wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
the shore there - they were far more interested in getting their fish and chips until the woman said, "Oh yes, he sometimes comes right up onto the beach - oh, there he is now..." and the crew and Oddie were out of the door before she'd finished the sentence. They'd filmed all sorts of stuff in Sco... | 53,600 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
an excellent insight into how close wildlife can be to cities and motorways. black necked grebes at Woolston Eyes nature reserve, right next to the M6 motorway, peregrine falcons nesting on buildings in Birkenhead, and sponges and Korean sea squirts in the docklands (no sign of Richard or Judy). Th... | 53,601 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
poo". Due to its location this episode gave the excuse to play the Beatles and the Kinks, rather than the usual soundtrack.
## Dorset in Late Spring.
2 February
Species seen: lizards (common, sand, slowworm), nightjar, damselflies, dragonflies (four-spotted chaser), red squirrel, sundew plant, s... | 53,602 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
couple of tissues, but apparently not!". The scene finished with Oddie morris dancing with his nightjar bait. They'd been here before looking nightjars for series 2 of Birding with Bill Oddie, but they found none. This time it worked, and Oddie got to see his nightjar. When Oddie gets to view a red... | 53,603 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
the Farnes in early Summer.
9 February
Species seen: flowers (viper's bugloss, birds-foot trefoil, restharrow, hedge woundwort, marsh cinquefoil), toads, sandhoppers, water vole, puffins, Arctic terns, kittiwakes, shags and guillemots.
For the last in the series, Oddie visited the "last county b... | 53,604 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
and restharrow, named because of its habit of seizing up the plough's harrow. Behind a supermarket, in amongst a debris of shopping trolleys and rubbish, Oddie finds a tiny water vole. A trip to the Farne Islands brings Oddie close to an Arctic tern colony as they divebomb him and peck at his baseb... | 53,605 |
751003 | Bill Oddie Goes Wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Oddie%20Goes%20Wild | Bill Oddie Goes Wild
at his baseball cap and camera lens. One even perches on his arm, and it is this footage gets used in the opening credits. Oddie attempts to 'sing' at the seals with a rather sad wailing call, and surprisingly, it works.
# Series 2.
There were eight episodes in series 2.
## Scilly Isles.
Friday... | 53,606 |
751100 | Conexión Caribe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conexión%20Caribe | Conexión Caribe
Conexión Caribe
Conexión Caribe is a 1984 film starring members of Los Chicos, a Puerto Rican boy band of the 1980s, Tony, Migue, Chayanne and Rey.
# Plot summary.
Taking advantage of the fame of Los Chicos in Puerto Rico and Central America, and after the relative success of the movie Una Aventura L... | 53,607 |
751100 | Conexión Caribe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conexión%20Caribe | Conexión Caribe
prior to the show. This opportunity is used to introduce the new member of the band, Alex Rodríguez. After the concert, the band received a call to attend a port in Fajardo to rescue Migue. The members of the band escape police protection and they make their way to the port, where Migue is safely in a b... | 53,608 |
751100 | Conexión Caribe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conexión%20Caribe | Conexión Caribe
daughter 15th year birthday party. A special participation by Sandra Zaiter, spokesperson for Society of Handicapped Children and Adults, ends the movie with a diving exhibition by Los Chicos in an olympic-style pool.
# Facts about the film.
- Film locations include former Escambrón swimming complex, ... | 53,609 |
751100 | Conexión Caribe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conexión%20Caribe | Conexión Caribe
eventually was imploded after the death of Liliana Barbarita Cepeda.
- Future San Juan Mayor Santini's wife Irma Garriga featured as one of the minor characters in the film.
- After the movie was completed and the soundtrack was recorded, three of the members of the group (including Chayanne) quit the... | 53,610 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
Queen of Angels (novel)
Queen of Angels is a 1990 science fiction novel written by Greg Bear. It was nominated for the Hugo, Campbell and Locus Awards in 1991. It was followed by a sequel, "/", also known as "Slant".
