wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
mountain peaks of China.
A part of the range around its highest peak has been declared a section of the Sanjiangyuan ("Sources of Three Rivers") National Nature Reserve.
# History.
The mountain was known to the ancient Chinese as Mount Jishi (, , "Jīshíshān"). The Northern Wei-era commentary on the Han-e... | 46,000 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
circumambulation of the mountain each year. The first European to describe the mountain was the British explorer Brigadier-General George Pereira on his expedition on foot from Peking to Lhasa of 1921-2, sometimes reckoned one of the great geographical discoveries of the twentieth century. Pereira, who saw ... | 46,001 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
the peak elevation to 28,000 feet [8,500 m] according to the report of Joseph Rock, an American botanist and explorer who, despite death threats from the Golog Tibetans, had ventured to within 80 km of the mountain. For a while, the mountains were considered as a possible place for a peak higher than Mount ... | 46,002 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
the highest summit.
In 1981, Amne Machin I ("Dradullunshog") was reached near-simultaneously by three groups, each of which had been led to believe they were the first and only ones to obtain a permit from the Chinese government. A Japanese expedition approached the summit from the south and put Giichiro W... | 46,003 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
Hans Gaschbauer, Franz Lämmerhofer, Gerhard Schmatz and Peter Vogler of an Austro-German expedition reached the summit as well. They had followed the Japanese route and the 3000 feet of fixed rope they encountered en route convinced them that the Japanese had been the first to summit. The mountain remained ... | 46,004 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
Stories."
# References.
- Pereira, Cecil. "Peking to Lhasa (From the Diaries of the Late Brig.-Gen. George Pereira)" "The Geographical Journal", Vol. 64, No. 2 (Aug., 1924), pp. 97–117. The elevation estimate is on p. 104.
- "Lamaist Sites of the Amny Machen Region" (Golog), in: Andreas Gruschke: "The Cu... | 46,005 |
8791701 | Amne Machin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amne%20Machin | Amne Machin
amaist Sites of the Amny Machen Region" (Golog), in: Andreas Gruschke: "The Cultural Monuments of Tibet’s Outer Provinces: Amdo - Volume 1. The Qinghai Part of Amdo." Bangkok, 2001, pp. 73–90.
- Sir Francis Younghusband and George Pereira, "Peking to Lhasa; The Narrative of Journeys in the Chinese Empire M... | 46,006 |
8791778 | William Williams (Crwys) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Williams%20(Crwys) | William Williams (Crwys)
William Williams (Crwys)
William Williams (4 January 1875 – 13 January 1968), better known by his bardic name of "Crwys", meaning "Cross", was a Welsh poet in the Welsh language. He served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1939 to 1947.
Like all other Archdruids, Crwys had... | 46,007 |
8791778 | William Williams (Crwys) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Williams%20(Crwys) | William Williams (Crwys)
er Archdruids, Crwys had himself won several major prizes at the National Eisteddfod. He was a three-time winner of the crown: at Colwyn Bay in 1910, at Carmarthen in 1911, and at Corwen in 1919. A cast bronze bust in honour of the poet is on display at Carmarthen Castle.
# Works.
- "Ednyfed ... | 46,008 |
8791766 | Chris Jones (wide receiver, born 1982) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris%20Jones%20(wide%20receiver,%20born%201982) | Chris Jones (wide receiver, born 1982)
Chris Jones (wide receiver, born 1982)
Christopher Jones (born July 17, 1982) is a former American football wide receiver. He was originally an undrafted free agent signed by the Minnesota Vikings after the 2005 NFL Draft. He was on the Seahawks' roster in 2006, but did not see a... | 46,009 |
8791766 | Chris Jones (wide receiver, born 1982) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris%20Jones%20(wide%20receiver,%20born%201982) | Chris Jones (wide receiver, born 1982)
is a former American football wide receiver. He was originally an undrafted free agent signed by the Minnesota Vikings after the 2005 NFL Draft. He was on the Seahawks' roster in 2006, but did not see any playing time. He was released by the Seahawks on August 28, 2007.
