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20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
languages, Thai, and many other languages also have distinctive length in vowels. An example is the "cŭ/cū" minimal pair in the dialect that is spoken near Palmi (Calabria, Italy):
### Syntactic gemination.
In some languages like Italian, word-initial consonants are geminated after certain vowel-final wo... | 48,400 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
tone contrasts in tone languages can be established; some writers refer to that as a contrast involving a toneme. For example, Kono distinguishes high tone and low tone on syllables:
## Stress.
Languages in which stress may occur in different positions within the word often have contrasts that can be sho... | 48,401 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
conditioning allophones to allow distinctivity: the result is that "great ape" has an diphthong shortened by pre-fortis clipping and, since it is not syllable-initial, a with little aspiration (variously , , , , etc., depending on dialect); meanwhile in "grey tape", the has its full length and the is aspir... | 48,402 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
of a minimal pair may be extended to cover a minimal set in which a number of words differ from one another in terms of one phone in a particular position in the word. For example, the vowels , , , , of Swahili are shown to be distinct by the following set of words:
"pata" 'hinge', "peta" 'bend', "pita" '... | 48,403 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
and 1950s, and minimal pair drills were widely used to train students to discriminate among the phonemes of the target language. However, later writers have criticized the approach as being artificial and lacking in relevance to language learners' needs.
Some writers have claimed that learners are likely ... | 48,404 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
and the claim should be treated with caution.
# In sign languages.
In the past, signs were considered holistic forms without internal structure. However, the discovery in the mid-20th century that minimal pairs also exist in sign languages showed that sign languages have sublexical structure. Signs consi... | 48,405 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
to Spoken English", Longman
- Celce-Murcia, M., D. Brinton and J. Goodwin (1996) "Teaching Pronunciation", Cambridge University Press
- Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. (1993) "An Introduction to Language", Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
- Jones, Daniel (1931) ' "" ' ['The "Word" as a phonetic entity'], Le Maître ... | 48,406 |
20239 | Minimal pair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimal%20pair | Minimal pair
University of Michigan Press
- Lado, R. (1961) "Language Testing", Longman
- O'Connor, J.D. (1973) "Phonetics", Penguin
- O'Connor, J.D and Tooley, O. (1964) 'The perceptibility of certain word-boundaries', in Abercrombie et al. (eds) "In Honour of Daniel Jones", Longman, pp. 171–6.
- Pennington, M. (1... | 48,407 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
Marsupial
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia (from Latin "marsupium" "pouch"). All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials includ... | 48,408 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
abdomen for a certain amount of time. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur on the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands). The remaining 100 are found in the Americas — primarily in South America, but thirteen in Central America, and one in North America, north of ... | 48,409 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
in his 1811 work "Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium". However, James Rennie, author of "The Natural History of Monkeys, Opossums and Lemurs" (1838), pointed out that the placement of five different groups of mammals - monkeys, lemurs, tarsiers, aye-ayes and marsupials (with the exception of kangaroos, t... | 48,410 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
marsupials (Australidelphia).
## Classification.
Marsupialia is further divided as follows:
† - Extinct
- Superorder Ameridelphia
- Order Didelphimorphia (93 species)
- Family Didelphidae: opossums
- Order Paucituberculata (seven species)
- Family Caenolestidae: shrew opossums
- Superorder Australide... | 48,411 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
moles
- Order Peramelemorphia (24 species)
- Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies
- Family †Chaeropodidae: pig-footed bandicoots
- Family Peramelidae: bandicoots and allies
- Order Diprotodontia (137 species)
- Suborder Vombatiformes
- Family Vombatidae: wombats
- Family Phascolarctidae: koalas
- Family †Di... | 48,412 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
glider, squirrel glider
- Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
- Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and relatives
- Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum
- Suborder Macropodiformes
- Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies, and relatives
- Family Potoroidae: potoroos, rat kangaroos... | 48,413 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
all other marsupials. Though the order Microbiotheria (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America, morphological similarities suggest it is closely related to Australian marsupials. Molecular analyses in 2010 and 2011 identified Microbiotheria as the sister group to all Austra... | 48,414 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
to Australia. There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term "opossum" is used to refer to American species (though "possum" is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called "possums".
