimming. (Note: Water Polo was held at Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool in Ma... | 41,231 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Festival, and the 1993 U.S. Diving Nationals. It hosted the NCAA Women's Water Polo Championship in 2002 and is slated to host again in 2014. It also hosted the NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship in 2012.
The pool was closed in 2013, was rebuilt, and reopened in 2014 with its current name, an homage to USC... | 41,232 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Lynn Swann (2016–present)
# Trojan fight songs.
## "Fight On".
The school's fight song, "Fight On" is usually played after first downs and touchdowns. The music for USC's fight song, "Fight On", was composed in 1922 by USC dental student Milo Sweet (with lyrics by Sweet and Glen Grant) as an entry in a T... | 41,233 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
Trojan Marching Band for the finale of a 1923 campus show.
## "Conquest".
Another famous USC song is the processional march, "Conquest", by Alfred Newman. It is usually played after every USC victory, and in the case of football, after every score. The battle cry, from Newman's score to the 1947 motion pi... | 41,234 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
is played after every defensive stop. "Fanfare" is the introduction to "Tribute To Troy" and is played when the band takes the field. "All Right Now" is played after USC recovers a turnover. " Another One Bites the Dust" is played after USC gets a sack. The "William Tell Overture" is played at the start of ... | 41,235 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
through the 2014 winter games, 422 Trojan athletes have competed in the Games, taking home 135 gold medals (with at least 1 gold in every summer Olympics since 1912), 88 silver and 65 bronze.
- There have been more Trojans in the Olympics than from any other university in the world – if USC were its own na... | 41,236 |
5646101 | USC Trojans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USC%20Trojans | USC Trojans
have competed in the Games, taking home 135 gold medals (with at least 1 gold in every summer Olympics since 1912), 88 silver and 65 bronze.
- There have been more Trojans in the Olympics than from any other university in the world – if USC were its own nation in the Olympics, it would rank tied for 8th in... | 41,237 |
5646829 | Spiritual philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual%20philosophy | Spiritual philosophy
Spiritual philosophy
Spiritual philosophy is any philosophy or teaching that pertains to spirituality. It may incorporate religious or esoteric themes, especially those from Theosophy or Neo-Theosophy, Anthroposophy, New Age thought, mysticism, and Eastern philosophy. Concepts may include the natu... | 41,238 |
5646829 | Spiritual philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual%20philosophy | Spiritual philosophy
solute, karma and reincarnation, the evolution of the soul, higher states of consciousness, universal mind, and so on.
# See also.
- Integral theory
- Perennial philosophy
- Spiritual but not religious
- Spiritual naturalism
- Spiritual psychology
- Transmodernism
- Thelemic mysticism
- Un... | 41,239 |
5646826 | Red Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Murray | Red Murray
Red Murray
John Joseph "Red" Murray (March 4, 1884 – December 4, 1958) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball.
# Career.
Murray was born in Arnot, Pennsylvania. In 1902, he attended Lock Haven College, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. In 1904, Murray changed schools to the ... | 41,240 |
5646826 | Red Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Murray | Red Murray
traded to the New York Giants and helped win John McGraw three consecutive pennants. From 1909 to 1912, he ranked third in the league in runs batted in, trailing only Honus Wagner and Sherry Magee. Murray and Wagner tied for the most home runs in the majors from 1907 through 1909 (21). Murray last played in ... | 41,241 |
5646826 | Red Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Murray | Red Murray
classic. Furthermore, he was remarkably fast as a base runner, and noted as a batter as well. In his seven seasons as a regular, Murray led NL outfielders in home runs, runs batted in, stolen bases, and assists a total of 16 times. Despite his impressive statistics in power hitting, baserunning, and fielding... | 41,242 |
5646858 | Milton Semer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton%20Semer | Milton Semer
Milton Semer
Milton Phillip Semer (March 5, 1919 – July 27, 2016) was an American lawyer.
# Career.
He was General Counsel for the U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency from 1961 to 1966.
