wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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750978 | Machiko Hasegawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machiko%20Hasegawa | Machiko Hasegawa
Machiko Hasegawa
, January 30, 1920 – May 27, 1992, in Taku, Saga Prefecture) was one of the first female manga artists.
She started her own comic strip, "Sazae-san", in 1946. It reached national circulation "via" the "Asahi Shimbun" in 1949, and ran daily until Hasegawa decided to retire in February... | 53,200 |
750978 | Machiko Hasegawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machiko%20Hasegawa | Machiko Hasegawa
such as "Sazae-san" (サザエさん, 1946-1974), "Ijiwaru Baa-san" (いじわるばあさん - Granny Mischief, 1966), "Apron Oba-san" (エプロンおばさん - Aunt Apron, 1983), and a few that only ran for a short while. Her comics were the first to follow a consistent four-panel layout, which later became the standard.
Hasegawa never ma... | 53,201 |
750978 | Machiko Hasegawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machiko%20Hasegawa | Machiko Hasegawa
and on television, and her death was kept a secret for 35 days after her private funeral as requested in her will.
# Sazae-san.
Sazae-san ("Sazae" 栄螺 - "Turbo cornutus") was a popular postwar comic strip depicting the life of Sazae-san, a fictional Japanese housewife.
Her comic strip was turned into... | 53,202 |
750978 | Machiko Hasegawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machiko%20Hasegawa | Machiko Hasegawa
o series in 1955 and a weekly animated series in 1969, which is still running as of 2019.
Hasegawa was involved in a court case with a bus company's unapproved use of "Sazae-san" and its characters in promotional images, as well as the name of the business, "Sazae-san Tours". As a result of this case,... | 53,203 |
750990 | Snood (headgear) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snood%20(headgear) | Snood (headgear)
Snood (headgear)
A snood () is a type of traditionally female headgear designed to hold the hair in a cloth or yarn bag. In the most common form, the headgear resembles a close-fitting hood worn over the back of the head. It is similar to a hairnet, but snoods typically have a looser fit, a much coars... | 53,204 |
750990 | Snood (headgear) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snood%20(headgear) | Snood (headgear)
still in use today) a small bag of fine thread—netted, tatted, knitted, crocheted, or knotted (see macramé)— enclosed a bob of long hair on the back of the head or held it close to the nape.
# Beard snood.
Another similar garment which is also referred to as a snood is used to cover facial hair such ... | 53,205 |
750990 | Snood (headgear) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snood%20(headgear) | Snood (headgear)
many years with European footballers like Gianluigi Buffon—in the 2010–11 Premier League season, a number of high-profile players, including Carlos Tevez and Samir Nasri, wore snoods. The fashion was derided by commentators, prompting one journalist to state that "snoods are the new gloves" in professi... | 53,206 |
750990 | Snood (headgear) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snood%20(headgear) | Snood (headgear)
tion Board feels that snood scarves may pose a risk to a player's neck if jerked from behind. Players in the UK have been banned from wearing them during matches since 1 July 2011. IFAB had a meeting where the issue was brought up, and they were immediately and completely banned on 5 March, 2011, due t... | 53,207 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
Gulstan Ropert
Gulstan Ropert, SS.CC., (August 30, 1839 - January 4, 1903) of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary served as the third vicar apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands — now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, from 1892 to 1903. Born in France at ... | 53,208 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
district on the island of Hawai‘i until October 2, 1883, when he was assigned to the Wailuku mission. He left Wailuku for Honolulu in 1891 having been appointed Vice-Provincial.
# Elevation to the Episcopate.
After Msgr. Koeckemann's death on February 22, 1892, Father Ropert earnestly begged his superi... | 53,209 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
Francisco where he was consecrated in Saint Mary's Cathedral as a bishop of the titular see of Panopolis on September 25 at the age of 53 by Archbishop Patrick William Riordan, assisted by Bishop Lawrence Scanlan of Salt Lake City and Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell of Monterey-Los Angeles. Msgr. Ropert ... | 53,210 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
sugar industry. He built a new residence for the clergy in Honolulu, a wooden two-story building, flanked on all sides, except the rear, by a veranda. Subsequently. the old adobe house was torn down and on its site was placed a statue of "Nôtre Dame de la Paix" (Our Lady of Peace), which he blessed on De... | 53,211 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
of Pythias, and the Sons of Temperance on June 24, 1894. The documents of the Holy See were addressed to the Catholic Bishops of the United States and his wish not to disturb the Catholics of his jurisdiction who were members of the condemned organizations inclined him to the opinion (confirmed by Archbi... | 53,212 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
of the Young Men's Institute.