# Plot summary.
"Queen of Angels" describes our world just prior to the bina... | 53,611 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
they are turned into well-integrated personalities capable of productive work and constructive social interaction which does not threaten the social order. Therapied individuals have access to the best jobs. There are two other classes: the "high naturals", who possess such a positive mental mak... | 53,612 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
Mary is a transform - she has chosen to have her body extensively altered by nanotechnology, both to enhance her abilities as a policewoman and for aesthetic reasons.
A second storyline involves Richard Fettle, a good friend of the murderer, also an untherapied writer, who must come to terms wi... | 53,613 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
Burke is given the opportunity to use his technique to explore Goldsmith's mind, which turns out to be one of the most fascinating and dangerous minds imaginable.
Finally, the fourth plotline considers the nature of artificial intelligence, as an AI robot space probe discovers life on a planet ... | 53,614 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
text (a sort of super USENET), whereas the sequel, "Slant", set in 2055 and written in 1997 after the coming of the World Wide Web, describes a global network which has inexplicably changed to resemble a vast shared virtual reality.
Also in the novel is "Citizen Oversight"—a quasi-governmental ... | 53,615 |
751104 | Queen of Angels (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20of%20Angels%20(novel) | Queen of Angels (novel)
er USENET), whereas the sequel, "Slant", set in 2055 and written in 1997 after the coming of the World Wide Web, describes a global network which has inexplicably changed to resemble a vast shared virtual reality.
Also in the novel is "Citizen Oversight"—a quasi-governmental agency that collect... | 53,616 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Yermak Timofeyevich
Yermak Timofeyevich (; born between 1532 and 1542 – August 5 or 6, 1585) was a Cossack ataman and is today a hero in Russian folklore and myths. In the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Yermak started the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Russians' fur-trade interests fueled their des... | 53,617 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
the tsar. These Cossacks elected Yermak as the leader of their armed forces, and in 1582 Yermak set out with an army of 840 to attack the Khanate of Sibir. One of Yermak Timofeyevich's best leaders was named Alex.
On October 26, 1582, Yermak and his soldiers overthrew Kuchum Khan's Tatar empire at ... | 53,618 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
reliable. However, his life and conquests had a profound influence on Siberian relations, sparking Russian interest in the region and establishing the Tsardom of Russia as an aggressive imperial power east of the Urals.
# Authenticity.
There is less information about Yermak than most other notable... | 53,619 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
and broad-shouldered,” but even this detailed account is not reliable because the narrator had never seen Yermak.
In addition to his physical features' being unknown, the details of Yermak's life and the circumstances leading up to his excursion into Siberia are obscure. Russian writer Valentin Ras... | 53,620 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
key, primary sources about Yermak may be biased or inaccurate. These sources are the Stroganov Chronicle, another one of the Siberian chronicles, and the "Sinodik". The Stroganov Chronicle was commissioned by the Stroganov family itself, therefore it exaggerates the family's involvement in the conqu... | 53,621 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
for Yermak to be accepted as a saint suggests that the "Sinodik" could be erroneous. Though Cyprian failed to canonize Yermak, he made an effort to immortalize the warrior, who he considered being the "Grand Inquisitor" of Siberia.
These documents, along with the various others that chronicle Yerma... | 53,622 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
He also liked describing himself as "we" instead of "I". However, these descriptions may be attributable to the stereotypical characteristics of a Cossack. According to Rasputin, ""Cossack" [in Russian "kazak"] is a Tatar word that translates as daredevil, bold spirit, someone who has severed ties w... | 53,623 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
16th century were Cossacks subjected to close relation with the Russian tsar. Yermak, the embodiment of Cossack freewill, bravery, and brutality, grew famous for his exploits on the Volga.
# Early life.
## Ancestry.
The Don Cossack warrior Yermak Timofeyevich was born by the Chusovaya River on th... | 53,624 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
document. According to the section of the chronicle entitled "On Yermak, and where he was born", Yermak's grandfather, Afonasiy Grigor'yevich Alenin, came from Suzdal, north-east of Moscow. To escape poverty, he moved south to Vladimir where he became a coachman in the Murom forests. In the Murom fo... | 53,625 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
salt along the Kama and the Volga rivers. Growing tired of his work, he assembled a gang, left his employment, and moved to the Don region to become a river pirate. Among his fellow Cossack bandits, he acquired the nickname Yermak.
