wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
A (Cabina A), preserved by the "Società Veneta Ferrovie" (a society named after the former public works and railway company, based in "Piazza Eremitani" in Padua) association.
## By aeroplane.
Padua is approximately away from Venice Marco Polo Airport which is the nearest airport with regular commercial service... | 6,119,300 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
a new Translohr guided tramway (connecting Albignasego, in the south of Padua, with Pontevigodarzere in the north of the city, thanks to the new line built in 2009) and private taxis.
The city centre is partly closed to vehicles, except for residents and permitted vehicles. There are some car parks surrounding t... | 6,119,301 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
Statistics.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Padova, Vicenza e Verona, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 46 min. 5% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is... | 6,119,302 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
1996, but the previous 14 between 1929 and 1962); the Petrarca Padova rugby union team, winner of 12 national championships (all between 1970 and 2011) and 2 national cups, and now plays in the Top12 league; and the Pallavolo Padova volleyball club, once called Petrarca Padova as well, which plays in the Italian ... | 6,119,303 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
Plebiscito for rugby union, about 9,000 seats; Palazzetto dello Sport San Lazzaro for volleyball and basketball, about 5,000 seats, and has just been restored; Ippodromo Breda – Le Padovanelle for horse races. The old and glorious Stadio Appiani, which hosted up to 21,000 people, presently reduced to 10,000 for s... | 6,119,304 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
match in Italy when they played Ascaro Rovigo GFC in the Adige Cup. The team colours are red and white.
The F1 racing driver Riccardo Patrese (runner-up 1992, 3rd place in 1989 and 1991; held the world record for having started the most Formula One races, beaten by Rubens Barrichello during the 2008 season) was ... | 6,119,305 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
his professional career in the Calcio Padova.
# Governance.
## Town twinning.
Padua is twinned with:
# Notable people.
- Livy (59 BC – 17 AD). Historian.
- Anthony of Padua (1195–1231). Franciscan priest, saint and doctor of the Church.
- Francesco Zabarella (1360–1417). Cardinal and canonist.
- Meir Katz... | 6,119,306 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
Sculptor.
- Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, father of modern science.
- Stefano Landi (1586–1639). Early music composer, known for songs such as T'amai gran tempo, Augelin and Pascagla della vita.
- Moses Chayyim Catalan (d. 1661), Jewish Italian poet.
- Bar... | 6,119,307 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
(1831–1861). Writer.
- Arrigo Boito (1842–1918). Poet, journalist, novelist, librettist and composer.
- Johann von Pallavicini (1848–1941). Austro-Hungarian diplomat.
- Tullio Levi-Civita (1873–1941). Mathematician.
- Giuseppe Valentini (1900–1979). Priest and historian, one of the founders and secretary gene... | 6,119,308 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
Mezzo-Soprano. A small square close to the Teatro Verdi was named in her honour (Piazzetta Lucia Valentini Terrani).
- Umberto Menin (born 1949). Painter.
- Novella Calligaris (born 1954). Swimmer and Olympic medallist.
- Riccardo Patrese (born 1954). Racing driver.
- Massimo Carlotto (born 1956). Writer and ... | 6,119,309 |
50240 | Padua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padua | Padua
- Carlo Mazzacurati (1956–2014). Film director and screenwriter.
- Maurizio Cattelan (born 1960). Artist.
- (born 1971). Artist and writer.
- Francesco Toldo (born 1971). Footballer.
- Giorgio Pantano (born 1979). Racing driver.
- Mirco Bergamasco (born 1983). Rugby union player.
- Andrea Marcato (born 1983... | 6,119,310 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
Domain of a function
In mathematics, the domain of definition (or simply the domain) of a function is the set of "input" or argument values for which the function is defined. That is, the function provides an "output" or value for each member of the domain. Conversely, the set of values the functi... | 6,119,311 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
represented in a Cartesian coordinate system, then the domain is represented on the "x"-axis.
# Formal definition.
Given a function formula_1, the set formula_2 is the domain of formula_3; the set formula_4 is the codomain of formula_3. In the expression formula_6, formula_7 is the argument and f... | 6,119,312 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
same set as the codomain or it can be a proper subset of it; it is the whole codomain if and only if formula_3 is a surjective function, and otherwise it is smaller.
A well-defined function must map every element of its domain to an element of its codomain. For example, the function formula_3 defi... | 6,119,313 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
to a subset of its domain. The restriction of formula_24 to formula_25, where formula_26, is written formula_27.
