wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
Graddick's win nullified in favor of Baxley. The resulting negative press led to a voter backlash against Democrats and Guy Hunt was subsequently elected the first Republican Alabama Governor since the post-Civil War Reconstruction period. Folmar later become State Chairman for George H. W. Bush's 1988 and... | 46,100 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
term after he was convicted of misappropriating campaign contributions. Folsom was then defeated by former Governor Fob James, a Democrat turned Republican.
# External links.
- Emory Folmar short bio at Alabama State Archives
- Archived article from Southern Changes circa 1983 about Folmar's tenure
- A... | 46,101 |
8791825 | Emory Folmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory%20Folmar | Emory Folmar
ampaign contributions. Folsom was then defeated by former Governor Fob James, a Democrat turned Republican.
# External links.
- Emory Folmar short bio at Alabama State Archives
- Archived article from Southern Changes circa 1983 about Folmar's tenure
- Article about the fall of the famous Montgomery Bu... | 46,102 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
I syng of a mayden
"I syng of a mayden" (sometimes titled "As Dewe in Aprille") is a Middle English lyric poem or carol of the 15th century celebrating the Annunciation and the Virgin Birth of Jesus. It has been described as one of the most admired short vernacular English poems of the late Middle A... | 46,103 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
modern choral and vocal works.
# Analysis.
The work has been described by Laura Saetveit Miles, a University of Bergen Professor of medieval literature, as "one of the most admired fifteenth-century Middle English lyrics [which] offers, within a deceptively simple form, an extremely delicate and ha... | 46,104 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
of the Annunciation, on the immediate consequences of Mary's acceptance of Gabriel's message." The concept of the choice of Mary is an important subtlety in the text. Derek Pearsall writes:
According to Miles, despite a celebratory opening, "Mary's physical stillness as proof of her virginity remain... | 46,105 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
translation.
# Origin.
The manuscript in which the poem is found, (Sloane 2593, ff.10v-11) is held by the British Library, who date the work to c.1400 and speculate that the lyrics may have belonged to a wandering minstrel; other poems included in the manuscript include "I have a gentil cok", "Adam... | 46,106 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
his fellow antiquarian Joseph Ritson had dated the manuscript from the reign of Henry V of England (1387–1422), he personally felt that although "its greatest antiquity must be included within the fifteenth century", some lyrics contained within may be of an earlier origin. Wright speculated, on the ... | 46,107 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
is a unique instance of this lyric.
Although the Sloane Manuscript is the only surviving textual source, the bibliographer and Shakespearean scholar W. W. Greg proposed that the poem's similarity to a much earlier 13th-century poem held at Trinity College, Cambridge (MS. B. 13. 49) was unlikely to b... | 46,108 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
was originally intended to be sung. Indeed, as noted by Stephen Medcalf, Emeritus professor at Sussex University, the text itself seems to imply melody and verse. However, due to the oral tradition of the time, the original melody of the song was not notated and over the course of time was forgotten.... | 46,109 |
8791682 | I syng of a mayden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%20syng%20of%20a%20mayden | I syng of a mayden
tion of the time, the original melody of the song was not notated and over the course of time was forgotten.
Since the rediscovery of the text, many composers have set the text to music, amongst them diverse choral or vocal interpretations by Martin Shaw, Patrick Hadley, Roger Quilter, John Gerrish,... | 46,110 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
Badnjak (Serbian)
The badnjak (, ), also called veseljak (весељак, , literally "jovial one" in Serbian), is a tree branch or young tree brought into the house and placed on the fire on the evening of Christmas Eve, a central tradition in Serbian Christmas celebrations. The tree from which the badnjak... | 46,111 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
Day, when the first visitor strikes it with a poker or a branch to make sparks fly, while wishing that the family's happiness and prosperity be as abundant as the sparks. As most Serbs today live in towns and cities, the badnjak is often symbolically represented by a cluster of oak twigs with brown le... | 46,112 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
in army service regulations, but the tradition ended at the outbreak of World War II. Since the early 1990s, the Serbian Orthodox Church has, together with local communities, organized public celebrations on Christmas Eve in which the badnjak plays a central role. Parishioners festively cut the saplin... | 46,113 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
badnjak may also be seen as a symbol of the cross upon which Christ was crucified, the warmth of its fire symbolizing the salvation which, in the Christian belief, the crucifixion made possible for mankind. Scholars regard the tradition as inherited from the old Slavic religion. They interpret the bad... | 46,114 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
a log into the house and burns it on Christmas Eve has also been recorded in other parts of Europe.
