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206620 | Johann Gottfried Galle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle | Johann Gottfried Galle
n 1897 Galle returned to Potsdam, where he died in 1910 at the age of 98. He was survived by his wife and two sons, Andreas Galle and Georg Galle (1860–1946).
The town of Gräfenhainichen, which is close to his birthplace, erected a memorial to him in 1977.
Two craters, one on the Moon and the "happy face" one on Mars, the asteroid 2097 Galle, and a ring of Neptune have been named in his honor.
# External links.
Google celebrated Johann Gottfried Galle's 200th Birthday with Google Doodle https://www.google.com/doodles/johann-gottfried-galles-200th-birthday!
- J. Galle @ Astrophysics Data System
## Astronomical images.
- NASA photo of the Mars crater "Galle" (a.k.a. "Happy Face Crater") | 5,200 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
Walter M. Miller Jr.
Walter Michael Miller Jr. (January 23, 1923 – January 9, 1996) was an American science fiction writer. He is known primarily for "A Canticle for Leibowitz" (1959), the only novel he published in his lifetime. Prior to its publication he was a writer of short stories.
# Early life.
Miller was born in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. Educated at the University of Tennessee and the University of Texas, he worked as an engineer. During World War II, he served in the Army Air Corps as a radioman and tail gunner, flying more than fifty bombing missions over Italy. He took part in the bombing of the Benedictine Abbey at Monte Cassino, which proved a traumatic experience for him. Joe | 5,201 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
Haldeman reported that Miller "had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder for 30 years before it had a name", and that Miller displayed a photograph he had taken of Ron Kovic prominently in his living room.
After the war, Miller converted to Catholicism. He married Anna Louise Becker in 1945 and they had four children. He lived with science-fiction writer Judith Merril in 1953.
# Career.
Between 1951 and 1957, Miller published over three dozen science fiction short stories, winning a Hugo Award in 1955 for the story "The Darfsteller". He also wrote scripts for the television show "Captain Video" in 1953. Late in the 1950s, Miller assembled a novel from three closely related novellas he had published | 5,202 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" in 1955, 1956 and 1957. The novel, entitled "A Canticle for Leibowitz", was published in 1959.
"A Canticle for Leibowitz" is a post-apocalyptic novel revolving around the canonisation of Saint Leibowitz and is considered a masterpiece of the genre. It won the 1961 Hugo Award for Best Novel.
After the success of "A Canticle For Leibowitz", Miller never published another new novel or story in his lifetime, although several compilations of Miller's earlier stories were issued in the 1960s and 1970s. A radio adaptation of "A Canticle for Leibowitz" was produced by WHA Radio and NPR in 1981 and is available on CD. A radio adaptation of the first | 5,203 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
two parts was broadcast in the UK by the BBC in 1992. Further details can be found on the BBC Genome Project.
# Later years.
In Miller's later years, he became a recluse, avoiding contact with nearly everyone, including family members; he never allowed his literary agent, Don Congdon, to meet him. According to science fiction writer Terry Bisson, Miller struggled with depression, but had managed to nearly complete a 600-page manuscript for the sequel to "Canticle" before taking his own life with a firearm in January 1996, shortly after his wife's death. The sequel, "Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman", was completed by Bisson at Miller's request and published in 1997.
# Publications.
## | 5,204 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
Saint Leibowitz series.
The series includes Miller's two novels, published almost 40 years apart.
- "A Canticle for Leibowitz" (J. B. Lippincott, 1959)
- Fiat Homo, revised version of "A Canticle for Leibowitz", 1955
- Fiat Lux, revision of "And the Light Is Risen", 1956
- Fiat Voluntas Tua, revision of "The Last Canticle", 1957
- "Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman" (1997) – "Terry Bisson finished the nearly complete, and reportedly very polished, manuscript left by Miller."
## Collections.
- "Conditionally Human" (1962) 3 stories
- "The View from the Stars" (1965) 9 stories
- "The Science Fiction Stories of Walter M. Miller Jr." (1977) - omnibus of "Conditionally Human" and | 5,205 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
"The View from the Stars"
- "The Best of Walter M. Miller Jr." (1980) - omnibus of "Conditionally Human" and "The View from the Stars" plus two added stories, "The Lineman" and "Vengeance for Nikolai"
- "Conditionally Human and Other Stories" (1982) - 6 stories from the 1980 omnibus
- "The Darfstellar and Other Stories" (1982) - the remaining 8 stories from the 1980 omnibus
## Short stories.
- "MacDoughal's Wife" (in "American Mercury" March 1950; not science fiction)
- "Month of Mary" (in" Extension Magazine" May 1950; not science fiction )
- "Dark Benediction" (1951)
- "Izzard and the Membrane" (1951)
- "The Little Creeps" (1951)
- "Secret of the Death Dome" (1951)
- "The Song of | 5,206 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
Vorhu" (1951)
- "The Soul-Empty Ones" (1951)
- "The Space Witch" (1951)
- "The Big Hunger" (1952)
- "Big Joe and the Nth Generation" (1952; also known as "It Takes a Thief")
- "Bitter Victory" (1952)
- "Blood Bank" (1952)
- "Cold Awakening" (1952)
- "Command Performance" (1952, also known as "Anybody Else Like Me?")
- "Conditionally Human" (1952)
- "Dumb Waiter" (1952)
- "Gravesong" (1952)
- "Let My People Go" (1952)
- "No Moon for Me" (1952)
- "A Family Matter" (1952)
- "The Reluctant Traitor" ("Amazing Stories", January 1952)
- "Please Me Plus Three" (in "Other Worlds Science Stories", August 1952)
- "Six and Ten Are Johnny" (1952)
- "Crucifixus Etiam" (1953, also known as | 5,207 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
"The Sower Does Not Reap")
- "I, Dreamer" (1953)
- "The Yokel" (1953)
- "Wolf Pack" (1953)
- "Check and Checkmate" (1953)
- "Death of a Spaceman" (1954, also known as "Memento Homo")
- "I Made You" (1954)
- "The Ties that Bind" (1954)
- "The Will" (1954)
- "Way of a Rebel" (1954)
- "A Canticle for Leibowitz" ("The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", April 1955; reprinted as "The First Canticle"; revised into "A Canticle for Leibowitz")
- "The Darfsteller" (1955)
- "The Hoofer" (1955)
- "The Triflin' Man" (1955, also known as "You Triflin' Skunk!")
- "And the Light is Risen" ("The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", August 1956; revised into "A Canticle for Leibowitz")
- | 5,208 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
"The Last Canticle" ("The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", February 1957; revised into "A Canticle for Leibowitz")
- "The Lineman" (1957)
- "Vengeance for Nikolai" (1957; also known as "The Song of Marya")
## Anthologies.
- "Beyond Armageddon: Twenty-One Sermons to the Dead", eds. Martin H. Greenberg and Miller (Donald I. Fine, 1985)
# Works about Miller.
- Roberson, W. H. (2011). "Walter M. Miller Jr.: A Reference Guide to His Fiction and His Life".
- Roberson, W. H., and Battenfeld, R. L. (1992). "Walter M. Miller Jr.: A Bio-Bibliography".
- Secrest, Rose (2002). "Glorificemus: A Study of the Fiction of Walter M. Miller Jr."
