wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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11564305 | Vikram Banerjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram%20Banerjee | Vikram Banerjee
nters of 2006 and 2007 Vikram Banerjee has repeatedly been described as "one to watch"(Spin Magazine 2007).
Wisden Cricket for 2008 includes the following:"There is more to come from Banerjee, newly out of Cambridge University. He had a satisfying first full season with 26 victims for his attacking lef... | 6,118,000 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
Bump Hadley
Irving Darius Hadley (July 5, 1904 – February 15, 1963) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. Born in Lynn, Massachusetts, he played the major leagues for the Washington Senators (1926–31 and 1935), Chicago White Sox (1932), St. Louis Browns (1932–34), New York Yankees (1936–40), New Y... | 6,118,001 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
He set an interscholastic shot-put record and excelled as a punter on the school's football team. As a member of the school's baseball team, Hadley threw a no-hitter against Chelsea High School. On May 3, 1923 he struck out a North Shore League record 21 batters in a one-hit shutout against Chelsea. He went... | 6,118,002 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
being ruled academically ineligible for the upcoming baseball season and signed with East Douglas in the independent Blackstone Valley League, where he went 17–2.
# Professional career.
## Washington Senators.
Hadley made his major league debut on April 30, 1926 against the New York Yankees. In 3 innings... | 6,118,003 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
missed several weeks due to appendicitis. He finished the season with a 12–13 record and a 3.54 ERA. On September 3, 1928, he surrendered Ty Cobb's final career hit. Hadley struggled in 1929, going 6–16 with a 5.62 ERA. He improved the following year with a 15–11 record. In 1931, Senators Manager Walter Joh... | 6,118,004 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
Hayes. The trade did not take place, however, as Clark Griffith wanted Buddy Myer instead of Hayes. Instead, Hadley was traded to the Chicago White Sox after the season with Hayes and Sad Sam Jones for John Kerr and Carl Reynolds.
## St. Louis Browns.
After making three appearances for the White Sox, Hadl... | 6,118,005 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
traded to the Senators for catcher Luke Sewell and cash. He posted a 10–15 record with a 4.92 ERA in his return to Washington.
## New York Yankees.
On January 17, 1936, Washington traded Hadley and Roy Johnson to the Yankees for Jimmie DeShong and Jess Hill. Hadley was given a spot in the starting rotatio... | 6,118,006 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
Cochrane's skull, which ended his playing career. Hadley insisted that he had not hit Cochrane on purpose. Cochrane and his teammates also absolved Hadley from blame. The Yankees returned to the World Series that year and Hadley started (and lost) game four, but the Yankees won the series four games to one.... | 6,118,007 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
of the 1939 World Series after pitching eight innings out of the bullpen. The Yankees went on to win the series the following game. Hadley faltered in 1940, going 3–5, with a 5.74 ERA. The team slipped as well, falling to third place in the American League.
## Giants and Athletics.
On December 31, 1940, H... | 6,118,008 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
publicity department as exhibiting for its official movie film, and the National League would scarcely permit one of its pitchers to promote good-will for the AL".
# Personal life.
On November 2, 1927, Hadley married Jessie Gibbs at The First Baptist Church of the City of Washington, D.C. The two first me... | 6,118,009 |
11563962 | Bump Hadley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump%20Hadley | Bump Hadley
1940s were residing in Swampscott, Massachusetts.
# Retirement.
Hadley retired after the 1941 season and returned to Massachusetts. In 1942, he played for a Lynn semipro team and pitched a four-hit shutout against the Boston Braves in an exhibition game benefiting the war-effort.
In 1942 he began hosting... | 6,118,010 |
11564169 | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20News-Herald%20(Southgate,%20Michigan) | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan)
The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan)
The News-Herald is a bi-weekly newspaper serving the Downriver suburbs of Detroit. It is based in Southgate, Michigan, and owned by Digital First Media as part of its Detroit region.
The newspaper is published every Wednesday and Sunday.
