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206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
and Technology Convergence (2016) defining the concept of convergence in various science, technology and medical fields. Roco published Principles and Methods that Facilitate Convergence (2015)
# Examples of technology implications.
Convergent solutions include both fixed-line and mobile tec... | 5,000 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Subsystem
- Session Initiation Protocol
- IPTV
- Voice over IP
- Voice call continuity
- Digital video broadcasting – handheld
# Convergence in appliances.
Some media observers expect that we will eventually access all media content through one device, or "black box". As such, media bus... | 5,001 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
This is contrary to the streamlined goal of the "black box" theory, and instead creates clutter. Secondly, technological convergence tends to be experimental in nature. This has led to consumers owning technologies with additional functions that are harder, if not impractical, to use rather th... | 5,002 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
the same task can be used to suit their current situation. As a 2002 Cheskin Research report explained: "...Your email needs and expectations are different whether you're at home, work, school, commuting, the airport, etc., and these different devices are designed to suit your needs for access... | 5,003 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
heralding the rise of what has been termed the "smartphone," a device designed to remove the need to carry multiple devices. Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of all of them, also known as the black box. This idea of one te... | 5,004 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
This type of convergence is popular. For the consumer, it means more features in less space; for media conglomerates it means remaining competitive.
However, convergence has a downside. Particularly in initial forms, converged devices are frequently less functional and reliable than their com... | 5,005 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of life and liberty in some ways and (could) degrade it in others". He believes the same technology has the potential to be "used as both a weapon of social control and a means of resistance". Since technology has evolved in the past ten years or so, companies are beginning to converge technol... | 5,006 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
one. Newer mobile phones feature cameras, and can hold images, videos, music, and other media. Manufacturers now integrate more advanced features, such as video recording, GPS receivers, data storage, and security mechanisms into the traditional cellphone.
# Convergence on the internet.
The ... | 5,007 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
The convergence of the internet and conventional TV became popular in the 2010s, through Smart TV, also sometimes referred to as "Connected TV" or "Hybrid TV", (not to be confused with IPTV, Internet TV, or with Web TV). Smart TV is used to describe the current trend of integration of the Inte... | 5,008 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of television sets and set-top boxes always have had.
# Digital convergence.
Digital Convergence means inclination for various innovations, media sources, content that become similar with the time. It enables the convergence of access devices and content as well as the industry participant o... | 5,009 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
devices such as smart television, camera, the YouTube application, and the digital content. In this setup, there are the so-called "spokes", which are the devices that connect to a central hub, which could either be the smart TV or PC. Here, the Internet serves as the intermediary, particularl... | 5,010 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
onto the same platform, creating hybrid products in the process; and,
- 3. companies are crossing traditional boundaries such as hardware and software to provide new products and new sources of competition.
Another example is the convergence of different types of digital contents. According ... | 5,011 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Clipgenerator that enables users to create personal music videos with popular chart music and to share them in social communities such as Facebook, Myspace and Bebo.
# Convergence in the marketplace.
Convergence is a global marketplace dynamic in which different companies and sectors are bei... | 5,012 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
social networks. As a disruptive force, convergence is a threat to the unprepared, but a tremendous growth opportunity for companies that can out-innovate and out-execute their ever-expanding list of competitors under dramatically new marketplace rules. With convergence, lines are blurred as c... | 5,013 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
retailers act like financial services companies and vice versa; cosmetics companies work with pharmaceutical companies; and more. Mobile phone usage broadens dramatically, enabling users to make payments online, watch videos, or even adjusting their home thermostat while away at work.
# Media... | 5,014 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
they wanted" According to Jenkins, there are five areas of convergence: technological, economic, social or organic, cultural and global. So media convergence is not just a technological shift or a technological process, it also includes shifts within the industrial, cultural, and social paradi... | 5,015 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Lugmayr and Dal Zotto argued, that media convergence takes place on technology, content, consumer, business model, and management level. They argue, that media convergence is a matter of evolution and can be described through the triadic phenomenon of convergence, divergence, and coexistence. ... | 5,016 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
bring the ability for technological convergence that Rheingold believes can alter the "social-side effects," in that "the virtual, social and physical world are colliding, merging and coordinating." It was predicted in the late 1980s, around the time that CD-ROM was becoming commonplace, that ... | 5,017 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
talk of such a digital revolution. In today's society, the idea of media convergence has once again emerged as a key point of reference as newer as well as established media companies attempt to visualize the future of the entertainment industry. If this revolutionary digital paradigm shift pr... | 5,018 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
changed. The real truth lay somewhere in between as there were so many aspects of the current media environment to take into consideration. Many industry leaders are increasingly reverting to media convergence as a way of making sense in an era of disorientating change. In that respect, media ... | 5,019 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
a process and not an outcome, so no single black box controls the flow of media. With proliferation of different media channels and increasing portability of new telecommunications and computing technologies, we have entered into an era where media constantly surrounds us.