Semer oversaw the campaign of Democratic Party politician Edmund S. Muskie. His work on the 1972 Edmund Muskie for P... | 41,243 |
5646858 | Milton Semer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton%20Semer | Milton Semer
(March 5, 1919 – July 27, 2016) was an American lawyer.
# Career.
He was General Counsel for the U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency from 1961 to 1966.
Semer oversaw the campaign of Democratic Party politician Edmund S. Muskie. His work on the 1972 Edmund Muskie for President Committee landed him on th... | 41,244 |
5646892 | Peralta massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peralta%20massacre | Peralta massacre
Peralta massacre
The Peralta massacre was the alleged killing of a Mexican family by Apaches in about 1848. It is generally featured as an element of the legend of the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine.
There are many variations to the story, but it generally includes these details: During the 1840s, the Per... | 41,245 |
5646892 | Peralta massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peralta%20massacre | Peralta massacre
Robert Blair, the Peralta massacre never occurred; see the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine for a more detailed explanation.
The author T.E. Glover in his book, "The Lost Dutchman Mine of Jacob Waltz", wrote of a U.S. Cavalry trooper named William Edwards who was present for the discovery of the deceased rem... | 41,246 |
5646892 | Peralta massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peralta%20massacre | Peralta massacre
Dutchman Mine of Jacob Waltz", wrote of a U.S. Cavalry trooper named William Edwards who was present for the discovery of the deceased remains. The Cavalry leaders assumed that these were bodies from an Indian battle between fighting tribes. But trooper Edwards noticed that at least one of the skulls h... | 41,247 |
5646874 | Black-billed sicklebill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-billed%20sicklebill | Black-billed sicklebill
Black-billed sicklebill
The black-billed sicklebill ("Drepanornis albertiti"), also known as buff-tailed sicklebill (leading to easy confusion with the hermit hummingbird "Eutoxeres condamini"), is a species of bird-of-paradise.
# Conservation status.
Widespread throughout its large range, th... | 41,248 |
5646874 | Black-billed sicklebill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-billed%20sicklebill | Black-billed sicklebill
albertisi geisleri" Meyer, 1893
# Description.
The black-billed sicklebill is medium-sized, about 35 cm long, brown. The male has a bare maroon grey skin around its eye, buff-colored tail, dark-brown iris, yellow mouth and black sickle-like bill. It is adorned with dark, horn-like forecrown fe... | 41,249 |
5646874 | Black-billed sicklebill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-billed%20sicklebill | Black-billed sicklebill
klebill is medium-sized, about 35 cm long, brown. The male has a bare maroon grey skin around its eye, buff-colored tail, dark-brown iris, yellow mouth and black sickle-like bill. It is adorned with dark, horn-like forecrown feathers, an erectile fan-like bronze neck plumes and elongated purple-... | 41,250 |
5646921 | Alligator Hunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alligator%20Hunt | Alligator Hunt
Alligator Hunt
Alligator Hunt is a shoot 'em up arcade game released by Spanish company Gaelco in 1994.
Reptilian-looking aliens are invading earth and is up to the bravest soldiers (skateboarding kids) to stop the invasion and destroy the enemy base. Features gameplay similar to "Cabal" and "Blood Bro... | 41,251 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
History of cartography
The history of cartography traces the development of cartography, or mapmaking technology, in human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia. People have created and used maps to help them define, explain, and navigate their way thro... | 41,252 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
with the advent of the computing age and information age, maps can now be digitized in numerical form, transmitted and updated easily via satellite GPS and apps like Google maps, and used universally more easily than ever before.
# Etymology.
The English term "cartography" is modern, borrowed f... | 41,253 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
de El Castillo in Spain contain a dot map of the Corona Borealis constellation dating from 12,000 BC.
Cave painting and rock carvings used simple visual elements that may have aided in recognizing landscape features, such as hills or dwellings. A map-like representation of a mountain, river, val... | 41,254 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
that resembles a map was created in the late 7th millennium BC in Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, modern Turkey. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village; however, recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map.