# Family celebration.
## Felling and preparing.
Traditionally, the badnjak ceremony begins on Christmas Eve, but there are many regional variations surrounding the details. Early in the morning the h... | 46,115 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
used in eastern Serbia, although less frequently than oak trees. In some areas of Montenegrin Littoral where oaks do not grow, olives, bay laurels, elms, or strawberry trees are used instead. Young, straight, and undamaged specimens are preferred. The badnjak may be more valued if it is felled stealth... | 46,116 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
log representing the head of household and the thinnest linked to the family's prosperity. If there is only one man in the household, three rather than two logs are prepared. The logs may be cut from different species of tree. In parts of the Bay of Kotor, each household prepares four sets of badnjaks... | 46,117 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
other areas where only a pair of oak logs is cut, in which case "badnjačica" refers to the smaller of the two. In Resava, the "badnjačica" is prepared from an Italian oak, and the badnjak from a Turkey oak. In Zagarač, central Montenegro, both of the logs may be cut from the same tree if it is tall en... | 46,118 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
trinity). In other areas dry oak branches are collected from the ground, and used instead of a log.
When the head of household finds a suitable tree, he stands in front of it facing east. After throwing grain at the tree, he greets it with the words "Good morning and happy Christmas Eve to you", make... | 46,119 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
from then on never touch the badnjak with their bare hands. The tree should fall to the east, unhindered by surrounding trees. It must not be left half-cut, as then it will curse the house of the man. In some regions, if the tree is not cut down after the third blow of the axe, then it must be pulled ... | 46,120 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
cover is an omen of good luck and prosperity.
The first splinter from the tree is taken home and placed where prosperity is especially desired, such as beside the beehives, in the hen roost, or between milk basins in the dairy room, in the hope that the coming year's kaymak will clot to form thick la... | 46,121 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
of such a length that allows it to be carried on a man's shoulder, up to about long. Its branches may be lopped off, or not, depending on the local custom. Once in the home, each badnjak is leaned vertically against the house beside the entrance door. In Montenegrin Littoral, each should be adorned wi... | 46,122 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
"dozemak"—the log that comes from the part of the trunk that grew nearest to the ground. In Resava, Levač, Temnić, and Jadar of Serbia, as well as in Ozren and Romanija of Bosnia, the badnjak is cut into three logs associated respectively with the men, the women, and the children.
## Bringing in and ... | 46,123 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
you well-being, and may you have good luck", or "Good luck to you, and together with you for many years to come [may we be]", or similar, before throwing grain from a sieve at the man and the badnjak he carries. In the clan of Kuči, the woman touches the "beard" of the main badnjak with a whole loaf o... | 46,124 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
household. Any other logs are brought in by other males and laid on the fire parallel or perpendicular to the first. In a family with the tradition of burning the badnjak and "badnjačica", they are laid one across the other; the males then kiss the former, and the females the latter. In Bukovica the t... | 46,125 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
before in some places, an armful of straw is spread over the floor. The straw is usually brought in with the same greetings and throwing of grain as the badnjak. The person spreading it may imitate a hen clucking to call her chicks, ""Kvo", "kvo", "kvo"", with the family's children imitating chicks, "... | 46,126 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
A common custom is to scatter a handful of walnuts over the straw. It will be collected and taken out of the house on the morning of the second day after Christmas. Some of the straw may be set aside and used in apotropaic practices in the coming year.