# H... | 6,118,011 |
11564169 | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20News-Herald%20(Southgate,%20Michigan) | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan)
under the Heritage Newspapers brand in 1986, when the late industrialist Heinz Prechter brought the old "News-Herald" (based in Wyandotte, MI) and Mellus Newspapers (based in Lincoln Park, MI) from SEM Newspapers Inc. and combined them into a single Downriver publication each Wedne... | 6,118,012 |
11564169 | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20News-Herald%20(Southgate,%20Michigan) | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan)
after the April 20, 2012 edition.
Following the 2013 merger of 21st Century Media and MediaNews Group to form Digital First Media, the current owner, the "News-Herald" was placed in 2014 into Digital First's newly formed Detroit region, which also includes longtime sister papers t... | 6,118,013 |
11564169 | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20News-Herald%20(Southgate,%20Michigan) | The News-Herald (Southgate, Michigan)
Media, the current owner, the "News-Herald" was placed in 2014 into Digital First's newly formed Detroit region, which also includes longtime sister papers the "Macomb Daily" and the "Detroit News". The other 21st Century-owned newspapers in Michigan were placed into Digital First'... | 6,118,014 |
11564245 | Operation Steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation%20Steel | Operation Steel
Operation Steel
Operation Steel () was a cross-border operation by the Turkish Armed Forces into northern Iraq between 20 March and 4 May 1995 against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The purpose of offensive was to put a stop to the PKK cross-border raids and to crush the insurgency. The PKK was no... | 6,118,015 |
11564245 | Operation Steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation%20Steel | Operation Steel
Turkey pulled out 20,000 of its 35,000 troops. After on May 3, the Kurdistan Democratic Party delegation to Turkey said they would stop PKK activities in Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey withdrew its remaining forces on May 4. The military operation strained relations between Turkey and the United States and Eur... | 6,118,016 |
11564245 | Operation Steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation%20Steel | Operation Steel
ced by Turkish forces.
# Casualties.
More than 35,000 troops took part in the operation. Turkey announced fatalities at a total of 64 personnel made out of 4 commissioned officers, 5 noncommissioned officers and 55 soldiers. Turkey announced the injured at a total of 185 personnel made out of 13 commi... | 6,118,017 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
Robot Chicken: Star Wars
"Robot Chicken: Star Wars" (also known as "Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode I") is a 2007 episode of the television comedy series "Robot Chicken", airing as a one-off special during Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block on June 17, 2007. It was released on DVD on July 22,... | 6,118,018 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
the beginning of "The Empire Strikes Back", as Luke Skywalker throws a grenade into the bathroom.
- 3. Palpatine gets a collect call from Vader who tells him that the Rebel Alliance blew up the Death Star, leaving Palpatine in financial turmoil. This skit is recycled from the episode "1987," a... | 6,118,019 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
lunch and there asks Luke Skywalker a question (in non-human tongue). A drunken Evazan convinces Luke that this is actually a threat, and despite Ponda's friendly intentions, Obi-Wan Kenobi slices his arm off. He returns to work, but is laid off as the chopped-off appendage was his drawing arm.... | 6,118,020 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
recruits that Vader does not actually have the power of Force strangulation, but that they should pretend to die anyway, so that Vader does not kill them with his lightsaber.
- 5. After destroying the Death Star, Luke asks R2-D2 to call his aunt and uncle, before remembering that they are dead... | 6,118,021 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
in using the Force, he cannot see. Obi-Wan takes advantage of this and knees him in the groin.
- 8. A space slug, after failing to catch the "Millennium Falcon", discusses ordering Chinese food as an alternative with his space slug neighbor.
- 9. The janitor sweeps up the corpse of Mace Windu... | 6,118,022 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
accidentally cuts off Jenna Bush's middle finger. Bush awakens from his daydream, revealing that he does not actually have Jedi powers. This skit is recycled from the episode "Massage Chair".
## Chapter 3.
- 1. A weather report reveals that Cloud City is currently "cloudy, followed by clouds"... | 6,118,023 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
doing up there all the time?"