He signed... | 46,010 |
8791795 | Yamanotera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamanotera | Yamanotera
Yamanotera
In 1581, Maeda Toshiie, the Sengoku period ruler of Noto Province ordered the construction of 29 Buddhist temples as part of the defenses of Nanao Castle. All of the major Buddhist sects were represented, with the exception of the Jōdo Shinshū sect, which was the sect of the "Ikkō-ikki" movement ... | 46,011 |
8791730 | Forming gas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forming%20gas | Forming gas
Forming gas
Forming gas is a mixture of hydrogen (mole fraction varies) and nitrogen. It is sometimes called a "dissociated ammonia atmosphere" due to the reaction which generates it:
It can also be manufactured by thermal cracking of ammonia, in an ammonia cracker or forming gas generator.
Forming gas i... | 46,012 |
8791730 | Forming gas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forming%20gas | Forming gas
persensitization is used particularly in deep-sky astrophotography, which deals with low-intensity incoming light, requires long exposure times, and is thus particularly sensitive to contaminants in the film.
Forming gas is also used to regenerate catalysts in glove boxes and as an atmosphere for annealing... | 46,013 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Economic history of Somalia
Economic history of Somalia is related to the development of Somalia's economy in the last two centuries.
# The colonial economy.
The colonial era did not spark foreign economic investment despite the competition of two major European powers in the area of pres... | 46,014 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
from Italy since the end of the 19th century. In the early twentieth century, projects aimed at using Somalia as a settlement for Italian citizens from the crowded homeland failed. Although in the early 1930s Benito Mussolini drew up ambitious plans for economic development, actual investmen... | 46,015 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Aden was important to British India. Customs taxes helped pay for British India's patrol of Somalia's Red Sea Coast. The biggest investment by the British colonial government in its three-quarters of a century of rule was in putting down the rebellion of the dervishes. In 1947, long after th... | 46,016 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
assure a steady supply of food for Aden.
The two major economic developments of the colonial era were the establishment of plantations in the interriverine area and the creation of a salaried official class. In the south, the Italians laid the basis for profitable export-oriented agricultur... | 46,017 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
support of the fascist administration of Governor Cesare Maria de Vecchi de Val Cismon. The Shebelle Valley was chosen as the site of these plantations because for most of the year the Shebelle River had sufficient water for irrigation. The plantations produced cotton (the first Somali expor... | 46,018 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
1929 and 1936 the area under banana cultivation increased seventeenfold to 39.75 km². By 1935 the Italian government had constituted a Royal Banana Plantation Monopoly (Regia Azienda Monopolio Banane—RAMB) to organize banana exports under state authority. Seven Italian ships were put at RAMB... | 46,019 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
but Somali products never became internationally competitive. In 1955 a total of 235 concessions embraced more than 453 km² (with only 74 km² devoted to bananas), and produced 94,000 tons of bananas. Under fixed contracts, the three banana trade associations sold their output to the AMB, whi... | 46,020 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
in cotton showed fewer long-term results than the investment in bananas. Cotton showed some promise in 1929, but its price fell following the collapse in the world market. Nearly 1,400 tons in 1929 exports shrank to about 400 tons by 1937. During the trust period, there were years of modest ... | 46,021 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
the Italians received sole purchasing rights to the crop in return for providing seed, cash advances, and technical support.
Another plantation crop, sugarcane, was more successful. The sugar economy differed from the banana and cotton economies in two respects: sugar was raised for domesti... | 46,022 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
had reached 11,000 tons, and Italian Somaliland no longer imported sugar.
Labor shortages beset Italian concessionaires and administrators in all plantation industries. Most Somalis refused to work on farms for wage labor. The Italians at first conscripted the Bantu people who lived in the ... | 46,023 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
in 1957; those of cotton, US$200,000. But in 1957 plantation exports constituted 59 percent of total exports, representing a major contribution to the Somali economy.