Prior to his conquest of Siberia, Yermak's combat experience consis... | 53,626 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
in the “thieves” trade ["“vorovskim” remeslom"]. It was typical of Cossacks to engage in piracy on the Sea of Azov or the Caspian Sea and to rob various envoys and Russian or Persian merchants. Though a bandit, Yermak earned a reputation as an eminent and loyal Russian fighter. Through his experienc... | 53,627 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
best of times.” The Russians decided that taking a southern route through the Tatar khanate of Kazan would allow them to penetrate Siberia more easily, but Kazan would need to be overthrown first. Ivan the Terrible's first foreign objective upon rising to power was to take Kazan. Ivan the Terrible's... | 53,628 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
the Russian province of Perm. Ivan the Terrible had tremendous trust in the entrepreneurial prowess of the Stroganov family and granted them the province of Perm as a financial investment which would be sure to benefit Russia in the future. The tsar also gave the Stroganovs permission to expand into... | 53,629 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
1550s, Sibir had been undergoing conflicts of its own with rival clans. The khanate was on the precarious ground until the rise of Kuchum Khan, a descendant of the famed Chingis Khan, in the 1560s. Kuchum Khan built up allies among his neighbors and the Crimean Tatars in order to thwart the Strogano... | 53,630 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
battle. The tsar granted the Stroganov family permission to invade Asia. However, the tsar soon changed his mind and told the Stroganovs to retract from Siberia, fearing that Russia did not have the resources or manpower to topple Kuchum Khan's empire.
The Stroganovs decided to ignore the tsar's or... | 53,631 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
come to their ancestral estates in Chusovaya and summoning them to fight against the Tatars in the name of the tsar. Since Yermak had been the most illustrious of the recruits, he became the captain (ataman) of the “conquest of Siberia.” However, there remains the question as to whether Yermak, in f... | 53,632 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
the Stroganovs told the story in a way that would inspire the Russian people to feel just as indebted to them as to Yermak for the conquest of Siberia. Siberian historians are divided on the matter, some believing that the Stroganovs were behind Yermak's campaign and others believing that they playe... | 53,633 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
of Sibir blocked the road from the Urals to Mangaseya. After overthrowing the khanate, the intended final destination of Yermak's five thousand mile journey was the Bering Strait. Yermak led a small army of 840 men, made up of 540 of his own followers and three hundred supplied by the Stroganovs. Hi... | 53,634 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
to Russian history specialist W. Bruce Lincoln, the Tatars’ “bows, arrows, and spears” went up against Yermak's team's “matchlock muskets, sabers, pikes, and several small cannons.” However, according to the Russian author Yuri Semyonov, “Yermak had no cannon, and only a small number of his men carr... | 53,635 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
his campaign in 1579 or 1581. When navigating down rivers, the crew used high-sided boats that originated in Russia. Throughout their journey, they encountered violent opposition from Kuchum Khan's native allies but the high sides of their boats acted as shields. When crossing the Urals, the Cossack... | 53,636 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
against Kuchum's nephew, Mehmet-kul, and the Tatar army. Yermak's infantry blocked the Tatar charge with mass musket fire, which wounded Mahmet-kul and prevented the Tatars from scoring a single Russian casualty. Yermak succeeded in capturing Qashliq and the battle came to mark the “conquest of Sibe... | 53,637 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
they sent the atamans and Cossacks, Yermak and his comrades, with not many of their men. He came upon us, defeated us and did us such great harm.’
While Yermak had succeeded in taking Qashliq, the battle had reduced his Cossack force to 500 men. Yermak also now faced a supply problem. While the arm... | 53,638 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
pledge by delivering offerings of food to the city.
Yermak used the Ostyak tributes to feed his band of Cossacks throughout the winter. However, these supplies proved to be insufficient, and the Cossacks soon ventured into the wilderness to fish and hunt. The Cossacks’ task was not without trouble,... | 53,639 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
battle and was responsible for the Cossacks’ murder. Yermak then entered into battle with Mahmet-kul and his forces, defeating him once again.