- 5. During the attempt to rescue Princess Leia, Han attempts to prevent any stormtroopers being sent to the prisoner control room by telling an Imperial officer that there is a reactor leak. The officer is skeptical, who eventually calls Vader, who decides that i... | 6,118,024 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
Power Converters". This implies the "true" motive behind Luke's claim to Uncle Owen, "But I have to go to Tosche Station to pick up some power converters" in "A New Hope".
- 8. Boba Fett walks up to a carbonite-frozen Han Solo and begins to gloat at his superiority, which slowly turns into Fet... | 6,118,025 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
This sketch is recycled from the episode "Vegetable Funfest", and is the only part of the special where Luke is voiced by Mark Hamill.
- 11. As Palpatine tries to give an impassioned speech, he is continually interrupted by the ongoing construction of the second Death Star. This skit was parti... | 6,118,026 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
he is not actually an elephant. This sketch includes a vocal cameo by 'N Sync's Joey Fatone.
- 3. "Mid-Night with Zuckuss" - A parody of "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" (with the real-life O'Brien voicing Zuckuss), with guests including a Syncro-Vox Emperor Palpatine and "Darth Vader". The fil... | 6,118,027 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
is still annoying Vader.
# Voice cast.
The episode features the voices of:
- Seth Green - Announcer, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Homeless man, Imperial officer, Jenna Bush, Max Reebo, Nerd, Ponda Baba, Space slug #2, Qui-Gon Jinn
- Candace Bailey - Girl, Princess Leia Organa
- Abraham Be... | 6,118,028 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
Imperial officer
- Breckin Meyer - Admiral Ackbar, Announcer, Boba Fett, Janitor, Space slug #1
- Dan Milano - Boy, Cantina bartender, Luke Skywalker
- Chad Morgan - Laura Bush, Princess Leia Organa, Weather girl
- Conan O'Brien - Ponda Baba's boss, Zuckuss
- Robert Smigel - Emperor Palpat... | 6,118,029 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
pitched by Doug Goldstein (with Palpatine originally portrayed as a Bob Newhart-esque character) and rewritten by Breckin Meyer. The skit became popular and was uploaded to YouTube until it was eventually seen by "Star Wars" creator George Lucas. Impressed, Lucas invited the show's creators Set... | 6,118,030 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
twice the length of a standard episode. The writers did not intentionally tone down their material as they knew that Lucasfilm would inform them of any items unsuitable for broadcast. Lucasfilm's director of marketing Tom Warner noted that "There were definitely a few [sketches] I batted an eye... | 6,118,031 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
since "Star Wars" has already been parodied for 30 years now." On the style of the humor, Green opined: "We love to emphasize the mundane in the extraordinary, and "Star Wars" was perfect for that. You have something that's intergalactic, and yet there's got to be some textural machinations of ... | 6,118,032 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
figures was used to produce the episode. Each animator produced 12 seconds of footage a day and the team, which Green directed, was finished in two weeks. Editing, visual and sound effects then took a further two months. Lucasfilm supplied them with the sound effects from the films. A sketch pa... | 6,118,033 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
to get him.