# Anatomy.
Marsupials have the typical characteristics of mammals—e.g., mammary... | 48,415 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
of exceptions are reported) and epipubic bones are present. Marsupials (and monotremes) also lack a gross communication (corpus callosum) between the right and left brain hemispheres.
## Skull and teeth.
The skull has peculiarities in comparison to placental mammals. In general, the skull is relatively smal... | 48,416 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
so that all taxa except wombats have a different number of incisors in the upper and lower jaws. The early marsupials had a dental formula from 5/4 - 1/1 - 3/3 - 4/4, that is, per pine half; they have five maxilla or four mandibular incisors, one canine, three premolars and four molars, for a total of 50 teet... | 48,417 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
premolars. The second set of teeth grows in only at the 3rd premolar: all remaining teeth are already created as permanent teeth.
## Torso.
Few general characteristics describe their skeleton. In addition to details in the construction of the ankle, bones ("Ossa epubica") are characteristic, two from the pu... | 48,418 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
organs differ from the placental mammals. For them, the reproductive tract is doubled. The females have two uteri and two vaginas, and before birth, a birth canal forms between them, the median vagina. The males have a split or double penis lying in front of the scrotum.
A pouch is present in most, but not a... | 48,419 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
climb on all fours have the opening in the back. Usually, only females have a pouch, but the male water opossum has a pouch that is used to accommodate his genitalia while swimming or running.
## General and convergences.
Marsupials have adapted to many habitats, reflected in the wide variety in their build... | 48,420 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
resembled the placental wolf, hence its nickname "Tasmanian wolf". Flying and the associated ability to glide occurred both with marsupials (as with sugar gliders) and some placental mammals (as with flying squirrels), which developed independently. Other groups such as the kangaroo, however, do not have clea... | 48,421 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
villi found in eutherian placentas.
The evolution of reproduction in marsupials, and speculation about the ancestral state of mammalian reproduction, have engaged discussion since the end of the 19th century. Both sexes possess a cloaca, which is connected to a urogenital sac used to store waste before expul... | 48,422 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
during copulation, and is separate from the urinary tract. It curves forward when erect, and when not erect, it is retracted into the body in an S-shaped curve. Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum. The shape of the glans penis varies among marsupial species.
The male thylacine had a pouch tha... | 48,423 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
of dasyurid marsupials can also be distinguished by their penis morphology.
The only accessory sex glands marsupials possess are the prostate and bulbourethral glands. There are no ampullae, seminal vesicles or coagulating glands. The prostate is proportionally larger in marsupials than in placental mammals.... | 48,424 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent. Some marsupial species are able to store sperm in the oviduct after mating.
Marsupials give birth at a very early stage of development; after birth, newborn marsupials crawl up the bodies of their mothers and attach themselves to a teat, which is located on t... | 48,425 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
Key aspects of the first stages of placental mammal embryo development, such as the inner cell mass and the process of compaction, are not found in marsupials . The cleavage stages of marsupial development are very variable between groups and aspects of marsupial early development are not yet fully understood... | 48,426 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
need to carry a large fetus to full term in bad seasons. Marsupials are extremely altricial animals, needing to be intensely cared for immediately following birth (cf. precocial).
Because newborn marsupials must climb up to their mother's teats, their front limbs and facial structures are much more developed... | 48,427 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
However, several marsupials do possess atypical forelimb morphologies, such as the hooved forelimbs of the pig-footed bandicoot, suggesting that the range of forelimb specialization is not as limited as assumed.
An infant marsupial is known as a joey. Marsupials have a very short gestation period—usually aro... | 48,428 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
to spend increasing lengths of time out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens, it will seek refuge in its mother's pouch for safety.