# Natural domain.
The natural domain of a function is the maximum set of values for which the function is defined, typically within the reals but sometimes among the integers or comple... | 6,119,314 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
a function from a subset "X"' of "X" to "Y". Most mathematicians, including recursion theorists, use the term "domain of "f"" for the set "X"' of all values "x" such that "f"("x") is defined. But some, particularly category theorists, consider the domain to be "X", irrespective of whether "f"("x") ... | 6,119,315 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
a subset of its domain must be modified. See subobject for more.
# Other uses.
The word "domain" is used with other related meanings in some areas of mathematics. In real and complex analysis, a domain is an open connected subset of a real or complex vector space. In the study of partial differen... | 6,119,316 |
50263 | Domain of a function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain%20of%20a%20function | Domain of a function
that is, where the unknown function(s) are defined.
# More common examples.
As a partial function from the real numbers to the real numbers, the function formula_29 has domain formula_30. However, if one defines the square root of a negative number "x" as the complex number "z" with positive imag... | 6,119,317 |
50275 | New York World's Fair | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20York%20World's%20Fair | New York World's Fair
New York World's Fair
New York World's Fair may refer to:
- 1939 New York World's Fair
- 1964 New York World's Fair | 6,119,318 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
Canadian Alliance
The Canadian Alliance (), formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (), was a conservative and centre-right to right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 2000 to 2003. The party was the successor to the Reform Party of Canada and inherited its p... | 6,119,319 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
Tory parties as a vehicle to merge with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The federal Progressive Conservative Party rebuffed the initiative to "unite the right" in the late fall of 1998 when it elected Joe Clark as its leader. In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Co... | 6,119,320 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
the Reform Party was motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. Led by its founder Preston Manning, the Reform Party rapidly gained momentum in western Canada and sought to expand it... | 6,119,321 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
in an Edmonton-area riding. The party achieved major success in the 1993 federal election, when it succeeded in replacing the Progressive Conservative Party as the leading right-wing party in Canada. Its platform and policies emphasized, "inter alia", the rights and responsibilities of the individual,... | 6,119,322 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the "United Alternative", to create a small-"c" conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed "conservative" vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, although some polls showed that the Liberals were the second choice of many PC voters ... | 6,119,323 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
the party voted to dissolve in favour of a new party: the "Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance", a declaration of policy and a new constitution. The new party's platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms. However, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former R... | 6,119,324 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
of the party's name, the resulting initials were "CCRAP" (humorously pronounced "see-crap" or just "crap") even though it, like the Bloc Québécois, didn't actually have the word "party" in its name. One day later, the party changed its official name to the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance, but wa... | 6,119,325 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
was strong support from many provincial Tories, especially in Ontario and Alberta. Subsequently, at the new party's first leadership convention, Manning was defeated by Stockwell Day, longtime treasurer (finance minister) of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the ... | 6,119,326 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. However, the Liberals responded by accusing the Alliance of having a "hidden agenda" (e.g., to introduce two-tier health care, and threateni... | 6,119,327 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
NDP, and the Tories under Joe Clark lost many seats and remained in fifth place, but Clark was elected in Calgary Centre in the middle of Alliance country, so the overall political landscape was not significantly changed.
However, the Alliance failure to win more than the two seats in Ontario, along ... | 6,119,328 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
seven of them, including Grey and Strahl, turned it down and formed their own parliamentary grouping, the Democratic Representative Caucus. The DRC formed a coalition with Clark's Tories in the House, which was widely seen as an attempt by Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms. The split fo... | 6,119,329 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
when he applied for readmission to the Alliance caucus.
# Provincial wings.
During its short history, the Canadian Alliance never seriously entertained the prospect of forming provincial wings, or forging formal links with existing provincial parties. The vast majority of Alliance supporters in most... | 6,119,330 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
the leadership of Reform/Alliance activist Randy Thorsteinson, the new party never sought a formal link with the Alliance, and if it had done so the overture would likely have been rebuffed since many Albertan Alliance members continued to support the Alberta Progressive Conservatives. However, the Al... | 6,119,331 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
October 15, 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party (under its new leader Peter MacKay) announced that they would merge to form a new party, called the Conservative Party of Canada. The union was ratified on December 5, 2003, with 96% support of the membership of the Canadia... | 6,119,332 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
the newer Alliance.
