wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
melody, but there was still no system for notating rhythm. A mid-13th-century treatise, "De Mensurabili Musica", explains a set of six rhythmic modes that were in use at the time, although it is not clear how they were formed. These rhythmic modes were all in triple time and rather limited rhythm in ch... | 48,600 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
note lengths arise. The use of regular measures (bars) became commonplace by the end of the 17th century.
The founder of what is now considered the standard music stave was Guido d'Arezzo, an Italian Benedictine monk who lived from about 991 until after 1033. He taught the use of solmization syllables... | 48,601 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
in terms of hexachords; they were not note names, and each could, depending on context, be applied to any note. In the 17th century, Ut was changed in most countries except France to the easily singable, "open" syllable Do, said to have been taken from the name of the Italian theorist Giovanni Battista... | 48,602 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
music, and its many derivatives. The Baroque style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor.
# Moder... | 48,603 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
by the notehead being a stemless hollow oval (a whole note or semibreve), a hollow rectangle or stemless hollow oval with one or two vertical lines on either side (double whole note or breve), a stemmed hollow oval (a half note or minim), or solid oval using stems to indicate quarter notes (crotchets) ... | 48,604 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
staff. The treble clef or G clef was originally a letter G and it identifies the second line up on the five line staff as the note G above middle C. The bass clef or F clef shows the position of the note F below middle C. While the treble and bass clef are the most widely used clefs, other clefs are us... | 48,605 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
clef and double bass and tuba, which use bass clef. Some instruments regularly use both clefs, such as piano and pipe organ.
Following the clef, the key signature on a staff indicates the key of the piece or song by specifying that certain notes are flat or sharp throughout the piece, unless otherwise... | 48,606 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
it two semitones lower. A natural sign placed before a note renders that note in its "natural" form, which means that any sharps or flats applying to that note from the key signature or from accidentals are cancelled. Sometimes a courtesy accidental is used in music where it is not technically required... | 48,607 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
beats, and the time signatures specify those groupings. is used so often that it is also called "common time", and it may be indicated with rather than numbers. Other common time signatures are (three beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note); (two beats per bar, with each beat being a quarte... | 48,608 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
traditional music and popular music are in one time signature for much or all of the piece. Music from the Romantic music era and later, particularly contemporary classical music and rock music genres such as progressive rock and the hardcore punk subgenre mathcore, may use mixed meter; songs or pieces... | 48,609 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
to a song or piece are indicated at the beginning of the piece and at any points where the mood changes (e.g., "Slow March", "Fast Swing", "Medium Blues", "Fougueux", "Feierlich", "Gelassen", "Piacevole", "Con slancio", "Majestic", "Hostile" etc.) For vocal music, lyrics are written near the pitches of... | 48,610 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
from "parts" which contain only the music played by an individual musician. A score can be constructed from a complete set of parts and vice versa. The process was laborious and time consuming when parts were hand-copied from the score, but since the development of scorewriter computer software in the ... | 48,611 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
are varied because of the wide range of percussion instruments. Percussion instruments are generally grouped into two categories: pitched (e.g., glockenspiel or tubular bells) and non-pitched (e.g., bass drum and snare drum). The notation of non-pitched percussion instruments is less standardized. Pitc... | 48,612 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
in accordion notation. The bass notes of the music are conventionally notated, along with numbers and other signs that determine which chords the harpsichordist, organist or lutenist should improvise. It does not, however, specify the exact pitches of the harmony, leaving that for the performer to impr... | 48,613 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
progression. Some chord charts also contain rhythmic information, indicated using slash notation for full beats and rhythmic notation for rhythms. This is the most common kind of written music used by professional session musicians playing jazz or other forms of popular music and is intended primarily ... | 48,614 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
The shape note system is found in some church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the Southern United States. Instead of the customary elliptical note head, note heads of various shapes are used to show the position of the note on the major scale. Sacred Harp is one of the most popular ... | 48,615 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
the pitch's name down in a box called 'jeong-gan' (this is where the name comes from). One jeong-gan is one beat each, and it can be split into two, three or more to hold half beats and quarter beats, and more. This makes it easy for the reader to figure out the beat.