# Reception.
Green won the Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode. It was also nominated for Best Animated Television Production. The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming L... | 6,118,034 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
["Star Wars"] nerds rolling on the floor laughing." "Variety" reviewer Brian Lowry praised the episode adding that "Lucas' fantasy has frequently sailed the smoothest when he takes a back seat and leaves the starship piloting to someone else." Aubry D'Arminio of "Entertainment Weekly", in revie... | 6,118,035 |
11563976 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot%20Chicken:%20Star%20Wars | Robot Chicken: Star Wars
to "The Simpsons", has spawned a "Star Wars" parody, but the stop-motion maniacs at "Robot Chicken" top them all with 23 guffaw-filled minutes." Noel Murray of "The A.V. Club" gave an overall positive review stating the episode has "15 minutes of good gags" and "is pitched to anyone who grew up... | 6,118,036 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Positive train control
Positive train control (PTC) is a system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements and is a type of train protection system. The term stems from control engineering. The train is only allowed to move in case of "positive" movement allowance.... | 6,118,037 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Stopping a running train is the main goal of any "train protection system". This is most easily done with stop order, and without a special order the vehicle is allowed to run. A typical representative for this "negative train control" is Indusi. In contrast to this 'easy moving', a PTC restricts... | 6,118,038 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
dark territory or signaled territory, and may use GPS navigation to track train movements. Various other benefits are sometimes associated with PTC such as increased fuel efficiency or locomotive diagnostics; these are benefits that can be achieved by having a wireless data system to transmit the... | 6,118,039 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
PTC across 83.2 percent of the required route miles. The American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) describes Positive Train Control as having these primary characteristics:
- Train separation or collision avoidance
- Line speed enforcement
- Temporary speed restri... | 6,118,040 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
train separation) among its "Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements." At the time, the vast majority of rail lines in US relied on the human crew for complying with all safety rules, and a significant fraction of accidents were attributable to human error, as evidenced in several ... | 6,118,041 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
of a Metrolink passenger train and a Union Pacific freight train September 12, 2008, in California, which resulted in the deaths of 25 and injuries to more than 135 passengers.
As the bill neared final passage by Congress, the Association of American Railroads (AAR) issued a statement in support... | 6,118,042 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
train crews.
## Implementation.
To implement the law, the FRA published final regulations for PTC systems on January 15, 2010. The agency proposed amendments to its rules on December 11, 2012.
In December 2010, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that Amtrak and the major ... | 6,118,043 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
design, test, make interoperable, and manufacture the technology; and the need to obtain radio spectrum along the entire rail network, which involves FCC permission and in some cases negotiating with an existing owner for purchase or lease.
The Metrolink commuter rail system in Southern Californ... | 6,118,044 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
extending the compliance deadline by three years, to December 31, 2018. President Barack Obama signed the bill on October 29, 2015. Under the law, full implementation is required by the end of 2020, and the U.S. freight railroads say they are on target to meet the final deadline.
## Controversy.... | 6,118,045 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
startup barriers to new passenger rail or freight services that would trigger millions of dollars in additional PTC costs. The unfunded mandate also ties the hands of the FRA to adopt a more nuanced or flexible approach to the adoption of PTC technology where it makes the most sense or where it i... | 6,118,046 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
concurred with this cost assessment in its 2009 PTC rulemaking document.
The reason behind the lack of economic justification is that the majority of accidents are minor and FRA crash worthiness standards help mitigate the potential loss of life or release of hazardous chemicals. For example, in... | 6,118,047 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
States has been estimated at over $2 billion and because of these costs, several services are having to cancel or reduce repairs, capital improvements, and service. Other services simply do not have the funds available for PTC and have deferred action assuming some change from Congress. Railroads... | 6,118,048 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
the speed control unit of changing track or signal conditions.
Optionally, three additional components may exist:
- An on-board navigation system and track profile database to enforce fixed speed limits
- A bi-directional data link to inform signaling equipment of the train's presence
- Centr... | 6,118,049 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
the dynamic information. The wireless implementation also allows for the train to transmit its location to the signaling system which could enable the use of moving or "virtual" blocks. The wireless implementation is generally cheaper in terms of equipment costs, but is considered to be much less... | 6,118,050 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
code cab signaling has already been installed. In some cases, the lack of a reliance on wireless communications is being touted as a benefit. The wireless method has proven most successful on low density, unsignaled dark territory normally controlled via track warrants, where speeds are already l... | 6,118,051 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
locomotive must continually calculate the trains' current speed relative to a speed target some distance away governed by a braking curve. If the train risks not being able to slow to the speed target given the braking curve, the brakes are automatically applied and the train is immediately slowe... | 6,118,052 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
as well as the maximum authorized speed. Temporary speed restrictions can be updated before the train departs its terminal or via wireless data links. The track data can also be used to calculate braking curves based on the grade profile. The navigation system can use fixed track beacons or diffe... | 6,118,053 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
This is often considered to be a form of Communications Based Train Control and is not a necessary part of PTC.