The new Conservative Party formed the Canadian government on February 6, 2006 and won two additional elections (2008 and 2011) under the leadership of Stephen Harper; of these, the 2006 and 2008 votes resulted in the party governing only as a minority; only in 2011 was a majority ... | 6,119,333 |
50255 | Canadian Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Alliance | Canadian Alliance
only as a minority; only in 2011 was a majority mandate achieved. The party was defeated in 2015, by the Liberals, and became the official opposition party in the House of Commons.
# Party leaders.
- Deborah Grey — March 27, 2000 – July 8, 2000 (interim)
- Stockwell Day — July 8, 2000 – December 11... | 6,119,334 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Eric Williams
# Early life.
Dr. Eric Eustace Williams was born on the 25th of September in 1911. His father Thomas Henry Williams was a minor civil servant, and his mother Eliza Frances Boissiere (13 April 1888 – 1969) was a descendant of the mixed French Creole elite. He saw his first school years at T... | 6,119,335 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Oxford). In 1935, he received first-class honours for his B.A in history and was ranked in first place among University of Oxford students graduating in History in 1935. He also represented the university at football. In 1938 he went on to obtain his doctorate (see section below). In "Inward Hunger", his ... | 6,119,336 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
factor involved". However, in 1936, thanks to a recommendation made by Sir Alfred Claud Hollis (Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, 1930–36), the Leathersellers' Company awarded him a £50 grant to continue his advanced research in history at Oxford. He completed the D.Phil in 1938 under the supervision of Vi... | 6,119,337 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
from the pen of Oxford Professor Reginald Coupland, that British imperialism was essentially propelled by humanitarian and benevolent impulses. Williams's argument owed much to the influence of C. L. R. James, whose "The Black Jacobins", also completed in 1938, also offered an economic and geostrategic ex... | 6,119,338 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Dr. Williams and the Commission, the Commission elected not to renew his contract. In a famous speech at Woodford Square in Port of Spain, he declared that he had decided to "put down his bucket" in the land of his birth. He rechristened that enclosed park, which stood in front of the Trinidad courts and ... | 6,119,339 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
party, the People's National Movement (PNM), which would take Trinidad and Tobago into independence in 1962, and dominate its post-colonial politics. Until this time his lectures had been carried out under the auspices of the Political Education Movement, a branch of the Teachers Education and Cultural As... | 6,119,340 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
thus far been the norm in Trinidadian politics.
In elections held eight months later, on 24 September the Peoples National Movement won 13 of the 24 elected seats in the Legislative Council, defeating 6 of the 16 incumbents running for re-election. Although the PNM did not secure a majority in the 31-mem... | 6,119,341 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
and independence.
After the Second World War, the British Colonial Office had preferred that colonies move towards political independence in the kind of federal systems which had appeared to succeed since the Confederation of Canada, which created Canada, in the 19th century. In the British West Indies t... | 6,119,342 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
West Indies, which with British Guiana (now Guyana) and British Honduras (now Belize) choosing to opt out of the Federation, left Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago as the dominant players. Most political parties in the various territories aligned themselves into one of two Federal political parties – the We... | 6,119,343 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
to form the Democratic Labour Party of Trinidad and Tobago.
The DLP victory in the 1958 Federal Elections and subsequent poor showing by the PNM in the 1959 County Council Elections soured Williams on the Federation. Lord Hailes (Governor-General of the Federation) also overruled two PNM nominations to t... | 6,119,344 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
of a resolution to that effect by the PNM General Council on 15 January 1962, Williams withdrew Trinidad and Tobago from the West Indies Federation. This action led the British government to dissolve the Federation.
In 1961 the PNM had introduced the "Representation of the People Bill". This Bill was des... | 6,119,345 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
and to gerrymander the boundaries to ensure victory by the PNM. Opponents of the PNM saw "proof" of these allegations when A. N. R. Robinson was declared winner of the Tobago seat in 1961 with more votes than there were registered voters, and in the fact that the PNM was able to win every subsequent elect... | 6,119,346 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
the rights of the minority party and expanded the number of Opposition Senators. With Capildeo's assent, Trinidad and Tobago became independent on 31 August 1962, 25 days after Jamaica.
## Black Power.
Between 1968 and 1970 the Black Power movement gained strength in Trinidad and Tobago. The leadership ... | 6,119,347 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
In response to the challenge, Williams countered with a broadcast entitled "I am for Black Power". He introduced a 5% levy to fund unemployment reduction and established the first locally owned commercial bank. However, this intervention had little impact on the protests.