The thicker end of the log, the end that was nea... | 46,127 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
is then licked by children. At the side of "ognjište" where the thicker end is situated, the family may place a plowshare, a round loaf of bread, a glove filled with wheat, sugar, or a sieve containing grain, honey, cakes, wine, salt, prunes, walnuts, and apples. The cut surface of the thicker end is ... | 46,128 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
increase in the field, pen, and barn!" or, "Hail, badnjak, veseljak! I give you wheat and wine, and you give me every good thing and peace!" or similar. The name "veseljak", literally "jovial one", is used along with "badnjak" in some areas. The head drinks a draught of wine from the jug, after which ... | 46,129 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
should not be jumped over or trodden upon, and blowing on its fire is avoided. It should not be moved when about to burn through, lest the log break at the place most consumed by the fire, which is usually strongest at the center of the fireplace; the separation of the log should be a result of the fi... | 46,130 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the event, and in the past the men would go outside and fire their guns in celebration. There is a special verb "preveseliti" used instead of the common "pregoreti" to express "to burn through" when referring to the badnjak, which has the same root as the noun "veseljak". Once the log has burnt throug... | 46,131 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
it and put them under the eaves, on the fields, meadows, vineyards, and apiaries, so that the coming year may be happy and fruitful. It may also be set aside for next Christmas Eve, to be placed on the fire immediately before the new badnjak, as a symbol of continuity. In Kosovo, a part of the badnjak... | 46,132 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the arrival of whom no outsider is allowed to enter the house. Early on the morning of Christmas Day he steps into the house, right foot first, and greets the family with "Christ is Born", to which they reply "Truly He is Born." The "polaznik" then approaches the "ognjište" and repeatedly strikes the ... | 46,133 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
gift for the "polaznik", usually accompanied by some other present. The custom to use a domestic animal as a "polaznik" was kept in some regions until the first half of the 20th century. In Rađevina, the head of the household would lead a sheep into the house, place it between the "ognjište" and himse... | 46,134 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
are taken out from the "ognjište" and placed on the česnica. Each of the sorts is associated with its own ember on that loaf. The sort whose ember retains its glow longer than the others should be the most productive in the coming year. The log sparking by itself presages a rich harvest of honey. Cool... | 46,135 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
reduced versions. Modern houses usually have no "ognjište" on which to burn a badnjak, but it may be symbolically represented by several oak twigs, some of which are burnt in a wood-burning kitchen stove and the others placed beside it. Some people chop the badnjak into shorter logs so that they can b... | 46,136 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
bought at marketplaces or distributed in churches. In a common arrangement, the cluster of oak twigs is bound together with twigs of European Cornel and several stalks of straw.
The laying of a badnjak on the fire was considered the least a Serbian family could do to show their devotion to Serbian tr... | 46,137 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
describes the holiday atmosphere that surrounds the burning badnjak on Christmas Eve through the words of Abbot Stefan, one of the mains characters of "The Mountain Wreath":
# Public celebration.
The badnjak ceremony, originally performed only within the family, became a more public celebration. A c... | 46,138 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
representatives of military units of a garrison formed a festive procession on horses, accompanied with music. Members of citizens' associations and other civilians of the garrison town usually joined the procession as it proceeded to the nearest wood to collect the badnjak. They felled a set number o... | 46,139 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
state institutions, private firms, organizations, and clubs joined the procession each year, and the event began to take on the character of a public holiday. During the 1930s, the laying of badnjak on the fire became a court ritual. It was performed, in the presence of the royal family, by representa... | 46,140 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the unity of state, church, and people, was ended by the outbreak of World War II.
Yugoslavia's socialist government suppressed or discouraged public religious celebrations until the early 1990s. Since then, the Serbian Orthodox Church has, together with local communities, organized public celebratio... | 46,141 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
or consecrating the badnjak, and an appropriate program with songs and recitals. In some parishes they build the fire on which to burn the badnjak not in the church yard but at some other suitable location in their town or village. The festivity consists of gathering around the fire and socializing. E... | 46,142 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the badnjak is cut down, it is adorned with straw, ribbons, oranges, apples, and sometimes with the Serbian flag. In some parishes more than one badnjak is used in the celebration, and a different tree is felled for each. Often bunches of leaved oak twigs are prepared to be distributed to the congrega... | 46,143 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the beginning of the service, its length and structure. The laying of badnjak on the fire usually comes after the service, and is done by a priest or by a respected parishioner. Before the burning, the tree may be processionally carried around the church. In the case of more than one badnjak, the tree... | 46,144 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
water may be sprinkled on the tree by dipping a bunch of basil into a bowl with the water. This rite is generally performed after the placing on the fire, although it may happen before, in which case the consecration may be performed in the church itself or in its yard.
After the ritual the priest de... | 46,145 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
during the Nativity Fast. Parishioners may pick a twig from the badnjak and take it home to place in front of their icon, or at another appropriate location.