## Trackside device interface.
The train may be able to detect the status of (and sometimes control) wayside devices, for example switch positions. This information is sent to the con... | 6,118,054 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
systems such as cab signaling have been present for many decades, the freight railroad industry has been reluctant to fit speed control devices because the often heavy-handed nature of such devices can have an adverse effect on otherwise safe train operation. The advanced processor-based speed co... | 6,118,055 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
risk of slowing trains below the level at which they had previously been safely operated by human engineers. Railway speeds are calculated with a safety factor such that slight excesses in speed will not result in an accident. If a PTC system applies its own safety margin, then the end result wil... | 6,118,056 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
had shown that EGNOS-enhanced satellite navigation alone was unable to meet the SIL4 safety integrity required for train signaling.
From a purely technical standpoint, PTC will not prevent certain low-speed collisions caused by permissive block operation, accidents caused by trains "shoving" in ... | 6,118,057 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
most small freight railroads, and many commuter railroads is based on data radios operating in a single frequency band near . A consortium created by two freight railroads called PTC 220 LLC has purchased significant spectrum around , from previous licensees for use in deploying PTC. Some of this... | 6,118,058 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
spectrum may be difficult to accomplish because of a lack of availability, difficulties in negotiating complex multi-party deals to gain enough adjacent spectrum, and because the financial cost of the acquisitions may make the task impossible for some state agencies. However, research suggests th... | 6,118,059 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
they have not quantified how much spectrum they need, and that the railroads should seek spectrum in the secondary markets or in other bands.
## Radio band.
There are no regulatory or technical requirements that demand that be used to implement PTC (if a PTC implementation is to use wireless co... | 6,118,060 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
as a guest on another railroad's host tracks. Implementing PTC in such an environment is most easily achieved by using the same PTC equipment, and this includes radios and the associated radio spectrum.
When a commuter railroad operation must operate on a freight railroad territory, the commuter... | 6,118,061 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
if the commuter instead elects to use another type of PTC on their own property, they will need to install a second set of onboard equipment so they can operate PTC on their own property while also operating PTC on a freight's property. If a multi-band radio (such as the current generation softwa... | 6,118,062 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
to improve the security of the PTC communication medium.
If a small freight or commuter railroad does not operate on another railroad territory, then there is no interoperability-based reason that obligates them to use spectrum to implement PTC. In addition, if a small freight or commuter railro... | 6,118,063 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
wayside equipment for their guest PTC implementation to be installed on the host railroad property. An interesting case that highlights some of these issues is the northeast corridor. Amtrak operates services on two commuter rail properties it does not own: Metro-North Railroad (owned by New York... | 6,118,064 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
was not the case. Amtrak had a significant head start over the commuter rail agencies on the corridor in implementing PTC. They spent a considerable amount of time in research and development and won early approvals for their ACSES system on the northeast corridor with the FRA. They chose first t... | 6,118,065 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
off and meant that they would be traversing commuter properties that installed the same protocol at the same frequency, making them all interoperable. (Actually most of the Northeast Corridor is owned and operated by Amtrak, not the commuter properties, including the tracks from Washington, D.C. ... | 6,118,066 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
radio equipment availability. Radio equipment specifically targeted toward PTC is currently only available from a limited number of vendors, and they are focused only on . One radio vendor in particular, Meteorcomm LLC, is able to support the I-ETMS PTC protocol with a radio. Meteorcomm is jointl... | 6,118,067 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
to anti-trust violations. For many railroads, there is no other practical option to meet the federal mandate than to install PTC at using I-ETMS with the Meteorcomm radios. On the northeast corridor, another radio vendor, GE MDS, is able to support the Amtrak ACSES protocol with a radio. It shoul... | 6,118,068 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
use of these frequencies outside the US; in Canada, remains part of the radioamateur 1.25-metre band.
Other bands besides will support PTC, and have been used to win approvals from the FRA for PTC. When Amtrak received their initial approval, they planned to use frequencies for ACSES. BNSF Railw... | 6,118,069 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
deploy PTC.