# Brother Infirmarians at the Kalaupapa Settlement.
Prior to his first "ad limina" visit to Rome in 1895, Msgr. Ropert appointed Father Cornelius Limburg as his pro-Vicar. He then left for France in the company of Father Hubert Stappers and a Portuguese youth, Peter Alenca... | 53,213 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
deVeuster, the brother of the late Father Damien, one choir brother and four lay brothers, all destined for the Kalaupapa Settlement. According to arrangements made with the Board of Health, the brothers were given the care of the Bishop's Home for Boys in Kalaupapa. Father Pamphile followed in his broth... | 53,214 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
free school for boys (St. Francis School) in connection with St. Louis College (September 1893). He also provided a new concrete schoolhouse for the Sisters of the Sacred Hearts (1901). During Msgr. Ropert's episcopate, the Treaty of Paris in 1898 effectively ended the Spanish–American War, with the loss... | 53,215 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
Hansen's Disease Settlement in violation of the regulations of the Board of Health. The local police captain, believing that they had been stealing sheep, arrested them on their return to Kalaupapa and put them in jail. Kalani made a confession and was put in a light airy cell. Mikila denied guilt and as... | 53,216 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
belonged. He died six days later. He had no proper care before leaving the jail, and no medical attention. Complaints were made about this heartless and illegal treatment to the Attorney-General and after an investigation, C. W. Reynolds, the superintendent of the settlement, and Dr. Oliver, the local ph... | 53,217 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
Bishop of Panopolis, be requested to remove him forthwith and appoint some other priest to fill the vacancy made thereby." Msgr. Ropert subsequently informed the Board he would comply with their resolution when formal written charges against Father Wendelin had been served and proven. The Board refused t... | 53,218 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
of concubinage and adultery at the settlement, and the performance of public work to be done on Sunday without any urgent necessity. After considerable public outrage at the actions of the Board of Health by the Home Rule Party, the various Catholic societies, the Portuguese societies, the Protestant Min... | 53,219 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
the future..." Father Wendelin, appreciative of Msgr. Ropert's efforts opined that he could not "strictly adhere to his clerical duties" without preaching against immorality and the breaking of the Sabbath, and requested that Msgr. Ropert relieve him of his charge. On September 23, 1902, Msgr. Ropert gra... | 53,220 |
750974 | Gulstan Ropert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulstan%20Ropert | Gulstan Ropert
nd the breaking of the Sabbath, and requested that Msgr. Ropert relieve him of his charge. On September 23, 1902, Msgr. Ropert granted Father Wendelin's request and replaced him with Father Maximin André, head of the Hilo mission.
# Final years.
Msgr. Ropert engaged in extensive pastoral visitation not... | 53,221 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
Compact of Free Association
The Compact of Free Association (COFA) is an international agreement establishing and governing the relationships of free association between the United States and the three Pacific Island nations of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and P... | 53,222 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
which obliged the federal government of the United States "to promote the development of the people of the Trust Territory toward self-government or independence as appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Trust Territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peopl... | 53,223 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
Pacific states in plebiscites held in 1983. Legislation on the Compact was adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1986 and signed into law on November 13, 1986.
# Economic provisions.
Each of the associated states actively participate in all Office of Insular Affairs technical assistance activiti... | 53,224 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
the Federal Communications Commission, and U.S. representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of the International Telecommunication Union. The Compact area, while outside the customs area of the United States, is mainly duty-free for imports.
Most citizens of the associa... | 53,225 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
operate armed forces in Compact areas and to demand land for operating bases (subject to negotiation), and excludes the militaries of other countries without U.S. permission. The U.S. in turn becomes responsible for protecting its affiliate countries and responsible for administering all int... | 53,226 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
attack on the U.S., the Marshall Islands, or the Federated States of Micronesia.
Citizens of the associated states may serve in America's armed forces, and there is a high level of military enlistment by Compact citizens. For example, in 2008, the Federated States of Micronesia had a higher... | 53,227 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
Samoa, Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands in "Compact Impact" funding. This funding helps the governments of these localities cope with the expense of providing services to immigrants from the RMI, FSM, and Palau. The U.S. usage of Kwajalein Atoll for missile testing was renewed ... | 53,228 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
in November 2007.