The colonial period also involved government employment of salaried officials and the concomitant growth of a small urban pe... | 46,024 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
education and opposed the establishment of Christian missions. Consequently, only a small pool of literate Somalis was available to work for the British administration. Kenyans therefore were hired. In the south, however, Somalis sent children to colonial and mission schools, and the graduat... | 46,025 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
of the Somali nationalist movement after World War II. Literate in Italian or English, these urban Somalis challenged colonial rule.
Furthermore, the Italian Somalia economy was even improved by the salt industry. Indeed, in 1930, an Italian firm invested capital to exploit salt deposits in... | 46,026 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
to increase the image of Italy (inside the colonial populations and in the world) as a technological country with state-of-the-art mechanical industry. Indeed, Italian Mogadiscio in 1938 was the second manufacturing city -after Italian Asmara- in the Eastern Africa's Italian Empire. The tria... | 46,027 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
independence the Somali economy was at a near subsistence level, and the new state lacked the administrative capacity to collect taxes from subsistence herders and farmers. The state could rely on the customs taxes from international trade, which were easier to collect, but tariffs failed to... | 46,028 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
with a budget of more than US$100 million in grants and loans, it focused on investment in infrastructure. The plan's thesis was that plantation crops and livestock exports would increase if there were better roads, transportation facilities, ports, and irrigation works. Another large invest... | 46,029 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
of water and of holding grounds for cattle while they were undergoing inoculation, and transportation. Somali pastoralists responded with enthusiasm to the prospects for wealth by entering the international market for livestock. In the early 1960s, the value and number of exported livestock ... | 46,030 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
yielded great disillusionment. The country could not overcome its dependence on foreign assistance, even to meet its current budget. Moreover, imports of foreign grains increased rapidly, indicating that the agricultural sector was not meeting the needs of the growing urban population. The m... | 46,031 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Finally, and perhaps most important, many Somalis were enervated by the feeling that political incumbents, through electoral manipulations, were squandering the nation's economic resources for their private benefit.
# Scientific socialism 1970 to 1975.
Siad Barre legitimated his 1969 coup ... | 46,032 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
fulfillment of their aspirations, we solemnly declare Somalia to be a Socialist State.
Relying on Soviet advisers and a committed group of Italian-educated Somali "leftist" intellectuals, Siad Barre announced the 1971-73 Three-Year Plan. The plan emphasized a higher standard of living for e... | 46,033 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
national agencies for construction materials and foodstuffs. Although the Somali neologism for socialism, hantiwadaag, could be translated as the "sharing of livestock," camel herds were not nationalized, and Siad Barre reassured pastoralists that hantiwadaag would not affect their animals. ... | 46,034 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
In the precoup years, agricultural programs had received less than 10 percent of total spending. By 1974 the figure was 29.1 percent. The investment in cooperatives had limited long-term results, however. In Galole near Hargeysa, for example, a government team established a cooperative in 19... | 46,035 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
of the budgeted funds to livestock. Government officials argued that the scientific management of rangeland—the regeneration of grazing lands and the drilling of new water holes—would be possible only under socialist cooperation. In the fourteen government-established cooperatives, each fami... | 46,036 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
somewhat more successful than the cooperatives. The Northwest Region Agricultural Development Project, for example, survived the 1980s. Building upon the bunding (creation of embankments to control the flow of water) done by the British in the 1950s and by the United States Agency for Intern... | 46,037 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), USAID, and the FAO participated first in the Northern Rangelands Development Project in 1977 and in the Central Rangelands Project in 1979. These projects called for rotating grazing areas, using reserves, and creating new boreholes, but the drought of ... | 46,038 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
had pledged 66,229 tons of grain, 1,155 tons of milk powder, and tons of other food products. Later that year, with aid from the Soviet Union, the government transported about 90,000 nomads from their hamlets to agricultural and fishing cooperatives in the south. The regime established new a... | 46,039 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
well as workers' salaries, the farms were really state-owned farms rather than cooperatives. Essentially, they became havens for women and children because after the drought the men went off inland with whatever money they had accumulated to buy livestock to replenish their stock of animals.... | 46,040 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Soviet Union supplied modern trawlers; when Soviet personnel left Somalia in 1978, Australia and Italy supported these fishing projects. Despite their potential and broad-based international support, these cooperatives failed to become profitable.