The defeat of Mahmet-kul provided a brief respite to the Cossacks. However, in April 1583, he returned to the region. In an unfortunate twist of fate, Mahme... | 53,640 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
out down the Irtysh and Ob to complete his subjugation of the local tribal princes. He soon encountered the Ostyak prince Demian, who had fortified himself in a fortress on the banks of the Irtysh with 2,000 loyal fighters. It is reported to have taken Yermak and his men considerable time to break t... | 53,641 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
failed to place guards around his encampment, launched a surprise attack, killing Samar and disbanding his forces. Yermak was then able to secure tribute from the eight other princes. After this conquest, he continued down the river, succeeding in capturing the key Ostyak town of Nazym. Yermak's fri... | 53,642 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
conquests. While his reasons for this are unclear, experts believe that, in addition to wishing to clear his name of earlier misdeeds, Yermak also desperately needed supplies. To his end, he sent his trusted lieutenant Ivan Kolzo with fifty men, two letters (one each for the Stroganovs and Ivan the ... | 53,643 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
and the subjugation of Tatar lands, was thus well received by a relieved Maksim. Maksim provided Kolzo with lodging, food, and money before sending him on his way.
Kolzo, upon reaching Moscow, was granted an audience with Ivan despite having a Muscovite bounty on his head. To the detriment of Mosco... | 53,644 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
city, as church bells were tolled throughout Moscow to glorify Yermak. Ivan then had many gifts prepared for Yermak, including his personal fur mantle, a goblet, two suits of armor emblazoned with bronze double-headed eagles, and money. Ivan also commanded that a band of "streltsy" be sent to reinfo... | 53,645 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
aware that doing so would eliminate Kuchum's only motive for peace, nonetheless obeyed the tsar and arranged for his transport. Unsurprisingly, Kuchum's forces began to increase the frequency of their raids. Yermak now found himself in a predicament, as a long winter had prevented the gathering of s... | 53,646 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
to Yermak begging for assistance against the Nogai Tatars. Yermak, wary of Karacha but nonetheless disposed to help, deployed Kolzo with a force of 40 Cossacks. Karacha, however, was not to be trusted, as Kolzo and his men walked into an ambush and were all killed. Now without Kolzo, Yermak was left... | 53,647 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
was able to endure the blockade for three months. However, the Cossacks could not last forever, and on the cloudy night of June 12, 1584, Yermak decided to act. Stealthily penetrating the line of wagons, Yermak's men were able to surprise the gathered forces in their sleep, killing a large number. A... | 53,648 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
as the Cossacks were able to kill one hundred men with only two dozen deaths of their own.
Defeated and disgraced, Karacha fled south to the steppes of the Ishim, where Kuchum waited. Freed from confinement, Yermak turned to the offensive, conquering many towns and forts to the east of Qashliq and ... | 53,649 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
out of gunpowder. To make matters worse, while his reinforcements arrived, they did so utterly exhausted and depleted by scurvy. Indeed, many of the men, including their commanding officer, had not survived the journey. Thus, in addition to facing the problem of escalating hostilities, their food sh... | 53,650 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
a time of famine. Kuchum, knowing this, set a trap. The most common account is that Kuchum purposely leaked information to Yermak, in which it was claimed that Bukharan merchants from Central Asia, traveling with large amounts of food, were being prevented from moving by Kuchum's men. In August 1584... | 53,651 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
fell asleep with no guard. Kuchum, however, had been following Yermak's party and was lying in wait. Kuchum's forces forded the river around midnight; their approach was hidden by the loudness of the storm and the dark of night. Kuchum's Tatars were upon Yermak's men so quickly that they could not u... | 53,652 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
to him by the Tsar, Yermak sank to the bottom and drowned. At least one survivor, unburdened by such heavy armor, was able to flee across the river and return to Qashliq with news of Yermak's death.
Yermak's body was borne down the river, where seven days later it is said to have been found by a Ta... | 53,653 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
a hero, killing thirty oxen in his name. His prized armor was eventually distributed among the Tatar chiefs.