The renewed Compact (commonly called "Compact II") for FSM took effect on June 25, 2004, and for RMI on June 30, 2004.
The economic provisions of the Compact for Palau which provided $18 million in annual subsidies and grants, expired on September 30, 2009, and the renewa... | 53,229 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
2011–12 Congress. Another bill, S.1268 in the 2013–14 Congress, also was not passed.
# U.S. fulfillment of commitments.
The United States' administration of the former trust territories now covered under the Compacts of Free Association has been subject to ongoing criticism over the past s... | 53,230 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
Patsy Mink further noted that "[A]fter winning the right to control Micronesia, [the U.S.] proceeded to allow the islands to stagnate and decay through indifference and lack of assistance. . . . [T]he people are still largely impoverished and lacking in all of the basic amenities which we co... | 53,231 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
Grounds. Speakers noted that while section 177 of the Compact of Free Association recognized the United States' responsibility "to address past, present and future consequences of the nuclear testing claims," less than $4 million was awarded out of a $2.2 billion judgement rendered by a Nucl... | 53,232 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
associated with "[a] forced changed in dietary patterns and lifestyle" resulting from U.S. administration after the testing. In 2011, lawmakers further noted that the U.S. Congress had continuously failed to cover the costs of promised medical care and services to displaced Compact citizens ... | 53,233 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
care issues.
In 2009, the State of Hawaii, under the administration of then-Governor Linda Lingle, attempted to restrict health care access for Compact citizens by eliminating all Compact residents of Hawaii from Med-QUEST, the state’s comprehensive Medicaid coverage plan. COFA residents we... | 53,234 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
approximate ten to twelve prescription medications dialysis patients take per month are not fully covered. BHH . . . caus[es] cancer patients to exhaust their allotted doctors' visits within two to three months".
Noting that such a policy likely constituted unlawful discrimination in violat... | 53,235 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
it". Lingle's successor, Governor Neil Abercrombie continued the state's appeal of the injunction to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled in favor of the state. When the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the case, the Abercrombie administration remo... | 53,236 |
750957 | Compact of Free Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20of%20Free%20Association | Compact of Free Association
A residents from Med-QUEST and transferred them onto Affordable Care Act plans. In other states, notably Arkansas, which has a significant population of Marshallese, COFA residents have not been eligible for Medicaid.
# See also.
- Protectorate
- Territories of the United States
- Sovere... | 53,237 |
751025 | Gediminas Vagnorius | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gediminas%20Vagnorius | Gediminas Vagnorius
Gediminas Vagnorius
Gediminas Vagnorius (born 10 June 1957) is a Lithuanian politician and signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. He served as the Prime Minister of Lithuania, heading the government between 1991 and 1992, and again from 1996 until 1999.
After Lithu... | 53,238 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or... | 53,239 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to tall and in diameter, or rectangular structures that can b... | 53,240 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
from air conditioning.
# History.
Cooling towers originated in the 19th century through the development of condensers for use with the steam engine. Condensers use relatively cool water, via various means, to condense the steam coming out of the cylinders or turbines. This reduces the back pressure, whi... | 53,241 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
by 2040–2069. While water usage is not an issue with marine engines, it forms a significant limitation for many land-based systems.
By the turn of the 20th century, several evaporative methods of recycling cooling water were in use in areas lacking an established water supply, as well as in urban locatio... | 53,242 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow. An American engineering textbook from 1911 described one design as "a circular or rectangular shell of light plate—in effect, a chimney stack much shortened vertically (20 to 40 ft. high) and very much enlarged laterally. At the top is a set of dist... | 53,243 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
in the United Kingdom were built in 1924 at Lister Drive power station in Liverpool, England, to cool water used at a coal-fired electrical power station.
# Classification by use.
## Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
An HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) cooling tower is ... | 53,244 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
buildings, hospitals, and schools typically use one or more cooling towers as part of their air conditioning systems. Generally, industrial cooling towers are much larger than HVAC towers.
HVAC use of a cooling tower pairs the cooling tower with a water-cooled chiller or water-cooled condenser. A "ton" o... | 53,245 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
which amounts to 15,000 BTU/hour, assuming a chiller coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.0. This COP is equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 14.