## Interoperability requirements.
There is no single defined standard for "interoperable PTC systems". Several examples of interoperable systems illustrate this point. First, the UP and BNSF are interoperable across their systems. They are both implementing I-ETMS and will use diffe... | 6,118,070 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
One radio talks to freight trains using I-ETMS and one radio talks to passenger trains using ITCS. In this case interoperability stops at the wayside and does not include the wireless segment out to the rail vehicles or the onboard systems. In the third example, similar to the first, Metrolink, t... | 6,118,071 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
commuter operation in and around Philadelphia, Ansaldo is implementing ACSES, the Amtrak northeast corridor PTC protocol. For CSX all the ACSES PTC transactions will be handed to CSX at the SEPTA back office, and CSX will be responsible for deploying I-ETMS infrastructure that they will use to co... | 6,118,072 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
band is sufficient. These rail operations measure on-time performance on a much more coarse scale than commuters do so their tolerance for delay is greater and has less impact on train schedules. In addition, the PTC implementations deployed by commuter operations will be running much closer to t... | 6,118,073 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
man-made and natural, can at times affect the operation of any wireless system that relies on one frequency band. When such wireless systems are employed for real-time control networks it is very difficult to ensure that network performance will not sometimes be impacted. CSX encountered this pro... | 6,118,074 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
industry had been moving toward a more robust multi-band radio solution for data applications such as PTC. In 2007, BNSF first won FRA approval for their original ETMS PTC system using a multi frequency-band radio. In addition, in mid-2008, an FRA sponsored effort by the AAR to develop a Higher P... | 6,118,075 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
followed suit, selecting .
## Suitability of wireless PTC for commuter rail.
Soon after the Rail Safety Improvements Act was passed, many commuter railroads chose not to develop their own PTC protocol and instead decided to save time and money by using a protocol developed for either freight or... | 6,118,076 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
commuter rail operation, without impacting on-time performance. Detailed and exhaustive protocol simulation testing can ease the risk of problems, however, there are too many variables, especially when the wireless component is considered, to guarantee before hand that under certain worst-case op... | 6,118,077 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
interlocking and 10–20 other trains are within communications range of a single wayside location. Such a what-if scenario may be tested at a few interlockings but not at the 30 or more interlockings on a large commuter property.
## Open standards.
A large group of industry experts from the fede... | 6,118,078 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
could possibly provide a way forward for all of the railroads to eventually deploy a more interoperable, robust, reliable, future-proof, and scalable solution for the wireless component of PTC.
## Upgrade costs.
The railroad industry, like the process industry and the power utility industry, ha... | 6,118,079 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
simple one and some railroads may determine, for instance after five years, that an upgrade of certain components of PTC may be justified. An example could be the radio component of PTC. If an open standard creates a less expensive radio product that is backwards compatible to existing systems an... | 6,118,080 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Brazil, and ALL deployed a technology based on an onboard computer that uses satellite communication (Autotrac or Iridium satellite constellation), GPS positioning system and, when possible, GPRS or Radio communication. The control center sends licenses to the train and its computer supervises th... | 6,118,081 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
of Train Protection System, such as the Great Western Railway ATC system, have been operational in Europe for over one hundred years. Since 1930 in Germany was introduced InDuSI for Automatic Train Protection (ATP), but it is not "positive" in control sense. The Automatic Warning System (AWS) was... | 6,118,082 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Train Control System (ETCS). It is well evolved as a result of many years of European ATP experience and development. Although a major driver for the implementation of ETCS is European interoperability, many non-European countries such as Australia, China, Israel, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Kore... | 6,118,083 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
like TETRA.
The equipment consists of on-board and infrastructure equipment. In an early cost sensitive application the variant ERTMS Regional has been developed by Banverket and the UIC. Meanwhile this development was caught up in new baseline revision 3 as part of ETCS Level 3.