Joeys stay in the pouch for up to a year in some species, or until the next joey is born. A mar... | 48,429 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
role in maintaining the young attached to the mother's teat.
# Interaction with Europeans.
The first American marsupial the Europeans encountered was the common opossum. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, commander of the "Niña" on Christopher Columbus' first voyage in the late 1400s, collected a female opossum with you... | 48,430 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
Ternate (1536–40), wrote a detailed account of the northern common cuscus ("Phalanger orientalis"):
From the start of the 17th century more accounts of marsupials arrived. For instance, a 1606 record of an animal, killed on the southern coast of New Guinea, described it as "in the shape of a dog, smaller tha... | 48,431 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
divisions of mammals (monotremes, marsupials, and placentals) were long a matter of debate among taxonomists. Most morphological evidence comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth and structure of the reproductive and waste elimination systems as well as most genetic and molecular evidence favo... | 48,432 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
the time of divergence of the two lineages has been estimated to be around 100 to 120 mya. Fossil metatherians are distinguished from eutherians by the form of their teeth; metatherians possess four pairs of molar teeth in each jaw, whereas eutherian mammals (including true placentals) never have more than th... | 48,433 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
About 100 mya, the supercontinent Pangaea was in the process of splitting into the northern continent Laurasia and the southern continent Gondwana, with what would become China and Australia already separated by the Tethys Ocean. From there, metatherians spread westward into modern North America (still attach... | 48,434 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
all living marsupials). The earliest definite marsupial fossil belongs to the species "Peradectes minor", from the Paleocene of Montana, dated to about 65 million years ago. From their point of origin in Laurasia, marsupials spread to South America, which was possibly connected to North America at around 65 m... | 48,435 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
also included a variety of Cretaceous North American taxa.
In South America, the opossums evolved and developed a strong presence, and the Paleogene also saw the evolution of shrew opossums (Paucituberculata) alongside non-marsupial metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids and the saber-toothed "Thylaco... | 48,436 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
were disconnected until about three million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama formed. This led to the Great American Interchange. Sparassodonts disappeared for unclear reasons – again, this has classically assumed as competition from carnivoran placentals, but the last sparassodonts co-existed with a few ... | 48,437 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (a microbiothere, the only New World australidelphian). This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, they radiated into the wide variety seen today. Modern marsupia... | 48,438 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off.
In Australia, terrestrial placental mammals disappeared early in the Cenozoic (their most recent known fossils being 5... | 48,439 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
at . The ancestral number of chromosomes has been estimated to be 2n = 14.
A new hypothesis suggests that South American microbiotheres resulted from a back-dispersal from eastern Gondwana due to new cranial and post-cranial marsupial fossils from the "Djarthia murgonensis" from the early Eocene Tingamarra L... | 48,440 |
20205 | Marsupial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial | Marsupial
al Fauna in Australia that indicate the "Djarthia murgonensis" is the most plesiomorphic, the oldest unequivocal australidelphian, and may be the ancestral morphotype of the Australian marsupial radiation.
# See also.
- Marsupial lawn
- Metatheria
# Further reading.
- Frith, H. J. and J. H. Calaby. Kanga... | 48,441 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
Minestrone
Minestrone (; ) is a thick soup of Italian origin made with vegetables, often with the addition of pasta or rice, sometimes both. Common ingredients include beans, onions, celery, carrots, stock, and tomatoes.
There is no set recipe for minestrone, since it can be usually made out of whatever ve... | 48,442 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
of Rome into what became the Roman Kingdom (later Roman Republic and Empire), when the local diet was "vegetarian by necessity" and consisted mostly of vegetables, such as onions, lentils, cabbage, garlic, broad beans, mushrooms, carrots, asparagus, and turnips.
During this time, the main dish of a meal wou... | 48,443 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
diet of Italy most notably with the more frequent inclusion of meats, including as a stock for soups.
Spelt flour was also removed from soups, as bread had been introduced into the Roman diet by the Greeks, and "pulte" became a meal largely for the poor.