# Legacy.
Upon receiving news of Yermak's death, the Cossacks became immediately demoralized. The original band of men had dwindled to 150 fighters, and command now fell to Glukhoff, the le... | 53,654 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
in accordance with the tsar's will. The fast-acting and perceptive Tatars, however, had been informed of the group's flight and had retaken the city almost immediately, preventing any peaceful reoccupation of their former stronghold. Although the Tatar position appeared strong, they were no longer l... | 53,655 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
attempt on Qashliq. Instead, in a culmination of the events immediately following Yermak's fatal plunge, they founded a new settlement in 1587 on the site of what would become Tobolsk, a comfortable twelve miles from Qashliq. Although the Tatars quickly began raids against their familiar foe, after ... | 53,656 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
death, as his legend spread through the domain rapidly and, with it, the news of a land rich in furs and vulnerable to Russian influence. Colonization attempts soon followed, as Tyumen, the first known town after Yermak's death, was founded in 1586. The settling of this territory facilitated the est... | 53,657 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Yermak's death, an ambitious project of fortification began under the direction of Boris Godunov. Its achievements, including the extension of protection for Russians in the region, would drive even greater numbers of entrepreneurs to Siberia. In 1590, Tobolsk received a significant boost in promine... | 53,658 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
tsar's treasury. Thus, as soon as fifteen years after Yermak's death, the basin of the Ob River had truly become a region of Russian influence. Even so, the Russians did not rest on their laurels, and the attitude and pace of expansion pioneered by Yermak continued well into the 17th century. Indeed... | 53,659 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
life and conquests had a significant impact on Russian policy towards Siberia and the colonization attempts that followed this shift. Prior to Yermak's agreement with the Strogonovs, the Russian attitude towards the Siberian expanse had been one preoccupied primarily with defense, not aggression. Th... | 53,660 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
also changed the involvement of the tsar in Siberian affairs. In reaching out to the tsar for assistance, Yermak gained the support of the government; indeed, it was reinforcements from the tsar that solidified the Russian presence in the region immediately after Yermak's death. This newfound commit... | 53,661 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
with treasures and tributes gained from conquest. Without this system in place, it is unlikely such an arrangement would have come to fruition.
Future explorers would also take notice of Yermak's strategy in approaching the Siberian lands, which, unlike those in many other colonization attempts, al... | 53,662 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
to avoid trouble, and it mattered little to whom the tribute was paid. Yermak's unique strength was thus in recognizing the bigger picture and playing it to his advantage, first identifying and then executing quick, efficient ways to establish influence in the region.
The actions of Yermak also red... | 53,663 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
by the Tsar of Moscow. Now, Yermak's Cossacks had effectively been incorporated into the military system and were able to receive support from the tsar. This new arrangement also acted as a sort of pressure-relief valve for the Cossacks, who had a history of being troublesome on the Russian frontier... | 53,664 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
that the Cossack name remained in place in Siberia and that soldiers sent as reinforcements often adopted this title. Furthermore, this realignment was not without criticism, however, and some saw Yermak as a traitor to the Cossack name. Such detractors saw Yermak's death as punishment for turning a... | 53,665 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
assisted the Russian government approached the voyevoda of Tobolsk and asked for his assistance in obtaining an item in the Tatar's possession, believed to be Yermak's armor. The reason he approached the voyevoda was that he had previously been denied a trade by the Tatars after offering them ten sl... | 53,666 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
of ways.
Multiple statues and monuments have been erected in his honor throughout Russia.
V. A. Beklemishev began his construction project for a monument dedicated to Yermak in 1903 in the Cathedral Square of Novocherkassk, the capital of the Don Cossack country. On the monument Yermak is shown ho... | 53,667 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
on the Don. Though this region has long claimed Yermak to be one of its own, there is no evidence that he was born there or ever visited.
There is also a statue of Yermak at Tobolsk and one in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg designed by M. M. Antolkol’skiy.
Two icebreakers have been n... | 53,668 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Stone after Yermak. Legend has it that Yermak and his brigade passed one of the harsh Siberian winters on the cliff side.
# In popular culture.
Yermak is an important heroic figure in Russian history, depicted in film, literature, poetry, song, and paintings.