Although Serbian public religious celebrations, as those of other peoples, were discouraged in Socialist Yugoslavia until the early 1990s, they... | 46,146 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
manger. By Holy Tradition, the manger was located in a cave near that town. An angel of the Lord appeared to a group of shepherds who were keeping watch over their flock by night in that region, and told them that the Savior was born at Bethlehem. They went there and found the baby lying in the manger... | 46,147 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
us eternal blessedness, bless also now this tree which is a symbol of Thy cross and the Tree of Life in paradise, and which reminds us of Thy holy birth and of the logs which the shepherds of Bethlehem kindled to warm themselves when they came to worship Thee, the divine infant, and thereby prefigured... | 46,148 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
of the latter. Salutations, prayers, and sacrifices such as grain, wine, and honey are offered to him (the name "badnjak" is of masculine gender in Serbian); he is consistently treated not as a tree but as a person.
German scholar and folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt holds that the log represented an inc... | 46,149 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
Istrians fed the logs lighted on St. John's Day by sprinkling wheat upon them. Čajkanović characterizes the pre-Christian badnjak as a divinity who dies by burning to be reborn, comparing it in this respect with Attis, Osiris, Adonis, and Sandan. He also proposes that the crosses made from the thicker... | 46,150 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the region of Krivošije, Montenegrin Littoral. Analyzing the practices, he concluded that the badnjak customs were connected with ancestor worship. The lighting of the log on the "ognjište" could be seen as a solemn annual rekindling of the sacred hearth fire, regarded as the center of the family life... | 46,151 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
badnjak.
Fire from the domestic hearth was under no circumstances given out of the house on Christmas Eve, not even to a neighbor whose fire had gone out. The reason for this prohibition, according to Čajkanović, was the belief that the Eve is a time when the ancestral spirits, guardians of the famil... | 46,152 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
from the house, or for better crops, or because of bees. Referring to the latter explanation, Čajkanović argues that, in the old religion of the Serbs, the bees were regarded as pure and sacred insects, in whom ancestral spirits could dwell. The same explanation, "because of bees", is also given for t... | 46,153 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
Serbian for "Christmas". The characters of "Stari Badnjak" and "Mladi Božić" are found in old Serbian Christmas songs, where they are not explicitly referred to as father and son, and no fight between them is mentioned. By Toporov, the former personified the last day of the Old Year, the climax of the... | 46,154 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
Greek dragon Python killed by Apollo. The words "badnjak", "budhnya", and "python" stem from the Proto-Indo-European root *"bhudh-", denoting bottom, foundation, depths, and related notions.
According to Russian philologist and mythographer Boris Uspensky, "Stari Badnjak" and "Mladi Božić" have analo... | 46,155 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
fertility. Uspensky argues that this saint took on attributes of the serpentine god Volos, whose cult was very strong among East Slavs before Christianization. He was the adversary of the dreadful thunder-god Perun, who is in this case reflected in Nikola's Dad.
The notion of a quarrel between Nikola... | 46,156 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
the first stems from the mythical dragon, and the second from the dragon fighter, while in the latter pair it is vice versa. This inversion explains, by Uspensky, the fact that in some areas Nikola's Dad is celebrated on the day after his son's feast, rather than on the eve of it. In that way, the "dr... | 46,157 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
The same etymology of the adjective "badnji" has also been proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, 19th-century Serbian philologist, systematizer of oral literature, and ethnographer.
# Similar European traditions.
The custom that a family solemnly brings a log into the house and lights it on the heart... | 46,158 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
it was brought in by the whole family while they sang a carol praying for blessing on the house, that the women might bear children, the nanny-goats kids, and the ewes lambs, and that their grain and wine might abound. Before the log was placed on the fire, the youngest child in the family poured wine... | 46,159 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
a "Christklotz" (Christ log) on the fire before going to bed, so that it might burn all through the night.
In Croatian tradition, objects of two different types are referred to as "badnjak". The first type includes leaved branches cut from Turkey oaks or hazel trees, up to long with as many catkins a... | 46,160 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
is used: a cross is carved into the bark of pieces of firewood which are burned in kitchen stoves on Christmas Eve. In Bulgaria, the youngest man of the family goes on the Eve into a forest to cut down an oak, elm, or pear tree, which will be used as the "badnik" (бъдник). After the man brings it into... | 46,161 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
against the demons called "Kallikantzaroi", believed to be emerging from their dens at night during that period to attack people and damage their property. The fire and smoke from the log was thought to prevent the "Kallikantzaroi" from entering the house down the chimney. The ritual burning of logs o... | 46,162 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
brought in, greeted by the family and treated with great respect. The log would be placed on the hearth, and often a significant part of all food and drink in the house would be put on the log and burned together with it.