The ancient Romans recognized the health benefits of... | 48,444 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
ingredients changed in Italy, so did minestrone. Apicius updates the "pultes" and "pulticulae" with fancy trimmings such as cooked brains and wine.
The introduction of tomatoes and potatoes from the Americas in the mid-16th century changed the soup by making available two ingredients which have since become... | 48,445 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
made for its own sake. In other words, one did not gather the ingredients of minestrone with the intention of making minestrone. The ingredients were pooled from ingredients for other dishes, often side dishes or "contorni" plus whatever was left over, rather like the "pulte".
There are two schools of thoug... | 48,446 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
"pulte", but the name minestrone lost its meaning of being made with left-overs.
# Etymology.
The word "minestrone", meaning a thick vegetable soup, is attested in English from 1871. It is from Italian "minestrone", the augmentative form of "minestra", "soup", or more literally, "that which is served", fro... | 48,447 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
and lightly cooked vegetables; it may also include meats.
In modern Italian there are three words corresponding to the English word "soup": "zuppa", which is used in the sense of tomato soup, or fish soup; "minestra", which is used in the sense of a more substantial soup such as a vegetable soup, and also f... | 48,448 |
20242 | Minestrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minestrone | Minestrone
ra", which is used in the sense of a more substantial soup such as a vegetable soup, and also for "dry" soups, namely pasta dishes; and "minestrone", which means a very substantial or large soup or stew, though the meaning has now come to be associated with this particular dish.
# Regional variations.
"Min... | 48,449 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Melilla
Melilla ( , , ; ) is a Spanish autonomous city located on the north coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco, with an area of . Melilla is one of two permanently inhabited Spanish cities in mainland Africa, the other being Ceuta. It was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the... | 48,450 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Spanish as the only official language.
Melilla, like Ceuta, is officially claimed by Morocco.
# History.
The current Berber name of Melilla is "Mřič" or "Mlilt", which means the "white one". Melilla was an ancient Berber village and a Phoenician and later Punic trade establishment under the name of Rusadir (... | 48,451 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
of any bishop of the supposed see, which is not included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. As centuries passed, it went through Vandal, Byzantine and Hispano-Visigothic hands. The political history is similar to that of towns in the region of the Moroccan Rif and southern Spain. Local rule passed t... | 48,452 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Conquest of Melilla, the duke sent Pedro Estopiñán, who conquered the city virtually without a fight in 1497, a few years after Castile had taken control of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the last remnant of Al-Andalus, in 1492. Some Spaniards envisioned continuing the southward conquest of Muslim lands, deeper... | 48,453 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
than thirty years of service to Spain."
The current limits of the Spanish territory around the fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1894. In the late 19th century, as Spanish influence expanded, Melilla became the only authorized centre of trade on the Rif coast between Tetuan ... | 48,454 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
and Spanish General Juan García y Margallo, who was killed in the battle.
In 1908 two companies, under the protection of Bou Hmara, a chieftain then ruling the Rif region, started mining lead and iron some 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from Melilla. A railway to the mines was begun. In October of that year the Bo... | 48,455 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
broke out again in 1911. In 1921 the Berbers under the leadership of Abd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish (see Battle of Annual), and were not defeated until 1926, when the Spanish Protectorate finally managed to control the area again.
General Francisco Franco used the city as one of his stagin... | 48,456 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
had visited Melilla in 80 years.
Melilla (and Ceuta) have declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha or Feast of the Sacrifice, as an official public holiday from 2010 onward. This is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista.
# Geography.
... | 48,457 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
urban nucleus was originally a fortress, Melilla la Vieja, built on a peninsular mound about in height.
The Moroccan settlement of Beni Ansar lies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city is Nador, and the ports of Melilla and Nador are both within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon
# ... | 48,458 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
for Juan José Imbroda, who had held office since 2000. The regionalist and leftist party Coalition for Melilla (CPM, 8 seats), the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 4 seats) and Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs, 1 seat) voted in favour of the candidate of Cs, Eduardo de Castro.