# Ancient Near East.
Maps in Ancient... | 41,255 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
century BC; Leo Bagrow dissents with a date of 7000 BC. Hills are shown by overlapping semicircles, rivers by lines, and cities by circles. The map also is marked to show the cardinal directions.
An engraved map from the Kassite period (14th–12th centuries BC) of Babylonian history shows walls a... | 41,256 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the Babylonians believed.
Examples of maps from ancient Egypt are quite rare. However, those that have survived show an emphasis on geometry and well-developed surveying techniques, perhaps stimulated by the need to re-establish the exact boundaries of properties after the annual Nile floods. Th... | 41,257 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
of early geography and early conceptions of the earth, all sources lead to Homer, who is considered by many (Strabo, Kish, and Dilke) as the founding father of Geography. Regardless of the doubts about Homer's existence, one thing is certain: he never was a mapmaker.
The depiction of the Earth c... | 41,258 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Libyan desert, the south-west coast of Asia Minor, and the northern boundary of the Greek homeland. Furthermore, the coast of the Black Sea was only known through myths and legends that circulated during his time. In his poems there is no mention of Europe and Asia as geographical concepts. That ... | 41,259 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
statements about ancient geography may be found in Hesiod's poems, probably written during the 8th century BC. Through the lyrics of "Works and Days" and "Theogony" he shows to his contemporaries some definite geographical knowledge. He introduces the names of such rivers as Nile, Ister (Danube),... | 41,260 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
approach.
Early steps in the development of intellectual thought in ancient Greece belonged to Ionians from their well-known city of Miletus in Asia Minor. Miletus was placed favourably to absorb aspects of Babylonian knowledge and to profit from the expanding commerce of the Mediterranean. The ... | 41,261 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
of the known world. It is for this reason that he is considered by many to be the first mapmaker. A scarcity of archaeological and written evidence prevents us from giving any assessment of his map. What we may presume is that he portrayed land and sea in a map form. Unfortunately, any definite g... | 41,262 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Greek worldview, derived originally from the Homeric poems. Also, similar to many other early maps in antiquity his map has no scale. As units of measurements, this map used "days of sailing" on the sea and "days of marching" on dry land. The purpose of this map was to accompany Hecatæus's geogra... | 41,263 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
through the Bosporus, and the Don River as a boundary between the two. Hecatæus is the first known writer who thought that the Caspian flows into the circumference ocean—an idea that persisted long into the Hellenic period. He was particularly informative on the Black Sea, adding many geographic ... | 41,264 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
assumption helped Hecatæus solve the mystery of the annual flooding of the Nile. He believed that the waves of the ocean were a primary cause of this occurrence. It is worth mentioning that a similar map based upon one designed by Hecataeus was intended to aid political decision-making. According... | 41,265 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
of Samos (c. 560–480 BC) speculated about the notion of a spherical earth with a central fire at its core. He is sometimes incorrectly credited with the introduction of a model that divides a spherical earth into five zones: one hot, two temperate, and two cold—northern and southern. This idea, k... | 41,266 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the previous assumptions of the Earth's shape was through Herodotus and his conceptual view of the world. This map also did not survive and many have speculated that it was never produced. A possible reconstruction of his map is displayed below.
Herodotus traveled very extensively, collecting in... | 41,267 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the world. Thus, his work provides a detailed picture of the known world of the 5th century BC.
Herodotus rejected the prevailing view of most 5th-century BC maps that the earth is a circular plate surrounded by Ocean. In his work he describes the earth as an irregular shape with oceans surround... | 41,268 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
of Europe was much greater than was assumed at the time and left Europe's shape to be determined by future research.
In the case of Africa, he believed that, except for the small stretch of land in the vicinity of Suez, the continent was in fact surrounded by water. However, he definitely disagr... | 41,269 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
through the middle. He was the first writer to assume that the Caspian Sea was separated from other seas and he recognised northern Scythia as one of the coldest inhabited lands in the world.