Siad Barre emphasized the great economic su... | 46,041 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
refinery. In addition, the state put into operation a meat-processing plant in Chisimayu, as well as a fish-processing factory in Laas Qoray northeast of Erigavo. The state worked to expand sugar operations in Giohar and to build a new sugar-processing facility in Afgooye. In three of the fo... | 46,042 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
after 1975.
Popular enthusiasm for the revolution began to dissipate by the mid-1970s. Many officials had become corrupt, using their positions for personal gain, and a number of ideologues had been purged from the administration as potential threats to their military superiors. Perhaps mos... | 46,043 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
of the small industrial sector.
During the 1970s, foreign debt increased faster than export earnings. By the end of the decade, Somalia's debt of 4 billion shillings equaled the earnings from seventy-five years' worth of banana exports (based on 1978 data). About one-third was owed to centr... | 46,044 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Arabia, US$81.9 million; Abu Dhabi, US$67.0 million; the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, US$34.7 million; Kuwait, US$27.1 million; and smaller amounts to Iraq, Qatar, the OPEC special account, Libya, and Algeria, in that order). Many loans, especially from the Soviet Union, we... | 46,045 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
therefore, Somalia lost control over its macroeconomic structure.
A second ominous trend in the 1975-81 period was the decline of the manufacturing sector. Exports of manufactured goods were negligible when the 1969 coup occurred; by the mid-1970s, manufactured goods constituted 20 percent ... | 46,046 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
fish. Textile output rose over the period. The only material produced, however, was a coarse fabric sold to rural people (and worn by the president) at less than cost. In milk, pasta, packaging materials, cigarettes, and matches, the trend was downward in the second half of the 1970s.
# Fro... | 46,047 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
with the IMF was signed, but not implemented. The standby agreements of July 1981 and July 1982 were completed in July 1982 and January 1984, respectively. To meet IMF standards, the government terminated its policy of acting as the last-resort employer of all secondary school graduates and ... | 46,048 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
against. The government abandoned its first reform program in 1984. In March 1984, the government signed a letter of intent accepting the terms of a new US$183 million IMF extended credit facility to run for three years. In a Somali Council of Ministers meeting in April, however, this agreem... | 46,049 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
claimed that rinderpest had been detected in Somali livestock, making them unsafe. Cynics pointed out that Saudi businessmen recently had invested in Australian ranches and were seeking to carve out an export market for their product. In any event, the ban created a large budget deficit, and... | 46,050 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
the Paris Club (the informal name for a consortium of eighteen Western creditor countries), Somalia's debt service schedule was restructured, and the government adopted a reform program that included a devaluation and the establishment of a free market for foreign exchange for most private t... | 46,051 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
1986, a foreign exchange auction system was initiated, but its operation encountered severe difficulties because to its complete dependence on external aid. Many exchange rates applicable to different types of transactions consequently came into existence.
AID prepared a second-stage projec... | 46,052 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
prepared to fund the Somali Chamber of Commerce if the Somali government would allow it to become an independent body. The 1986 report went beyond privatization by calling for means of improving the government's revenue collection and budgetary control systems. Building a government capable ... | 46,053 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
reflected the international pressures and incentives of the IMF and AID. Privatization was written into the plan, as were development projects that were smaller in scale and more easily implemented. By 1988 the government had announced implementation of many IMF and AID-encouraged structural... | 46,054 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
and sales had been only partially implemented. A value-added tax on fuel imports remained under consideration, but the tax on rental income had been increased and the sales tax raised from 5 to 10 percent. The government continued to procrastinate concerning public enterprises, holding only ... | 46,055 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
World Bank officials used these data to publicize the Somali success in structural adjustment.