## Subdivisions.
Melil... | 48,459 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Hebreo-Tiro Nacional.
- 5º
- Barrio de Cristóbal Colón.
- Barrio de Cabrerizas.
- Barrio de Batería Jota.
- Barrio de Hernán Cortes y Las Palmeras.
- Barrio de Reina Regente.
- 6º
- Barrio de Concepción Arenal.
- Barrio Isaac Peral (Tesorillo).
- 7º
- Barrio del General Real.
- Polígono Industrial S... | 48,460 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
sovereignty of the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, Perejil Island, and some other small territories. The Spanish position is that both Ceuta and Melilla are integral parts of the Spanish state (and, therefore, are not considered colonies), and have been since the 15th century; both cities also have the same semi-a... | 48,461 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
denies these claims and maintains that the Spanish presence on or near its coast is a remnant of the colonial past which should be ended. The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories does not include these Spanish territories and the dispute remains bilaterally debated between Spain and Morocco.
#... | 48,462 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.
Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic and is also economically connected to Morocco: most of its fruit and vegetables are imported acro... | 48,463 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.
# City culture and society.
Melilla's Capilla de Santiago, or James's Chapel, by the city walls, is the only authentic Gothic structu... | 48,464 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
20th century in Spain.
The workshops inspired by the Catalan architect Enrique Nieto continued in the modernist style, even after Modernisme went out of fashion elsewhere. Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration of Modernist works in Spain after Barcelona. Nieto was in charge of design... | 48,465 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
increased to its present 45% of the population. The Jewish and Hindu communities have also been shrinking due to economic emigration to mainland Spain (notably Malaga and Madrid).
Jews, who had lived in Melilla for centuries, have been leaving the city in recent years (from 20% of the population before World W... | 48,466 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
poor economies in order to enter the European Union. The border is secured by the Melilla border fence, a six-metre-tall double fence with watch towers; yet refugees frequently manage to cross it. Detection wires, radar, and day/night vision cameras are planned to increase security and prevent illegal immigrati... | 48,467 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Granada, Badajoz, Sevilla and Almería. In April 2013, a local enterprise set up Melilla Airlines, flying from the city to Málaga. The city is linked to Málaga, Almería and Motril by ferry.
Three roads connect Melilla and Morocco but require clearance through border checkpoints.
# Sport.
Melilla is a surfing ... | 48,468 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
to avoid entering Morocco. The second-highest ranked club in the city are Casino del Real CF of the fourth-tier Tercera División. Football in the exclave is administered by the Melilla Football Federation.
# Twin towns and sister cities.
Melilla is twinned with:
- Almería, Spain
- Caracas, Venezuela
- Cavi... | 48,469 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
in 75 films between 1936 and 1998.
- Anselmo Pardo Alcaide (1913 in Melilla – 1977) was a Spanish entomologist, a world authority on Melyridae Meloidae- Malachiinae.
- Mustafa Arruf (born 1958 in Melilla) is a Spanish sculptor.
- Mercedes Vecino (1916 in Melilla– 2004 in Alicante) was a Spanish film actress.... | 48,470 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
in France in 1955
- Juan José Imbroda Ortiz (born 1944 in Melilla) is a politician who was the mayor-president of the Spanish enclave of Melilla from 2000 to 2019.
- Ignacio Velázquez Rivera (born 1953 in Ceuta) is a Spanish politician who served as mayor of Melilla from 1991 and the first Mayor-President in ... | 48,471 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
Bang (born 1986 in Melilla) is a German rapper of Moroccan descent.
## Sport.
- Ramón Martínez Pérez (1929 in Melilla – 2017) also known as "Ramoní", was a Spanish footballer.
- Enrique González (born 1933 in Melilla) is a Spanish fencer, he competed in the individual foil event at the 1960 Summer Olympics
... | 48,472 |
20226 | Melilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla | Melilla
(born 1989 in Melilla) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays for CD Numancia as a goalkeeper.