The ITARUS-ATC... | 6,118,084 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Delhi–Mumbai trunk route which is already equipped with multi-aspect color light automatic signals and is electrified with 25 kV AC 50 Hz system that is standard in India. Since then other sections have been equipped with ETCS L2, including the expansion of the original test section to cover all ... | 6,118,085 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Corridor in Mozambique. The work was planned for completion in 2015; as of 2016, it was not yet completed, although it did receive $300 million from the African Development Bank to complete the project.
## Russia.
- KLUB-U
The Russian KLUB-U train control system is similar to Positive Train Co... | 6,118,086 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
Alaska Railroad (ARRC).
Wabtec Corporation is working with the ARRC to develop a collision-avoidance, Vital PTC system, for use on their locomotives. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, enforce speed limits, and protect roadway workers and equipment. Wabtec's Electronic ... | 6,118,087 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
and PHW's Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System (ACSES) system is installed on parts of Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor between Washington and Boston. ACSES enhances the cab signaling systems provided by PHW Inc. It uses passive transponders to enforce permanent civil speed restrictions. The system... | 6,118,088 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
on the section of track that train was travelling. The overspeed warning/penalty commands were not set up on that particular section of track although it was set up elsewhere.
### BNSF.
Wabtec's Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) is installed on a segment of the BNSF Railway. It is an o... | 6,118,089 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
is developing a Communications-Based Train Management (CBTM) system to improve the safety of its rail operations. CBTM is the predecessor to ETMS.
### Kansas City Southern (KCS).
Wabtec's Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) will provide PTC solutions in conjunction with Wabtec's Train Ma... | 6,118,090 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
the 1625–1652 series Bombardier control cars and the (now retired) 1000–1017 series F40PH locomotives, are equipped with the PTC compliant ACSES technology which is installed on the Amtrak Northeast Corridor. All MBTA trains traveling on any segment of the Northeast Corridor must be equipped with... | 6,118,091 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
to $428 million to install Positive Train Control on the Long Island Rail Road and the Metro-North Railroad, the two largest commuter railroads in the US, to a consortium of Bombardier Transportation Rail Control Solutions and Siemens Rail Automation. The LIRR and Metro-North installations will i... | 6,118,092 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
STS USA Inc's Advanced Speed Enforcement System (ASES) is being installed on New Jersey Transit commuter lines. It is coordinated with Alstom's ACSES so that trains can operate on the Northeast Corridor.
### Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board (Caltrain).
Caltrain's Communications Based Overl... | 6,118,093 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
PTG for failure to meet the scheduled 2015 deadline. PTG and Caltrain would go on to file lawsuits for breach of contract. At the its board of directors meeting on March 1, 2018, Caltrain announced that it will be awarding a contract to Wabtec for implementation of I-EMTS.
### Regional Transport... | 6,118,094 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
gaps between different overhead power sections, direct lightning strikes, snagging wires, and crossing signals behaving unexpectedly. In response to the crossing issues, Denver Transit Partners, the contractor building and operating the A Line, stationed crossing guards at each place where the A ... | 6,118,095 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
scheduled to open in Fall 2016 – until more progress could be shown resolving the A Line crossing issues. G Line testing resumed in January 2018, though the A Line continues to operate under a waiver and no date has been set to open the G Line to passenger service.
### Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Tra... | 6,118,096 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
on its Regional Rail lines. On April 18, 2016, SEPTA launched PTC on the Warminster Line, the first line to use the system. Over the course of 2016 and into 2017, PTC was rolled out onto different Regional Rail lines. On May 1, 2017, the Paoli/Thorndale Line, Trenton Line, and Wilmington/Newark L... | 6,118,097 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
positive train control. In October 2010, Metrolink awarded a $120 million contract to PTG to design, procure, and install PTC. PTG designed a PTC system that used GPS technology informing position to on-board train computers, which communicate wirelessly with wayside signals and a central office.... | 6,118,098 |
11562996 | Positive train control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive%20train%20control | Positive train control
passenger rail partners.
### Union Pacific (UP).
In the 1990s, Union Pacific Railroad (UP) had a partnership project with General Electric to implement a similar system known as "Precision Train Control." This system would have involved moving block operation, which adjusts a "safe zone" around... | 6,118,099 |
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