- Musch, Sebastian (2016). "The Atomic Priesthood | 5,209 |
206635 | Walter M. Miller Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter%20M.%20Miller%20Jr. | Walter M. Miller Jr.
enberg and Miller (Donald I. Fine, 1985)
# Works about Miller.
- Roberson, W. H. (2011). "Walter M. Miller Jr.: A Reference Guide to His Fiction and His Life".
- Roberson, W. H., and Battenfeld, R. L. (1992). "Walter M. Miller Jr.: A Bio-Bibliography".
- Secrest, Rose (2002). "Glorificemus: A Study of the Fiction of Walter M. Miller Jr."
- Musch, Sebastian (2016). "The Atomic Priesthood and Nuclear Waste Management - Religion, Sci-fi Literature and the End of our Civilization" Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 51 (3), p. 626-639.
# External links.
- "Sebastian Musch: The Atomic Priesthood and Nuclear Waste Management - Religion, Sci-fi Literature and the End of our Civilization | 5,210 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137. In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to Norman rule, and was remembered as King of all Wales. As a descendant of Rhodri Mawr, Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of the princely House of Aberffraw.
Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections with the Norse settlement around Dublin and he frequently used Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops. He three times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again, before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping power | 5,211 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his great-grandson Llywelyn the Great.
# Life.
Unusually for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary biography of Gruffudd, "The history of Gruffudd ap Cynan", has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.
Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in Welsh but these are | 5,212 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
clearly translations of a Latin original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost, and that existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh. However Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text.
## Ancestry.
According to the "Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan", Gruffudd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, County Dublin in Ireland. He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the Kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never its king, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig had ruled | 5,213 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young, since the "History" describes his mother telling him who his father was.
According to "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan", Gruffudd's mother was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a granddaughter of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímair dynasty. The latter had two sons named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst another died in 1034. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.
During | 5,214 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, the Isles and Wexford and from Muircheartach Ua Briain, because he was also descendant through his mother from Brian Boru, High King of Ireland.
## First bid for the throne.
Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on Abermenai Point, Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, | 5,215 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
an ally of Trahaearn who held Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of Gwynedd.
Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan Castle. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the battle of Bron yr Erw above Clynnog Fawr the same year.
## Second bid for the throne and capture by the Normans.
Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance | 5,216 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth. Rhys had been attacked by Caradog ap Gruffudd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to flee to St David's Cathedral. Gruffudd this time embarked from Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St David's, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn, Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. | 5,217 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gruffudd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.
He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh, Earl of Chester and Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury at Rhug, near Corwen. At the meeting Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his biographer this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog.
## Escape from captivity and third reign.
Gruffudd | 5,218 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he was in fetters in the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a "Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The "History" in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favours | 5,219 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K.L. Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.
Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as Aber Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading northern Wales in 1095. | 5,220 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
However his army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The "History" only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.
In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd. Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but were then forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement | 5,221 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.
## King for the fourth time and consolidation.
The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also known as Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again, having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester.
With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position | 5,222 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King Henry I of England who granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd, Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged attack, one detachment led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced by overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy fine, but lost no territory. By about 1118, Gruffudd's advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad, daughter of Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl: Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd | 5,223 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a military failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffudd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffudd's reign. The death of Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 checked further expansion for the time being.
Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee David the Scot was consecrated as Bishop of Bangor in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since Bishop Hervey le Breton had been forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty | 5,224 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild Bangor Cathedral with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd.
Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, gained a crushing victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr near Cardigan in 1136 and took possession of Ceredigion. The latter part of Gruffydd's reign was considered to be a "Golden Age"; according to the "Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan" Gwynedd was "bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament".
# Death and succession.
Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind, in 1137 and was mourned by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the "head and | 5,225 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
king and defender and pacifier of all Wales". He was buried by the high altar in Bangor Cathedral which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many other churches, including one to Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin where he had worshipped as a boy. He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain Gwynedd. His daughter Gwenllian, who married Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her resistance to English rule.
# Children.
The family line of Cynan shows he had many children by several different women. With wife Angharad (daughter of Owain ab Edwin) he had:
- Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd), married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) | 5,226 |
206627 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd%20ap%20Cynan | Gruffudd ap Cynan
ain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd), married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain
- Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, married Alice de Clare, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare
- Cadwallon ap Gruffudd
- Mareda/Marared
- Susanna, married Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys
- Ranulht/Rannillt
- Agnes/Annest ferch gruffydd
- Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, married Gruffudd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth
# References.
## Sources.
- . Translation online at The Celtic Literature Collective
- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 176B-26, 239–5 | 5,227 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
George O. Abell
George Ogden Abell (March 1, 1927 – October 7, 1983) taught at UCLA. He worked as a research astronomer, administrator, as a popularizer of science and of education, and as a skeptic. He earned his B.S. in 1951, his M.S. in 1952 and his Ph.D. in 1957, all from the California Institute of Technology. He was a Ph.D. student under Donald Osterbrock. His astronomical career began as a tour guide at the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. Abell made great contributions to astronomical knowledge which resulted from his work during and after the National Geographic Society - Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, especially concerning clusters of galaxies and planetary nebulae. A galaxy, | 5,228 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
an asteroid, a periodic comet, and an observatory are all named in his honor. His teaching career extended beyond the campus of UCLA to the high school student oriented Summer Science Program, and educational television. He not only taught about science but also about what is not science. He was an originating member of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal now known as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
# Early life.
George Ogden Abell was born in Los Angeles California on March 27, 1927 to Theodore C. Abell and Annamarie (Ogden) Abell. Theodore Abell was born in Waterbury, Connecticut in 1890, was a Unitarian minister, and was one of the original members | 5,229 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
of the Hollywood Humanist Society. Annamarie was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1896, and studied to be a librarian, worked for a short while as a librarian but eventually became a social worker. George Ogden Abell was named for his mother's brother, George Ogden.
Theodore and Annamarie divorced when Abell was 6 years old. Annamarie and son went to live with her father, also George Ogden, who was an author of western novels. Theodore maintained regular contact with Abell and took him to many museums and to Griffith Observatory and planetarium when he was about 8, soon after it opened. This prompted Abell to start reading books on astronomy. Abell attended Van Nuys High School where he achieved | 5,230 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
all As in all math and science courses that he took.
As a youth, Abell held many part-time jobs, he had a newspaper delivery as well as mail route, worked in a bowling alley, a restaurant, grocery store, and did home maintenance work.
# Military service.
Abell enlisted in the US Army Air Corps after he graduated from high school in 1945 in the waning days of World War II. He took the tests that qualified him for training as a pilot, navigator or bombardier, however the war ended and those schools were shut down before he could begin training.
Instead, he went to weather school at Chanute Field in Illinois. On finishing that, he had the option of staying at Chanute Field to attend forecasting | 5,231 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
school, however, that would have entailed becoming an officer and staying in the army longer. Since the war was over, getting out of the army as soon as possible seemed more important to him, so he opted to forego forecasting school. Instead he was sent to Japan where he served as an Air Corps weatherman for six months before being discharged after 18 months of total service.