## Film.
Yermak makes an appearance ... | 53,669 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
second encounter, he heads far north in Siberia and becomes so enamored with the might of Soviet construction projects that he composes a choral symphony entitled the ‘Tale of Siberian Land.’ Andrei is then reunited with his beloved who finds him in the depths of Siberia. The two travel to Moscow wh... | 53,670 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
to do battle with Siberia.” The film then begins a visual montage which traces Russian history and the representation of the Russian landscape over time. Yermak is shown as a “pantomime hero” leading his forces into battle. Simon Franklin and Emma Widdis describe that “here, the director taps into t... | 53,671 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
as softer, flatter, and gentler. Andrei proceeds to describe the process through which Yermak's descendants continued to dominate Siberia. Ultimately, Yermak is portrayed as the hero who launched the conquest that shaped the whole of Russia.
In 1996, directors Vladimir Krasnopolsky and Valeri Uskov... | 53,672 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
a historical account of the Cossack experience in Russia which provides portraits of famous Cossack leaders Yermak, Bogdan Khmelnitski, and Stepan Razin
- "Yermak's Campaign in Siberia" (1974) - translated from Russian by Tatiana Minorsky and David Wileman and edited, with an introduction and notes... | 53,673 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
themselves succumbing to a revived, apparently zombified woman whom they had dug up, leaving only one survivor.
## Folk songs and poetry.
There are many folk songs and much poetry about Yermak which contribute to our vision of the hero. By tracing the transformation of folk songs and poetry about ... | 53,674 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
“Yermak’s men kill the Muscovite ambassador to Persia named as Semen Konstantinovich Karamyshev” while others speak of Yermak's acts of piracy and pillaging with his Cossack brigade. Though most folk songs are not entirely consistent with the historical accounts of Yermak's life, there are many simi... | 53,675 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Museum in St. Petersburg
- various paintings by Semyon Remezov in the Remezov Chronicle
# See also.
- Icebreaker Yermak
- History of Siberia
- Exploration of Siberia
- Exploration of Asia
- Russian conquest of Siberia
- Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir
# References.
"This article incorpora... | 53,676 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
W. P.. The Cossacks: Their History and Country. New York: Brentano's, 1919.
- Czaplicka, Miss, and Leslie Urquhart. "The Future of Siberia: Discussion." The Geographical Journal 51, no. 3 (1918): 159-164.
- Feodoroff, Nicholas V. "Soviet Communists and Russian History: A Frame in Time". Commack, N... | 53,677 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Russian Eastward Movement: Some Observations on its Historical Significance. Berkeley: Pacific Historical Review, 1948.
- Kivelson, Valerie A. "Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia". Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006.
- Landers, Brian. Empire... | 53,678 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
43 (1923): 206-215. https://www.jstor.org/stable/593339 (accessed January 13, 2012).
- March, G. Patrick. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996.
- "Monument to the legendary Cossack Ermak - Sights." The Official Website of the City of Novocherkassk. ... | 53,679 |
751060 | Yermak Timofeyevich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermak%20Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
David Norman Collins. The History of Siberia. London: Routledge, 2006.
- Perkhavko, Valery. "Soft Gold." Science in Russia 4 (2008): 50-56.
- Rasputin, Valentin. "Siberia, Siberia". Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1996.
- Semyenov, Yuri. "The Conquest of Siberia". Ed. E. W. Dickes.... | 53,680 |
751111 | Joint Meritorious Unit Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint%20Meritorious%20Unit%20Award | Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Joint Meritorious Unit Award
The Joint Meritorious Unit Award (JMUA) is a military award that was established on June 4, 1981 by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and was implemented by Department of Defense Directive 1348.27 dated July 22, 1982. The Joint Meritorious Unit Award was m... | 53,681 |
751111 | Joint Meritorious Unit Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint%20Meritorious%20Unit%20Award | Joint Meritorious Unit Award
enemy of the United States, a declared national emergency, or under extraordinary circumstances that involve national interests.
The first organization to receive the Joint Meritorious Unit Award was the "Electronic Warfare During Close Air Support Joint Test Force" and was awarded the dec... | 53,682 |
751111 | Joint Meritorious Unit Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint%20Meritorious%20Unit%20Award | Joint Meritorious Unit Award
y 1990s.
It was awarded for Operation Praying Mantis in 1988. Returning Navy units were to receive a Presidential Unit Citation, but it was downgraded after Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down by .