- Ezequiel Calvente Criado (born 1991 in Melilla) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Hungarian club Békéscsaba 1912 Előre
- David Sánchez (born 1994 in Melilla) is a Spanish weightlifter, competed in the... | 48,473 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
Miranda (moon)
Miranda, also designated Uranus V, is the smallest and innermost of Uranus's five round satellites. It was discovered by Gerard Kuiper on 16 February 1948 at McDonald Observatory, and named after Miranda from William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest". Like the other large moons of Uranus, ... | 48,474 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
of Miranda are from the "Voyager 2" probe, which made observations of Miranda during its Uranus flyby in January 1986. During the flyby, Miranda's southern hemisphere pointed towards the Sun, so only that part was studied.
Miranda probably formed from an accretion disc that surrounded the planet shortly... | 48,475 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
and evolution of this varied geology, the most of any Uranian satellite, are still not fully understood, and multiple hypotheses exist regarding Miranda's evolution.
# Discovery and name.
Miranda was discovered on 16 February 1948 by planetary astronomer Gerard Kuiper using the McDonald Observatory's O... | 48,476 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
Pope. However, the previous moons had been named specifically after fairies, whereas Miranda was a human. Subsequently, discovered satellites of Uranus were named after characters from Shakespeare and Pope, whether fairies or not. The moon is also designated Uranus V.
# Orbit.
Of Uranus's five round sa... | 48,477 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
close to its planet, and roughly ten times that of the other major Uranian satellites. The reason for this is still uncertain; there are no mean-motion resonances between the moons that could explain it, leading to the hypothesis that the moons occasionally pass through secondary resonances, which at som... | 48,478 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
orbit is the most inclined of any of Uranus's large satellites, at 4.232°, it is 10-20 times that of Titania, Ariel and Umbriel and 73 times that of Oberon.
# Composition and internal structure.
At 1.2 g/cm, Miranda is the least dense of Uranus's round satellites. That density suggests a composition of... | 48,479 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
System. Miranda is the least spherical of Uranus's satellites, with an equatorial diameter 3% wider than its polar diameter. Only water has been detected so far on Miranda's surface, though it has been speculated that methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide or nitrogen may also exist at 3% concentrations. Thes... | 48,480 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
3:1 orbital resonance with Umbriel. The resonance would have increased Miranda's orbital eccentricity to 0.1, and generated tidal friction due to the varying tidal forces from Uranus. As Miranda approached Uranus, tidal force increased; as it retreated, tidal force decreased, causing flexing that would h... | 48,481 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
been in a 5:3 orbital resonance with Ariel, which would have also contributed to its internal heating. However, the maximum heating attributable to the resonance with Umbriel was likely about three times greater.
# Surface features.
Due to Uranus's near-sideways orientation, only Miranda's southern hem... | 48,482 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
kilometers long and tens of kilometers wide. Miranda also has the largest known cliff in the Solar System, Verona Rupes, which has a height of . Some of Miranda's terrain is possibly less than 100 million years old based on crater counts, while sizeable regions possess crater counts that indicate ancient... | 48,483 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
cryovolcanism. The temperature at Miranda's south pole is roughly 85 K, a temperature at which pure water ice adopts the properties of rock. Also, the cryovolcanic material responsible for the surfacing is too viscous to have been pure liquid water, but too fluid to have been solid water. Rather, it is b... | 48,484 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
(though domes and ridges are of comparable elevation), while Elsinore is higher, The relative sparsity of craters on their surfaces means they overlay the earlier cratered terrain. The coronae, which are unique to Miranda, initially defied easy explanation; one early hypothesis was that Miranda, at some ... | 48,485 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
warm ice from within Miranda itself. The coronae are surrounded by rings of concentric faults with a similar low-crater count, suggesting they played a role in their formation. If the coronae formed through downwelling from a catastrophic disruption, then the concentric faults would present as compressed... | 48,486 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
believed to have occurred at Saturn's geologically active moon Enceladus. Evidence suggests the reorientation would have been as extreme as 60 degrees from the sub-Uranian point. The positions of all the coronae require a tidal heating pattern consistent with Miranda being solid, and lacking an internal ... | 48,487 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
closest approach of "Voyager 2" to Miranda was —significantly less than the distances to all other Uranian moons. Of all the Uranian satellites, Miranda had the most visible surface. The discovery team had expected Miranda to resemble Mimas, and found themselves at a loss to explain the moon's unique geo... | 48,488 |
20254 | Miranda (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda%20(moon) | Miranda (moon)
e releasing the images to the press. In 2017, as part of its Planetary Science Decadal Survey, NASA evaluated the possibility of an orbiter to return to Uranus some time in the 2020s. Uranus was the preferred destination over Neptune due to favourable planetary alignments meaning shorter flight times.