On 3 April 1970, a protester was... | 6,119,348 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Force, led by Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle, mutinied and took hostages at the army barracks at Teteron. Through the action of the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard the mutiny was contained and the mutineers surrendered on 25 April.
Williams made three additional speeches in which he sought to identify hi... | 6,119,349 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
became the Democratic Action Congress), the Bill was withdrawn. Attorney General Karl Hudson-Phillips offered to resign over the failure of the Bill, but Williams refused his resignation.
# Legacy.
## Academic contributions.
Williams specialised in the study of slavery. Many Western academics focus on ... | 6,119,350 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
As industrial capitalism and wage labour began to expand, eliminating the competition from slavery became economically advantageous.
Indeed, Williams' impact on the field of study has proved of lasting significance. As Barbara Solow and Stanley Engerman put it in the preface to a compilation of essays on... | 6,119,351 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Yale Professor of History David Brion Davis refers to Williams' thesis of the declining economic viability of slave labor as "undermined by a vast mountain of empirical evidence and has been repudiated by the world’s leading authorities on New World slavery, the transatlantic slave trade, and the British ... | 6,119,352 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
mid-1820s, and continued until the emancipation of the slaves in the 1830s. The majority of the Eric Williams thesis, which addresses the decline of the sugar industry in the 1820s, the emancipation of the slaves in the 1830s, and the sugar equalisation acts of the 1840s, has not been refuted or undermine... | 6,119,353 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
Atlanta University, sought to debunk British historiography on the region and to condemn as racist the 19th- and early 20th-century British perspective on the West Indies. Williams was particularly scathing in his description of the 19th-century British intellectual Thomas Carlyle. The latter work is a ge... | 6,119,354 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
the lunar surface today. He wrote, in part: "It is our earnest hope for mankind that while we gain the moon, we shall not lose the world."
## The Eric Williams Memorial Collection.
The Eric Williams Memorial Collection (EWMC) at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago was inaugurated in... | 6,119,355 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
for consultation by researchers, the Collection amply reflects its owner’s eclectic interests, comprising some 7,000 volumes, as well as correspondence, speeches, manuscripts, historical writings, research notes, conference documents and a miscellany of reports. The Museum contains a wealth of emotive mem... | 6,119,356 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
re-creation of Williams' study.
Dr. Colin Palmer, Dodge Professor of History at Princeton University, has said: “as a model for similar archival collections in the Caribbean...I remain very impressed by its breadth... [It] is a national treasure.” Palmer's biography of Williams up to 1970, "Eric Williams... | 6,119,357 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
from the Spanish discovery to the British conquest of Jamaica, Volume 1", 1963.
- "History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago", 1964.
- "British Historians and the West Indies", 1964.
- "The Negro In The Caribbean", 1970.
- "Inward Hunger: The Education of a Prime Minister", 1971.
- "From Columbus ... | 6,119,358 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
and the West Indies", Port of Spain.
- Solow, Barbara, and Stanley Engerman (eds). 1987. "British Capitalism & Caribbean Slavery: the Legacy of Eric Williams".
- Cudjoe, Selwyn. 1993. "Eric E. Williams Speaks: Essays on Colonialism and Independence".
- Drescher, Seymour. 1977. "Econocide: British Slave... | 6,119,359 |
50252 | Eric Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric%20Williams | Eric Williams
ies", Port of Spain.
- Solow, Barbara, and Stanley Engerman (eds). 1987. "British Capitalism & Caribbean Slavery: the Legacy of Eric Williams".
- Cudjoe, Selwyn. 1993. "Eric E. Williams Speaks: Essays on Colonialism and Independence".
- Drescher, Seymour. 1977. "Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of... | 6,119,360 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
Sugar beet
A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet ("Beta vulgaris"). Together with other beet cultivars, such as beetroot and chard, it ... | 6,119,361 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
importers of sugar. The US harvested of sugar beets in 2008. In 2009, sugar beets accounted for 20% of the world's sugar production.
# Description.
The sugar beet has a conical, white, fleshy root (a taproot) with a flat crown. The plant consists of the root and a rosette of leaves. Sugar is formed by phot... | 6,119,362 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
is used in animal feed. The byproducts of the sugar beet crop, such as pulp and molasses, add another 10% to the value of the harvest.