# Education.
Upon leaving the Air Corps, Abell returned to Los Angeles and worked as a gas station attendant while waiting to start school at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). At Caltech, Abell studied physics his freshman year. However, the next year Caltech inaugurated its astronomy department and as | 5,232 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
a sophomore he switched majors to astronomy. As an undergraduate student, Abell lived in Caltech's Fleming House and bowled on the Fleming House bowling team. Abell participated in the Drama Club, and was president of the club for one year. He also wrote the music column for Caltech's weekly newspaper, "The California Tech", and worked at Griffith Observatory as a guide while an undergrad student.
Abell received his Bachelor of Science degree in astronomy in 1951. He then continued at Caltech for graduate studies in astronomy. He received a Master of Science in 1952 and a Ph.D. in 1957. He was the first Ph.D. student of Donald Osterbrock. During his graduate student days he worked at Griffith | 5,233 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
Observatory as a lecturer.
# Career.
## Palomar sky survey.
Abell's first professional astronomical occupation came as a Caltech grad student when he was an observer on the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. Several scientific advances came out of this work including,
- The Abell catalog of 2,712 rich clusters of galaxies, "...a seminal contribution to observational cosmology".
- The recognition of second order clusters of the clusters of galaxies, which also disproved Carl Charlier's hierarchical model.
- The study of luminosity of clusters showing how they can be used for determination of relative distances.
- A list of 86 planetary nebulae which includes | 5,234 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
Abell 39.
- Recognition that planetary nebulae derive from red giant stars, together with Peter Goldreich, of UCLA,
- With Robert G. Harrington discovered periodic comet 52P/Harrington-Abell.
An extended version of the clusters of galaxies catalogue was published after Abell's death in 1987 under the authorship of Abell, Harold G. Corwin and Ronald P. Olowin. This extended catalog includes clusters seen from the southern hemisphere, lists approximately 4,000 clusters of galaxies and includes thirty members with a redshift up to z = 0.2. (See List of Abell clusters.)
## Teaching.
### UCLA.
Abell taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for 17 years where he was known as | 5,235 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
an outstanding and brilliant teacher. He believed that the cornerstone of teaching science is to present how and why the facts are known to be facts; and not in the mere presentation of facts that might amaze, sensationalize, entertain but not enlighten the listener.
Abell chaired the UCLA Astronomy Department for seven years 1968 to 1975. He also served on several university committees and commissions, such as,
- Faculty Senate
- Committee on Parking and Transportation (1959)
- Chairman of the Graduate Council (1964-1965)
- Chairman of the Committee on Athletics (1968-1969)
- Chairman of the Los Angeles Division (1972-1973)
During the period of student unrest in the 1960s Abell was an | 5,236 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
active member and organizer of the unofficial Committee for Responsible University Government. This was due to his belief that faculty and administration standards were weakening as a result of the unrest.
### Summer science program.
Abell was a leader and teacher in the Summer Science Program for talented high school students. At Thatcher School in Ojai, California he and others taught college-level physics, mathematics and astronomy to these students. A number of them went on to pursue distinguished careers in science. One such is Ed Krupp the long-time director of Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
### Other teaching methods.
Abell also lectured at other venues, specifically at many | 5,237 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
small colleges that lacked astronomy departments. He also strove to bring the stories of science and astronomy to the people through public lectures.
He wrote several books including "Exploration of the Universe" a textbook widely used in undergraduate astronomy courses.
He helped produce educational TV programs/series such as "Project Universe" and "Understanding Space and Time". He also appeared in some of these as himself, an astronomer. "Project Universe" was a 30 part introductory course on astronomy that featured Ed Krupp director of Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. Abell and Julian Schwinger created "Understanding Space and Time" in 16 parts to explain in layman's terms celestial | 5,238 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
mechanics, relativity, and the large scale structure of the universe.
## Skepticism.
Abell was not just a teacher of astronomy and science, he also taught about popular topics with no scientific evidence. He was a debunker of astrology, pseudoscience, and the occult. In a tribute to Abell in "The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society", Lawrence H. Aller wrote,
His opposition to such forces took many forms, in writings, and in television appearances. He was one of the co-founders of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal now known as CSI, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
Other founding members of the committee were,
- Co-chairmen
- Paul Kurtz
- | 5,239 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
State University of New York at Buffalo, professor of philosophy
- Editor of The Humanist
- Marcello Truzzi
- Eastern Michigan University, professor of sociology
- Authority on witchcraft and exorcism
- Isaac Asimov, writer
- Bart Bok, University of Arizona, astronomer
- Brand Blanshard, Yale University philosopher
- L. Sprague de Camp, author of books debunking pseudoscience
- Sidney Hook, philosopher at the Hoover Institution and emeritus at New York University
- Ernest Nagel, Columbia, philosopher
- Willard Van Orman Quine, Harvard, philosopher
- B. F. Skinner, Harvard, psychologist
- Carl Sagan, Cornell, expert on possibilities of extraterrestrial life
Abell was a contributor | 5,240 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
to the organization's journal "Skeptical Inquirer".
# Astronomical namesakes.
There are several astronomical bodies named for George Abell, as well as an earthbound observatory.
- The Abell Galaxy, discovered by Abell was the largest known astronomical object for many years
- Asteroid (3449)Abell
- Periodic comet 52P/Harrington-Abell, which Abell co-discovered with Robert Harrington
- George Abell Observatory, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
# Affiliations.
## Professional.
- American Astronomical Society
- Councilor 1969-1972
- Education Committee, Chairman
- Astronomical Society of the Pacific
- President 1969-1971
- Member Board of Directors 1982-1984
- Royal | 5,241 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
Astronomical Society, elected a Fellow in 1970
- International Astronomical Union
- Cosmology Commission, President
- Organized symposia on the large-scale structure of the universe
- UCLA – 1979
- Crete – 1982
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, Member of the governing board
- Summer Science Program
- Academic Director 1960-1983
- Guest speaker in other years
## Skeptical.
- Committee on Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (founding member)
- Which became Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
- Pantheon of Skeptics, one of the initial 27 members
# Personal life.
Abell was married twice. The first marriage occurred right after his graduation from | 5,242 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
Caltech. His first wife was a school teacher and they had two sons together named Anthony and Jonathan. This marriage ended after 19 years with the sons remaining with their father. Abell's second wife, Phyllis, was a painter who studied three years at the Philadelphia Museum School of Art but did not graduate.
Abell enjoyed many hobbies during his lifetime such as, softball, bowling, music concerts and grand opera (on which he was considered an authority), record collecting, and literature. He was an avid baseball fan, frequently in attendance at Los Angeles Dodgers games.
Abell died at home on October 7, 1983 after suffering a heart attack.
# Selected published works.
- (PhD Thesis)
# | 5,243 |
206631 | George O. Abell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20O.%20Abell | George O. Abell
ing his lifetime such as, softball, bowling, music concerts and grand opera (on which he was considered an authority), record collecting, and literature. He was an avid baseball fan, frequently in attendance at Los Angeles Dodgers games.
Abell died at home on October 7, 1983 after suffering a heart attack.
# Selected published works.
- (PhD Thesis)
# Journal articles.
He was slated to take over as editor of the "Astronomical Journal" effective January 1, 1984, but his death occurred before that appointment became effective.