The overall picture was not that encouraging, however. Manufacturing output declined, registering a drop of 0.5 percent per annum from 1980 to 1987. Exports decreased by 16.3 percent per annum fro... | 46,056 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
Although corn, sorghum, and sugarcane were principal crops, livestock and bananas remained major exports. The value of livestock and banana exports in 1989 (the latest year for which data were available in May 1992) was US$26 million and US$25 million, respectively. Livestock, consisting pri... | 46,057 |
8791523 | Economic history of Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20Somalia | Economic history of Somalia
ily of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep, served several purposes. The animals provided milk and meat for domestic consumption, and livestock, hides, and skins for export.
As a result of the civil war in many areas, the economy deteriorated rapidly in 1989 and 1990. Previously, livestock exp... | 46,058 |
8791841 | Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed discus throw | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athletics%20at%20the%201912%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20two%20handed%20discus%20throw | Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed discus throw
Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed discus throw
The men's two handed discus throw was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the only appearance of the even... | 46,059 |
8791841 | Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed discus throw | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athletics%20at%20the%201912%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20two%20handed%20discus%20throw | Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed discus throw
throw
The men's two handed discus throw was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the only appearance of the event at the Olympics, along with the other two handed throws. The f... | 46,060 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
Irkut Corporation
The JSC Irkut Corporation () () is a Russian aircraft manufacturer, headquartered in the Aeroport District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, and is best known as being the manufacturer of the Sukhoi Su-30 family of interceptor/ground-attack aircraft. The company was founded in... | 46,061 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
Commissariat for Heavy Industry. In 18 August 1934, the form marking the completion of construction manufacturing plant for the new bureau was signed. The first aircraft manufactured by the IAP was the Tupolev I-14, which had its flight in 16 February 1935. The IAP later started mass production of the... | 46,062 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
mass production of two bomber aircraft, the Tupolev Tu-14 and the Ilyushin Il-28 until 1956. In 1957, the IAP renovated itself and started production of the Antonov An-12 military transport aircraft. From 1960, the IAP started mass production of the supersonic bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, the Y... | 46,063 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
operational conversion trainer, had its maiden flight in 10 September 1986. The first Sukhoi Su-30 developed by the aviation plant had its first flight in 14 April 1992.
## Contemporary Era (1993–present).
In 30 December 1996, a contract was signed between the IAP and the Indian Air Force (IAF) for ... | 46,064 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
of the corporation's shares in the stock market. In the same year, the Irkut Corporation had integrated the Yakovlev Design Bureau into its corporate structure, making it a subsidiary. In 20 December the Irkut Corporation signed a contract with Airbus to produce components for the Airbus A320 family a... | 46,065 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
short/mid range airliner program. The MC-21 would be the first aircraft the Irkut Corporation had designed. Production of the aircraft would start in 2014.
At the end of November 2018, United Aircraft Corporation transferred from Sukhoi to the Irkut Corporation, to become UAC's airliner division, as ... | 46,066 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
composite manufacturer AeroComposit.
# Organization.
- Irkut Corporation
- Irkutsk Aviation Plant
- JSC Yakovlev Design Bureau
- A. S. Yakovlev Engineering Center
- BETA AIR
# Products.
## Manufactured Products.
These products are designed by a different company while the Irkut Corporation an... | 46,067 |
8791616 | Irkut Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irkut%20Corporation | Irkut Corporation
leg Demchenko (President of the Irkut Corporation)
## Vice Presidents.
- Aleksander Veprev (General Director of Irkutsk Aviation Plant, an affiliate of Irkut Corporation, Vice-President of Irkut Corporation)
- Konstantin Popovich (Vice-President of Irkut Corporation for aircraft development, Direct... | 46,068 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
Gila Wilderness
Gila Wilderness was designated the world's first wilderness area on June 3, 1924. Along with Aldo Leopold Wilderness and Blue Range Wilderness, the (872 sq. mi.) wilderness is part of New Mexico's Gila National Forest. The wilderness is approximately from north to south and east to west... | 46,069 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
It contains the West Fork, Middle Fork and much of the East Fork of the Gila River; riverside elevations of around are the lowest in the wilderness. The Mogollon Mountains traverse an arc across the wilderness. The tallest peak within this range, Whitewater Baldy at , is in the northwest part of the wil... | 46,070 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
leaving cliff dwellings, ruins and other evidence of their culture. The Chiricahua band of Apache came into the area between 1200 and 1600. Because of their fierce protectiveness, the area remained undeveloped into the 1870s. In 1922, Aldo Leopold, a United States Forest Service supervisor of the Carson... | 46,071 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.