Sugar beets grow exclusively in the temperate zone, in contrast to sugarcane, which grows exclusively in the tropical and subtropical zones. The average weight of sugar beet... | 6,119,363 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
extraction. In 1747, Andreas Marggraf isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3–1.6%. He also demonstrated that sugar could be extracted from beets that was identical with sugar produced from sugarcane. His student, Franz Karl Achard, evaluated 23 varieties of mangelwurzel for sug... | 6,119,364 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
led to the first factory devoted to sugar extraction from beetroots being opened in Kunern, Silesia (now Konary, Poland) in 1801. The Silesian sugar beet was soon introduced to France, where Napoleon opened schools specifically for studying the plant. He also ordered that be devoted to growing the new sugar ... | 6,119,365 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
starting in 1879 at a farm in Alvarado, California. The sugar beet was also introduced to Chile by German settlers around 1850.
## Creation.
"The beet-root, when being boiled, yields a juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its vermilion color" (1575). This was written... | 6,119,366 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
from the first extraction of a sugar syrup from a garden beet into the modern day.
The use of sugar beets for the extraction of crystallized sugar dates to 1747, when Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, professor of physics in the Academy of Science of Berlin, discovered the existence of a sugar in vegetables simil... | 6,119,367 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
'White Silesian' fodder beet in 1784. By the beginning of the 19th century, his beet was about 5–6% sucrose by (dry) weight, compared to around 20% in modern varieties. Under the patronage of Frederick William III of Prussia, he opened the world's first beet sugar factory in 1801, at Cunern (Polish: Konary) ... | 6,119,368 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
of Europe by the British Navy and the Haitian Revolution, made the importation of cane sugar untenable, Napoleon seized the opportunity offered by beet sugar to address the shortage. In 1811, Napoleon issued a decree appropriating one million francs for the establishment of sugar schools, and compelling the ... | 6,119,369 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
the French advances in sugar beet production and processing made during the Napoleonic Wars, the beet sugar industry in Europe developed rapidly. A new tax levied in Germany in 1810 prompted the experimentation to increase the sugar content of the beet. This was because the tax assessed the value of the suga... | 6,119,370 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
world even into 2010. By 1837, 542 factories in France were producing 35,000 tonnes of sugar. However, by 1880, Germany became the largest producer of sugar from sugar beet in the world, since the German factories processed most of the sugar beets grown in eastern France.
By the 1850s, sugar beet production... | 6,119,371 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
was a reduction in the production of cane sugar, molasses and rum until 1915. During World War I, the widespread conflict destroyed large tracts of land that had served as sugar beet producers and repurposed much of the remaining sugar beet land for grain production. This resulted in a shortage that revived ... | 6,119,372 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
using slavery), but which tasted "awful". However, this movement failed, perhaps most due to the unpopularity of abolitionists at the time, at least until the Civil War, when these associations would become irrelevant and only the economic feasibility of the industry remained.
In the 1850s, an attempt was m... | 6,119,373 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
knew how to properly use the chemicals to separate the sugar from the beet pulp.
The first successful sugar beet factory was built by E. H. Dyer at Alvarado, California (now Union City), in 1870, but did not see any profit until 1879. The factory survived on subsidies it gained, since the abolitionist stigm... | 6,119,374 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
of its European counterparts. The largest producers of beet sugar in the United States would remain California, Utah, and Nebraska until the outbreak of World War II. Many sugar beet farmers in California were Japanese Americans; when they were interned during World War II, California's beet sugar production... | 6,119,375 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
US sugar production as compared to sugar cane which is grown in 4 states and accounts for 45% of US sugar production.
## United Kingdom.
Sugar beets were not grown on a large scale in the United Kingdom until the mid-1920s, when 17 processing factories were built, following war-time shortages of imported c... | 6,119,376 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
the continent received. The Dutch built the first successful factory at Cantley in Norfolk in 1912, and it was moderately successful since, because of its Dutch backing, it received Dutch bounties.
Sugar beet seed from France was listed in the annual catalogues of Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders from th... | 6,119,377 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
industry that had experienced volatile shifts in profits and losses in the years since 1915.
## Russia.
References to the sugar manufacturing from beets in Russia are dating back to 1802. Jacob Esipov has built a first Russian commercial factory producing sugar from beets in the Tula province.
During the ... | 6,119,378 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
a large supply of plant food, be rich in humus, and have the property of retaining a great deal of moisture. A certain amount of alkali is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where ... | 6,119,379 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
conditions, temperature, sunshine, rainfall and winds have an important bearing upon the success of sugar beet agriculture. A temperature ranging from during the growing months is most favorable. In the absence of adequate irrigation, of rainfall are necessary to raise an average crop. High winds are harmful... | 6,119,380 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
beets. Near the equator, the shorter days and the greater heat of the sun sharply reduce the sugar content in the beet.