# See also.
- List of Abell clusters
- Abell catalogue
# Obituaries.
- JRASC 77 (1983) L85
- QJRAS 30 (1989) 283
- University of California: In Memoriam, 1985 | 5,244 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
USS Langley (CVL-27)
USS "Langley" (CVL-27) was an light aircraft carrier that served the United States Navy from 1943 to 1947, and French Navy as from 1951 to 1963.
# Career.
"Langley" was named for Samuel Pierpont Langley, American scientist and aviation pioneer. She carried on the name and tradition of , the first U.S. Navy aircraft carrier, which had been sunk on 27 February 1942. The ship was originally ordered as a light cruiser and named "Fargo" (CL‑85). She was laid down as USS "Crown Point" (CV‑27) by New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey United States on 11 April 1942 and renamed "Langley" on 13 November 1942.
## 1943.
"Langley" was launched on 22 May 1943 and commissioned | 5,245 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
on 31 August 1943, Captain W.M. Dillon in command. After shakedown in the Caribbean Sea, "Langley" departed Philadelphia on 6 December 1943 for Pearl Harbor, where she participated in training operations.
## 1944.
On 19 January 1944, she sailed with Task Force 58 (TF 58) for the attack on the Marshall Islands. From 29 January to 6 February, "Langley"s Carrier Air Group 32 (CVG-32) conducted raids on Wotje and Taroa Island to support the landings at Kwajalein, and from 10 through 28 February at Eniwetok. After a brief respite at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, "Langley"s aircraft hit Japanese positions on Palau, Yap, and Woleai, Caroline Islands, from 30 March to 1 April. She next proceeded to | 5,246 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
New Guinea to take part in the capture of Hollandia on 25 April. A mere 4 days later, the carrier engaged in the 2‑day strike against the Japanese bastion Truk. During the raid, "Langley" and her aircraft accounted for some 35 enemy planes destroyed or damaged, while losing only one aircraft herself.
"Langley" next departed Majuro on 7 June 1944 for the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. On 11 June, TF 58 launched a strike of 208 fighters and eight torpedo bombers against enemy bases and airfields on Saipan and Tinian. From 11 June to 8 August, "Langley" operated with TF 58 and also took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 19 to 20 June 1944.
The carrier departed Eniwetok on 29 August | 5,247 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
and sortied with TF 38, under the command of Adm. William F. Halsey for air assaults on Peleliu and airfields in the Philippines as the preliminary steps in the invasion of the Palaus from 15 to 20 September 1944. During October, she operated off Formosa and the Pescadores Islands. Later in the month, TF 38 supported the landings on Leyte. The Japanese efforts to stop the U.S. advance included the counterattack by most available major fleet units ("Operation Sho-Go"). On 24 October, "Langley"s planes took part in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. Aircraft of TF 38 attacked the Japanese Center Force, as it steamed toward the San Bernardino Strait and the American beachhead at Tacloban. The Japanese | 5,248 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
units temporarily retired. The following day, upon word of Japanese aircraft carriers north of Leyte, TF 38 raced to intercept. In the ensuing Battle off Cape Engaño, the Japanese lost four carriers, two battleships, four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and five destroyers. "Langley"s aircraft assisted in the destruction of the carriers "Zuihō" and "Zuikaku", the latter being the only remaining carrier of the six that had participated in the Pearl Harbor attack.
During November 1944, "Langley" supported the Philippine landings and strikes the Manila Bay area. Aircraft of "Langley"s CVG-44 attacked Japanese reinforcement convoys, and airfields on Luzon and in the Cape Engaño area. On 1 December, | 5,249 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
the carrier withdrew to Ulithi for reprovisioning.
## 1945.
During January 1945, "Langley" participated in the South China Sea raid supporting Invasion of Lingayen Gulf. Raids were made against Formosa, French Indochina, and the China coast from 30 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.
"Langley" next joined in the sweeps against Tokyo and Nansei Shoto in support of the landings on Iwo Jima between 10 February and 18 March 1945. She next raided airfields on the Japanese homeland, and arrived off Okinawa on 23 March. Until 11 May, the ship operated either off Okinawa or took part in strikes on Kyushu, Japan, in an effort to destroy kamikaze bases in southern Japan which were launching desperate | 5,250 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
and deadly attacks.
After touching Ulithi and Pearl Harbor, she steamed to San Francisco, arriving on 3 June for repairs and modernization at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. She departed 1 August and reached Pearl Harbor on 8 August 1945. While there, word arrived that hostilities had ended. She completed two "Magic Carpet" voyages to the Pacific, transporting soldiers back to the United States, and got underway on 1 October for Philadelphia.
## 1946.
She departed from that port 15 November for the first of two trips to Europe transporting U.S. Army troops returning home from that theater. She returned to Philadelphia on 6 January 1946 and was assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Philadelphia | 5,251 |
206636 | USS Langley (CVL-27) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Langley%20(CVL-27) | USS Langley (CVL-27)
antic Reserve Fleet, Philadelphia Group, on 31 May 1946. "Langley" was decommissioned on 11 February 1947.
# Transfer to France.
"Langley" was taken out of "mothballs", refurbished and transferred to France under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program on 8 January 1951. After more than a decade of French Navy service as , she was returned to the United States on 20 March 1963 and sold to the Boston Metals Co., Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping.
# References.
- The original version of this article based on US Navy public domain text.
# External links.
- navsource.org: USS "Langley"
- hazegray.org: USS "Langley"
- USS Langley at Nine Sisters Light Carrier Historical Documentary Project | 5,252 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
Messinia
Messinia (; "Messinia", ) is a regional unit ("perifereiaki enotita") in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese region, in Greece. Until the implementation of the Kallikratis plan on 1 January 2011, Messinia was a prefecture ("nomos") covering the same territory. The capital and largest city of Messinia is Kalamata.
# Geography.
## Physical.
Messinia borders on Elis to the north, Arcadia to the northeast, and Laconia to the southeast. The Ionian Sea lies to the west, and the Gulf of Messinia to the south. The most important mountain ranges are the Taygetus in the east, the Kyparissia mountains in the northwest and the Lykodimo in the southwest. The main rivers are the Neda in the | 5,253 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
north and the Pamisos in central Messinia.
Off the south coast of the southwesternmost point of Messinia lie the Messinian Oinousses islands. The largest of these are Sapientza, Schiza and Venetiko. The small island Sphacteria closes off the bay of Pylos. All these islands are virtually uninhabited.
Climate may vary, in the lowlands, temperatures are a bit warmer than Athens. Snow is not common during winter months except for the mountains, especially the Taygetus. Rain and clouds are common inland.
## Political.
### Organization of Messinia.
Before the 2010 reorganization, Messinia was a "nomos" (prefecture) containing 29 "dimoi" (municipalities) and 2 "koinotites" (communities). Since | 5,254 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
2010, Messinia has been a perifereiake enoteta (regional unit) containing only 6 municipalities, but with the same population, as it did not change area in the reorganization. Some 25 municipalities and communities were incorporated politically into the other 6 according to the table below, becoming municipal units.
### Provinces.
The prefecture of Messinia was previously subdivided into four provinces (, "eparchies") :
- Province of Kalamon - Kalamata
- Province of Messini - Messine
- Province of Pylia - Pylos
- Province of Tryphilia - Kyparissia
Like all provinces of Greece, they were abolished after the 2006 local elections, in line with Law 2539/1997, as part of the "Kapodistrias | 5,255 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
reform". Some of the enlarged municipalities ("demoi") created in 2011 have a territory similar to the former provinces.