Also, there are lots of markings ... | 48,616 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
basic pitches of a major scale (Shadaj, Rishabh, Gandhar, Madhyam, Pancham, Dhaivat and Nishad, usually shortened Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni). The tonic of any scale is named Sa, and the dominant Pa. Sa is fixed in any scale, and Pa is fixed at a fifth above it (a Pythagorean fifth rather than an equal-temp... | 48,617 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half-step lower (Komal-"flat") (thus, komal Re is a half-step higher than Sa).
Ma has an altered partner that is a half-step higher (teevra-"sharp") (thus, tivra Ma is an augmented fourth above Sa). Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni are called vikrut swar ('movable... | 48,618 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Russia.
Znamenny Chant is a singing tradition used in the Russian Orthodox Church which uses a "hook and banner" notation. Znamenny Chant is unison, melismatic liturgical singing that has its own specific notation, called the "stolp" notation. The symbols used in the stolp notation are called ' (, 'ho... | 48,619 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Chant (Prostopinije) is sometimes considered a sub-division of the Znamenny Chant tradition, with the Muscovite Chant (Znamenny Chant proper) being the second branch of the same musical continuum.
Znamenny Chants are not written with notes (the so-called linear notation), but with special signs, calle... | 48,620 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
complicated rhythmic structure. The stolp notation was developed in Kievan Rus' as an East Slavic refinement of the Byzantine neumatic musical notation.
The most notable feature of this notation system is that it records transitions of the melody, rather than notes. The signs also represent a mood and... | 48,621 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
This system was also ambiguous, so that almost no one, except the most trained and educated singers, could sing an unknown melody at sight. The signs only helped to reproduce the melody, not coding it in an unambiguous way.
## China.
The earliest known examples of text referring to music in China are... | 48,622 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
for musical notation. Two systems of pitch nomenclature existed, one for relative pitch and one for absolute pitch. For relative pitch, a solmization system was used.
Gongche notation used Chinese characters for the names of the scale.
## Japan.
Japanese music is highly diversified, and therefore re... | 48,623 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
role in the oral traditions of Indonesia. However, in Java and Bali, several systems were devised beginning at the end of the 19th century, initially for archival purposes. Today the most widespread are cipher notations ("not angka" in the broadest sense) in which the pitches are represented with some ... | 48,624 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
and vocal parts (gerongan), although transcriptions of the elaborating instrument variations are sometimes used for analysis and teaching. Drum parts are notated with a system of symbols largely based on letters representing the vocables used to learn and remember drumming patterns; these symbols are t... | 48,625 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
on a horizontal staff, while in Yogyakarta a ladder-like vertical staff allowed notation of the balungan by dots and also included important drum strokes. In Bali, there are a few books published of Gamelan gender wayang pieces, employing alphabetical notation in the old Balinese script.
Composers and... | 48,626 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
extended cipher notation to other oral traditions, and a diatonic scale cipher notation has become common for notating western-related genres (church hymns, popular songs, and so forth). Unlike the cipher notation for gamelan music, which uses a "fixed Do" (that is, 1 always corresponds to the same pit... | 48,627 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
pitch by writing pitch brackets on them. Pitch brackets add or subtract scale steps to the melody line. The shape of the bracket (i.e. angle bracket), determines the number of scale steps to add. The direction of the bracket, opening or closing, determines whether to add or subtract scale steps. As a r... | 48,628 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
as "Siffernotskrift". The one most widely in use today is the Chinese "Jianpu", discussed in the main article. Numerals can of course also be assigned to different scale systems, as in the Javanese "kepatihan" notation described above.
## Solfège.
Solfège is a way of assigning syllables to names of t... | 48,629 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Fa Sol La", where each verse started a scale note higher. "Ut" later became "Do". The equivalent syllables used in Indian music are: "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni". See also: solfège, sargam, Kodály hand signs.
Tonic sol-fa is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfège.
## Letter notation.
The... | 48,630 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
to finger are written on each line, indicated by letters or numbers. Rhythm is written separately with one or another variation of standard note values indicating the duration of the fastest moving part. Few seem to have remarked on the fact that tablature combines in one notation system both the physi... | 48,631 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
late 20th century for popular guitar music and other fretted instruments, being easy to transcribe and share over the internet in ASCII format. Websites like OLGA have archives of text-based popular music tablature.
## Klavar notation.
Klavarskribo (sometimes shortened to klavar) is a music notation ... | 48,632 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
standard piano keyboard. The "staff" is most widely referred to as "piano roll", created by extending the black and white piano keys.