Cooling towers are also used in HVAC systems that have multiple water source heat pumps that share a common piping "water loop". In this type of ... | 53,246 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
it into the space to be heated. When the water loop is being used primarily to supply heat to the building, the cooling tower is normally shut down (and may be drained or winterized to prevent freeze damage), and heat is supplied by other means, usually from separate boilers.
## Industrial cooling towers... | 53,247 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
for other industrial facilities such as in condensers of distillation columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc. The circulation rate of cooling water in a typical 700 MW coal-fired power plant with a cooling tower amounts to about 71,600 cubic metres an hour (315,000 US gallons per minute) and ... | 53,248 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
of water would have to be continuously returned to the ocean, lake or river from which it was obtained and continuously re-supplied to the plant. Furthermore, discharging large amounts of hot water may raise the temperature of the receiving river or lake to an unacceptable level for the local ecosystem. E... | 53,249 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Evaporative cooling water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas surface-only cooling water can be re-used.
Some coal-fired and nuclear power plants located in coastal areas do make use of once-through ocean water. But even there, the offshore discharge water outlet r... | 53,250 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
in Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India.
# Classification by build.
## Package type.
These types of cooling towers are factory preassembled, and can be simply transported on trucks, as they are compact machines. The capacity of package type towers is limited and, for that reason, they are usually preferred by fa... | 53,251 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
plants, steel processing plants, petroleum refineries, or petrochemical plants usually install field erected type cooling towers due to their greater capacity for heat rejection. Field erected towers are usually much larger in size compared to the package type cooling towers.
A typical field erected cool... | 53,252 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
are one and the same.
- closed circuit cooling towers (or fluid coolers) pass the working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is close to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage of protecting the w... | 53,253 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
between wet and dry operation. This helps balance water and energy savings across a variety of weather conditions.
In a wet cooling tower (or open circuit cooling tower), the warm water can be cooled to a temperature "lower" than the ambient air dry-bulb temperature, if the air is relatively dry (see dew... | 53,254 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
lowering the temperature of the water processed by the tower to a value close to wet-bulb temperature, which is lower than the ambient dry-bulb temperature, the difference determined by the initial humidity of the ambient air.
To achieve better performance (more cooling), a medium called "fill" is used t... | 53,255 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Air flow generation methods.
With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers:
- Natural draft — Utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air "naturally" rises due to the density differential compared to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less d... | 53,256 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of "recirculation" in which discharged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fin arrangement is also known as "draw-through".
- Forced draft — A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan "forces" air ... | 53,257 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
forced draft design is its ability to work with high static pressure. Such setups can be installed in more-confined spaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fin geometry is also known as "blow-through".
- Fan assisted natural draft — A hybrid type that appears like a natural draft setup, thoug... | 53,258 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
nuclear power plants. However, this association is misleading, as the same kind of cooling towers are often used at large coal-fired power plants as well. Conversely, not all nuclear power plants have cooling towers, and some instead cool their heat exchangers with lake, river or ocean water.
Thermal eff... | 53,259 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum volume. Lastly, a fan forces the air out into the atmosphere.
A "distribution" or "hot water basin" consisting of a deep pan with holes or "nozzles" in i... | 53,260 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
designs.
- Variable flow is useless in some conditions.
- More prone to dirt buildup in the fill than counterflow designs, especially in dusty or sandy areas.
## Counterflow.
In a counterflow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram at left). Air flow first enters an op... | 53,261 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
of the counterflow design:
- Typically higher initial and long-term cost, primarily due to pump requirements.
- Difficult to use variable water flow, as spray characteristics may be negatively affected.
- Typically noisier, due to the greater water fall height from the bottom of the fill into the cold ... | 53,262 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
the air flow.
Both crossflow and counterflow designs can be used in natural draft and in mechanical draft cooling towers.
# Wet cooling tower material balance.
Quantitatively, the material balance around a wet, evaporative cooling tower system is governed by the operational variables of make-up volumet... | 53,263 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
(C). The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles downward over the fill material inside the tower. As it trickles down, it contacts ambient air rising up through the tower either by natural draft or by forced draft using large fans in the tower. That contact causes a small amount o... | 53,264 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water. To prevent the salt concentration of the water from becoming too high, a portion of the water is drawn off or blown down (D) for disposal. Fresh water make-up (M) is supplied to the tower basin to compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the win... | 53,265 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
in the flow of air to the atmosphere. From large-scale industrial cooling towers, in the absence of manufacturer's data, it may be assumed to be:
## Cycles of concentration.
Cycle of concentration represents the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the recirculating cooling water. Discharge of draw-off... | 53,266 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
higher in minerals, and tend to be scaling (deposit minerals). Increasing the amount of minerals present in the water by cycling can make water less aggressive to piping; however, excessive levels of minerals can cause scaling problems.