#... | 48,489 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
Mars in fiction
Fictional representations of Mars have been popular for over a century. Interest in Mars has been stimulated by the planet's dramatic red color, by early scientific speculations that its surface conditions might be capable of supporting life, and by the possibility that Mars could be co... | 48,490 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
to successfully operate on Mars" in 1976 (in the Viking program by the United States), inspired a great deal of interest in Mars-related fiction. Exploration of the planet has continued in the 21st century on to the present day.
# Mars in fiction before Mariner.
Before the Mariner 4 spacecraft arrived... | 48,491 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
might be water channels. Because the Italian for channels is "canali", English translations tended to render the word as "canals", implying artificial construction. Lowell's books on Mars expanded on this notion of Martian canals, and a standard model of Mars as a drying, cooling, dying world was establ... | 48,492 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
First ventures.
Several early modern writers, including Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) and Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), hypothesized contact with Mars. Early science fiction about Mars often involved the first voyages to the planet, sometimes as an invasion force, more often for the purposes of expl... | 48,493 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
Two Planets" (1889) by Joseph Fraser. A sick man named Jacobs starts having visions in his sleep, which turns out to be a telepathic link between him and a child called Charlie Frankston, his other self on Mars, who lives in a technological utopia.
- "Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet" (1889) by Hugh MacCol... | 48,494 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
permeates all material things, all immaterial space", and secretly builds a globular spaceship called the "Steel Globe". Barnett and some friends travel to Mars and find a society where there is no need for politicians, and Martians who travel in airships or flying through levitation.
- "Unveiling a Pa... | 48,495 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
novel.
- "Auf zwei Planeten" (1897) by Kurd Lasswitz. A Martian expedition to Earth takes Earthmen back to visit Mars; interplanetary war follows the initially peaceful contact. Lasswitz's Martians are human in appearance, but with much larger eyes.
- "The War of the Worlds" (1898) by H. G. Wells. Fea... | 48,496 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
the solar system are captured by hostile Martians.
- "" (1905) by Edwin Lester Arnold. An Edwardian fantasy in which Gullivar Jones travels to Mars on a magic carpet and interacts with the slothful but innocent Hithers and the brutish but honorable Thithers.
- "Doctor Omega" (1906) by Arnould Galopin.... | 48,497 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
powers of Hindu Brahmins. On the Red Planet, he runs afoul of hostile, bat-winged, blood-sucking natives, a once-powerful civilization now ruled by the Great Brain.
- "Red Star" (1908) by Alexander Bogdanov. The narrator is taken to Mars, which is imagined as a socialist utopia.
#### 1910s and 1920s.
... | 48,498 |
20257 | Mars in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars%20in%20fiction | Mars in fiction
Rice Burroughs. These stories feature Virginia gentleman John Carter mysteriously transported to a Mars (called Barsoom by the natives) distinguished by fierce warriors and maidens of several species, exotic animals, and mixtures of antique with advanced technology. Burroughs has had many imitators and ... | 48,499 |
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