# See also.
- Zapis, sacred tree in Serbia
# Further reading.
Čajkanović (19... | 46,163 |
8791456 | Badnjak (Serbian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnjak%20(Serbian) | Badnjak (Serbian)
ja u Beogradu" (Гласник Етнографског музеја у Београду [Bulletin of the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade], Belgrade: Ethnographic Museum)
- 22–23: 150ff. 1960.
- 26: 71ff. 1963.
- 27: 403–6. 1964.
- 42: 410–13. 1978.
- "Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu" (Гласник Земаљског музеја у Сарајеву [Bu... | 46,164 |
8791853 | Lee Shapiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee%20Shapiro | Lee Shapiro
Lee Shapiro
Lee Shapiro (1949–1987) was an American documentary filmmaker. His one feature-length film, "Nicaragua Was Our Home", was released in 1986. It was filmed in Nicaragua among the Miskito Indians who were then fighting against Nicaraguan government forces. It features interviews with Miskito India... | 46,165 |
8791853 | Lee Shapiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee%20Shapiro | Lee Shapiro
group they were traveling with reported that they had been ambushed by military forces of the Soviet Union or the Afghan government. However, the details have been questioned, partly because of the poor reputation of the group's leader, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.
Shapiro was a member of the Unification Church an... | 46,166 |
8791853 | Lee Shapiro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee%20Shapiro | Lee Shapiro
hey had been ambushed by military forces of the Soviet Union or the Afghan government. However, the details have been questioned, partly because of the poor reputation of the group's leader, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.
Shapiro was a member of the Unification Church and a graduate of its Unification Theological Se... | 46,167 |
8791883 | Kombolcha (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kombolcha%20(disambiguation) | Kombolcha (disambiguation)
Kombolcha (disambiguation)
Kombolcha is the name of several communities and woredas in Ethiopia:
- for the city in the Amhara Region, which is also organized as a woreda, see Kombolcha;
- for the city in the Oromia Region, see Guduru;
- the woreda in the Misraq Hararghe Zone of Oromia, se... | 46,168 |
8791866 | Benton Falls (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benton%20Falls%20(band) | Benton Falls (band)
Benton Falls (band)
Benton Falls was a rock band from Santa Rosa, California, which originally formed in 2000. The trio formerly consisted of Michael Richardson, Vance Gore, and Eli Deering, with second guitarist Gerb leaving after the release of "Fighting Starlight". The band's music was influence... | 46,169 |
8791866 | Benton Falls (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benton%20Falls%20(band) | Benton Falls (band)
their first full-length album, "Fighting Starlight", less than a month later on Deep Elm Records. In the winter of 2000 the band went back into the recording studio to work on their follow-up album "Guilt Beats Hate", which was released in the spring of 2003.
# Lineup.
- Michael Richardson (Vocals... | 46,170 |
8791887 | Horwich (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horwich%20(disambiguation) | Horwich (disambiguation)
Horwich (disambiguation)
Horwich may mean:
- Horwich, a town in Greater Manchester
- Horwich Parkway railway station
- Horwich RMI F.C., the former name of an English football club
- Horwich Works, a former locomotive works
- LMS Horwich Mogul, a steam locomotive
- Horwich End, a localit... | 46,171 |
8791874 | Ise Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise%20Bay | Ise Bay
Ise Bay
# History and environment.
Ise Bay derives its name from the region surrounding Ise Grand Shrine and the city of Ise, where the shrine stands. The flat coastal plain that stretches from Kuwana in northern Mie Prefecture to Ise is called the Ise Plain and this plain lies on the western shore of Ise Bay... | 46,172 |
8791874 | Ise Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise%20Bay | Ise Bay
flourished. Nagoya Port, located on the northern shore of Ise Bay, is the largest trading port in Japan. Chubu Centrair International Airport, built on an artificial island in the bay, was opened in 2005 to serve the region.
After the end of the Second World War, the Ise Bay region contributed greatly to the r... | 46,173 |
8791874 | Ise Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise%20Bay | Ise Bay
have left more and more areas virtually cut off from the sea.