## Chromatic staff notations.
Over the past three centuries, hundreds of music notation systems have been proposed as alternatives to traditional western music notatio... | 48,633 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
José A. Sotorrio's "Bilinear Music Notation". These notation systems do not require the use of standard key signatures, accidentals, or clef signs. They also represent interval relationships more consistently and accurately than traditional notation. The Music Notation Project (formerly known as the Mu... | 48,634 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Cornelius Cardew, and Roger Reynolds. See "Notations", edited by John Cage and Alison Knowles, .
## Simplified music notation.
Simplified Music Notation is an alternative form of musical notation designed to make sight-reading easier. It is based on classical staff notation, but incorporates sharps a... | 48,635 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
is enlarged.
## Parsons code.
Parsons code is used to encode music so that it can be easily searched.
## Braille music.
Braille music is a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music nota... | 48,636 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
11.
## Rap notation.
The standard form of rap notation is the "flow diagram", where rappers line up their lyrics underneath "beat numbers". Hip-hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams that rappers use: the books "How to Rap" and "How to Rap 2" extensively use the diagrams to explain rap'... | 48,637 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
all have four beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in-line with the beat.
# Music notation on computer.
Many computer programs have been developed for creating music notation (called "scorewriters" or "music notation software"). Music may also be stored in various ... | 48,638 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
have dealt with this problem, either by adapting standard Western musical notation or by using graphic notation. These include George Crumb, Luciano Berio, Krzystof Penderecki, Earl Brown, John Cage, Witold Lutoslawski, and others.
# See also.
- List of musical symbols of modern notation.
- Jewish T... | 48,639 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
music
- Neume (plainchant notation)
- Pitch class
- Rastrum, a five-pointed writing implement used to draw parallel staff lines across a blank piece of sheet music
- Scorewriter
- Semasiography
- Sheet music
- Time unit box system, a notation system useful for polyrhythms
- Tongan music notatio... | 48,640 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America.
- Bagley, Robert (2004). "The Prehistory of Chinese Music Theory". Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture. (Tuesday 26 October) British Academy's Autumn 2004 Lecture Programme. London: British Academy. Abstract. Accessed 30 May 2010.
- Christens... | 48,641 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Advanced Flow and Delivery Techniques", foreword by Gift of Gab. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.
- Isidore of Seville (2006). "The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville", translated with introduction and notes by Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach, and Oliver Berghof, with the collaboration of Mur... | 48,642 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
University of Chicago Press.
- Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Miguel Civil (1986). "Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody". "Journal of Cuneiform Studies" 38, no. 1:94–98.
- Krims, Adam (2001). "Rap Music And The Poetics Of Identity". Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.... | 48,643 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Catholic Encyclopedia". New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 30 May 2010 from New Advent.
- Paolo, Tortiglione (2012). "Semiography and Semiology of Contemporary Music". Milan: Rugginenti.
- Pierce, Brent (1973). "New Choral Notation (A Handbook)". New York: Walton Music Corporation.
- Schne... | 48,644 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Affect in Popular Music". Skrifter från Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborg 2. Göteborg: Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet. (Rev. translation of "Kojak—50 sekunders tv-musik")
- Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). "The Music of the Arabs", new expanded edition, translated by Lauri... | 48,645 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
from Visigothic Origins to the Franco-Roman Transition (9th–12th Centuries)", with a foreword by Anscario M Mundó. Bilbao: Fundación BBVA.
# Further reading.
- Hall, Rachael (2005). "Math for Poets and Drummers". Saint Joseph's University.
- Gayou, Évelyne. "Transcrire les musiques électroacoustique... | 48,646 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Europe". "Journal of Historical Sociology" 23, no. 3:343–71.
- Lieberman, David (2006). "Game Enhanced Music Manuscript". In "GRAPHITE '06: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 29 No... | 48,647 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
Offerings: Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 4. Available at http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/4.
- Stone, Kurt (1980). "Music Notation in the Twentieth Century: A Practical Guidebook". W. W. Norton & Company.
- Strayer, Hope R. (2013) "From Neumes to Notes: The Evolution of Music ... | 48,648 |
20201 | Musical notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical%20notation | Musical notation
- CCARH—Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities Information on Stanford University Course on music representation. Links page shows examples of different notations.
- Music Markup Language. XML-based language for music notation.