Media convergence r... | 5,020 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
this are "Star Wars" and "The Matrix". Both are films, but are also books, video games, cartoons, and action figures. Branding encourages expansion of one concept, rather than the creation of new ideas. In contrast, hardware has diversified to accommodate media convergence. Hardware must be sp... | 5,021 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
games. However, the data to create the image of batman in each media is created individually by different teams of creators. The same character and the same visual effect repetitively appear in different media is because of the synergy of media industry to make them similar as possible. In add... | 5,022 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
(www.secondlife.com, accessed January 3, 2008). Open to anyone, Second Life has emerged as a compelling 3D virtual reality for millions of citizens around the world who have created avatars (virtual representations of themselves) to populate and live in an altered state where personal flight i... | 5,023 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
as of January 5, 2008).
Media convergence in the digital era means the changes that are taking place with older forms of media and media companies. Media convergence has two roles, the first is the technological merging of different media channels – for example, magazines, radio programs, TV ... | 5,024 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
the TV, and radio lost some of its appeal as people started watching television, which has both talking and music as well as visuals. As technology advances, convergence of media change to keep up. The second definition of media convergence Campbell discusses is cross-platform by media compani... | 5,025 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of production and consumption of media across companies, channels, genres, and technologies is an expression of the convergence of all aspects of everyday life: work and play, the local and the global, self and social identity."
## Convergence culture.
Henry Jenkins determines convergence cu... | 5,026 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
into many. Transmedia storytelling is defined by Jenkins as a process "where integral elements of a fiction get dispersed systematically across multiple delivery channels for the purpose of creating a unified and coordinated entertainment experience. Ideally, each medium makes its own unique c... | 5,027 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
discussion forums, and social media pages also form, expanding The Matrix to different online platforms. Convergence culture took what started as a film and expanded it across almost every type of media. Bert is Evil (images) Bert and Bin Laden appeared in CNN coverage of anti-American protest... | 5,028 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of this and search for feedback from their customers through social media and sharing sites such as YouTube.
Besides marketing and entertainment, convergence culture has also affected the way we interact with news and information. We can access news on multiple levels of media from the radio,... | 5,029 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
posted on the internet. This led to the breaking of a news story in newspapers, on TV, and the internet.
Media scholar Henry Jenkins has described the media convergence with participatory culture as:
## Cell phone convergence.
The social function of the cell phone changes as the technology ... | 5,030 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of social movements in cyberspace is one of the potential strategies that social movements can use in the age of media convergence. Because of the neutrality of the internet and the end-to-end design, the power structure of the internet was designed to avoid discrimination between applications... | 5,031 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
continues to organize social movements on a global scale. A sophisticated webmetric analysis, which maps the links between different websites and seeks to identify important nodal points in a network, demonstrates that the Zapatistas cause binds together hundreds of global NGOs. The majority o... | 5,032 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of media convergence: a survey of undergraduates’ technology-related news habits", concluded that several focus group respondents reported they generally did not actively engage in media convergence, such as viewing slide shows or listening to podcast that accompanied an online story, as part ... | 5,033 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
changing. In addition to its growth, FCC is tentative to set regulation on VoIP in order to promote competition in the telecommunication industry. There is not a clear line between telecommunication service and the information service because of the growth of the new convergent media. Historic... | 5,034 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
on access line charges will directly impact the speed in which Internet telephony market grows. On one hand, the FCC is hesitant to regulate convergent technology because VoIP with different feature from the old Telecommunication; no fixed model to build legislature yet. On the other hand, the... | 5,035 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
segments of the telecommunication sector. Traditionally, telecommunication regulation has focused on the operation of physical infrastructure, networks, and access to network. No content is regulated in the telecommunication because the content is considered private. In contrast, film and Tele... | 5,036 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
the new media, two-ways communications, concerns much about the change from old media to new media. Each medium has different features and characteristics. First, internet, the new medium, manipulates all form of information – voice, data and video. Second, the old regulation on the old media,... | 5,037 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
or in the public interests"(Blackman). The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), founded in 1990, is a non profit organization to defend free speech, privacy, innovation and consumer rights. DMCA, Digital Millennium Copyright Act regulates and protect the digital content producers and consumer... | 5,038 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
between applications." The two reasons also coincide with FCC's interest to stimulate investment and enhance innovation in broadband technology and services.