Ise Bay also has three active faults: Ise Bay fault, Suzuka-oki fault and the Shiroko-noma fault.
# Ise-wan Typhoon.
On September 26, 1959, the Ise-wan Typhoon (Typhoon Vera) devastated the Ise Bay area. Rising tidal levels and pounding surf colla... | 46,174 |
8791874 | Ise Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise%20Bay | Ise Bay
ctive faults: Ise Bay fault, Suzuka-oki fault and the Shiroko-noma fault.
# Ise-wan Typhoon.
On September 26, 1959, the Ise-wan Typhoon (Typhoon Vera) devastated the Ise Bay area. Rising tidal levels and pounding surf collapsed banks and inundated low-lying areas of the coast. 5,041 people were killed or miss... | 46,175 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
Aston Martin DBR2
The Aston Martin DBR2 was a sports racing car built in 1957 as a sibling to the Aston Martin DBR1, yet competing in a larger engine capacity group.
# Development.
The DBR2 was created from a short lived Lagonda project known as DP166 (DP for "Development Project"), This was a mult... | 46,176 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
that was until the chief race car designer for Aston Martin at that time Ted Cutting was asked by John Wyer to build two race cars from two of the three chassis. The engines to be used were the new Tadek Marek designed 6 cylinder, 3.7 litre unit. He had just completed this engine for the forthcoming D... | 46,177 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
3000 cc limit was put on championship race car engines, so the DBR2s at 3.700 cc could no longer compete at championship events. Sir David Brown then had the idea to send both the DBR2s to the USA and to use them as a promotional tool for his new DB4. Both DBR2s were sent to the USA with Rex Woodgate ... | 46,178 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
retired, this was due to a poorly performing carburation system, which in effect was a single carburetor for each cylinder, this problem was resolved for the cars next outing when these were replaced with three twin side draft Weber DCO 50s. DBR2/1 only notable success for 1957 was at the Daily Expres... | 46,179 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
mind he entered the next bend to fast, he came off the track, went down an embankment when the car turned over, Noel was thrown clear landing in a pile of pine cones, looking up just at that moment to see his car smash into a tree. After an inspection of the recovered car by John Wyer, he deemed the c... | 46,180 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
1958 the DBR2s were upgraded to 3.9 Litre engines. DBR2/1 won both the Sussex Trophy at Goodwood and the British Empire Trophy at Oulton Park, driven by Stirling Moss in both wins. After finishing 2nd and 3rd at Spa, Aston Martin decided to concentrate on the DBR1 for Europe, while both DBR2s were upg... | 46,181 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
returned to Aston Martin in 1960.
# Later life.
DBR2/1 was sold to private hands following its return to Britain, changing hands twice before being stripped of its body and having the coupe bodywork from DB3/6 placed on top of it. DBR2/2 was also sold to private owners, being sold various times over... | 46,182 |
8791864 | Aston Martin DBR2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston%20Martin%20DBR2 | Aston Martin DBR2
private owners, being sold various times over the years. Its most recent sale DBR2/1 fetched a price of £9,200,000. A restored DBR2 recently won the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance's People's Choice Award.
# Chassis information.
Included are a list of notable results for each chassis.
- Aston Mart... | 46,183 |
8791893 | Wang Liqun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang%20Liqun | Wang Liqun
Wang Liqun
Wang Liqun (; born 1945) is a Chinese historian and a professor in the School of Arts, Henan University. He is best known for conducting lecture series about Chinese history on the CCTV-10 television programme "Lecture Room".
# Life.
Wang was born in 1945 in Huoshan County, Anhui, but his ances... | 46,184 |
8791893 | Wang Liqun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang%20Liqun | Wang Liqun
Henan in 1953 and has been living there since. He is a professor in the School of Arts, Henan University. He is also a consultant in the China "Shi Ji" Research Association and the vice chairman of the "Wen Xuan" Society. He was a member of the 10th Henan Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Pr... | 46,185 |
8791905 | Rupert's Land (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert's%20Land%20(film) | Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land is a 1998 film directed by Jonathan Tammuz and starring Samuel West, Ian Tracey, and George Wendt. A road movie produced and filmed in Canada, it was released at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival and was nominated at the 1999 Genie Awards and Leo Award... | 46,186 |
8791905 | Rupert's Land (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert's%20Land%20(film) | Rupert's Land (film)
– Scott Kennedy, Bill Thumm (nominated)
- Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role – Samuel West (nominated)
- Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role – George Wendt (nominated)
- Best Sound Editing (nominated)