# Flora and fauna.
Vegetation in the Gila Wilderness consists of a spruce-fir and quaking aspen forest above 9,000 feet (2,732 m), ponderosa pine forest between 6,500 feet (1,981) and 9,000 (2,732 m), and pinyon-juniper woodland and deser... | 46,072 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
and is the northern-most home of the Chihuahua pine. Gila contains one of the world's largest and healthiest ponderosa pine forests. Arizona sycamore, walnut, maple, ash, cottonwood, alder and willow trees are found along rivers and in canyons.
Gila is home of predators such as the bobcat and cougar. M... | 46,073 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
within Gila. Because of conflicts with livestock owners, the federal predator control program has killed or removed several animals.
Bighorn sheep were common throughout the region until about 1900 when they became locally extinct through hunting. Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep were reintroduced to the G... | 46,074 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
streams. The wilderness is home to the largest population of near threatened spotted owls, which prefer Douglas-fir or white fir stands and can be found in ponderosa pine forests with a well-developed Gambel oak understory.
Reptiles such as the Arizona coral snake and Gila monster are rarely present; c... | 46,075 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
U.S. Forest Service describes the climate of the Wilderness area as "four gentle seasons." The lower elevations below are accessible all year with heavy winter snow uncommon. Elevation moderates the high summer temperatures of the surrounding Chihuahua Desert. May and June are the hottest and dryest mon... | 46,076 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
for the number of days for a lost person to be found alive. It is common for hikers to become lost in the vast expanse of the Gila; some are never found.
The Gila Wilderness provides opportunities for fishing, hunting, backpacking, horseback riding and camping. It has hundreds of miles of hiking and ho... | 46,077 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
One of the best-known trails in the Wilderness is the "Catwalk," a one-mile trail suspended above a rushing stream in a gorge only a few feet wide. The Crest Trail, 12 miles long, passes through impressive sub-alpine forests in the highest portions of the Gila Mountains with elevations from to .
Many h... | 46,078 |
8791547 | Gila Wilderness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20Wilderness | Gila Wilderness
rom to .
Many hot springs are found within the wilderness. Cliff dwellings border stream valleys, especially along the Middle Fork of the Gila River. Rafting the Gila River is popular in the spring when water levels in the river are high due to snowmelt in the higher mountains. Because it is a wilderne... | 46,079 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
Emory Folmar
Emory McCord Folmar (June 3, 1930 – November 11, 2011) was the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, from 1977 to 1999. Although the mayor's office is nonpartisan, Folmar was known to be a Republican.
# Background.
Folmar was born in Pike County near Montgomery. He attended school in Pike County an... | 46,080 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
safety director and the subsequent resignations or terminations of a number of police officers and supervisors. He remained in office from 1977 to 1999.
Although the city's elected positions are nonpartisan, Folmar was unabashedly a conservative Republican. He served as the chairman of the Alabama Republi... | 46,081 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
the words "Civilian Aide" embroidered on the collar where a soldier's rank was displayed at the time.
He was defeated in 1999 by political newcomer, attorney Bobby Bright, in an election that stunned many in the community who thought Folmar's re-election likely. Bright later served one term in the United ... | 46,082 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
in recent years before he died at the family home on the evening of November 11, 2011. On the night of Folmar's death, current Mayor Todd Strange lauded the former city leader as his mentor, inspiration, a good man, a family man, a Christian and a valuable leader of the city.
## Entertainment.
One notori... | 46,083 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
of drugs and alcohol, particularly by minors. He noted on many occasions he saw a young girl "puking her guts out" after consuming too much vodka. Subsequently, few live rock-n-roll acts appeared in Montgomery during his tenure. The arrests were later nullified by a federal judge who rebuked Folmar's tacti... | 46,084 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
along with the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts (a city facility) were located in the Wynton M. Blount Cultural Park. The City of Montgomery Parks and Recreations Department maintains the grounds.