Despite regulatory efforts of deregulation, privatization, and liberalization, the infrastructure barrier has been a negative factor in... | 5,039 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
will tell you, to prevent government or a corporation or anyone else from controlling it. It was designed to defeat discrimination against users, ideas and technologies". Because of these reasons, Shin concludes that regulator should make sure to regulate application and infrastructure separat... | 5,040 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
key point of the layered model is that it reflects the reality of network architecture, and current business model.
The layered Model consists of 1. Access Layer – where the physical infrastructure resides: copper wires, cable, or fiber optic. 2. transport layer – the provider of service. 3. ... | 5,041 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
SMS with voice, such as voice SMS. Providers include Bubble Motion, Jott, Kirusa, and SpinVox. Several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instant messaging (MIM) and presence. Text-to-landline services also exist, where subscribers can send text messages to any landl... | 5,042 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
SMS, MMS, IVR, or video using one five-digit number or long number. In April 2008, O2 UK launched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS. This type of convergence is helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres ... | 5,043 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
and be sure that the message will be received.
## Mobile.
"Mobile service provisions" refers not only to the ability to purchase mobile phone services, but the ability to wirelessly access everything: voice, Internet, audio, and video. Advancements in WiMAX and other leading edge technologi... | 5,044 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of these services. Multi-play is a catch-all phrase; usually, the terms triple play (voice, video and data) or quadruple play (voice, video, data and wireless) are used to describe a more specific meaning. A dual play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: it can... | 5,045 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, Internet, and telephony in one subscription. The broadband cable market is transforming as pay-TV providers move aggressively into what was once considered the telco space. Meanwhile, customer expectations have risen as consumer and business cust... | 5,046 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The Fantastic Four" or "Grand Slam". A fundamental aspect of the quadruple play is not only the long-awaited broadband convergence but also the players involved. Many of them, from the largest global service providers to whom we connect today via wi... | 5,047 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Home network.
Early in the 21st century, home LAN convergence so rapidly integrated home routers, wireless access points, and DSL modems that users were hard put to identify the resulting box they used to connect their computers to their Internet service. A general term for such a combined de... | 5,048 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
ng (the software equivalent of a converged device)
- Convergence (telecommunications)
- Dongle, can facilitate inclusion of non-converged devices.
- Digital rhetoric
- Generic Access Network
- UMA Today
- IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
- Mobile VoIP
- Next Generation Networks
- Next ge... | 5,049 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
William Halsey Jr.
Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr., KBE (October 30, 1882 – August 16, 1959), known as Bill Halsey or "Bull" Halsey, was an American admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. He is one of four individuals to have attained the rank of fleet admiral of the Unite... | 5,050 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
in 1938. At the start of the War in the Pacific (1941–1945), Halsey commanded the task force centered on the carrier in a series of raids against Japanese-held targets.
Halsey was made commander, South Pacific Area, and led the Allied forces over the course of the Battle for Guadalcanal (1942–43) an... | 5,051 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
years.
Halsey was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on October 30, 1882, the son of U.S. Navy Captain William F. Halsey Sr. Through his father he was a descendant of Senator Rufus King, who was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat, and Federalist. Halsey attended the Pingry School.
After waiting t... | 5,052 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, and entered the Academy in the fall of 1900. While attending the academy he lettered in football as a fullback and earned several athletic honors. Halsey graduated from the Naval Academy on February 2, 1904.