## Population.
The main cities and towns of Messinia are (ranked by 2011 census population):
- Kalamata 54,567
- Filiatra 6,791
- Messini 6,287
- Kyparissia 5,784
- Gargalianoi 5,569
- Chora (Nestoras) 3,498
- Pylos 2,767
# Economy.
The economy of Messinia is primarily based on agricultural production although in recent years efforts are being made toward the development of activities in other sectors such as tourism.
Main agricultural products are olive oil, Kalamata table olives, figs, and black raisins (sultanas). The variety of agricultural products is complemented | 5,256 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
by a small amount of stockbreeding products (beef, milk, sfela cheese, honey) and fish from the Gulf of Messinia.
The tourist development observed is mainly attributable to the promotion of important archaeological sites, such as the Palace of Nestor, Ancient Messene, and the Venetian castles of Pylos, Koroni, Methoni and Kalamata, as well as to the beauty of the landscape.
Another key factor for Messinia's economy is Costa Navarino a location on the border between Pylos and Trifylia, comprising several eco-friendly luxury resorts and golf courses, which is Greece’s biggest tourist development.
There are many small- and medium-size firms involved in the processing and standardization of agricultural | 5,257 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
products as well as a number of enterprises devoted to wood processing, furniture manufacturing, and metal construction. The Karelia tobacco company is based in Kalamata.
## Transport.
The main airport in Messinia is Kalamata International Airport (KLX).
The main highways in Messinia are:
- Greek National Road 7 (Corinth - Tripoli - Kalamata)
- Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos - Kyparissia - Pylos)
- Greek National Road 82 (Pylos - Kalamata - Sparti)
The main railways in Messinia are:
- Corinth - Argos - Tripoli - Zevgolateio - Kalamata
- Patras - Pyrgos - Kalo Nero - Kyparissia
- Kalo Nero - Zevgolateio
## Communications.
### Television.
- Notia Elliniki Teleorasi, (Southern | 5,258 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
Greece Television)
- Best TV,
- Mesogeios TV
# History.
## Ancient period.
Messinia is mentioned in the oldest work of European literature, the "Iliad". The name undoubtedly goes back to at least the Bronze Age, but its origins are lost in the world of mythology. The region was one of the largest that was conquered and enslaved as helots by ancient Sparta.
## Medieval period.
In the Middle Ages, Messinia shared the fortunes of the rest of the Peloponnese. Striking reminders of these conflicts are afforded by the extant ruins of the medieval strongholds of Kalamata, Coron (anc. Asine, mod. Korone), Modon (Methone) and Pylos. Messinia was a part of the Byzantine Empire.
## Ottoman and | 5,259 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
Venetian period.
Much of Messinia fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, a part of the area remained with the Venetian Republic. In 1534 a group of families, known as the 'Coroni', settled in Piana degli Albanesi in Sicily. They were Arvanites and Greeks from Koroni.
During the 1680s, the whole of Messinia was regained by the Venetian Republic in the Morean War, and formed part of the "Kingdom of the Morea" until recovered by the Ottomans in 1715. The Mani Peninsula, a part of modern Messinia, was autonomous from Turkish rule due to the fact that it had no harbors.
## Modern period.
Messinia became part of independent Greece as a result of the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832). The | 5,260 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
famous naval Battle of Navarino took place near present Pylos in 1827, and was a decisive victory for Greece and its allies. The population in the area of Kalamata and Messine increased from 30,000 before World War II up to nearly 80,000 in the present day. Messinia suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.
# See also.
- List of settlements in Messinia
- Messinia (constituency)
# Bibliography.
- . The previous Kapodistrias organization of all the communities in Greece. The populations are from the Census of 2001.
- . Part 2 of the Kallicratis Plan law, No. 3852, by the Hellenic Parliament (Βουλή), publishing a table of all the official communities of Greece arranged in hierarchical | 5,261 |
206639 | Messinia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messinia | Messinia
ettlements in Messinia
- Messinia (constituency)
# Bibliography.
- . The previous Kapodistrias organization of all the communities in Greece. The populations are from the Census of 2001.
- . Part 2 of the Kallicratis Plan law, No. 3852, by the Hellenic Parliament (Βουλή), publishing a table of all the official communities of Greece arranged in hierarchical order. The lowest-level populations are from the Census of 2001. All higher-level populations are the sums of the appropriate lower-level populations.
- Kontogiannis, N.D. "Settlements and countryside of Messinia during the late Middle Ages: the testimony of the fortifications," "Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies", 34,1 (2010), 3-29. | 5,262 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
William Feller
William "Vilim" Feller (July 7, 1906 – January 14, 1970), born Vilibald Srećko Feller, was a Croatian-American mathematician specializing in probability theory.
# Early life and education.
Feller was born in Zagreb to Ida Oemichen-Perc, a Croatian-Austrian Roman Catholic, and Eugen Viktor Feller, son of a Polish-Jewish father (David Feller) and an Austrian mother (Elsa Holzer).
Eugen Feller was a famous chemist and created "Elsa fluid" named after his mother. According to Gian-Carlo Rota, Eugen Feller's surname was a "Slavic tongue twister", which William changed at the age of twenty. This claim appears to be false. His forename, Vilibald, was chosen by his Catholic mother | 5,263 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
for the saint day of his birthday.
# Work.
Feller held a docent position at the University of Kiel beginning in 1928. Because he refused to sign a Nazi oath, he fled the Nazis and went to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1933. He also lectured in Sweden (Stockholm and Lund). As a refugee in Sweden, Feller reported being troubled by increasing fascism at the universities. He reported that the mathematician Torsten Carleman would offer his opinion that Jews and foreigners should be executed.
Finally, in 1939 he arrived in the U.S. where he became a citizen in 1944 and was on the faculty at Brown and Cornell. In 1950 he became a professor at Princeton University.
The works of Feller are contained in | 5,264 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
104 papers and two books on a variety of topics such as mathematical analysis, theory of measurement, functional analysis, geometry, and differential equations in addition to his work in mathematical statistics and probability.
Feller was one of the greatest probabilists of the twentieth century, who is remembered for his championing of probability theory as a branch of mathematical analysis in Sweden and the United States. In the middle of the 20th century, probability theory was popular in France and Russia, while mathematical statistics was more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the Swedish statistician, Harald Cramér. His two-volume textbook on probability | 5,265 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
theory and its applications was called "the most successful treatise on probability ever written" by Gian-Carlo Rota. By stimulating his colleagues and students in Sweden and then in the United States, Feller helped establish research groups studying the analytic theory of probability. In his research, Feller contributed to the study of the relationship between Markov chains and differential equations, where his theory of generators of one-parameter semigroups of stochastic processes gave rise to the theory of "Feller operators".
# Results.
Numerous topics relating to probability are named after him, including Feller processes, Feller's explosion test, Feller–Brown movement, and the Lindeberg–Feller | 5,266 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
theorem. Feller made fundamental contributions to renewal theory, Tauberian theorems, random walks, diffusion processes, and the law of the iterated logarithm. Feller was among those early editors who launched the journal "Mathematical Reviews".