- Synopsis of Musical Notation Encyclopedias (An index f... | 48,649 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
McIntosh (apple)
The McIntosh ( ), McIntosh Red, or colloquially the Mac, is an apple cultivar, the national apple of Canada. The fruit has red and green skin, a tart flavour, and tender white flesh, which ripens in late September. In the 20th century it was the most popular cultivar in Eastern Canada... | 48,650 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
it entered commercial production, and became common in northeastern North America after 1900. While still important in production, the fruit's popularity fell in the early 21st century in the face of competition from varieties such as the Gala. According to the US Apple Association website it is one of... | 48,651 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
zone 4a, or . 50% or more of its flowers die at or below.
The McIntosh apple is a small- to medium-sized round fruit with a short stem. It has a red and green skin that is thick, tender, and easy to peel. Its white flesh is sometime tinged with green or pink and is juicy, tender, and firm, soon becomi... | 48,652 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
tends to fall from the tree before harvest. It stores for two to three months in air, but is prone to scald, flesh softening, chilling sensitivity, and coprinus rot. It can become mealy when stored at temperatures below . The fruit is optimally stored in a controlled atmosphere in which temperatures ar... | 48,653 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
top five apple cultivars used in cloning, and research indicates the McIntosh combines well for winter hardiness.
If unsprayed, the McIntosh succumbs easily to apple scab, which may lead to entire crops being unmarketable. It has generally low susceptibility to fire blight, powdery mildew, cedar-apple... | 48,654 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
in 101 of 439 cultivars selected, more than any other founding clone. It was used in over half of the Canadian cultivars selected, and was used extensively in the United States and Eastern Europe as well; rarely was it used elsewhere. Offspring of the McIntosh include: the Jersey Black hybrid the Macou... | 48,655 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
inland.
The McIntosh's discoverer, John McIntosh (1777 – ), left his native Mohawk Valley home in New York State in 1796 to follow his love, Dolly Irwin, who had been taken to Upper Canada by her Loyalist parents. She had died by the time he found her, but he settled as a farmer in Upper Canada. He ma... | 48,656 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
dubbed the fruit it produced "Granny's apple", as they often saw their grandmother taking care of the tree in the orchard. McIntosh was selling seedlings from the tree by 1820, but they did not produce fruit of the quality of the original.
John McIntosh's son Allan (1815–1899) learned grafting about 1... | 48,657 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
when the first sprays for apple scab were developed. A house fire damaged the original McIntosh tree in 1894; it last produced fruit in 1908, and died and fell over in 1910.
Horticulturist William Tyrrell Macoun of the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa is credited with popularizing the McIntosh in C... | 48,658 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
In the late 1940s, Canadian ambassador to the United Nations Andrew McNaughton told Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko that the McIntosh Red was Canada's best apple.
The McIntosh made up 40% of the Canadian apple market by the 1960s; and at least thirty varieties of McIntosh hybrid wer... | 48,659 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
by John McIntosh bore fruit for more than ninety years, and died in 1910. Horticulturalists from the Upper Canada Village heritage park saved cuttings from the last known first-generation McIntosh graft before it died in 2011 for producing clones.
# Cultural significance.
The McIntosh has been design... | 48,660 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
named the Macintosh line of personal computers after the McIntosh. He deliberately misspelled the name to avoid conflict with the hi-fi equipment manufacturer McIntosh Laboratory. Apple's attempt in 1982 to trademark the name Macintosh was nevertheless denied due to the phonetic similarity between Appl... | 48,661 |
20258 | McIntosh (apple) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIntosh%20(apple) | McIntosh (apple)
missioned Toronto artist Roger Hill to design a commemorative silver dollar for release in 1996. Mint engraver Sheldon Beveridge engraved the image of a group of three McIntoshes and a McIntosh blossom which adorn one side with a ribbon naming the variety. An inscription on the edge reads "1796 Canada ... | 48,662 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. RNA polymerase transcribes primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) into processed, mat... | 48,663 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery.
The existenc... | 48,664 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
life, an mRNA molecule may also be processed, edited, and transported prior to translation. Eukaryotic mRNA molecules often require extensive processing and transport, while prokaryotic mRNA molecules do not. A molecule of eukaryotic mRNA and the proteins surrounding it are together called a messenger RNP... | 48,665 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
of transcription. The short-lived, unprocessed or partially processed product is termed "precursor mRNA", or "pre-mRNA"; once completely processed, it is termed "mature mRNA".
## Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing.