In high elevation regions such as those of Colorado and Utah, where the temperature is high during the daytime, but where the nights are cool, the quality of the sugar beet is excellent. I... | 6,119,381 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
Sebewaing is home to one of three Michigan Sugar Company factories. The town sponsors an annual Michigan Sugar Festival.
To cultivate beets successfully, the land must be properly prepared. Deep ploughing is the first principle of beet culture. It allows the roots to penetrate the subsoil without much obstr... | 6,119,382 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
should not be too loose, however, as this allows the water to pass through more freely than is desirable. Ideally, the soil should be deep, fairly fine and easily penetrable by the roots. It should also be capable of retaining moisture and at the same time admit of a free circulation of air and good drainage... | 6,119,383 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
viable sugar beet crops. In warmer climates, such as in California's Imperial Valley, sugar beets are a winter crop, planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. In recent years, Syngenta has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. B... | 6,119,384 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a plough-like device which could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed the beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the ... | 6,119,385 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
harvesting have displaced this reliance on manual farm work. A root beater uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown (which is high in nonsugar impurities) from the root. The beet harvester lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester is t... | 6,119,386 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
the beets do not significantly deteriorate. Beets that freeze and then defrost, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted.
In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, w... | 6,119,387 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK, the campaign lasts about five months). In the Netherlands, this period is known as "de bietencampagne", a time to be careful when driving on local roads in the area while the beets are being grown, because the naturally high clay content of the soil ten... | 6,119,388 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
yield of 87.3 tonnes per hectare.
Imperial Valley (California) farmers have achieved yields of about 160 tonnes per hectare and over 26 tonnes sugar per hectare. Imperial Valley farms benefit from high intensities of incident sunlight and intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers.
The sugar industry in t... | 6,119,389 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
and were net importers of sugar.
# Processing.
- Reception
After they are harvested, beets are typically transported to a factory. In the UK, beets are transported by a hauler, or by a tractor and a trailer by local farmers. Railways and boats are no longer used. Some beets were carried by rail in the Rep... | 6,119,390 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
and the grower's payment determined.
The beet is moved from the heaps into a central channel or gulley, where it is washed towards the processing plant.
- Diffusion
After reception at the processing plant, the beet roots are washed, mechanically sliced into thin strips called cossettes, and passed to a ma... | 6,119,391 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
are the horizontal rotating 'RT' "(Raffinerie Tirlemontoise", manufacturer), inclined screw 'DDS' ("De Danske Sukkerfabrikker"), or vertical screw "Tower". Modern tower extraction plants have a processing capacity of up to per day. A less-common design uses a moving belt of cossettes, with water pumped onto ... | 6,119,392 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
is called raw juice. The colour of raw juice varies from black to a dark red depending on the amount of oxidation, which is itself dependent on diffuser design.
The used cossettes, or pulp, exit the diffuser at about 95% moisture, but low sucrose content. Using screw presses, the wet pulp is then pressed do... | 6,119,393 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
is used as fertilizer or growth substrate for yeast cultures.
During diffusion, a portion of the sucrose breaks down into invert sugars. These can undergo further breakdown into acids. These breakdown products are not only losses of sucrose, but also have knock-on effects reducing the final output of proces... | 6,119,394 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
is a procedure which removes impurities from raw juice before it undergoes crystallization. First, the juice is mixed with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). This treatment precipitates a number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate, phosphate, citrate and ox... | 6,119,395 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
frustrate crystallization of the sucrose.
Next, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate (chalk). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculati... | 6,119,396 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
formation due to decomposition of monosaccharides under heat.
- Evaporation
The thin juice is concentrated via multiple-effect evaporation to make a thick juice, roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to pancake syrup. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, reducing the l... | 6,119,397 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a "massecuite", from "cooked mass" in French. The massecuite is passed to a centrifuge, where the High Green syrup is removed from the massecuite by centrifugal force. After a predetermined
time, water is then sprayed into the centrifuge via a spray bar to... | 6,119,398 |
50245 | Sugar beet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar%20beet | Sugar beet
warm air.
The high green syrup is fed to a raw sugar vacuum pan from which a second batch of sugar is produced. This sugar ("raw") is of lower quality with more colour and impurities, and is the main source of the sugar dissolved again into the mother liquor. The syrup from the raw (Low green syrup) is boil... | 6,119,399 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.