# Notable books.
- "An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Volume I, 3rd edition" (1968); 1st edn. (1950); 2nd edn. (1957)
- "An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Volume II, 2nd edition" (1971)
# External links.
- A biographical memoir by Murray Rosenblatt/a
- Croatian Giants of Science - in Croatian
- "Fine Hall in its golden age: Remembrances of Princeton in the early fifties" by Gian-Carlo Rota. Contains | 5,267 |
206644 | William Feller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Feller | William Feller
alks, diffusion processes, and the law of the iterated logarithm. Feller was among those early editors who launched the journal "Mathematical Reviews".
# Notable books.
- "An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Volume I, 3rd edition" (1968); 1st edn. (1950); 2nd edn. (1957)
- "An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Volume II, 2nd edition" (1971)
# External links.
- A biographical memoir by Murray Rosenblatt/a
- Croatian Giants of Science - in Croatian
- "Fine Hall in its golden age: Remembrances of Princeton in the early fifties" by Gian-Carlo Rota. Contains a section on Feller at Princeton.
- Feller Matriculation Form giving personal details | 5,268 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue () is an on-island suburb located at the western tip of the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is the second oldest community in Montreal's West Island, having been founded as a parish in 1703. The oldest, Dorval, was founded in 1667.
Points of interest include the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal (a National Historic Site of Canada), the Sainte-Anne Veterans' Hospital, the Morgan Arboretum, and the L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is also home to John Abbott College and McGill University's Macdonald Campus, which includes the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory and the Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre | 5,269 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
as well as about of farmland which separates the small town from neighbouring Baie-d'Urfé.
# History.
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue was established on a location once known and frequented by both the Algonquin and Iroquois peoples. Situated between two important lakes (Lac des Deux-Montagnes and Lac Saint Louis) and near the confluence of two important rivers (the Saint Lawrence River and the Ottawa River) both nations recognized its natural strategic advantages and had names for the place. The oral records show that it was named “Tiotenactokte” by the Algonquin, which means "place of the last encampments" and that the Iroquois called it “Skanawetsy” meaning "white waters, after the rapids".
In | 5,270 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
1663, the Saint-Louis Mission was founded in the west end of Montreal Island at Pointe-Caron (site of the present-day Baie-d'Urfé yacht club), and was led by François-Saturnin Lascaris d'Urfé. At that time, the mission included the entire area form the tip of Montreal Island to Pointe-Claire, Île Perrot, Soulanges, Vaudreuil, and Île aux Tourtes.
In 1672, King Louis XIV of France granded fiefdoms bordering on Lake of Two Mountains and Lake Saint-Louis to Louis de Berthé, Lord of Chailly, and to his brother Gabriel, Lord of La Joubardière. One of these adjacent fiefdoms was called Bellevue, due to its good views to the east and west. In 1677, the Parish of Saint-Louis-du-Bout-de-l'Île, sometimes | 5,271 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
also called Saint-Louis-du-Haut-de-l'Île, was founded. Jean de Lalonde was the first church warden. One September 30, 1687, Lalonde and four other parishioners were killed in a skirmish with the Iroquois. In 1703, the parish was closed and its registers moved to Lachine because of the constant threat from the Iroquois.
Around 1712, René-Charles de Breslay (1658–1735), local parish priest from 1703 to 1719, got caught in a fierce snowstorm. He fell from his horse, broke his leg on the ice, and lost the horse. Breslay was allegedly saved through the intervention by Saint Anne, after which he built a chapel dedicated to her at the westernmost point of Montreal Island next to Fort Senneville and | 5,272 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
Tourtes Island ("Île aux Tourtes"). Two years later, the parish was reestablished and took the name Sainte-Anne-du-Bout-de-l'Île.
From the early 1800s the town became a place of literary pilgrimage after Thomas Moore the famous Irish composer wrote one of his most celebrated works "Canadian Boat Song" here.
In 1835, the local post office opened. In 1843, the Sainte-Anne Canal was completed, resulting in a large number of travellers and merchants passing through the village. Another impetus to its development came a few years later in 1854, when the Grand Trunk Railway was built through the area, followed by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1887.
In 1845, the place was first incorporated as | 5,273 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
the Municipality of Bout-de-l'Isle. This was abolished two years later, but in 1855, it was reestablished as the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Anne-en-l'Isle-de-Montréal. In 1878, the main settlement was incorporated as a separate village municipality, and the parish municipality was renamed to Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue that same year. The village municipality changed its status to town ("ville") on January 12, 1895.
The early 20th century saw several developments in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue: the Macdonald College (affiliated to the McGill University) was established in 1907; the Federal Government built Ste. Anne's Veteran Hospital in 1917; the Galipeault Bridge was built in 1924 and doubled | 5,274 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
in 1964, linking Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue with Île Perrot. One of Canada's earliest Garden City experiments was undertaken in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue by John James Harpell, an industrialist, who around 1918 developed the neighbourhood of Gardenvale. The neighbourhood was granted its own post office in 1920.
In 1911, the parish municipality lost part of its territory when Baie-d'Urfé became a separate municipality. In 1964, the town of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue annexed the parish municipality.
On January 1, 2002, as part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue was merged into the city of Montreal and became part of the borough of L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève–Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue. | 5,275 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
However, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, it was re-constituted as an independent city on January 1, 2006.
# Government.
The current mayor of Saint-Anne-de-Bellevue is Paola Hawa. There are six city councilors.
- 1. Dana Chevalier (District 1)
- 2. Ryan Young (District 2)
- 3. Francis Juneau (District 3)
- 4. Tom Broad (District 4)
- 5. Yvan Labelle (District 5)
- 6. Denis Gignac (District 6)
## List of mayors.
The former mayor of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue were:
- Jules Tremblay, 1878–1879
- Thomas Grenier, 1880–1884, 1885–1886
- Antoine St-Denis, 1881–1883
- D. Lebeau, 1887
- L. Michaud, 1888–1897
- M. C. Bezner, 1898–1899, 1901–1905, 1909–10, 1915–1916
- L.N.F. | 5,276 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
Cypihot, 1900, 1921–1922
- J.A. Aumais, 1906
- Guis. Daoust, 1906, 1917–1920
- Bruno Lalonde, 1907–1908, 1913–1914
- J.S. Vallée, 1911–1912
- L.J. Boileau, 1923–1931, 1933–1934
- A.R. Demers, 1932, 1935–1938
- E.E. Deslauriers, 1939–1951
- Philippe Godin, 1951–1965
- J.L. Paquin, 1965–1973
- Alphonse Trudeau, 1973–1978
- Marcel Marleau, 1978–1984
- René Martin, 1984–1994
- Bill Tierney, 1994–2001, 2005–2009
- Francis Deroo 2009-2013
- Paula Hawa 2013-
# Demographics.
In the city the population was spread out with 18.5% under the age of 15, 10.4% from 15 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. | 5,277 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
For every 100 females there were 112.8 males. For every 100 females age 15 and over, there were 116.8 males.
There were 1,930 households out of which 29.8% had children living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female lone-parent as a householder, and 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average married-couple family size was 3.1.