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archea. Non-eukaryotic mRN... | 48,666 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
of transcription. The 5' cap consists of a terminal 7-methylguanosine residue that is linked through a 5'-5'-triphosphate bond to the first transcribed nucleotide. Its presence is critical for recognition by the ribosome and protection from RNases.
Cap addition is coupled to transcription, and occurs co-... | 48,667 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
mRNA will be edited, changing the nucleotide composition of that mRNA. An example in humans is the apolipoprotein B mRNA, which is edited in some tissues, but not others. The editing creates an early stop codon, which, upon translation, produces a shorter protein.
### Polyadenylation.
Polyadenylation is... | 48,668 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
important for transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus, and translation. mRNA can also be polyadenylated in prokaryotic organisms, where poly(A) tails act to facilitate, rather than impede, exonucleolytic degradation.
Polyadenylation occurs during and/or immediately after transcript... | 48,669 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
polyadenylation variant of an mRNA.
Polyadenylation site mutations also occur. The primary RNA transcript of a gene is cleaved at the poly-A addition site, and 100–200 A's are added to the 3’ end of the RNA. If this site is altered, an abnormally long and unstable mRNA construct will be formed.
## Trans... | 48,670 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
by binding to the cap-binding proteins CBP20 and CBP80, as well as the transcription/export complex (TREX). Multiple mRNA export pathways have been identified in eukaryotes.
In spatially complex cells, some mRNAs are transported to particular subcellar destinations. In mature neurons, certain mRNA are tr... | 48,671 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
actin mRNA associates with ZBP1 and the 40S subunit. The complex is bound by a motor protein and is transported to the target location (neurite extension) along the cytoskeleton. Eventually ZBP1 is phosphorylated by Src in order for translation to be initiated. In developing neurons, mRNAs are also transp... | 48,672 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
to transcription and occurs "co-transcriptionally".
Eukaryotic mRNA that has been processed and transported to the cytoplasm (i.e., mature mRNA) can then be translated by the ribosome. Translation may occur at ribosomes free-floating in the cytoplasm, or directed to the endoplasmic reticulum by the signa... | 48,673 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
and translated (in eukaryotes usually into one and in prokaryotes usually into several) into proteins by the ribosome. Coding regions begin with the start codon and end with a stop codon. In general, the start codon is an AUG triplet and the stop codon is UAA, UAG, or UGA. The coding regions tend to be st... | 48,674 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
five prime untranslated region (5' UTR) and three prime untranslated region (3' UTR), respectively. These regions are transcribed with the coding region and thus are exonic as they are present in the mature mRNA. Several roles in gene expression have been attributed to the untranslated regions, including ... | 48,675 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
to varying affinity for RNA degrading enzymes called ribonucleases and for ancillary proteins that can promote or inhibit RNA degradation. (See also, C-rich stability element.)
Translational efficiency, including sometimes the complete inhibition of translation, can be controlled by UTRs. Proteins that b... | 48,676 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
may contain sequences that allow the transcript to be localized to this region for translation.
Some of the elements contained in untranslated regions form a characteristic secondary structure when transcribed into RNA. These structural mRNA elements are involved in regulating the mRNA. Some, such as the... | 48,677 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
export from the nucleus and translation, and protects the mRNA from degradation.
## Monocistronic versus polycistronic mRNA.
An mRNA molecule is said to be monocistronic when it contains the genetic information to translate only a single protein chain (polypeptide). This is the case for most of the euka... | 48,678 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
mRNA found in bacteria and archaea is polycistronic, as is the human mitochondrial genome. Dicistronic or bicistronic mRNA encodes only two proteins.