Concentration cycles in the majority of cooling towers usually range... | 53,267 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
less make-up water, water conservation efforts may focus on increasing cycles of concentration. Highly treated recycled water may be an effective means of reducing cooling tower consumption of potable water, in regions where potable water is scarce.
# Maintenance.
Surfaces with any visible biofilm (i.e.... | 53,268 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
treatment.
Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to minimize scaling and fouling, the water should be filtered to remove particulates, and also be dosed with biocides and algaecides to prevent growths that could interfere with the continuous flow of the ... | 53,269 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
other's strengths and weaknesses, and to ensure a broader spectrum of attack. In most cases, a continual low level oxidizing biocide is used, then alternating to a periodic shock dose of non-oxidizing biocides.
### Legionnaires' disease.
Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers... | 53,270 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
towers used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems, fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include freshwater ponds and creeks.
French researchers found that "Legionella" bacteria travelled up to through the a... | 53,271 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
flow rate. A typical drift eliminator provides multiple directional changes of airflow to prevent the escape of water droplets. A well-designed and well-fitted drift eliminator can greatly reduce water loss and potential for "Legionella" or water treatment chemical exposure.
The CDC does not recommend th... | 53,272 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
microbiologic assays for the bacteria. However, scheduled monitoring of potable water within a hospital might be considered in certain settings where persons are highly susceptible to illness and mortality from "Legionella" infection (e.g. hematopoietic stem cell transplantation units, or solid organ tran... | 53,273 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
have the same concentration of impurities as the water entering the tower. The drift rate is typically reduced by employing baffle-like devices, called drift eliminators, through which the air must travel after leaving the fill and spray zones of the tower. Drift can also be reduced by using warmer enteri... | 53,274 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
The plume is visible when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air, like the saturated air in one's breath fogs on a cold day. Under certain conditions, a cooling tower plume may present fogging or icing hazards to its surroundings. Note that the water evaporated in the cooling... | 53,275 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
result from greater cooling tower efficiency. However the higher the TDS concentration, the greater the risk of scale, biological growth and corrosion. The amount of blow-down is primarily designated by measuring by the electrical conductivity of the circulating water. Biological growth, scaling and corro... | 53,276 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
reducing the need for bleeding water with residual solids from the system by enabling the water to hold more solids in solution.
- Make-up — The water that must be added to the circulating water system in order to compensate for water losses such as evaporation, drift loss, blow-out, blow-down, etc.
- N... | 53,277 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
and the entering-air wet bulb temperature (twb). Since the cooling towers are based on the principles of evaporative cooling, the maximum cooling tower efficiency depends on the wet bulb temperature of the air. The wet-bulb temperature is a type of temperature measurement that reflects the physical proper... | 53,278 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
amount of fill. There are two types of fills that may be used:
- Film type fill (causes water to spread into a thin film)
- Splash type fill (breaks up falling stream of water and interrupts its vertical progress)
- Full-Flow Filtration — Full-flow filtration continuously strains particulates out of th... | 53,279 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Filtration — Side-stream filtration, although popular and effective, does not provide complete protection. With side-stream filtration, a portion of the water is filtered continuously. This method works on the principle that continuous particle removal will keep the system clean. Manufacturers typically p... | 53,280 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
rate equivalent to 10% of the total circulation flow rate. For example, if the total flow of a system is 1,200 gal/min (a 400-ton system), a 120 gal/min side-stream system is specified.
- Cycle of concentration — Maximum allowed multiplier for the amount of miscellaneous substances in circulating water c... | 53,281 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
of the circulating water, etc. Under proper working conditions, the estimated life of treated timber structural members is about 10 years.
- Leaching — The loss of wood preservative chemicals by the washing action of the water flowing through a wood structure cooling tower.
- Pultruded FRP — A common st... | 53,282 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
Fog production.