Christians made up 79.4% of the population, or 61.7% Catholic, 16.5% Protestant, 0.9% Eastern Orthodox, and 0.3% other Christian. Other religions in the city include 3.3% Muslim, 1.3% Jewish, 1.3% Eastern religions, and 0.3% other religions. 14.1% of the population claimed to have no religious affiliation.
The median | 5,278 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
income for a household in the city was $44,092, and the median income for a family was $65,637. Males had an average income of $41,619 versus $28,026 for females. About 5.7% of the labour force was unemployed. The largest occupation categories were 21.2% employed in business, finance, and administration occupations, 18.4% sales and service occupations, and 14.8% in social science, education, government service and religion occupations.
"Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding of data samples"
# Transportation.
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is traversed by Autoroute 40 (the Trans-Canada Highway) and Autoroute 20, which crosses the Ottawa River over the Galipeault Bridge linking | 5,279 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
it to Île Perrot.
For public transit, the town is served by the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue commuter train station on the Vaudreuil-Hudson Line. It also covered by the bus network of the Société de transport de Montréal.
It is planned that Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue would be the westernmost terminus for the newly planned Réseau express métropolitain rapid transit system on the island of Montreal.
# Education.
The Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools. It operates the École primaire du Bout-de-l'Isle.
The Lester B. Pearson School Board (LBPSB) operates Anglophone public schools in the area. It operates Macdonald High School.
- The zoned elementary school | 5,280 |
206640 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,%20Quebec | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
métropolitain rapid transit system on the island of Montreal.
# Education.
The Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools. It operates the École primaire du Bout-de-l'Isle.
The Lester B. Pearson School Board (LBPSB) operates Anglophone public schools in the area. It operates Macdonald High School.
- The zoned elementary school is Dorset Elementary School in Baie-D'Urfé
# See also.
- List of former boroughs
- Montreal Merger
- Municipal reorganization in Quebec
- Morgan Arboretum
- Ecomuseum Zoo
# External links.
- Official town site
- Ecomuseum
- Parks Canada – Sante-Anne-de-Bellevue locks
- Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Rugby Club
- Nursing Services | 5,281 |
206650 | Oswald von Nell-Breuning | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald%20von%20Nell-Breuning | Oswald von Nell-Breuning
Oswald von Nell-Breuning
Oswald von Nell-Breuning SJ (8 March 1890 – 21 August 1991) was a Roman Catholic theologian and sociologist.
Born in Trier, Germany into an aristocratic family, Nell-Breuning was ordained in 1921 and appointed Professor of Ethics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in 1928. He was instrumental in the drafting of Pope Pius XI's social encyclical "Quadragesimo anno" (1931), which – like the earlier "Rerum novarum" (1891), after which it was named – dealt with the "Social Question" and developed the principle of subsidiarity. Nell-Breuning was not allowed to publish from 1936 to the end of Nazi Germany in 1945. He died in Frankfurt am Main.
# | 5,282 |
206650 | Oswald von Nell-Breuning | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald%20von%20Nell-Breuning | Oswald von Nell-Breuning
iologist.
Born in Trier, Germany into an aristocratic family, Nell-Breuning was ordained in 1921 and appointed Professor of Ethics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in 1928. He was instrumental in the drafting of Pope Pius XI's social encyclical "Quadragesimo anno" (1931), which – like the earlier "Rerum novarum" (1891), after which it was named – dealt with the "Social Question" and developed the principle of subsidiarity. Nell-Breuning was not allowed to publish from 1936 to the end of Nazi Germany in 1945. He died in Frankfurt am Main.
# References.
- Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890-1991)—Katholischer Sozialethiker, Sozialphilosoph und Sozialwissenschaftler | 5,283 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
Zakk Wylde
Zachary Phillip Wylde (born Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt; January 14, 1967) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is best known for his tenure as the lead guitarist for Ozzy Osbourne and as the founder, lead singer, and guitarist of the heavy metal band Black Label Society. His signature bulls-eye design appears on many of his guitars and is widely recognized. He was also the lead guitarist and vocalist of Pride and Glory, who released one self-titled album in 1994 before disbanding. As a solo artist, he released the albums "Book of Shadows" and "Book of Shadows II".
# Early life.
Zachary Phillip Wylde was born Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt in Bayonne, New Jersey, on | 5,284 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
January 14, 1967. He started playing guitar at the age of eight, but did not become serious about it until his early teenage years. At the age of 14, he worked at Silverton Music in Silverton, New Jersey. He grew up in Jackson, New Jersey, where he attended Jackson Memorial High School, graduating in 1985. He has stated that he would practice playing the guitar as much as 12 hours per day and would often play the guitar almost non-stop between coming home from school and leaving for school the next morning, then sleeping through the school day.
# Career.
Wylde played locally with his first band Stone Henge, then later with local Jersey band Zyris. Later, he auditioned for lead guitarist and | 5,285 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
co-writer for Ozzy Osbourne. Wylde was hired to replace Jake E. Lee, who replaced Brad Gillis, who had himself replaced the deceased Randy Rhoads. Rhoads remains Wylde's foremost guitar-playing and stagecraft influence.
Wylde gravitated toward a particular Les Paul guitar, which has become known as "The Grail"; his famous bullseye-painted Gibson Les Paul custom. Wylde lost the guitar in 2000 after it fell from the back of a truck transporting equipment as he was travelling between gigs in Texas. Rewards were offered to anyone that had information about the guitar. Wylde and The Grail were reunited three years later when a fan bought it at a Dallas pawn shop and saw the initials "Z.W." carved | 5,286 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
into the humbucker pickups backs. He contacted Wylde's former webmaster Randy Canis to arrange its return to Wylde. Grateful, Wylde gave the fan his signature model in exchange. In 1995, Wylde auditioned for Guns N' Roses.
Wylde was replaced in Osbourne's band by Joe Holmes from 1995 until his return in 2001. On January 17, 2006, Zakk Wylde was recognized at the Hollywood Rock Walk of Fame, featuring his handprints and signature, in recognition of his successful career as a musician and his contribution to the music industry. The event was open to the public and many rock celebrities were present, including Ozzy Osbourne.
For a time in the mid-2000s he contributed a monthly column entitled | 5,287 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
"Brew-tality" for a guitar magazine, discussing his techniques and equipment, as well as transcribing riffs and solo sections. After auditions in 2004/2005, Ozzy Osbourne announced Wylde as the official guitarist for his album, "Black Rain", which was released in 2007. On stage with Osbourne, Wylde has been credited for lending a high level of energy and passion to performances. Black Label Society's album "Shot To Hell", was released on September 11, 2006 in the UK, and September 12, 2006 in the U.S. through Roadrunner records, with production by Michael Beinhorn. Black Label Society headlined the second stage at the 2006 Ozzfest, with Wylde playing double duty with Ozzy on certain dates. He | 5,288 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
also joined Ozzy Osbourne for the Ozzy and Friends Tour in replacement of the Black Sabbath tour scheduled for the summer of 2012, playing a range of European dates including Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium.
Black Label Society released 'The Song Remains Not the Same' on May 10, 2011 on E1. Wylde also played a guitar solo on Black Veil Brides' cover of Kiss' "Unholy", on the 2011 EP "Rebels".