Following graduation he spent his early ser... | 5,053 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
suffocated to death 31 officers and enlisted. This resulted in Halsey dreading the 13th of every month, especially when it fell on a Friday.
After his service on "Missouri", Halsey served aboard torpedo boats, beginning with in 1909. Halsey was one of the few officers who was promoted directly from ... | 5,054 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
were the most effective way to bring the torpedo into combat against capital ships. Lieutenant Commander Halsey's World War I service, including command of in 1918, earned him the Navy Cross.
# Interwar years.
In October 1922, he was the naval attaché at the American Embassy in Berlin, Germany. One... | 5,055 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
the Naval Academy. Captain Halsey continued his destroyer duty on his next two-year stint at sea, starting in 1930 as Commander Destroyer Division Three of the Scouting Force, before returning to study at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.
In 1934 the chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics,... | 5,056 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
his Naval Aviator's Wings on May 15, 1935, at the age of 52, the oldest person to do so in the history of the U.S. Navy. While he had approval from his wife to train as an observer, she learned from a letter after the fact that he had changed to pilot training, and she told her daughter, "What do you... | 5,057 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
divisions and served as the overall commander of the Aircraft Battle Force.
# World War II.
Traditional naval doctrine envisioned naval combat fought between opposing battleship gun lines. This view was challenged when army airman General Billy Mitchell demonstrated the capability of aircraft to su... | 5,058 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
proponents, however, imagined bringing the fight to the enemy with the use of air power. Halsey was a firm believer in the aircraft carrier as the primary naval offensive weapon system. When he testified at Admiral Husband Kimmel's hearing after the Pearl Harbor debacle he summed up American carrier ... | 5,059 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Force.
With tensions high and war imminent, U.S. Naval intelligence indicated Wake Island would be the target of a Japanese surprise attack. In response, on 28 November 1941 Admiral Kimmel ordered Halsey to take to ferry aircraft to Wake Island to reinforce the Marines there. Kimmel had given Halsey... | 5,060 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
take the responsibility?" Said Halsey: "I'll take it! If anything gets in my way, we'll shoot first and argue afterwards."
A storm delayed "Enterprise" on her return voyage to Hawaii. Instead of returning on December 6 as planned, she was still 200 miles out at sea, when she received word that the s... | 5,061 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
"commander of all the ships at sea." "Enterprise" searched south and west of the Hawaiian islands for the Japanese attackers, but did not locate the six Japanese fleet carriers then retiring to the north and west.
## Early Pacific carrier raids.
Vice Admiral Halsey and "Enterprise" slipped back int... | 5,062 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
as the nation was rocked by the fall of one western bastion after another, Halsey looked to take the fight to the enemy. Serving as commander, Carrier Division 2, aboard his flagship "Enterprise", Halsey led a series of hit-and-run raids against the Japanese, striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands... | 5,063 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Pearl Harbor from his last raid on May 26, 1942, in poor health due to the extremely serious and stressful conditions at hand. He had spent nearly all of the previous six months on the bridge of the carrier "Enterprise," directing the Navy's counterstrikes. Shingles covered a great deal of his body a... | 5,064 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
to engage them. Losing Midway would have been a very serious threat because the Japanese then could easily take Hawaii and threaten the west coast of the United States. The loss of his most aggressive and combat experienced carrier admiral, Halsey, on the eve of this crisis was a severe blow to Nimit... | 5,065 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
that Fletcher's performance was sound, and he was given the responsibility of command in the defense of Midway. Acting upon Halsey's recommendations, Nimitz then made Rear Admiral Spruance commander of Halsey's Task Force 16, comprising the carriers "Enterprise" and "Hornet". To aid Spruance, who had... | 5,066 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
specialized treatment. The skin condition soon receded but Halsey was ordered to stand down for the next six weeks and relax. While detached stateside during his convalescence, he visited family and traveled to Washington D.C. In late August, he accepted a speaking engagement at the U.S. Naval Academ... | 5,067 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
applause.
At the completion of his convalescence in September 1942, Admiral Nimitz reassigned Halsey to Commander, Air Force, Pacific Fleet.