Similar to his predecessors, Herodotus also made mistakes. He accepted a clear distinction between the c... | 41,270 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
be spherical, Aristotle (384–322 BC) is the one to be credited with proving the Earth's sphericity. Those arguments may be summarized as follows:
- The lunar eclipse is always circular
- Ships seem to sink as they move away from view and pass the horizon
- Some stars can be seen only from cert... | 41,271 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
[Eratosthenes's contemporaries] a man of genius but as he was working in a new field they were too stupid to recognize him". His work, including "On the Measurement of the Earth" and "Geographica", has only survived in the writings of later philosophers such as Cleomedes and Strabo. He was a devo... | 41,272 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the other further up the Nile, in the Ancient Egyptian city of Swenet (known in Greek as Syene) where reports of a well into which the sun shone only on the summer solstice, long existed. Proximity to the Tropic of Cancer being the dynamics creating the effect. He had the distance between the two... | 41,273 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
lines were placed over the map of the earth with their origin in the city of Rhodes and divided the world into sectors. Then, Eratosthenes used these earth partitions to reference places on the map. He also divided Earth into five climatic regions which was proposed at least as early as the late ... | 41,274 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
earth on a map by using perspective projection, and suggested precise methods for fixing the position of geographic features on its surface using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
Ptolemy's eight-volume atlas "Geographia" is a prototype of modern mapping ... | 41,275 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
of the circumference of the earth. He believed that Eurasia covered 180° of the globe, which convinced Christopher Columbus to sail across the Atlantic to look for a simpler and faster way to travel to India. Had Columbus known that the true figure was much greater, it is conceivable that he woul... | 41,276 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
torrid belt. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great (except Ptolemy) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea on the south.
... | 41,277 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
China.
## Earliest extant maps from the Qin State.
The earliest known maps to have survived in China date to the 4th century BC. In 1986, seven ancient Chinese maps were found in an archeological excavation of a Qin State tomb in what is now Fangmatan, in the vicinity of Tianshui City, Gansu pr... | 41,278 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the quality of the wood had much to do with their survival. After two years of slow-drying techniques, the maps were fully restored.
The territory shown in the seven Qin maps overlap each other. The maps display tributary river systems of the Jialing River in Sichuan province, in a total measure... | 41,279 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
timber can be gathered, while two of the maps state the distances in mileage to the timber sites. In light of this, these maps are perhaps the oldest economic maps in the world since they predate Strabo's economic maps.
In addition to the seven maps on wooden blocks found at Tomb 1 of Fangmatan,... | 41,280 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Chinese writing dates back to the 5th century BC, during the beginning of the Warring States (481–221 BC). This was the "Yu Gong" or "Tribute of Yu" chapter of the "Shu Jing" or "Book of Documents". The book describes the traditional nine provinces, their kinds of soil, their characteristic produ... | 41,281 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Yangzi, with the plain between them and the Shandong Peninsula, and to the west the most northern parts of the Wei River and the Han River were known (along with the southern parts of modern-day Shanxi province).
## Earliest known reference to a map (图 tu).
The oldest reference to a map in Chin... | 41,282 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
territory was the first diplomatic act of submitting that district to Qin rule. Instead he attempted to kill Qin, an assassination plot that failed. From then on maps are frequently mentioned in Chinese sources.
## Han Dynasty.
The three Han Dynasty maps found at Mawangdui differ from the earli... | 41,283 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
distances between certain places, but a formal graduated scale and rectangular grid system for maps would not be used—or at least described in full—until the 3rd century (see Pei Xiu below). Among the three maps found at Mawangdui was a small map representing the tomb area where it was found, a l... | 41,284 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Dynasty, its first recorded appearance was in the libraries of Prince Liu De (c. 130 BC), and was compiled and commented on by Liu Xin in the 1st century AD. It outlined the use of maps that were made for governmental provinces and districts, principalities, frontier boundaries, and even pinpoint... | 41,285 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
controlled by the ruling dynasty, descriptions of mountain ranges, river systems, taxable products, etc. From the 5th century BC "Shu Jing" forward, Chinese geographical writing provided more concrete information and less legendary element. This example can be seen in the 4th chapter of the "Huai... | 41,286 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
trade routes, and various tribes were described, but it also wrote of a 'Ba June Tu Jing' ('Map of Szechuan'), which had been made much earlier in 150.