Since 2014, Wylde has led a Black Sabbath cover band called "Zakk Sabbath", with Wylde handling guitar and vocals, joined by Rob "Blasko" Nicholson on bass guitar and Joey Castillo (Danzig, Queens of the Stone Age) on drums, who replaced original drummer John Tempesta. JP Gaster (Clutch) occupied the | 5,289 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
drummer's seat in between, in September 2017. The band tours intermittently, and has released a single, three-track vinyl-only live 12" in 2016.
Wylde, Steve Vai, Nuno Bettencourt, Yngwie Malmsteen, and Tosin Abasi were featured on the Generation Axe tour in 2016, 2017, and 2018.
On April 28, 2017, it was announced that Wylde will be rejoining Ozzy Osbourne's band for a 2017 summer tour.
# Personal life.
Wylde and his wife, Barbaranne, have four children: Hayley Rae, Hendrix, Sabbath Page, and Jesse. Ozzy Osbourne is Jesse's godfather. Wylde was a close friend of fellow guitarist "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott and dedicated the song "In This River" to Abbott after his death.
Wylde is a New York | 5,290 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
Yankees fan. As of 2011, he has partnered with Blair's Sauces and Snacks to produce "Berserker" Hot Sauce and several variations. Wylde also promotes Death Wish Coffee via his Instagram page, as they have used his name in marketing their line, "Odinforce Blend".
In August 2009, Wylde was hospitalized due to blood clots and was subsequently forced to cancel his tour with Mudvayne and Static-X. After his hospitalization, he stopped drinking alcohol. He is a Christian who has described himself as a "Soldier of Christ".
# Equipment.
Wylde is known for his use of Gibson Les Paul Custom model guitars, equipped with EMG -81 and -85 active pickups, with a "bulls-eye" graphic on them, a design he | 5,291 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
used to differentiate himself visually from Randy Rhoads – who was also frequently identified by his cream Les Paul Custom, the guitar he has used since he was 12 years old. The "bulls-eye" paint job was originally supposed to look like the spiral from the Alfred Hitchcock movie "Vertigo", but when it came back incorrect from the paint shop, he liked the result and decided to keep it. One of Wylde's favorite stage guitars is a GMW RR-V, a model that is famously known as the "Polka-dot V" Created originally by luthier Karl Sandoval of California, used by Randy Rhoads, often mistaken as a custom Flying V.
Wylde's signature Les Pauls include a red flame-maple bulls-eye model, a black and antique-white | 5,292 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
bulls-eye model, an orange "buzz-saw" model, the pattern on which was inspired by a design on a Zippo lighter, and a "camo" bulls-eye model with mother of pearl neck inlays and a green camouflage paint scheme. His original bulls-eye Les Paul was purchased from one of the owners of Metaltronix Amplification. Metaltronix was building a one-off live rig for Wylde that was designed around one of the owner's guitars, a creamy white Les Paul Custom with EMG pickups, which would later become known as "The Grail". Wylde has a custom Dean Splittail with a mud splatter bulls-eye graphic, as well as a signature Splittail shaped Gibson model called the "ZV". Another Dean in his collection is a Dime series | 5,293 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
Razorback with custom Bulls-eye graphics ordered for him specially by Dimebag Darrell shortly before his murder; since receiving the guitar, he has only ever used it on stage to play "In This River", Zakk's personal tribute to Dimebag.
In practice, Wylde uses Marshall MG Series practice combos ranging in wattage levels from 10-30W during tour/private use especially in hotels and buses. Wylde has an extensive relationship with Marshall Amplification due to his love for their amplifiers, both solid state and valve powered. Live, Wylde exclusively uses Marshall JCM 800's with twin 4 X 12 Cabinets loaded with EVM12L 300W Black Label Speakers. His usual signal path consists of his guitar (on stage | 5,294 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
pedal board) Dunlop Wylde Wah Dunlop Wylde Rotovibe MXR ZW Phase 90 MXR Wylde Overdrive MXR Carbon Copy Delay (to a back stage pedal board) MXR EVH Flanger MXR Black Label Chorus split signals, one to each distorted amp into the High Gain input.
A detailed gear diagram of Wylde's 1988 Ozzy Osbourne guitar rig is well-documented.
At the 2015 NAMM Show, Wylde announced his new company called Wylde Audio and provided a preview of his new line of custom guitars and amplifiers. Currently he now is seen playing Wylde Audio equipment almost exclusively.
# Media appearances.
## Guest album appearances.
Wylde has made guest appearances on various albums by other artists:
- He contributed | 5,295 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
a guitar solo on Britny Fox's track "Six Guns Loaded" from their 1991 release, "Bite Down Hard".
- He guested on Blackfoot's 1994 album "After The Reign" playing the second solo on the title track.
- He played "White Christmas" on the "Merry Axemas 2" Christmas guitar album.
- He appears as guest vocalist and guitarist on the tracks "Soul Bleed" and "Reborn" on Damageplan's debut album, "New Found Power".
- He played guitar solos on Dope's single "Addiction" from their newest album, "No Regrets".
- He plays a solo on the song "Wanderlust" on Fozzy's 2005 release "All That Remains".
- He has worked alongside Yngwie Malmsteen and others on five of Derek Sherinian's solo albums: "Inertia", | 5,296 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
"Black Utopia", "Mythology", "Blood of the Snake" and "Molecular Heinosity".
- Wylde was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards. His contributions helped assist independent artists' careers.
- In 2010, he played lead guitar on My Darkest Days' first single "Porn Star Dancing", along with guest singers Chad Kroeger and Ludacris.
- In 2011, he featured in Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed's new project, "Jasta", in the song "The Fearless Must Endure".
- He plays the guitar solo on Black Veil Brides' cover of the Kiss song "Unholy" on their EP, "Rebels".
- Wylde laid down a solo on "Monument / Monolith", a song by The Rippingtons on their album "Built To Last", which released in 2012.
- | 5,297 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
He contributes a guitar solo on the track Steep Climb on Eric Gales' 2014 album Good For Sumthin.
## Guest live performances.
- On August 1, 1993, at Great Woods Amphitheatre in Mansfield, MA, Wylde appeared on stage with the Allman Brothers on lead guitar since Dickey Betts was unable to make the show, and they needed a guitarist at the last minute. This show is documented on the bootleg "Zakk Goes Wylde".
- Wylde performed the U.S. national anthem on the electric guitar during a New York Rangers game in October 2005. He has also played the anthem at Los Angeles Kings and Dodgers games. A video of a Kings performance is included as an extra feature on the DVD "Boozed, Broozed, and Broken-Boned".
- | 5,298 |
206646 | Zakk Wylde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakk%20Wylde | Zakk Wylde
On February 1, 2007 Wylde and Nick Catanese began a tour of acoustic shows at the Hard Rock Cafe in various cities across North America. Although Catanese had to leave mid-tour due to unspecified personal reasons, Wylde continued to play shows alone. He performed several songs on both the acoustic guitar and keyboard. The tour was eventually canceled due to unspecified reasons.
- On April 13, 2011 he was the guitarist for James Durbin on "American Idol", during Durbin's performance of "Heavy Metal" by Sammy Hagar.
- On April 20, 2011 he joined Michael Bearden and the Ese Vatos (house band for Lopez Tonight) to perform the Lenny Kravitz song "Are You Gonna Go My Way".
- On May 14, 2011 he | 5,299 |
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