Under certain ambient conditions, plumes of water vapor can be seen rising out of the discharge from a cooling tower, and can be mistaken as smoke from a fire. If the outdoor air is at or near saturation, and the tower adds more water to the air, saturated air with liquid water droplets c... | 53,283 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
in hybrid towers, saturated discharge air is mixed with heated low relative humidity air. Some air enters the tower above drift eliminator level, passing through heat exchangers. The relative humidity of the dry air is even more decreased instantly as being heated while entering the tower. The discharged ... | 53,284 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
agriculture/vegetative lands can convert them into sodic saline or sodic alkaline soils depending on the nature of the soil and enhance the sodicity of ground and surface water. The salt deposition problem from such cooling towers aggravates where national pollution control standards are not imposed or no... | 53,285 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems. Similarly, particles smaller than 2.5 µm, (PM), tend to penetrate into the gas exchange regions of the lung, and very small particles (less than 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. Though the total particulate em... | 53,286 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
such as the Großkrotzenburg Power Station and the Rostock Power Station, the cooling tower is also used as a flue-gas stack (industrial chimney), thus saving the cost of a separate chimney structure. At plants without flue gas purification, problems with corrosion may occur, due to reactions of raw flue g... | 53,287 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
natural draft cooling towers made of structural steel.
# Operation in freezing weather.
Some cooling towers (such as smaller building air conditioning systems) are shut down seasonally, drained, and winterized to prevent freeze damage.
During the winter, other sites continuously operate cooling towers ... | 53,288 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
structural loads which can cause structural damage or collapse.
To prevent freezing, the following procedures are used:
- The use of water modulating by-pass systems is not recommended during freezing weather. In such situations, the control flexibility of variable speed motors, two-speed motors, and/or... | 53,289 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
installed along water pipes to prevent freezing in cold climates.
- Maintain design water flow rate over the tower fill.
- Manipulate or reduce airflow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.
# Fire hazard.
Cooling towers constructed in whole or in part of combustible materials can support... | 53,290 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
be provided with an automatic fire sprinkler system. Fires can propagate internally within the tower structure when the cell is not in operation (such as for maintenance or construction), and even while the tower is in operation, especially those of the induced-draft type, because of the existence of rela... | 53,291 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
had been built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the cooling towers caused westerly winds to be funneled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed, and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were later rebuilt and... | 53,292 |
750772 | Cooling tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooling%20tower | Cooling tower
eep lake water cooling
- Evaporative cooler
- Evaporative cooling
- Fossil fuel power plant
- Heating, ventilating and air conditioning
- Hyperboloid structure
- Mechanical engineering
- Nuclear power plant
- Power station
- Spray pond
- Water cooling
- Willow Island disaster
# External links.... | 53,293 |
751015 | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discography:%20The%20Complete%20Singles%20Collection | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection
Discography: The Complete Singles Collection
Discography: The Complete Singles Collection is the first greatest hits album by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys. It was released on 4 November 1991 by Parlophone.
# Composition.
"Discography" is a collection of all of the ... | 53,294 |
751015 | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discography:%20The%20Complete%20Singles%20Collection | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection
songs were released in some other form, this compilation only features seven-inch versions.
Around the time of the release of "Discography", Pet Shop Boys also released the video compilation "Videography", consisting of the music videos for each of the songs on this album i... | 53,295 |
751015 | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discography:%20The%20Complete%20Singles%20Collection | Discography: The Complete Singles Collection
-inch versions.
Around the time of the release of "Discography", Pet Shop Boys also released the video compilation "Videography", consisting of the music videos for each of the songs on this album in a slightly different order and with the song "Was It Worth It?" being repl... | 53,296 |
751030 | Sazae-san | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sazae-san | Sazae-san
Sazae-san
"Sazae-san" won the 8th Bungeishunjū Manga Award in 1962. An anime television adaptation by TCJ (later renamed Eiken), began airing in Japan in October 1969 and holds the Guinness World Record for the longest running animated television series. It has also been adapted into a radio show, theatrical... | 53,297 |
751030 | Sazae-san | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sazae-san | Sazae-san
around Sazae bossing around her husband, to the consternation of her neighbors, who believed that a man should be the head of his household. Later, Sazae became a feminist and was involved in many comical situations regarding her affiliation with her local women's lib group.
Despite the topical nature of the... | 53,298 |
751030 | Sazae-san | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sazae-san | Sazae-san
is frequently taken as nostalgia for traditional Japanese society, since it alludes to a simpler time before modern technology, despite the fact that it was leftist to the point of controversy when it originally ran in Japanese newspapers.
# Characters.
## Isono and Fuguta family.
- ("née" )
- ("née" )
#... | 53,299 |
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