## Leo Awards.
- Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama – Gr... | 46,187 |
8791935 | Love Celeb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love%20Celeb | Love Celeb
Love Celeb
# Story.
Nakazono Kirara is an aspiring starlet. She used to think she'd do whatever it took to get a starring role in a drama and have a CD. But her manager, Hanamaki, proves her wrong when he sends her into a room full of horny producers to sleep her way into a role! Kirara wants no part of it... | 46,188 |
8791935 | Love Celeb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love%20Celeb | Love Celeb
s.
- Kirara Nakazono
- Ginzou "Gin" Fujiwara
- Hanamaki Ryoutaro
- Kouki Shirogane
- Shin Takano
- Makoto Jingu
- Ruriko
# Media.
## Manga.
The manga of "Love Celeb" was collected in seven bound volumes:
- 1. published on September 24, 2004
- 2. published on December 20, 2004
- 3. published on M... | 46,189 |
8791915 | Neuostheim/Neuhermsheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuostheim/Neuhermsheim | Neuostheim/Neuhermsheim
Neuostheim/Neuhermsheim
Neuostheim/Neuhermsheim is a suburb of the city of Mannheim, Germany, composed of Neuostheim and Neuhermsheim and is considered to be one of the more attractive neighbourhoods of Mannheim. It is located 3.5 km (2.2 mi) east of the city centre. It lies on the River Neckar... | 46,190 |
8791912 | Oruç Reis-class submarine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oruç%20Reis-class%20submarine | Oruç Reis-class submarine
Oruç Reis-class submarine
The Oruç Reis"-class submarines were ordered by the Turkish Navy from the British company Vickers in 1939. They were similar to the British S-class submarines, but slightly smaller. They had the S-class machinery but only four bow torpedo tubes. The four boats were r... | 46,191 |
8791912 | Oruç Reis-class submarine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oruç%20Reis-class%20submarine | Oruç Reis-class submarine
Two submarines were delivered to the Turks in 1942 in order to bolster Turkish strength against the threat from Nazi Germany and the remaining surviving submarine was delivered to the Turkish Navy after the end of the war in 1945. The three Turkish boats were scrapped in 1957.
"P614" and "P61... | 46,192 |
8791914 | Powelliphanta "Urewera" | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powelliphanta%20"Urewera" | Powelliphanta "Urewera"
Powelliphanta "Urewera"
This is a yet-unnamed "Powelliphanta" species, provisionally known as "Powelliphanta" "Urewera". This is one of the amber snails. It is an undescribed species of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae.
... | 46,193 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
List of What I Like About You characters
The following is a list of characters from the American TV series "What I Like About You".
# Tyler sisters.
## Holly Tyler.
Holly Anne Tyler (portrayed by Amanda Bynes) is an unpredictable, somewhat in-your-face teenage girl who is hi... | 46,194 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
Due to their contrasting personalities, she manages to turn Val's neat and orderly life upside down and inside out from the moment she first moves into her sister's apartment. The sisters manage to resolve their differences in order to live together and Holly becomes very depend... | 46,195 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
as a music manager, though the decision coincides with her decision to drop out of college, which becomes a longstanding issue in her family.
Holly goes through several romantic relationships throughout the series. She dates her first love, Henry Gibson, for nearly a year, but ... | 46,196 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
before she chooses who she wants to be with, she unexpectedly returns from Europe with Ben, a British musician, as her new boyfriend under the mistaken impression that both Vince and Henry have moved on. She remains with Ben for six months until she accidentally responds to Ben'... | 46,197 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
a job offer in Chicago, even after learning that Holly was right about Robyn. However, under the impression that they would not see one another again, Vince returns in the show's final episode and professes his love for Holly, uniting them once again. Holly was born in 1986 and ... | 46,198 |
8791868 | List of What I Like About You characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20What%20I%20Like%20About%20You%20characters | List of What I Like About You characters
she and Holly are very close and Holly often encourages Val to take more risks, to varying degrees of success. Initially, Val works for a public relations firm called Harper & Diggs. However, after becoming dissatisfied when her role in the company, she starts her own PR company... | 46,199 |
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