The Joint Meritorious Unit Award is a ribbon, enclosed in a gold frame. USN, USMC and USAF re... | 53,683 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
Anchoring
Anchoring or focalism is a cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (considered to be the "anchor") when making decisions.
Anchoring occurs when, during decision making, an individual relies on an initial piece of information to make subseque... | 53,684 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
a used car, set either before or at the start of negotiations, sets an arbitrary focal point for all following discussions. Prices discussed in negotiations that are lower than the anchor may seem reasonable, perhaps even cheap to the buyer, even if said prices are still relatively higher than the actual mark... | 53,685 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
on judgments".
# Focusing effect.
The focusing effect (or focusing illusion) is a cognitive bias that occurs when people place too much importance on one aspect of an event, causing an error in accurately predicting the utility of a future outcome.
When making predictions about happiness or convenience, pe... | 53,686 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
The bias lies in that most people focused on and overweighed the sunny weather and ostensibly easy-going lifestyle of California and devalued and underrated other aspects of life and determinants of happiness, such as low crime rates and safety from natural disasters like earthquakes (both of which large part... | 53,687 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
Adjustment heuristic.
Anchoring and adjustment is a psychological heuristic that influences the way people intuitively assess probabilities. According to this heuristic, people start with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. A person begin... | 53,688 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
within 5 seconds, the product of the numbers one through eight, either as formula_1 or reversed as formula_2. Because participants did not have enough time to calculate the full answer, they had to make an estimate after their first few multiplications. When these first multiplications gave a small answer – b... | 53,689 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
Nations that were African nations. Participants whose wheel stopped on 10 guessed lower values (25% on average) than participants whose wheel stopped at 65 (45% on average). The pattern has held in other experiments for a wide variety of different subjects of estimation.
As a second example, in a study by Da... | 53,690 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
between 60 percent and 120 percent higher than those with the lower social security numbers, which had become their anchor.
## Difficulty of avoiding.
Various studies have shown that anchoring is very difficult to avoid. For example, in one study students were given anchors that were obviously wrong. They w... | 53,691 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
causes and properties of anchoring, participants were exposed to an anchor and asked to guess how many physicians were listed in the local phone book. In addition, they were explicitly informed that anchoring would "contaminate" their responses, and that they should do their best to correct for that. A contro... | 53,692 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
to effectively adjust from an anchor.
# Causes.
Several theories have been put forth to explain what causes anchoring, although some explanations are more popular than others, there is no consensus as to which is best. In a study on possible causes of anchoring, two authors described anchoring as easy to de... | 53,693 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
it to get to their final answer; however, they adjust insufficiently, resulting in their final guess being closer to the anchor than it would be otherwise. Other researchers also found evidence supporting the anchoring-and-adjusting explanation.
However, later researchers criticized this model, because it is... | 53,694 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
anchoring effect holds even when the anchor is subliminal. According to Tversky and Kahneman's theory, this is impossible, since anchoring is only the result of conscious adjustment. Because of arguments like these, anchoring-and-adjusting has fallen out of favor.
## Selective accessibility.
In the same stu... | 53,695 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
is not, the judge moves on to another guess, but not before accessing all the relevant attributes of the anchor itself. Then, when evaluating the new answer, the judge looks for ways in which it is similar to the anchor, resulting in the anchoring effect. Various studies have found empirical support for this ... | 53,696 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
more favorable to the particular attributes of that anchor, biasing future answers to have similar characteristics as the anchor. Leading proponents of this theory consider it to be an alternate explanation in line with prior research on anchoring-and-adjusting and selective accessibility.
# Influencing fact... | 53,697 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
than people with happy or neutral mood.
## Experience.
Early research found that experts (those with high knowledge, experience, or expertise in some field) were more resistant to the anchoring effect. Since then, however, numerous studies have demonstrated that while experience can sometimes reduce the eff... | 53,698 |
751106 | Anchoring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchoring | Anchoring
of the Big Five personality traits. People high in agreeableness and conscientiousness are more likely to be affected by anchoring, while those high in extraversion are less likely to be affected. Another study found that those high in openness to new experiences were more susceptible to the anchoring effect.... | 53,699 |
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