## mRNA circularization.
In eukaryotes mRNA molecules form circular structures due to an interaction between the eIF4E and poly(A)-binding protein, which ... | 48,679 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
mRNA uses a cloverleaf section towards its 5' end to bind PCBP2, which binds poly(A)-binding protein, forming the familiar mRNA-protein-mRNA circle. Barley yellow dwarf virus has binding between mRNA segments on its 5' end and 3' end (called kissing stem loops), circularizing the mRNA without any proteins... | 48,680 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
bacterial cells, individual mRNAs can survive from seconds to more than an hour. However, the lifetime averages between 1 and 3 minutes, making bacterial mRNA much less stable than eukaryotic mRNA. In mammalian cells, mRNA lifetimes range from several minutes to days. The greater the stability of an mRNA ... | 48,681 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
degrade messages by using a combination of ribonucleases, including endonucleases, 3' exonucleases, and 5' exonucleases. In some instances, small RNA molecules (sRNA) tens to hundreds of nucleotides long can stimulate the degradation of specific mRNAs by base-pairing with complementary sequences and facil... | 48,682 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
of translation and mRNA decay. Messages that are being actively translated are bound by ribosomes, the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-4G, and poly(A)-binding protein. eIF-4E and eIF-4G block the decapping enzyme (DCP2), and poly(A)-binding protein blocks the exosome complex, protecting the e... | 48,683 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
the circular structure of the message and destabilize the cap binding complex. The message is then subject to degradation by either the exosome complex or the decapping complex. In this way, translationally inactive messages can be destroyed quickly, while active messages remain intact. The mechanism by w... | 48,684 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
facilitating attack by both the exosome complex and the decapping complex. Rapid mRNA degradation via AU-rich elements is a critical mechanism for preventing the overproduction of potent cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). AU-rich el... | 48,685 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
mutations in DNA, transcription errors, leaky scanning by the ribosome causing a frame shift, and other causes. Detection of a premature stop codon triggers mRNA degradation by 5' decapping, 3' poly(A) tail removal, or endonucleolytic cleavage.
## Small interfering RNA (siRNA).
In metazoans, small inter... | 48,686 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
to be part of the innate immune system as a defense against double-stranded RNA viruses.
## MicroRNA (miRNA).
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that typically are partially complementary to sequences in metazoan messenger RNAs. Binding of a miRNA to a message can repress translation of that message and ... | 48,687 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
since the beginning of the biotech era but there was little traction until the 2010s, when Moderna Therapeutics was founded and managed to raise almost a billion dollars in venture funding in its first three years.
Theoretically, the administered mRNA sequence can cause a cell to make a protein, which in... | 48,688 |
20232 | Messenger RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messenger%20RNA | Messenger RNA
nce to deliver. Naked RNA sequences will naturally degrade after preparation; they may trigger the body's immune system to attack them as an invader; and they are impermeable to the cell membrane. Once within the cell, they must then leave the cell's transport mechanism to take action within the cytoplasm... | 48,689 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
March 18
# Events.
- 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, leaves up to 20,000 dead.
- 1229 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
- 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle ... | 48,690 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
- 1766 – American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act.
- 1793 – The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
- 1793 – Flanders Campaign of the Frenc... | 48,691 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
Congress of the Confederate States adjourns for the last time.
- 1871 – Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders the evacuation of Paris.
- 1874 – Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trade rights.
- 1892 – Former Governor General ... | 48,692 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
battleships are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles.
- 1921 – The second Peace of Riga is signed between Poland and the Soviet Union.
- 1922 – In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience, of which he serves only two.
- 1925 – The T... | 48,693 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
1940 – World War II: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.
- 1942 – The War Relocation Authority is established in the United States to take Japanese Americans into custody.
- 1944 – Mount Vesuvius in Naples... | 48,694 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
Alexei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.
- 1967 – The supertanker runs aground off the Cornish coast.
- 1968 – Gold standard: The U.S. Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back US currency.
- 1969 – The United States begins ... | 48,695 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
1990 – Germans in the German Democratic Republic vote in the first democratic elections in the former communist dictatorship.
- 1990 – In the largest art theft in US history, 12 paintings, collectively worth around $500 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston.
- 1994 – Bosnia's... | 48,696 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
the plane to crash and killing all 50 people on board.
- 2014 – The parliaments of Russia and Crimea sign an accession treaty.
- 2015 – The Bardo National Museum in Tunisia is attacked by gunmen. 23 people, almost all tourists, are killed, and at least 50 other people are wounded.
# Births.
- 1075 – Al-Zam... | 48,697 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
1590 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (d. 1649)
- 1597 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French religious leader, founded the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal (d. 1659)
- 1603 – Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (d. 1697)
- 1609 – Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1670)
- 16... | 48,698 |
20273 | March 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March%2018 | March 18
(d. 1776)
- 1733 – Christoph Friedrich Nicolai, German author and bookseller (d. 1811)
- 1780 – Miloš Obrenović, Serbian prince (d. 1860)
- 1782 – John C. Calhoun, American lawyer and politician, 7th Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)
- 1789 – Charlotte Elliott, English poet, hymn writer, editor... | 48,699 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.