## South Pacific Area Command.
After being medically approved to return to duty, Halsey was named to command a carrier task force in the South Pacific Area. ... | 5,068 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Division, 11,000 men, under the combat command of Marine Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift holding on by a thread around Henderson (Air) Field. The Marines did receive additional support from the U.S. Army's 164th Regiment with a complement of 2,800 soldiers on October 13. This addition only help... | 5,069 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Pacific Area command while Halsey was en route. As Halsey's aircraft came to rest in Nouméa, a whaleboat came alongside carrying Ghormley's flag lieutenant. Meeting him before he could board the flagship, the lieutenant handed over a sealed envelope containing a message from Nimitz:
The order came a... | 5,070 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
energizing his command. He was widely considered the U.S. Navy's most aggressive admiral, and with good reason. He set about assessing the situation to determine what actions were needed. Ghormley had been unsure of his command's ability to maintain the Marine toehold on Guadalcanal, and had been min... | 5,071 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
October 1942 that he gave an order that all naval officers in the South Pacific would dispense with wearing neckties with their tropical uniforms. As Richard Frank commented in his account of the Battle for Guadalcanal:
Halsey led the South Pacific command through what was for the U.S. Navy the most... | 5,072 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
two fast battleships in the confined waters around Guadalcanal for a night engagement paid off with the U.S. Navy winning the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the decisive naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign that doomed the Japanese garrison and wrested control from the Japanese.
IJN aviation p... | 5,073 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Pete was a fighting fool and I knew it."
Typical for the period was an exchange that occurred between Halsey and one of his staff officers in June 1943. South Pacific Command was expecting the arrival of an additional air group to support their next offensive. As a part of the long view of winning t... | 5,074 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
admiral turned to the speaker and replied: "As long as I have one plane and one pilot, I will stay on the offensive."
Admiral Halsey's forces spent the rest of the year battling up the Solomon Islands chain to Bougainville. At Bougainville the Japanese had two airfields in the southern tip of the is... | 5,075 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
airfield. Two days after the landing, a large cruiser force was sent down from Japan to Rabaul in preparation for a night engagement against Halsey's screening force and supply ships in Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese had been conserving their naval forces over the past year, but now committed a fo... | 5,076 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
force Halsey had available were the carrier airgroups on and . Rabaul was a heavily fortified port, with five airfields and extensive anti-aircraft batteries. Other than the surprise raid at Pearl Harbor, no mission against such a target had ever been accomplished with carrier aircraft. It was highly... | 5,077 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
raid itself. The mission was a stunning success, so damaging the cruiser force at Rabaul as to make them no longer a threat. Aircraft losses in the raid were light. Halsey later described the threat to the landings "the most desperate emergency that confronted me in my entire term as ComSoPac."
Foll... | 5,078 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
of Rabaul, major operations in the South Pacific Command came to a close. With his determination and grit, Halsey had bolstered his command's resolve and seized the initiative from the Japanese until ships, aircraft and crews produced and trained in the States could arrive in 1943 and 1944 to tip the... | 5,079 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
to take the Palaus, Leyte and Luzon, and on many raids on Japanese bases, including off the shores of Formosa, China, and Vietnam.
By this point in the conflict the U.S. Navy was doing things the Japanese high command had not thought possible. The Fast Carrier Task Force was able to bring to battle ... | 5,080 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Navy conserved itself in port and would sortie in force to engage the enemy. The U.S. Navy remained at sea and on station, dominating whatever region it entered. The size of the Pacific Ocean, which Japanese planners had thought would limit the U.S. Navy's ability to operate in the western Pacific, w... | 5,081 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Japanese and created a higher tempo of operations. While Spruance was at sea operating the fleet, Halsey and his staff, self-dubbed the "Department of Dirty Tricks", would be planning the next series of operations. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Sp... | 5,082 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
support Seventh Fleet operations around Leyte. Halsey's plans assumed the Japanese fleet or a major portion of it would challenge the effort, creating an opportunity to engage it decisively. Halsey directed the Third Fleet "will seek the enemy and attempt to bring about a decisive engagement if he un... | 5,083 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
by the heavy loss of trained pilots. The Northern Force was meant to lure the covering U.S. forces away from the Gulf while two surface battle-groups, the Center Force and the Southern Force, were to break through to the beachhead and attack the invasion shipping. These forces were built around the r... | 5,084 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
which attacked the force, sinking two heavy cruisers and damaging a third. The following day Third Fleet's aircraft carriers launched strikes against Kurita's Center Force, sinking the battleship and damaging the heavy cruiser , causing the force to turn westward back towards its base. Kurita appeare... | 5,085 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
and made tentative plans to do so, but he felt he would also have to leave one of his three carrier groups to provide air cover, weakening his chance to crush the remaining Japanese carrier forces. The entire Third Fleet steamed northward. San Bernardino Strait was effectively left unguarded by any m... | 5,086 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
and his staff failed to confirm this with Halsey, and neither had confirmed this with Nimitz.