Folmar was also instrumental in pushing for the growth and development of the city's long running street festiv... | 46,085 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
headline acts.
The Montgomery Zoo was another area where Folmar put resources and passion to grow the small five acre zoo to the sprawling 40 acre facility it is today. In 1989, the Zoo was expanded to its current size, enhanced with natural habitat enclosures for the animals and has regularly added new a... | 46,086 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
honor and established the Anita P. Folmar Distinguished Volunteer in the Arts Award.
Folmar was criticized by some of the city's residents that he didn't do enough to attract minor league baseball back to the city nor secure the location of a Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail facility in the city. One of the ... | 46,087 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
one of America's top 50 municipal golf courses.
After the Montgomery Rebels departed in 1980, leaving the 7,000 seat Paterson Field in poor upkeep, Folmar decreed the facility and nearby Cramton Bowl would remain dedicated to amateur sports.
## City Administration and Political Philosophy.
His 22 years ... | 46,088 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
suspect when he failed to heed officer's commands to halt, and they fatally shot him in the back as he was fleeing. Then an officer at the scene planted a weapon near Whitehurst that was later determined to have been confiscated by the police in another case and filed a report saying he was shot in the fro... | 46,089 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
many chances for growing some areas of the community's development of entertainment and sporting venues. Although Folmar prided himself in keeping roads paved, potholes filled, water flowing and garbage collected, he was criticized at some points for not being sufficiently proactive in repairing infrastruc... | 46,090 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
supported by family real estate and other holdings.
He often verbally tangled with vocal critics on the City Council, particularly former Councilman Joe Reed, a black leader who represented a decidedly minority district in the city. But Folmar also took great pleasure in jousting with former City Councilm... | 46,091 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
push his policy agenda. At the polls that year, he received the solid supporting city council he wanted.
Folmar was also successful in helping to direct the city's economic development successes during his time in office, although the city's most celebrated economic development prize - Hyundai Motor Manuf... | 46,092 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
Pine and I won't care. But when you bring it out on my streets, it becomes my business." He often characterized himself politically as "so conservative if it were up to me, I would take down all the traffic lights and let the strongest, fastest car get through the intersection first."
## Racial Issues & B... | 46,093 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
to end urban blight by providing necessary city utility infrastructure on the predominantly-black west side. Many western areas of the city are without utility infrastructure over 25 years later.
A number of incidents involving his hard-line stances include long-time racial tensions between the police and... | 46,094 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
black caps. A notorious incident happened on Todd Rd. in 1983 when 2 white police detectives, Ed Spivey and Les Brown, allegedly barged into a home where black mourners had gathered after the funeral of a grandmother. The detectives were following up on a missing person case and observed a suspicious subje... | 46,095 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
fashion noting his disapproval of the lifestyles of gay & lesbian individuals. During Folmar's re-election bid in 1999, Samuel J. Caraway, a 19 year old, openly gay resident of Montgomery, was beaten and jailed by two members of the Montgomery Police Department while attempting to erect a sign mocking Folm... | 46,096 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
past of serving the city and stepped to the forefront with the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955 and the subsequent year-long Montgomery Bus Boycott thereafter, which still didn't destroy the Transit System . It took a political decision by Folmar to selectively ban certain ads on buses, namely an anti-death pe... | 46,097 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
shuttle, which many citizens found unfair and troublesome for impromptu use, requiring 24-hour advance booking.
# Race for governor and bad timing.
Folmar ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1982 winning just over 40% of the vote. Folmar lost to George Wallace, who was seeking an unprecedented fourth term... | 46,098 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
Party from 1985 to 1989. With his high position in the party and with Ronald Reagan enjoying widespread popularity, Folmar could have sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination again in 1986, which instead went to Guy Hunt who was thought to be the Republicans' "sacrificial lamb". The Democratic side f... | 46,099 |
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