Local mapmaking such as the one of Sichuan mentioned above, became a widespread tradition of Chinese geographical works by the 6th century, as n... | 41,287 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
emperor of the Jin Dynasty. Pei is best known for his work in cartography. Although map making and use of the grid existed in China before him, he was the first to mention a plotted geometrical grid and graduated scale displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated dis... | 41,288 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Zhang Heng (78–139) are somewhat vague and sketchy, there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the use of the rectangular grid reference from the maps of Zhang Heng.
Later Chinese ideas about the quality of maps made during the Han Dynasty and before stem from the assessment given by P... | 41,289 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
would be overturned and disproven. The Qin and Han maps did have a degree of accuracy in scale and pinpointed location, but the major improvement in Pei Xiu's work and that of his contemporaries was expressing topographical elevation on maps.
## Sui.
In the year 605, during the Sui Dynasty (581... | 41,290 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
in the capital city.
## Tang.
The Tang Dynasty (618–907) also had its fair share of cartographers, including the works of Xu Jingzong in 658, Wang Mingyuan in 661, and Wang Zhongsi in 747. Arguably the greatest geographer and cartographer of the Tang period was Jia Dan (730–805), whom Emperor D... | 41,291 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
also known for having described the Persian Gulf region with great detail, along with lighthouses that were erected at the mouth of the Persian Gulf by the medieval Iranians in the Abbasid period (refer to article on Tang Dynasty for more).
## Song.
During the Song Dynasty (960–1279) Emperor Ta... | 41,292 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the earlier Liang Dynasty stone-stele maps (mentioned above), there were large and intricately carved stone stele maps of the Song period. For example, the squared stone stele map of an anonymous artist in 1137, following the grid scale of 100 li squared for each grid square. What is truly remark... | 41,293 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
famous 11th-century scientist and polymath statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) was also a geographer and cartographer. His largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. Shen also created a three-dimensional raised-relief map usin... | 41,294 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Chinese cartographers or their foreign colleagues created maps, geographical compendium as well as travel accounts. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani described his geographical compendium, "Suvar al-aqalim", constituted volume four of the Collected chronicles of the Ilkhanate in Persia. His works says about... | 41,295 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
the nations they conquered to send geographical maps to the Mongol headquarters.
One of medieval Persian work written in northwest Iran can clarify the historical geography of Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born and united the Mongol and Turkic nomads as recorded in native sources, especially t... | 41,296 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
This is called "Hsi-pei pi ti-li tu". The map includes the Mongol dominions including 30 cities in Iran such as Ispahan and the Ilkhanid capital Soltaniyeh, and Russia (as "Orash") as well as their neighbors, e.g. Egypt and Syria.
## Ming.
The Da Ming hunyi tu map, dating from about 1390, is in... | 41,297 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
Southeast Asia, India and Africa. The Mao Kun map published in 1628 is thought to be based on a strip map dated to the voyages of Zheng He.
## Qing.
From the 16th and 17th centuries, several examples survive of maps focused on cultural information. Gridlines are not used on either Yu Shi's Guji... | 41,298 |
5645470 | History of cartography | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20cartography | History of cartography
county official Ye Chunji (1532–1595) was the first to base county maps using on-site topographical surveying and observations.
The Korean-made Kangnido is based on two Chinese maps and describes the Old World.
## Modern (PRC).
After the 1949 revolution, the Institute of Geography under the ae... | 41,299 |
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