Despite aerial reconnaissance reports on the night of October 24–25 of Kurita's Center Force in the San Bernardino Strait, Halsey continued to take Third Fleet northwards, away from Leyte Gulf.
When Kurita... | 5,087 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
the largest battleship in the world. Advancing down the coast of the island of Samar towards the troop transports and support ships of the Leyte Gulf landing, they took Seventh Fleet's escort carriers and their screening ships entirely by surprise.
In the desperate Battle off Samar which followed, K... | 5,088 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Kurita's ships and convinced him that he was facing a stronger force than was the case. Mistaking the escort carriers for Halsey's fleet carriers, and fearing entrapment from the six battleships of the Third Fleet battleship group, he decided to withdraw back through the San Bernardino Strait and to ... | 5,089 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Admiral Nimitz: "Where is repeat where is Task Force 34? The world wonders". The tail end of this message, The world wonders, was intended as padding designed to confuse enemy decoders, but was mistakenly left in the message when it was handed to Halsey. The urgent inquiry had seemingly become a stin... | 5,090 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Nimitz. Then, Halsey ordered Task Force 34 south. As Task Force 34 proceeded south they were further delayed when the battle force had to slow to 12 knots so that the battleships could refuel their escorting destroyers. The refueling cost a two and a half hour further delay. By the time Task Force 34... | 5,091 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
(the last surviving Japanese carrier of the six that had attacked Pearl Harbor) and three light carriers. The Battle of Cape Engaño resulted in Halsey's Third Fleet sinking all four of Ozawa's carriers.
The same attributes that made Halsey an invaluable leader in the desperate early months of the wa... | 5,092 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
the Leyte landings were still successful despite Halsey falling for the IJN decoy.
## Halsey's Typhoon.
After the Leyte Gulf engagement, December found the Third Fleet confronted with another powerful enemy in the form of Typhoon Cobra, which was dubbed "Halsey's Typhoon" by many.
While conducting... | 5,093 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
Eventually his own staff provided a prediction regarding the direction of the storm that was far closer to the mark with a westerly direction.
However, Halsey played the odds, declining to cancel planned operations and requiring the ships of Third Fleet to hold formation. On the evening of December ... | 5,094 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
The threat was greatest to the fleet's destroyers, which did not have the fuel reserves of the larger ships and were running dangerously low. Finally, at 11:49 a.m., Halsey issued the order for the ships of the fleet to take the most comfortable course available to them. Many of the smaller ships had... | 5,095 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
in the fleet had been damaged, 146 aircraft were destroyed and 802 seamen had been lost. For the next three days Third Fleet conducted search and rescue operations, finally retiring to Ulithi on 22 December 1944.
Following the typhoon a Navy court of inquiry was convened on board in the Naval base a... | 5,096 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
the Japanese navy had faced some nine years earlier in what they termed "The Fourth Fleet Incident."
## End of the war.
During January 1945 the Third Fleet attacked Formosa and Luzon, and raided the South China Sea in support of the landing of US Army forces on Luzon. At the conclusion of this oper... | 5,097 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
saying so. When a reporter asked Halsey if he thought General MacArthur's fleet (7th Fleet) would get to Tokyo first, the admiral grinned and answered "We're going there together." Then seriously he added "He's a very fine man. I have worked under him for over two years and have the greatest admirati... | 5,098 |
206587 | William Halsey Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Halsey%20Jr. | William Halsey Jr.
was again convened, this time recommending that Halsey be reassigned, but Admiral Nimitz declined to abide by this recommendation, citing Halsey's prior service record, despite that record including a previous instance of negligently sailing his fleet through a typhoon.
Halsey led Third Fleet throug... | 5,099 |
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